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1
Potekhina, Maria I., et Evgeny N. Yakovets. « On the Hills of Manchuria... » Military juridical journal 2 (22 février 2024) : 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2070-2108-2024-2-41-45.
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The article talks about diplomatic, economic and military measures on the part of the Russian Empire aimed at annexing new eastern lands, including Manchuria. The efforts of our country related to solving this problem are analyzed in historical retrospect. Special attention is paid to the construction of the Manchurian Railway (later the Chinese Eastern Railway), which passed through the specified province of China. The reasons that did not allow the annexation of Manchuria to the territory of our country at the time are analyzed. The significance of these events is assessed in the light of the current geopolitical situation in the world.
2
Vul, N. А. « Chinese Eastern Railway and Russian Minority Groups in Manchuria ». Modern History of Russia 11, no 1 (2021) : 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.106.
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The history of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) railway, which has drawn the attention of scholars almost since the time of its construction, is inseparable from the story of the complicated and tangled relations between one majority group — Chinese — and two large minority groups, White émigrés and Soviet citizens who resided in Manchuria and whose lives were largely related to the CER. These relations are largely ignored by the scholars of the CER, in which the focus is on various diplomatic aspects and the CER is considered to be a key actor in international relations of the countries and whose interests were related to Manchuria. Therefore, this article explores the complicated and tangled relations between Chinese, White émigrés, and Soviet citizens who resided in Manchuria in 1920s — 1930s and whose lives were largely related to the Chinese Eastern Railway. This very aspect, the existence of two minority groups (CER’s soviet staff and White émigrés) who shared the same linguistic, cultural, and ethnic background, but who, on the other hand, were political antagonists, makes the Manchurian case especially unique and interesting. This paper argues that common ethnic identity prevailed over ideological discord. This discord was neutralized by life which they lived together surrounded by culturally, linguistically, and ethnically different majority.
3
Elleman, Bruce A. « The Soviet Union's Secret Diplomacy Concerning the Chinese Eastern Railway, 1924–1925 ». Journal of Asian Studies 53, no 2 (mai 1994) : 459–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2059842.
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Following the october revolution, the Soviet Union regained majority control over the strategically located Chinese Eastern Railway, which ran through Manchuria, by signing two previously unpublished secret agreements: the first with the Beijing government on May 31, 1924, and the second with Zhang Zuolin's government in Manchuria on September 20, 1924. These secret agreements were signed despite the Soviet government's repeated promise that it would never resort to secret diplomacy. The Soviet Union also renewed control over the Russian-built Chinese Eastern Railway despite a 1919 Soviet manifesto promising that this railway would be turned over to China without compensation. To consolidate Soviet power over this railway, the USSR then signed the January 20, 1925, convention with Japan that recognized Japan's authority over the South Manchurian Railway in return for Japan's acquiescence to full Soviet authority over the Chinese Eastern Railway.
4
Narangoa, Li. « The Power of Imagination : Whose Northeast and Whose Manchuria ? » Inner Asia 4, no 1 (2002) : 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/146481702793647524.
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AbstractIn the early twentieth century, Manchuria became what Owen Lattimore called a ‘Cradle of Conflict’ where Russia and Japan competed for supremacy in Northeast Asia. Russian and Japanese involvement in Mongolia and Manchuria, especially after the Russo-Japanese War, compelled Chinese authorities to certify that the Northeast (Dongbei), that is Manchuria, was an integral part of China. Japan, for its part, asserted the opposite and represented Manchuria as a territory separate from China in order to justify its presence there. In this paper I argue that Japanese and Chinese travellers’ accounts, their reconnaissance or memoir writings on Manchuria and its Manchu and Mongolian inhabitants, were part of larger geographical and historical constructions of power struggle, in terms of both the Japanese claim for Manchuria and the Chinese ‘response’ to the loss of Manchuria.
