Articles de revues sur le sujet « Chinese land law »
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1
Mou, Zhenyu. « Land, Law and Power ». European Journal of East Asian Studies 14, no 2 (2015) : 287–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01402005.
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This paper explores the origin and development of the cadastre in the French Concession in Shanghai (1849–1943). The paper mainly focuses on how the cadastre functioned as an instrument of power in different periods. It argues that the cadastre originated from and was influenced by the cadastre system in France, although it evolved with its own characteristics owing to the complex political and administrative configuration that prevailed in Shanghai. It actually took more than a half-century for the French municipality to make the cadastre the only effective means and instrument for the management of land and land tax. It took several successive land surveys to reveal all the land in the French Concession. Eventually, however, the Cadastral Office in the French Concession cadastre took precedence and dispossessed the Chinese authorities of their initial power over land.
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Zhu, Ying-Ping. « The Protection of Land in Chinese Public Law ». KOOKMIN LAW REVIEW 19, no ll (février 2007) : 47–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17251/legal.2007.19..47.
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Peng, Chun. « Chinese rural land expropriation law : problems, prescriptions and obstacles ». China-EU Law Journal 4, no 2-4 (juillet 2015) : 173–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12689-015-0059-y.
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Zheng, Cai Gui, Dao Xian Yuan, Qing Yuan Yang, Xiao Cheng Zhang, Shi Chuan Li et Yong Qing Wang. « Study on Reconstructing Chinese Territorial Planning System ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (mai 2012) : 3593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.3593.
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This paper researches on the territorial system of urban and rural integration to provide reference resources for solving urban-rural dual economy and society structure and land-use management. Methods of documentary data and theory are applied. The result of study indicates that: (1) build up five-level territorial planning at national, province, district, county and regional level to strategically arrange land-use; (2) build up line planning of various types of land to manage scientifically and efficiently; (3) compile land reclamation planning at town-level, village planning to enrich land use detailed planning and promote operation of available; (4) form long-term territorial planning, five-year line planning and annual land use program. The conclusion of this paper shows that: (1) modify urban-rural planning law to unify the planning law provisions; (2) establish planning management committee to unify management of urban-rural territorial; (3) work out unified basic map and standard land classification to unify technical standard system; (4) improve the degree of public participation at different planning stage; (5) implement planning qualification management and industry access system and strengthen planning implementation and modification supervision management.
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Wang, N., et R. Yang. « THE APPLICATION OF CHINESE HIGH-SPATIAL-RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING SATELLITE IMAGE IN LAND LAW ENFORCEMENT INFORMATION EXTRACTION ». ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (30 avril 2018) : 1751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-1751-2018.
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Chinese high -resolution (HR) remote sensing satellites have made huge leap in the past decade. Commercial satellite datasets, such as GF-1, GF-2 and ZY-3 images, the panchromatic images (PAN) resolution of them are 2 m, 1 m and 2.1 m and the multispectral images (MS) resolution are 8 m, 4 m, 5.8 m respectively have been emerged in recent years. Chinese HR satellite imagery has been free downloaded for public welfare purposes using. Local government began to employ more professional technician to improve traditional land management technology. This paper focused on analysing the actual requirements of the applications in government land law enforcement in Guangxi Autonomous Region. 66 counties in Guangxi Autonomous Region were selected for illegal land utilization spot extraction with fusion Chinese HR images. The procedure contains: A. Defines illegal land utilization spot type. B. Data collection, GF-1, GF-2, and ZY-3 datasets were acquired in the first half year of 2016 and other auxiliary data were collected in 2015. C. Batch process, HR images were collected for batch preprocessing through ENVI/IDL tool. D. Illegal land utilization spot extraction by visual interpretation. E. Obtaining attribute data with ArcGIS Geoprocessor (GP) model. F. Thematic mapping and surveying. Through analysing 42 counties results, law enforcement officials found 1092 illegal land using spots and 16 suspicious illegal mining spots. The results show that Chinese HR satellite images have great potential for feature information extraction and the processing procedure appears robust.
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Chen, Cindy, et Mike Hicks. « The Chinese Marine Environmental Protection Law ». International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no 1 (1 mars 1999) : 721–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-721.
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ABSTRACT The concept of marine environmental protection and its development was introduced to the People's Republic of China in the 1980s. This followed the enactment of the Environmental Protection Law (1979, 1989), a revision to the Constitution, and the adoption of international environmental laws. The Chinese Marine Environmental Protection Law (MEPL) was promulgated in 1983 after China signed the 1982 U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea. Both national environmental laws and various international conventions and agreements influenced the MEPL. For example, the MEPL closely follows provisions outlined by the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) and other international treaties. China has concerns about marine pollution not only within its own territory but outside its jurisdiction as well. Thus, the MEPL explicitly states that the provisions of the law apply to areas beyond China's territorial sea. As provided by the MEPL, China has the right to assert jurisdiction over foreign vessels beyond its territorial sea when they engage in activities that cause pollution to China's environment. However, questions arise as to China's coastal state jurisdiction. China's view on sovereignty is a controversial issue, and it is unclear whether the MEPL can be invoked to confer liability in waters outside of China's jurisdiction. Despite uncertainty over the jurisdiction issue, the MEPL is a significant and comprehensive law for marine protection. It regulates five major sources of marine pollution: coastal construction projects, off-shore oil exploration and exploitation, land-source pollutants, vessel pollution, and the dumping of wastes at sea. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief comparison of the MEPL and relevant international laws and an understanding of critical issues covered by the MEPL.
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Agnes Tania, Rahmi, et Iwan Satriawan. « Discriminatory policy of land ownership of the Chinese in the special region of Yogyakarta in constitutional and local regulation perspective ». E3S Web of Conferences 316 (2021) : 04019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131604019.
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For more than forty years, the Yogyakarta Sultanate has applied discriminatory policy on law ownership to Chinese Indonesian. Historically, the Chinese descendants have not been able to own land except Building Rights or HGB. This policy was outlined in the Regional Head Instructions Number K.898/I/A/75. The research analyzes what is the legal basis of application the disminatory policy on land ownership for Chinese-Indonesia. The research uses normative and empirical legal research with constitutional and local regulation approach. The result of research shows that the Special Region of Yogyakarta imposed a Discriminative Land Ownership Policy to the Chinese-Indonesia is due to historical reason, when the Giyanti Agreement of 1755 sued the Chinese traitor group to the Sultanate. Since then, the Instructions Letter of the Regional Head of DIY PA. VII/No. K/898/I/A/75 was issued to Prohibit the Property rights of Non-Indigenous Indonesian citizens. The research recommends that the Government of Special Region of Yogyakarta should re-considers and reviews the time limitation of banning land ownership to Chinese-Indonesia in the light of respecting the constitutional rights of new generation of the Chinese-Indoensia. This recommendation, off course, needs some requirements for the Chinese-Indonesia such as statement of loyalty to the Sultanate and limitation of the area they may have land ownership.
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Nakamura, Shigeo. « WAS TRADITIONAL CHINESE LAW A MERE “MODEL” ? PART TWO ». International Journal of Asian Studies 1, no 2 (juin 2004) : 297–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591404000257.
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Inside and outside China, it has been widely believed that in premodern China common people did not bring civil cases to magistrate's courts but settled them at the level of their clan, village or guild. However, David C. Buxbaum's research based on the Dan-Xin Archive and Shiga Shu¯zo¯'s study of legal memoranda show that people quite regularly turned to the magistrate's court to resolve civil disputes. During the Qing dynasty, legal cases were divided, not in civil or criminal terms, but according to how serious the offence was. The less-serious offences were civil cases that included disputes concerning marriage and inheritance, land and property, money and loans, and minor battery. Whereas the latter category, criminal cases in today's terms, were handled with the intention of maintaining legal stability, magistrates involved with civil cases tried to strike a reasonable balance by examining each case on an individual basis. However, how the law was applied to civil cases remains a subject for future research.
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Qin, Ming, Wensheng Lin, Jing Li, Zhou Yu et Cheryl Wachenheim. « Impact of land registration and certification on land rental by Chinese farmers ». Land Use Policy 99 (décembre 2020) : 104875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104875.
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Wijayanti, Tania, Yudho Taruno Muryanto et M. Irnawan Darori. « Comparation of The Transfer of Land Rights to The Description Deed of Inheritance Rights ». LAW REFORM 17, no 1 (31 mars 2021) : 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/lr.v17i1.37558.
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Marriages are carried out by mixed ethics, so it is very difficult to know whether there are ethnics of Chinese, foreign-Eastern or indigenous groups in a cpopulation. This study aims to determine the legal certainty of a certificate of inheritance for Indonesian citizens of Chinese descent. The research method used is normative juridical. The results of the research and the conclusions show that the notary is the only official authorized to make an authentic deed, namely a certificate of inheritance rights for Indonesian citizens of Chinese descent in accordance with Article 15 of the UUJNP. Comparison of Arrangements for Transfer of Land Rights to Deeds of Inheritance Rights of Chinese Descendants In ASEAN countries, namely Malaysia, that the distribution is contained in Article 6 of the Distribution Act 1958 jo. (Amendment) Act 1997 One of Article 6 (1), then in Turkey Article 35 of the Land Registry Law No 2644 / 1934my which gives foreigners the right to acquire land in Turkey and is subject to legal provisions governing restrictions and prohibitions.
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Pointer, Rebecca, Emmanuel Sulle et Clemente Ntauazi. « Smallholder Views on Chinese Agricultural Investments in Mozambique and Tanzania in the Context of VGGTs ». Sustainability 15, no 2 (9 janvier 2023) : 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021220.
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Based on a case study in each country, this study documents the views of Mozambican and Tanzanian smallholders regarding Chinese agricultural investments and the extent to which investors abide by their legitimate land tenure rights as defined by the Voluntary Guidelines for the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Forests and Fisheries in the Context of National Food Security (VGGTs). The VGGTs offer guidelines to government on how to protect the land tenure of rural communities when land is being acquired for large-scale land investments. The study also assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on smallholders. Due to COVID-19, instead of fieldwork, we conducted telephone interviews with 20 smallholders in Mozambique and 35 in Tanzania. The Mozambican case showed that even when land set aside for investors was not in dispute, smallholders still had unmet expectations, especially regarding investors’ corporate social responsibility activities. In the Tanzanian case, even though the land leased by the Chinese investor had been designated as general land, it had laid fallow for a long period, and smallholders had moved back onto the land, only to be displaced in 2017. Although smallholders’ views on the investment were mixed, the case underscored the need for government to assess current land use before allocating it to investors—regardless of how the land is classified and especially in areas where land shortages are creating conflict. The cases show that even if communities are consulted about proposed land investments, guidelines need to include clauses that allow for ongoing communications between investors, communities and government officials such that if communities are unsatisfied with the results of the investment, renegotiation is possible. Further, in the event of crises, such as COVID-19, investors should partner with communities and government to limit the extent of harm in communities as a result of the crisis.
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Wang, Linzhu. « The Definition of Indigenous Peoples and its Applicability in China ». International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 22, no 2 (26 mai 2015) : 232–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02202005.
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This article considers the applicability of the concept of indigenous peoples in China, in accordance with the definitions developed in international law. It examines different approaches to define indigenous peoples in international law, and explores how those definitions may relate to Chinese ethnic groups. In particular, the article looks at possibilities for Chinese minorities to claim indigenous status, based on the standards of ‘the priority of settlement’ and ‘distinctiveness arising from historical continuity and attachment to a specific land’. It argues that the uncertainty of the definition, the complexity of the ethnic situation, and the reluctance of the Chinese Government make the application of indigenous rights in China unclear at the present. The Chinese minority/indigenous argument, to a certain extent, depends on the elaboration of international norms on indigenous rights, as well as the clarification of Chinese terms in relation to ethnic minorities.
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Erie, Matthew S. « The Traveling Waqf : Property, Religion, and Mobility beyond China ». Islamic Law and Society 25, no 1-2 (3 avril 2018) : 121–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685195-02512p05.
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For most of their millennial history in China, Muslims have established pious endowments called waqfs that served a variety of functions, including providing land to build mosques. The founding of waqfs radically changed in 1949, when the Communists confiscated land. Recently, a Hui who was performing the hajj in Saudi Arabia discovered a pre-Communist waqfiyya or document that established a waqf in Gansu Province in northwest China. The contemporary Chinese property regime prohibits religious land and hence the waqfiyya is legally void, yet its return afforded the Hui an opportunity to reflect on the relationships between law, lineage, and public goods, laying a foundation for an historical anthropology of Chinese waqfs. Drawing on material from historical Gansu and ethnographic encounters, I argue that whereas shariʿa suffered a kind of “structural death” in China, it does have its own “afterlife,” as illustrated in documents that travel across time and assume new meanings through transnational mobility and memory.
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Xu, Zhongguo, Yuefei Zhuo, Guan Li, Rong Liao et Cifang Wu. « Towards a Valuation and Taxation Information Model for Chinese Rural Collective Construction Land ». Sustainability 11, no 23 (22 novembre 2019) : 6610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236610.