5
Gen, Li. « Intertextual links between B. Akunin's novel Vremena Goda (Seasons) and M. Prishvin's story Ginseng ». World of Russian-speaking countries 3, no 9 (2021) : 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2658-7866-2021-3-9-82-90.
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The article is devoted to studying intertextual links between the novel Vremena Goda (Seasons) by B. Akunin and M. Prishvin's story Ginseng. In the early 1930s, M. Prishvin participated in an expedition to the Far East. As a professional ethnographer and a highly skilled agronomist, the writer looked closely into the geocultural space of Manchuria. Personal contact with Manchurian nature and culture became a source of inspiration for M. Prishvin. Botanical, and seasonal climatic observations of Manchuria, naturalist notes about local animals, descriptions of how the taiga inhabitants live, resulted in a remarkable story Ginseng. Following his predecessor, B. Akunin also turned to the Manchurian theme in his novel Vremena Goda. The novel Vremena Goda features a similar story to Ginseng about the search for a relic root in the Manchurian wilds. The heroes of both works ended up in the land of Manchuria thanks to a kind Chinese elder, and having gone through many hardships, found the treasure of the forest - ginseng. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that the novel Vremena Goda has not yet become the subject of a detailed literary study, much less so its intertextual character. This article is the first to examine the dialogue between the two works Vremena Goda and Ginseng. The method of comparative analysis reveals similarities and B. Akunin's borrowings from the pretext of Ginseng, as well as his postmodern modification of original images. Based on M. Prishvin's work, B. Akunin created his own new plot about the search for ginseng. The found data help to expand the study of intertextual aspects of B. Akunin's works.
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Tceluiko, Dmitry. « The architecture of the buildings of the Russian-Chinese Bank ». проект байкал 19, no 74 (5 janvier 2023) : 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/pb.74.26.
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The article is devoted to the development of the architecture of the buildings of the Russian-Chinese Bank in Manchuria in the late XIX – early XX centuries. It provides a brief excursion into the history of the construction of these facilities in Yingkou, Tianjin, Harbin, Dalian, Changchun, Manchuria, Qiqihar and Hailar. The author considers the features of the placement of bank buildings in the structure of urban development, as well as their architectural, planning and stylistic solutions. The article gives information about the architects and engineers involved in the construction of the buildings of the Russian-Chinese Bank. It presents the ranking of buildings, which allowed the author to establish the general principles of the space-planning and decorative design of the buildings of the branches of the Russian-Chinese Bank in the cities of Manchuria.
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Kang (姜抮亞), Jin-A. « The Enforcement of Immigration Control in Colonial Korea and the Rise of Nationalism in the Chinese Media ». Translocal Chinese : East Asian Perspectives 9, no 1 (21 décembre 2015) : 142–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522015-00900008.
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This paper investigates how conflicts and tension built up between Chinese migrant workers and Korean residents in colonial Korea (1910-1945). This led up to the enforcement of immigration controls by the Japanese authorities and also to a change of the image of Koreans in the Chinese media. The Japanese government adopted a policy to ban Chinese laborers from mainland Japan. This policy implied also, that, by contrast, the Government General of Korea should accommodate Chinese laborers to some extent, as long as the Chinese government accepted Korean people to inhabit and cultivate Manchuria. However, the competition between Chinese and Korean laborers became stronger and the Korean resentment against Chinese wealth in Korea also deepened the emotional gap between the Koreans and the Chinese as time passed. Along with these factors, the Korean nationalistic judgment, that the Chinese authorities oppressed Korean tenant farmers in Manchuria led to the first widespread anti-Chinese riots in Korea in 1927. Furthermore, the Wanbaoshan Incident in 1931 ignited Koreans’ anti-Chinese sentiment, which resulted in bloody ethnic riots and the killing of over 100 Chinese immigrants in Korea. Subsequently Chinese perceptions changed dramatically from Koreans as oppressed victims of Japanese imperialism to their collaborators. The subsequent Mukden Incident cemented this image decisively. However, the anti-Chinese riot not only was ignited by the nationalistic sentiment agitated over Chinese oppression in Manchuria, but also stemmed from long-lasting ethnic discord in colonial Korea. (This article is in English.)