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To promote rural revitalisation, China’s central government revised the land administration law to allow rural collective construction land (RCL) to be traded in the market and attract private and financial capitals into rural investment and development. However, the land value appreciation income of the market access is closely related to geographical location. Hence, the value appreciation of RCL is enormous in villages around cities and towns. By contrast, the land value appreciation of RCL is low in villages away from cities and towns. This marked difference will lead to a significant impact on the rural social structure. To avoid the excessive widening of the income gap in rural areas, China’s central government attempted to conduct land value capture by revising and implementing land tax laws and reasonably distributing the value appreciation income of market access amongst the state, collectives and individuals. In response to the requirements of land reform, this study firstly identifies the legal constraints on the taxation of RCL in China through the structured retrieval and organisation of legal documents on land taxation. Thereafter, the technical constraints are analysed through the structural retrieval and organisation of the technical specifications of China’s land valuation. Lastly, this study proposes a land administration domain model (LADM) valuation and taxation information model on the basis of the aforementioned constraints. The major contents of the proposed model encompass improving the information management of taxpayer identity registration, supplementing land valuation methods and strengthening valuation information of the large-scale influencing factors. The proposed model is the technical basis to prompt the interconnection between the real estate registration and real estate taxation systems, which will be conducive to the efficient collaboration of the two systems.
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Kern, Niclas. « The Production of Space Through Land Reclamation ». Studies in Social and Political Thought 29 (31 août 2019) : 45–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/sspt.29.2019.104.
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This dissertation argues that land reclamation has become geopolitical. Land reclamation has added a new dimension to international relations and this dimension cannot be ignored, for it touches upon our fundamental understanding of state territory and spatial practice. Drawing on Stuart Elden and Henri Lefebvre, territory is understood as a set of political technologies that produce different dimensions of our modern conception of territorial space. Land reclamation operates as such a territorial technology and alters our understanding of maritime space in contemporary geopolitics and international law. Two case studies will explicate this development. The first study will investigate coastal reclamation in Singapore and its effects for the city-state’s international relations. The second study will analyse Chinese reclamation works in the disputed region of the South China Sea. Both investigations will approach these activities with a focus on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as the international juridical space of territory. In conclusion, this dissertation claims that the material and conceptual production of space triggered by advancements in land reclamation technology are reshaping territorial state practice and the corresponding legal framework of maritime space.
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Tian, Renqu, Zisheng Yang et Qinglong Shao. « China’s Arable Land Investment in the “Belt and Road” Region : An Empirical Study of Overseas Arable Land Resources ». Sustainability 12, no 1 (21 décembre 2019) : 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010097.
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Arable land resources are essential for food security and sustainable agricultural development, and an objective and comprehensive evaluation of overseas arable land resources is indispensable to the decision-making of various Chinese enterprises. However, overseas arable land resources and factors influencing China’s investment therein have rarely been investigated. In the present study, the authors select eight indexes related to the quantity and quality of arable land and utilize the entropy weighting method and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method to comprehensively evaluate arable resources in 48 “Belt and Road” countries for the period 2008–2016. Renewable internal freshwater resources and irrigated farmland area are found to be the primary factors affecting the wealth of arable land resources. Based on this evaluation, the authors conduct empirical tests concerning the main factors affecting the scale of China’s investment in foreign arable land using a panel Tobit model. The results show that Chinese companies tend to invest in countries with high levels of arable land resources and low corruption risk. Based on these findings, this study concludes that Chinese enterprises should engage in joint development with host countries and support the sustainability of long-term investment in cultivated land.
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Hawes, Colin. « Transforming the Culture of Chinese Prosecutors Through Guiding Cases ». New Criminal Law Review 23, no 2 (2020) : 196–235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2020.23.2.196.
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Public prosecutors are a key element within the legal complex, and crucial to the effective implementation of legal reforms. China’s procurators (public prosecutors) have previously colluded with local governments, police, and courts to “strike hard” against crime while overlooking systemic beating and torture of detained suspects to obtain confessions, shoddy investigative practices, and frequent miscarriages of justice. However, fifteen sets of Guiding Cases issued by the Supreme People’s Procuratorate since 2010 promote an unprecedented change in Chinese procurator culture away from “striking hard” to substantive protection of criminal suspects’ rights and exclusion of tainted evidence. They reinforce criminal procedure reforms since 2010 by demonstrating how procurators should protect innocent people against wrongful convictions and police brutality. They also stress the broader duty of China’s procurators to uphold the public interest against corrupt businesses and officials, especially in food safety, land-taking, and environmental protection cases. With other key actors in China’s “legal complex”—rights lawyers and civil society groups—still suppressed by the government, this effort to transform procurator culture is an essential, though still incomplete, step on China’s tortuous path toward a fair and just legal system.
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Sharma, Hari Prasad, Bhagawat Rimal, Mingxia Zhang, Sandhya Sharma, Laxman Prasad Poudyal, Sujan Maharjan, Ripu Kunwar et al. « Potential Distribution of the Critically Endangered Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) in Different Land Covers of Nepal : Implications for Conservation ». Sustainability 12, no 3 (10 février 2020) : 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031282.
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Anthropogenic activities have driven many wildlife species towards extinction. Among these species, the geographic distributions of many are poorly documented, which can limit the effectiveness of conservation. The critically endangered Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) is experiencing population decline throughout its range due to land-use changes and illegal trade for food and traditional medicine. Using distribution records and maximum entropy modeling, we predicted the potential distribution of the Chinese pangolin across Nepal. Most suitable potential habitats of the Chinese pangolin occurred in forest areas of the mid-hill region in central and eastern Nepal, followed by cultivated land. Almost all potential suitable habitats of the Chinese pangolin occurred outside of protected areas, and most of them were encroached upon by cultivated land, human settlements, and infrastructure developments. The results from this study provide baseline information on the potential suitable habitats of the Chinese pangolin in Nepal, which helps to develop site- and species-specific management plans and to identify priority areas to minimize the current threats to the pangolin and enhance the stewardship of species conservation.
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Yang, Qingyuan, Renhao Yang, Yahui Wang et Kaifang Shi. « Does Fallowing Cultivated Land Threaten Food Security ? Empirical Evidence from Chinese Pilot Provinces ». Sustainability 11, no 10 (18 mai 2019) : 2836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102836.
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Facing worsening problems, including the decreasing amount, quality, and deterioration of land ecosystems, cultivated land needs protective measures. China has been conducting an experimental fallow policy to deter these problems in five pilot provinces since 2016. However, inadequate and inconclusive studies of the impacts of fallow policy on food security have motivated the authors to fill this knowledge gap and to provide evidence for policy-making. Using the modified cultivated land pressure model, this study explores the cultivated land pressure at three scales (nation, province, and prefecture) to determine the capacity of feeding people using cultivated land, and examines the impact of fallowing cultivated land. There are three main findings. First, the cultivated land pressure in China continually decreased during the period of 2000–2016, and would remain in a decreasing trend during 2017–2020 even if the measures implemented doubled the fallowing scale every year. Second, the spatial patterns of the cultivated land pressure between the provincial and prefectural scale show a similar overview, with some nuanced disparities. Finally, the five pilot provinces show various amplitudes of variation in cultivated land pressure, ranging from 0.017% to 9.027% under three fallow scale scenarios. Thus, the results of this research support the argument that fallow policy will not threaten food security at a national and provincial scale, based on the current fallow scale and enlargement pace. The deeper understanding of the impact of fallow policy provides a scientific reference for policymaking and calls for further studies focusing on a more comprehensive measurement of cultivated land pressure and optimization fallow scale.
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Lang, Wei, Ying Long et Tingting Chen. « Rediscovering Chinese cities through the lens of land-use patterns ». Land Use Policy 79 (décembre 2018) : 362–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.08.031.
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Zhang, Ximing, Xiao Li et Hui Wang. « Why Do Farmers Support Stable Land Ownership ? Marketization with Chinese Characteristics ». Sustainability 15, no 2 (16 janvier 2023) : 1729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021729.
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Recent debates regarding marketization have focused on the relationship between the state and the market, while the grassroots and their everyday experiences have arguably been understudied. In this paper, we study marketization with the example of land marketization in China. Out of concern for the grassroots’ perspective, we investigate Chinese farmers’ perceptions with regard to stable land ownership of farmland, which are essential for land marketization in the backdrop of intensive land use conversion in China’s urban periphery. Approximately 1200 farmer households were interviewed around 12 cities in mainland China. An ordered probit regression analysis of the survey results reveals a series of factors that explain the individual farmers’ preference for stable land ownership. Among others, the decreasing size of farmer household and rural women’s insecure property rights in farmland are identified as two grassroots-based characteristics underpinning China’s ongoing transition to a more market-based farmland use institution. An important theoretical implication of our research is that the mainstream literature perhaps over-attributes China’s marketization to the state and the market, while under-evaluating the spontaneous support from bottom-up.
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Xu, Guanmian. « The “Perfect Map” of Widow Hiamtse : A Micro-Spatial History of Sugar Plantations in Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1685–1710 ». International Review of Social History 67, no 1 (6 décembre 2021) : 97–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085902100050x.
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AbstractNot all early modern sugar plantations were in the Atlantic World. Indeed, far away from it, in the rural space surrounding the Dutch headquarters in Asia (the Ommelanden of Batavia (Jakarta)), over a hundred of them were thriving by the end of the seventeenth century. Together, they constituted a unique plantation society that followed Dutch land law, was operated by Javanese rural labour, and was managed by Chinese sugar entrepreneurs. Through archival work on a certain “perfect map” that belonged to a Chinese widow, this article explores how that plantation society took shape on the ground.
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Fang, Yongqiang, Shiqiang Du, Jiahong Wen, Min Zhang, Jiayi Fang et Min Liu. « Chinese Built-up Land in Floodplains Moving Closer to Freshwaters ». International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 12, no 3 (13 avril 2021) : 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13753-021-00343-9.
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AbstractHuman proximity to water and its dynamics are important to understanding the socio-hydrological dilemma between using floodplains and avoiding flood risk. However, previous studies have not distinguished between the water proximity of built-up land in floodplains (BLF) and the water proximity of built-up land outside floodplains (BLOF). This article provides a new and spatiotemporal perspective of the BLF water proximities for understanding the changing flood risk in China. The results show that China’s BLFs had an average water proximity of 5.41 km in 2014. Most of the BLFs (62%, 25.88×103 km2) were located within 3 km of waterbodies. From 1990 to 2014, China’s BLFs increased rapidly by 81% from 23.06×103 km2 to 41.74×103 km2, of which a large portion (57%) was concentrated in water surroundings (≤3 km), shortening the distance between BLFs and waterbodies by 169 m. The BLF growth concentrated in water surroundings even in areas where BLFs have an overall increasing distance from waterbodies. Both the increases in the BLFs and their proximity to waterbodies can increase flood exposure and exacerbate flood risk. The scientific community and policymakers should pay attention not only to the volume of BLF growth, but also its spatial relationship with waterbodies.
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Li, Qixuan, Xingli Chen, Sheng Jiao, Wenmei Song, Wenke Zong et Yanhe Niu. « Can Mixed Land Use Reduce CO2 Emissions ? A Case Study of 268 Chinese Cities ». Sustainability 14, no 22 (15 novembre 2022) : 15117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215117.
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Land is the carrier of human economic activities, and its utilization has a profound impact on CO2 emissions. With the advancement of urbanization, mixed land use has become a universal feature of cities. Analyzing the impact of mixed land use on CO2 emissions is one of the prominent premises for coordinating urban development and the ecological environment. Using information entropy of land use structure (IELUS) to reflect its mixing degree, it was found that the relationship between IELUS and CO2 emissions presents a positive U-shaped curve. Additionally, when IELUS is less than 0.351, they are negatively correlated, and vice versa. This means that cities can appropriately shift toward a higher degree of a mixed land use pattern to alleviate their environmental pressure. Further research shows that the spatial spillover effect will dilute the impact of mixed land use on CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, improving production efficiency and increasing public transport travel are significant ways in a mixed land use model to reduce CO2 emissions. Overall, this study provides a reference for the rational allocation of low-carbon land use systems.
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Boafo, James, Sebastian Paalo et Senyo Dotsey. « Illicit Chinese Small-Scale Mining in Ghana : Beyond Institutional Weakness ? » Sustainability 11, no 21 (25 octobre 2019) : 5943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11215943.
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While the engagement of Chinese migrants in small-scale mining in Ghana has gained traction in scholarship, the extant literature pays little attention to how the relationship between the so-called formal institutions (e.g., the Minerals Commission and Ministry of Land and Natural Resources) and informal institutions (e.g., the chieftaincy and customary land institutions) enables illegalities in the mining industry. This paper addresses this gap in the literature, focusing on the relationship between formal state and informal customary land institutions in the small-scale mining sector. Using an institutional analytical framework, we argue that the increasing involvement of the Chinese in small-scale mining in Ghana is an expression of a bigger and deep-seated problem characterized largely by uncoordinated interactions between key state and customary institutions. This, we suggest, creates parallel operations of formal and informal systems that promote different levels of agency and maneuvering among actors―breeding uncertainty, bureaucratic logjams, and illegalities in the mining industry. Based on our findings, we recommend that a more efficient coordination between the relevant state and traditional land governing institutions could curb the proliferation of illegal mining activities, and in particular, those involving Chinese migrants. As part of the conclusion, we suggest that future empirical research be conducted to explore the interactions between formal and informal institutions and how they affect mining activities.