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MAN, KWONG CHI. « Finance and the Northern Expedition : From the Northeast Asian Perspective, 1925–1928 ». Modern Asian Studies 48, no 6 (11 février 2014) : 1695–739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000139.
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AbstractThis paper looks at the problems faced by the Chinese silver-backed currencies in Manchuria during the period of Northern Expedition (1925–1928), the Chinese attempt to overcome these problems, and the reasons for its failure. Manchuria was a peculiar territory during the interwar period (1919–1939), where several currencies, backed by silver or gold, competed against one another. The Chinese silver banknote, first introduced at the turn of the twentieth century, was challenged by gold-backed Japanese yen issued by the Bank of Korea, and by the Russian ruble. This competition was set in the context of the struggle for political control over the area between China (the Qing Dynasty and its successor, the Chinese Republic), Russia (and its successor the Soviet Union), and the Japanese Empire, as well as the war between the southern Nationalists (Kuomintang) and the militarists (warlords) who controlled the Chinese central government in Beijing and Manchuria. This paper suggests that the difficult financial situation determined the course followed by the warlords, and that their failure was the result of the complex regional context, and the failures in their military strategy rather than of their fiscal policy.
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Kim, Minsu. « From Acceptance to Deviation : The China-Japan Relationship and the Control and Prevention of the Manchurian Pneumonic Plague in 1910-1911 ». Korean Association for the Social History of Medicine 11 (30 avril 2023) : 177–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.32365/kashm.2023.11.7.
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This paper examines how the Chinese government’s perception of Japan before and after the pneumonic plague epidemic in Manchuria in 1910-1911 influenced China’s disease control and prevention efforts as well as how disease control measures were utilized in the context of the China-Japan relationship. During the New Policy Reform in the Late Qing, the Qing government established a government-led health care system, adopted from the Japanese model, to enhance national prosperity. In Manchuria, the central government’s plan was implemented immediately, in response to Japan’s attempt to expand its influence through disease control, which had been in place since the late 19th century.
During the pneumonic plague in Manchuria in 1910-1911, cooperation and containment between Qing and Japan continued over the initiatives in epidemic control. The Japanese authorities approached the Qing government’s anti-epidemic efforts based on an assumed image of “Japanese assisting Chinese.” However, the Qing government sought to thwart it by implementing systematic and autonomous measures for disease control. Furthermore, at the Japan-Qing Joint Epidemic Prevention Conference, the Qing government constrained Japanese authorities’ involvement in epidemic control, and through the International Plague Conference, it internationalized the issue of pneumonic plague prevention.
The government of the Republic of China that succeeded Qing accepted resolutions submitted by the representatives who participated in the International Plague Conference, and set up the North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service. The North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service, which had to make achievements to garner international recognition, mostly appointed members from the British-American faction, who were considered to have a higher level of medical skill than those of the Japanese faction that held the majority in the Western medical community in China at the time. This was in line with desire of the British-American faction, who sought to expand their influence in China.
As anti-Japanese sentiments increased after Japan’s Twenty-One Demands in 1915, the central government of the Republic of China appointed members of the British- American faction as field practitioners to take leadership in epidemic prevention. Thus, China was able to distance itself from Japan by going through a wide range of options for disease control and prevention.
10
Chen, Jhao-Hong. « Economic Control of the Soviet Union in Manchuria after World War II : Monetary Policy ». Modern History of Russia 14, no 1 (2024) : 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2024.103.