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Zhao, Bo. « Land expropriation, protest, and impunity in rural China ». Focaal 2009, no 54 (1 juin 2009) : 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2009.540108.
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Conflicts over rural land expropriation, which have intensified over the past decade in China, pose a significant threat to the country's social stability and the sustainability of its economic development. This article argues that such conflicts are inevitable under China's current political and legal system. After a brief introduction of the present situation in China and an overview of China's land regime, the article first analyzes reasons for the escalation of land conflicts, including the vague definition of public interest, the inadequate compensation, and the ambiguous nature of collective land ownership. It then argues that even the few existing rights of rural peasants under the present land regime are not adequately protected due to China's poor law enforcement. The article further elucidates that impunity with regard to illegal land grabbing is common in China for a variety of reasons that all have roots in the Communist Party's monopoly over Chinese society. With no fundamental reform to China's party politics, the article concludes, there will be no effective measure to prevent further conflicts over land in the near future.
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Su, Xing, et Zhu Qian. « State Intervention in Land Supply and Its Impact on Real Estate Investment in China : Evidence from Prefecture-Level Cities ». Sustainability 12, no 3 (31 janvier 2020) : 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031019.
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State intervention in land supply can be a powerful tool in shaping real estate investment. Yet, few studies have examined the effect of central state intervention on land supply at the municipal level and the impact of land supply on real estate investment with respect to different tiers of prefecture-level cities in China. Varying central–local dynamics of land supply in different tiers of cities, and the often taken-for-granted relationship between land supply and real estate investment, warrant further investigation. This study aims to fill these gaps. It is found that the multi-purposed central land policy and the varying land leasing strategies adopted by different tiers of cities contribute to the varying land supply trajectories, calling for more nuanced and better-tailored central land policies that focus on the socioeconomic conditions of cities. The general significant and positive correlation between land supply and real estate investment, revealed by a panel regression analysis incorporating 280 prefecture-level Chinese cities, suggests that land supply control can function as a critical tool in governing real estate investment in China, which also sheds light on the governance and promotion of sustainable real estate markets in other parts of the world. This study also reveals a higher possibility of land speculation in first- and second-tier cities than that of low-tier cities. The nuanced correlations between land supply and real estate investment and the varying land development strategies employed in different tiers of Chinese cities imply that the effectiveness of land supply intervention in shaping healthy real estate investment may depend on local contingencies, calling for meticulous and tailored governance on land supply and real estate investment behaviors.
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Hou, Yunxian, et Pengfei Chen. « Research on the Relationship between Price Mechanism and Short-Term Behavior in Chinese Farmland Trusteeships ». Sustainability 11, no 20 (16 octobre 2019) : 5708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205708.
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After the policy of separating ownership rights, contract rights, and management rights to rural land, some Chinese farmers entrusted their land to agricultural social service providers. However, at present in land trusteeships, short-term behaviors exist, which are not good for the sustainable utilization of land. This article uses a dynamic game model to analyze the economic reasons for short-term behavior and to explore possible mechanisms. The study’s results showed that fluctuations in trusteeship prices encouraged farmers to sign low-price, long-term contracts or high-price, short-term contracts that allowed agricultural social service providers choose short-term behaviors. A variable-price system may avoid short-term contracts as a result of fluctuations in trusteeship prices, allowing both sides to build a long-term stable partnership, encouraging long-term investment in land. To ensure the sustainable utilization of land, it is suggested that both sides adopt a variable price system.
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Jiang, Ronghao, et George C. S. Lin. « Placing China’s land marketization : The state, market, and the changing geography of land use in Chinese cities ». Land Use Policy 103 (avril 2021) : 105293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105293.
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Xin, Fangkun, et Yilei Qian. « Does fiscal decentralization promote green utilization of land resources ? Evidence from Chinese local governments ». Resources Policy 79 (décembre 2022) : 103086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103086.
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Marzali, Amri. « ISU KETUANAN MELAYU DI MALAYSIA ». Jurnal Pengajian Melayu 32, no 2 (26 octobre 2021) : 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jomas.vol32no2.1.
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This article discusses an important political concept in Malaysia, that is the political supremacy of the Malays. The Malays supremacy was resulted from a social contract between the native Malays, on one part, and the Indian and Chinese immigrants, on the other part, during the negotiation concerning the independent of Persekutuan Tanah Melayu before 1957. It was said in the contract the native Malays slackened the prerequisites for the citizenship of the Persekutuan Tanah Melayu for the Chinese and Indian immigrants, while the Chinese and the Indian immigrants admitted a dominant position of the Malays in political administration. However, after the Persekutuan Tanah Melayu changed into Malaysia in 1963, the Chinese and the Indians begin to be disloyal to the social contract. They wanted equal right among all Malaysian citizens. By using archaeological dan ethnohistorical approaches, I will trace the origins of the concept of native supremacy in the Malay Nusantara sosiocultural context. Secondly, I will discuss the challenges facing the concept after Malay Land occupied by the British colonialist, particularly after the 1960es. The concept of “native sovereignity” is called beschikkingsrecht in Dutch language. It was invented by a Dutch expert of customary law, van Vollenhoven, in 1909 (ter Haar 1962). The concept of “native sovereignity” was originally aimed to remind the neighbour villagers or the foreigners when they passed on, or open a rice field, in a new area. They had to ask permission to the master of the land. Therefore, for the sake of harmonious social life, all ethnic groups in todays Malaysia, especially the new immigrants from different cultural background, it is suggested to learn and comprehend basic concepts in traditional native Malays customary law. Keywords: native Malays, ethnicity, native sovereignity, beschikkingsrecht, Will of the Malay Kings.
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Jin, Wanfu, Chunshan Zhou et Lijia Luo. « Impact of Land Input on Economic Growth at Different Stages of Development in Chinese Cities and Regions ». Sustainability 10, no 8 (10 août 2018) : 2847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082847.
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Regional industrial structure and land use patterns differ between the different stages of development, and the impact of land input on economic growth may vary. On the basis of land supply data obtained from http://www.landchina.com/ for 2010–2015, this study used an econometric model to explore the impact of land input on the economic growth of Chinese cities and regions at the different stages of development. Empirical results show that the development of 352 cities and regions in China in 2015 can be divided into five stages; namely, primary production stage (PPS), primary industrialization stage (PIS), middle industrialization stage (MIS), later industrialization stage (LIS), and developed stage (DS). The economic growth of cities and regions at the LIS or DS was significantly dependent on capital and labor input rather than land input. The land input of cities and regions at PPS, PIS, and MIS significantly promoted economic growth. This article enriches the study of regional economic growth and is beneficial to further understanding of the impact of land input on the economic growth of China.