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This article is devoted to the little-known issue of monetary policy of the Soviet authorities in occupied Manchuria after the end of World War II. Comparing Russian and Chinese archival materials, the author studied the process of issuing new banknotes in Manchuria and the main items of expenditure of the Soviet administration. The yuan of the Red Army command was officially authorized to be released in Manchuria from 10 December 1945, following an agreement between the USSR and the Republic of China, but in fact it was put into circulation already from September 24, 1945. New banknotes containing denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 100 yuan were printed based on the decisions of relevant institutions of the USSR, were used by the Soviet side in industrial construction, when buying goods, to pay workers and employees and finance various institutions on the territory of Manchuria. It was considered as reparation, since the USSR agreed with the National Government of the Republic of China that the issued currency would be redeemed at the expense of indemnity from Japan. It was also one of the sources of rising inflation in Manchuria. According to statistics, the amount of banknotes issued by the Red Army command during the period of their stay in Manchuria is 9.725 billion yuan. After the withdrawal of Soviet troops and the transfer of sovereignty over Manchuria to the Republic of China government in early May 1946, in accordance with the agreements, the redemption of the yuan of the Red Army command and its exchange for Chinese currency began. This measure was painful and caused widespread discontent.
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Sepe, Agostino. « Chinese Civilians Beyond the Palisade : an Inquiry on the Opening of Northern Manchuria to Han Commoners in the Yongzheng era ». Ming Qing Yanjiu 27, no 2 (5 mars 2024) : 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24684791-12340074.
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Abstract Even before the Qianlong ban of 1740 (fengjin zhengce 封禁政策), which officially and thoroughly prohibited Han civilians’ migration to Manchuria, the Qing rulers’ attitude toward the phenomenon was, most of the time, a negative one. Generally speaking, the court meant to preserve the territory to the imperial family themselves and the Manchu people. More specifically, as the policies addressing southern Manchuria (present day Liaoning province) changed over time, as the rulers’ wish to keep the place to their own people clashed with concerns about repopulation and land reclamation – for which Chinese settlers could be a resource, spontaneous settling in the northern part of the region (bianwai 邊外, “beyond the (Willow) Palisade”) was always formally forbidden. Such a difference was clearly reflected by the local administrative structures. The Chinese-fashioned system, zhouxianzhi 州縣制, was present in southern Manchuria since 1653, whereas it was established in Jilin only in Yongzheng era. Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong controlled or opposed the growth of the Chinese civil population in Manchuria. As a consequence, they kept unaltered or weakened the Chinese branch of the local government while making efforts to develop the local Eight Banners’ structures. Yongzheng’ policies were headed toward a different direction. Not only did the sovereign enlarge the civil administration in Liaoning; even more significantly, he ordered the foundation of three civil administrative centres in northern Manchuria – Yongji 永吉, Changning 長寧 and Taining 泰寧, which were in charge of the increasing civil population. Neither in China nor in western studies such policies have been attached the importance they are worth of. In addition, Qing sources such as Veritable Records, Gazetteers and the Collected Statutes provide very scarce information on such maneuver. By resorting to archival sources, both in Chinese and in Manchu, this work aims at researching into the rationales and the decision making process which lead to a brief but important interruption of the main trend of Qing rule of their motherland.
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GAMSA, MARK. « Harbin in comparative perspective ». Urban History 37, no 1 (1 avril 2010) : 136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926810000106.
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ABSTRACT:This article argues that historians have largely neglected the dimension of Chinese–Russian interaction, which was central to the development of Harbin from the emergence of this city in 1898 as an outpost of imperial Russia in Manchuria (north-east China). It goes on to propose a new approach to Harbin history, which, integrating its ‘Russian’ and ‘Chinese’ histories during the period prior to the Japanese occupation of Manchuria in 1932, would also place it in a wider comparative context. This comparative approach is illustrated in the article by a consideration of the issue of ethnically segregated living quarters.
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Meshcheryakov, Alexander Yu. « Frontier Case of the Railroad Technician Luzhanskiy ». Journal of Frontier Studies 8, no 2 (15 mai 2023) : 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i2.472.