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Zhu, Zhiyuan, Jiajia Duan, Ruolan Li et Yongzhong Feng. « Spatial Evolution, Driving Mechanism, and Patch Prediction of Grain-Producing Cultivated Land in China ». Agriculture 12, no 6 (14 juin 2022) : 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060860.
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China has implemented strict policies for protecting cultivated land, and the Chinese government has focused on the non-grain production (NGP) of cultivated land. This study aimed to analyze the spatial evolution law of grain-producing cultivated land (GPCL) in China between 2000 and 2018, explore the mechanism of GPCL, and simulate the spatial characteristics of GPCL in 2036. We used the Geographic Information System (GIS) and a patch-generating land-use simulation model, a new model that proposes a land expansion analysis strategy by improving previous rule-mining methods. China’s grain production rate (GPrate) shows a gradual upward trend between 2000 (36.98%) and 2018 (47.18%). The mutual conversion of GPCL and non-grain-producing cultivated land (NGPCL) are the primary transfer types. The evolution of GPCL is driven by climatic, economic, and social factors, of which population density is the most important factor. GPCL expansion patches are distributed in densely populated, economically developed, and warm and humid plain areas. Further, the simulation results showed that the GPrate in 2036 is estimated to be 41.39%, with GPCL transfer-in significantly exceeding the amount transferred out. Our results further cultivated land evolution-associated research and provide a basis for formulating scientific land-use policies for cultivated land protection for other countries.
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Pu, Wenfang, et Anlu Zhang. « Can Market Reforms Curb the Expansion of Industrial Land?—Based on the Panel Data Analysis of Five National-Level Urban Agglomerations ». Sustainability 13, no 8 (16 avril 2021) : 4472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084472.
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As China entered marketization in the late 1980s, it soon established a market economy system and implemented tax-sharing reforms. Driven by the marketization, local governments have rapidly developed the economy under the pressure of fiscal competition caused by the reform of the tax-sharing system. Industrial land is an important factor of local economic development, and it enables local governments to invest heavily in the industrial sector to promote economic development, leading to urban expansion. In order to shed light on the relationship between the market reforms implemented by the Chinese government and the expansion of urban industrial land, this paper used the data of 77 prefecture-level cities in China’s five national-level urban agglomerations as research samples from 2007 to 2018. We first constructed the marketization rate of industrial land (MIL) and used the panel data model to examine whether China′s market reform will curb the expansion of industrial land. The results showed that: (1) land market reform can restrain the scale of industrial land expansion, and the impact is different in different urban agglomerations; (2) under the effect of marketization, foreign direct investment (FDI) has restrained the expansion of industrial land to a certain extent. The amount of industrial investment (AII), the ratio of secondary industry to GDP structure (RSG), and the number of industrial enterprises (NIE) will aggravate the expansion of industrial land. We suggest that the Chinese government should deepen the reform of land marketization and develop a differentiated land market mechanism. It is also necessary for local governments to develop stock land, improve the efficiency of industrial land use, increase the investment in advanced technology, and improve the intensive utilization of industrial land. The research provides a reference for other countries in the world that are developing in a transitional period to restrain unlimited land expansion and save land resources in the process of economic development.
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Li, Tan et Wu. « Reconstruction of China’s Farmland Rights System Based on the ‘Trifurcation of Land Rights’ Reform ». Land 9, no 2 (12 février 2020) : 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9020051.
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With the aim of improving farmland use efficiency without damaging the social function of farmland, Chinese policymakers have proposed the ‘trifurcation of land rights’ reform. When it comes to realization of the law, however, neither the Ownership Model nor the Bundle of Sticks Model can adequately explain this reform. The tree concept of property, which provides a new perspective in delineating property rights based on the function served by specific properties, is thus adopted. We find that this tree concept of property helps to better understand and realize the trifurcated rights on farmland in China. Also, a balance between the social and economic functions of farmland can be reached through reconstruction of the property rights involved, a process which comprises three steps: identification of the nature of the newly-established rights; configuration of the rights and duties of relevant entities; and state intervention in the enforcement of relevant rights with the aim of realizing certain social values. Finally, this paper argues that success of this trifurcated structure requires a systematic design of the Chinese Civil Code. In particular, it requests further improvements in legal rules on farmland lease.
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Li, Yingying. « Evolution and issues of marine pollution law in China : From 1970s to 2018 ». International Journal of Legal Discourse 3, no 2 (19 décembre 2018) : 287–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijld-2018-2012.
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Abstract What’s responsibility Sanchi oil tanker should take under Chinese law? Under the initiative of the belt and one road, especially Maritime Silk Road, China Maritime Court has extended jurisdiction to cover all cases arising from seawater since 2016, which means that China Maritime Court has criminal and administrative jurisdiction in maritime affairs besides civil jurisdiction in the near future. The compound mode of jurisdiction is one of the most important steps in the judicial reform of China. This development will affect maritime legislation deeply, especially marine pollution law. China has made the great improvement in marine pollution legislation in the past forty-five years. However, due to the old administrative pattern of land-based strategy, “from many doors” becomes the difficult pyridoxine for practice; Chinese governments used to depending on the special regulations instead of Ocean Basic Law to regulate marine pollution act, there is no global law to regulate marine pollution act up to now. Based on the results of marine pollution cases judged or solved by the China Maritime Court, marine polluter only needs to pay economic damages and there is no criminal liability. For solving practical matters more efficiently and thoroughly, and for protecting the marine environment more globally, we’d better adjust administrative management pattern, make Ocean Basic Law, and set multiple liabilities for marine polluter and unify marine pollution legislation.
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Acharya, Suman, Hari Prasad Sharma, Rajeev Bhattarai, Beeju Poudyal, Sonia Sharma et Suraj Upadhaya. « Distribution and habitat preferences of the Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla (Mammalia : Manidae) in the mid-hills of Nepal ». Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no 8 (26 juillet 2021) : 18959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3952.13.8.18959-18966.
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The Chinese Pangolin is a ‘Critically Endangered’ species, which is estimated to have declined by over 90% in the last 21 years due to increased anthropogenic activities on the species and its habitat. Only a few pieces of research on the Chinese Pangolin have been done throughout Nepal; there is little information among the mammal species of Nepal, especially on distribution and habitat preference. This study was set to assess the distribution and habitat preferences of the Chinese Pangolin in Panauti municipality, central Nepal. We identified the most preferred habitat of the Chinese Pangolin using different covariates. Its preferred habitat was found ranging 1,450–1,600 m of elevation within a moderate slope of 5–25° steepness, forested areas in west-facing slopes. The maximum number of burrows of the species were found to be distributed in open canopy (0–50 % coverage). The increase anthropogenic activities in the agricultural land and deforestation in forested land has negatively impacted the occurrence of the Chinese Pangolin. We recommend that the community-based conservation initiatives like community forestry programs should be robustly implemented in the study area for better conservation of species and habitat in the coming years.