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The article analyzes the situation in Southern Manchuria in the Chinese city of Telin in 1901 as a result of the actions of Luzhansky (Luzhanskiy), a railway technician who served in the CER Society. Luzhansky showed direct violence toward indigenous people and Chinese workers during the laying of the track. The established administrative system of administration in the territory of the CER right‑of-way could not resolve the conflict between the Chinese and Russian subjects. Luzhansky's case could have been regulated by the Tianjin Treaty of 1858 and the 1896 treaty for the construction and operation of the railroad, but the railway technician's actions extended beyond Northern Manchuria.
Given that the Luzhansky technician's trial caused a clash of Russian and Chinese jurisdictions, this article examines the formation of the judicial system in the CER right-of-way. Such cases of violations of Chinese rights by Russian railway engineers provoked a discussion between Russian ministers on the issue of organizing a Russian court in Manchuria. The specific case of engineer Luzhansky reflects the colonial behavior and the subject's reaction in frontier territory. This article considers only a local case of the exercise of a special imperial right by a railroad technician and the restriction of his activities as a result of violations of the law, corporate ethics, and the 1898 lease agreement.
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Jordan, Donald A. « The Place of Chinese Disunity in Japanese Army Strategy during 1931 ». China Quarterly 109 (mars 1987) : 42–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100001746x.
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The aggressive action of Japan's Kwantung Army in 1931 is widely known. Its armed takeover of most of Manchuria from a conglomeration of Chinese forces which greatly outnumbered the Japanese, points to a weakness in China's defences other than that of numbers. None of the various Chinese armies was as modern in firepower or as well supplied logistically as Japan's crack army in Manchuria. The disarray within the Chinese Government of Nanjing (Nanking) that was obvious in mid 1931 also tempted the adventurous field officers of the Kwantung Army (KA). These veteran officers with years of duty in China, decided, from their reading of the situation in China as well as in Japan and the West, to act on 18 September 1931 rather than make further preparations as recommended in Tokyo.
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KHODJAKOV, M. V. « MANCHURIA RAILWAY STATION IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY : PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION OF MANAGEMENT ON THE RAILWAY ». LOMONOSOV HISTORY JOURNAL 64, no 2023, №4 (16 mai 2024) : 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0083-8-2023-64-4-97-106.
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The article concerns the organization of management at the Manchuria railway station in the early 20th century. The station was located on the Chinese territory, two kilometers from the Russian border. For several decades, the Russian population constituted a majority there; churches, schools and hospitals were built, and two customs offices operated. The management of the hamlet, which sprang up near the station, was carried out by the administration of the Chinese Eastern Railway. Simultaneously, at the time of the completion of the construction of the railway connecting branch “Chinese Junction - Manchuria”, part of the functions of the management of the station was taken over by the Trans-Baikal Railway. On the materials of the Russian State Historical Archive the author had shown that the joint management of the station by two railways at once had a number of peculiar features. To resolve disputes, the administration of the railways entered into special agreements. The first of them was signed in 1903 and made provision for all income and fees from the operation of the border section of the road from the Chinese border to the Manchuria station to go into the use of the Transbaikal road. All expenses for the operation of the rolling stock were also to be borne by the Trans-Baikal Road. The operation of the station facilities was strictly regulated: one part of the stone building for passengers, as well as the territories along the railway line, passed under the control of the Trans-Baikal Road, and the other - under the control of the China Road. Expenses for the maintenance and repair of the building for passengers, as well as other public facilities at the Manchuria station, were to be borne by each road in equal parts. The efficiency of the station largely depended on the due organization of the management system. The simultaneous participation in this process of the representatives of two railway departments at once led to a lack of unity of action in matters of organizing transportation. The state-owned Trans-Baikal Railway was dependent on the central departments. The Chinese Eastern Railway, as a private road, had broader competence. The presence of commercial agents at the Manchuria station did not add to unity, as they oft en pursued their own goals to the detriment of state interests.
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Kim, Eun-Kyoung. « Expansion of Japanese Ceramic Industry in Manchuria and Colonial Exploitation in the Early 20th Century ». Korean Journal of Art History 321 (31 mars 2024) : 101–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31065/kjah.321.202403.004.