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Gao, Huina. « Public land leasing, public productive spending and economic growth in Chinese cities ». Land Use Policy 88 (novembre 2019) : 104076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104076.
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Wang, Yahui, Xiubin Li, Huiyan He, Liangjie Xin et Minghong Tan. « How reliable are cultivated land assets as social security for Chinese farmers ? » Land Use Policy 90 (janvier 2020) : 104318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104318.
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Liu, Daqian, Wei Song, Chunliang Xiu et Jun Xu. « Understanding the Spatiotemporal Pattern of Crimes in Changchun, China : A Bayesian Modeling Approach ». Sustainability 13, no 19 (22 septembre 2021) : 10500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910500.
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Chinese cities have been undergoing extraordinary changes in many respects during the process of urbanization, which has caused crime patterns to evolve accordingly. This research applies a Bayesian spatiotemporal model to explore and understand the spatiotemporal patterns of crime risk from 2008 to 2017 in Changchun, China. The overall temporal trend of crime risk, the effects of land use covariates, spatial random effects, and area-specific differential trends are estimated through a Bayesian spatiotemporal model fitted using the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA). The analytical results show that the regression coefficient for the overall temporal trend of crime risk changed from significantly positive to negative after the land use variables are incorporated into the Bayesian spatiotemporal model. The covariates of road density, commercial and recreational land per capita, residential land per capita, and industrial land per capita are found to be significantly associated with crime risk, which relates to classic theories in environmental criminology. In addition, some areas still exhibit significantly increasing crime risks compared with the general trend even after controlling for the land use covariates and the spatial random effects, which may provide insights for law enforcement and researchers regarding where more attention is required since there may be some unmeasured factors causing higher crime trend in these areas.
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Ross, Robert S. « China's Naval Nationalism : Sources, Prospects, and the U.S. Response ». International Security 34, no 2 (octobre 2009) : 46–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2009.34.2.46.
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Recent developments in Chinese politics and defense policy indicate that China will soon embark on an ambitious maritime policy that will include construction of a power-projection navy centered on an aircraft carrier. But just as nationalism and the pursuit of status encouraged past land powers to seek great power maritime capabilities, widespread nationalism, growing social instability, and the leadership's concern for its political legitimacy drive China's naval ambition. China's maritime power, however, will be limited by the constraints experienced by all land powers: enduring challenges to Chinese territorial security and a corresponding commitment to a large ground force capability will constrain China's naval capabilities and its potential challenge to U.S. maritime security. Nonetheless, China's naval nationalism will challenge U.S.-China cooperation. It will likely elicit increased U.S. naval spending and deployments, as well as politicization of China policy in the United States, challenging the United States to develop policy to manage U.S.-China naval competition to allow for continued political cooperation.
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Liu, Ran, et Yuhang Jia. « Resilience and Circularity : Revisiting the Role of Urban Village in Rural-Urban Migration in Beijing, China ». Land 10, no 12 (23 novembre 2021) : 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10121284.
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Recent policies in China have encouraged rural-urban circular migration and an “amphibious” and flexible status of settlement, reacting against the recent risks of economic fluctuation in cities. Rural land, as a form of insurance and welfare, can handle random hazards, and the new Land Management Law guarantees that rural migrants who settle in the city can maintain their rights to farmland, homesteads, and a collective income distribution. Existing studies have pointed out that homeland tenure can reduce migrants’ urban settlement intentions (which is a self-reported subjective perception of city life). However, little is known about how the rural-urban circularity and rural tenure system (especially for those still holding hometown lands in the countryside) affect rural migrants’ temporary urban settlements (especially for those preferring to stay in informal communities in the host city). The existing studies on the urban villages in China have focused only on the side of the receiving cities, but have rarely mentioned the other side of this process, focusing on migrants’ rural land tenure issues in their hometowns. This study discusses the rationale of informality (the urban village) and attests to whether, and to what extent, rural migrants’ retention of their hometown lands can affect their tenure security choices (urban village or not) in Chinese metropolises such as Beijing. Binary logistic regression was conducted and the data analysis proved that rural migrants who kept their hometown lands, compared to their land-loss counterparts, were more likely to live in a Beijing urban village. This displays the resilience and circularity of rural-urban migration in China, wherein the rural migrant households demonstrate the “micro-family economy”, maintaining tenure security in their hometown and avoiding the dissipation of their family income in their destination. The Discussion and Conclusions sections of this paper refer to some policy implications related to maintaining the rural-urban dual system, protecting rural migrant land rights, and beefing up the “opportunity structure” (including maintaining the low-rent areas in metropolises such as Beijing) in the 14th Five Year Plan period.
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Olika, Daniel. « Role of the Law in Achieving Sustainable Urban Development through Fiscal Incentives in Nigeria ». McGill GLSA Research Series 1, no 1 (22 novembre 2021) : 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/glsars.v1i1.139.
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As the Nigerian population increasingly becomes urban; the situation has had harmful societal, environmental, health and infrastructural effects on the urban centres. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that the rate of land urbanisation in the country is moving at a slower pace; thereby placing pressure on the existing urban centres. Research conducted on urbanisation in Nigeria has revealed that the rate of urbanisation is unsustainable, serves as a constraint on economic development, and Nigeria’s cities are among the worst to live in. Data on the urbanization policies of various governments, globally, reveals that Nigeria is one of the few countries in the world without a clear urban policy. Meanwhile, Nigeria’s population continues to increase and is expected to have doubled by 2050. It is against this backdrop that this paper undertakes a multidisciplinary study of how the law’s adoption of fiscal incentives can help drive sustainable urban development in Nigeria. This paper argues that this will help the state governments in the decongestion of the existing urban centres (as the population urbanisation increases), ensure the creation of new urban centres, utilise fiscal incentives to attract businesses/ urban population to the new centres, and have sufficient fiscal revenues to sustainably manage the urban centres. This paper comparatively analyses the contribution of China’s legal system to its state-led land urbanization moving at a faster rate than its population urbanisation, thereby avoiding the ills associated with urbanization such as congestion, unemployment, etc. With China and Nigeria sharing a similar decentralized tax and fiscal system, state ownership of land, and a large population; this paper argues that the Chinese model can be adopted successfully in Nigeria.
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Wan, Zhiwei, et Hongqi Wu. « Modeling on Urban Land Use Characteristics and Urban System of the Traditional Chinese Era (1930s) Based on the Historical Military Topographic Map ». Land 12, no 1 (12 janvier 2023) : 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010244.
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The quantitative urban system structure in historical periods and the long time-scale urban land area grid dataset with spatial attributes are important for land use and land cover change (LUCC) research. In this study, we aimed to measure the area of county level and above cities in mainland China in the 1930s, also known as the traditional Chinese era (TCE), using a geographic information system (GIS) model and 1:50,000 military topographic maps. Furthermore, we aimed to identify the structure and characteristics of the urban system in the TCE according to the administrative area division using methods such as the rank size law. The results of this study revealed that 1265 county level and above cities existed in the TCE, including 25 provincial level or above cities, 179 prefectural level cities, and 1061 county level cities. The total land area of all of the cities was 1396.48 km2, with a mean value of 1.1 km2 and a standard deviation of 2.37 km2. The rank-size analysis indicated that the urban system in TCE was characterized by large cities with insignificant development (q = 0.829 < 1, R2 = 0.905). The results of the Lorenz curve and Moran analyses showed that the spatial distribution of the urban systems in China during the traditional period exhibited nonuniform agglomeration. Large-scale military topographic maps of historical periods have proven to be a good source for land use reconstruction. The 1° × 1° grid urban land area dataset constructed based on a GIS model in the TCE is important for future research on historical LUCC and can provide basic data for climate change models, urban economic history, and other disciplines.
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Persson, Martin, Jesper Moberg, Madelene Ostwald et Jintao Xu. « The Chinese Grain for Green Programme : Assessing the carbon sequestered via land reform ». Journal of Environmental Management 126 (septembre 2013) : 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.045.
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Liu, Kai, Jiaming Na, Chenyu Fan, Ying Huang, Hu Ding, Zhe Wang, Guoan Tang et Chunqiao Song. « Large-Scale Detection of the Tableland Areas and Erosion-Vulnerable Hotspots on the Chinese Loess Plateau ». Remote Sensing 14, no 8 (18 avril 2022) : 1946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14081946.
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Tableland areas, featured by flat and broad landforms, provide precious land resources for agricultural production and human settlements over the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). However, severe gully erosion triggered by extreme rainfall and intense human activities makes tableland areas shrink continuously. Preventing the loss of tableland areas is of real urgency, in which generating its accurate distribution map is the critical prerequisite. However, a plateau-scale inventory of tableland areas is still lacking across the Loess Plateau. This study proposed a large-scale approach for tableland area mapping. The Sentinel-2 imagery was used for the initial delineation based on object-based image analysis and random forest model. Subsequently, the drainage networks extracted from AW3D30 DEM were applied for correcting commission and omission errors based on the law that rivers and streams rarely appear on the tableland areas. The automatic mapping approach performs well, with the overall accuracies over 90% in all four investigated subregions. After the strict quality control by manual inspection, a high-quality inventory of tableland areas at 10 m resolution was generated, demonstrating that the tableland areas occupied 9507.31 km2 across the CLP. Cultivated land is the dominant land-use type on the tableland areas, yet multi-temporal observations indicated that it has decreased by approximately 500 km2 during the year of 2000 to 2020. In contrast, forest and artificial surfaces increased by 57.53% and 73.10%, respectively. Additionally, we detected 455 vulnerable hotspots of the tableland with a width of less than 300 m. Particular attention should be paid to these areas to prevent the potential split of a large tableland, accompanied by damage on roads and buildings. This plateau-scale tableland inventory and erosion-vulnerable hotspots are expected to support the environmental protection policymaking for sustainable development in the CLP region severely threatened by soil erosion and land degradation.
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Wang, Yunchen, et Boyan Li. « The Spatial Disparities of Land-Use Efficiency in Mainland China from 2000 to 2015 ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no 16 (12 août 2022) : 9982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169982.
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Understanding the sustainable development goal (SDG) 11.3.1-ratio of land consumption rate (LCR) to population growth rate (PGR) is an important prerequisite for planning a guide for sustainable urbanization. However, little is known regarding the degree of accuracy of the estimated LCR due to the inconsistency of data on built-up areas. We extracted four built-up areas, based on inverse S-shaped law and area proportion method, and produced more precise built-up area data (LS_BUA) for the period 2000–2015. Chinese population density data in 2000–2015 was generated based on 26 million points of interest, 19 million roads, other multi-source data, and random forest (RF). Finally, the coupling between LCR and PGR for 340 Chinese cities was calculated during the same period. The results showed that (1) the accuracy of LS_BUA was higher than that of the other built-up area data production methods; (2) the accuracy of test sets in RF exceeded 0.86; (3) the LCR value of mainland China was 0.024 and the PGR value was 0.019 during 2000–2015. The LCR consistently exceeded the PGR and the coordination relationship between LCR and PGR continued to deteriorate. Our research eliminated the difference of SDG 11.3.1 from different data sources and could therefore help decision makers balance land consumption and population growth.
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DONGJING, CHEN, CHENG GUODONG, XU ZHONGMIN et ZHANG ZHIQIANG. « Ecological footprint of the Chinese population, environment and development ». Environmental Conservation 31, no 1 (mars 2004) : 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290400102x.
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The ecological footprint (EF) can be used to investigate relationships between population, environment and development. In China, the per caput EF is estimated to have increased by 83% between 1981 (0.82 ha caput-1) and 2000 (1.49 ha caput-1), to about 1.31 times China's area (including its oceanic territory), while the ecological deficit increased from 0.066 ha caput-1 in 1981 to 0.735 ha caput-1 in 2000. Over this period, the proportions of six sub-footprint types have changed considerably: the percentages of arable, fossil energy and forest land decreased from 44.8%, 41.5% and 4.1% to 27.1%, 40.1% and 3.0%, respectively; while sea, pasture and built-up land percentages increased from 3.8%, 4.4% and 1.3% to 15.2%, 12.4% and 2.2%, respectively. The production coefficients of gross domestic product (GDP) to the EF of China increased from 584 RMB ha-1 in 1981, to 1522 RMB ha-1 in 2000, reflecting an increasing efficiency in resource use. The EF correlates positively with disposable income and expenditure, which can be described by income and expenditure elasticity. Some measures are suggested to decrease the Chinese ecological deficit on the road to sustainability.
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Wu, Yuzhe, Xiaoling Zhang, Martin Skitmore, Yan Song et Eddie C. M. Hui. « Industrial land price and its impact on urban growth : A Chinese case study ». Land Use Policy 36 (janvier 2014) : 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.08.015.
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Chen, Chun, Li Yu et Charles L. Choguill. « “Dipiao”, Chinese approach to transfer of land development rights : The experiences of Chongqing ». Land Use Policy 99 (décembre 2020) : 104870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104870.
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