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Towards the end of the Qing Dynasty and into the early Republic of China, the ceramics industry, a vital component of China’s economy, faced stagnation. In response, the central government embarked on modernization efforts to rejuvenate the industry, achieving tangible progress such as establishing modern systems through the Porcelain Company. Despite these efforts, Japan aggressively exported goods to China, aiming to expand its trade and dominate the Chinese market. Additionally, the ceramics department within the central laboratory of the South Manchurian Railway Company was established to mass-produce ceramics for heavy chemical use, utilizing resources from Manchuria to meet the substantial material demands for foreign invasions. Furthermore, modern Japanese apprenticeships were extended to Chinese laborers to meet the daily ceramic needs of Japanese residents in the northeastern region. Thus, on the surface, the ceramics industry in the Northeast appeared to have expanded in various aspects.The Chinese ceramics industry underwent significant changes in production scale, distribution, technology, and infrastructure. However, these developments were not the result of natural growth but rather arose from the allocation of raw materials and products essential for Japan’s ceramics sector. Moreover, they were fueled by the harsh exploitation of laborers in the northeastern ceramics industry, serving as a key aspect of Japan’s broader strategy of mass colonization.
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Zabiyako, Anna A., et Ekaterina V. Senina. « POETIC IMAGE OF PERCEPTION OF CHINA AND CHINESE IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF MANCHURIA 1920–1940 (BASED ON WORKS BY ARSENIY NESMELOV) ». Humanities And Social Studies In The Far East 18, no 4 (2021) : 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31079/1992-2868-2021-18-4-208-217.
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The article presents the results of a study of the specifics perception of China in Russian literature in Manchuria, created mainly by emigrant writers living in Harbin and nearby territories of the CER line. According to the authors of the article, this specificity was determined by the frontier (spatial, temporal, ethnic, social, religious) circumstances of the formation of the population of Northern Manchuria, the powerful development of oriental and Chinese studies in these territories since the beginning of the 20th century, the pre-vious experience of foreign communication of representatives of the older generation of emigration, the organic integration into the bor-derline being of “children of emigration.” On the material of lyrics and prose by Arseniy Nesmelov, the authors of the article explore the poetic images of the perception of China and the Chinese from the point of view of their conceptual, metaliterative, sociocultural basis, as well as methods of expression. It is concluded that the modernist approach is very soon replaced by Nesmelov's realistic narrative in the spirit of ethnographic sketches. From the propaganda neomyphologism and space-time indifferency inherent in the former capital journalist, the Harbin writer turns to the point of view of the "simple Harbin resident" and beyond, to a detailed penetration into the eve-ryday psychology of ordinary Chinese (Manchus), residents of Manchuria (peasants, laborers, Hunhuz).
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Ivanova, Alina. « Images of the Homeland in the Cultural Landscape of Northeast China ». проект байкал, no 78 (17 décembre 2023) : 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/issn.2309-3072/78.2252.
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The article is based on the results of the 2023 field season in Northeast China. Three stories in the history of westernization of Manchuria are examined: the construction of railroads, the activities of Catholic missionaries, and the greening of the Liaodong Peninsula. It is concluded that the Jesuits managed to introduce the main architectural symbol of Western civilization, the Gothic cathedral, into the Chinese cultural landscape. Ideology proved to be more effective than faith in technical progress, which consistently guided both the Russians and the Japanese in their exploration of Manchuria.
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Verniaev, Igor. « “Railway justice” in the Processes of Acculturation in the Frontier Zones of Asian Russia in the Late 19th — early 20th Century (Bukhara Emirate and Northern Manchuria) ». ISTORIYA 15, no 1 (135) (2024) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840029948-1.
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The article is a comparative study of two variants of the “railway justice”, i.e. justice systems in the Russian exclaves in the Emirate of Bukhara and the Northern Manchuria at the end of 19th — beginning of 20th century. Basic mechanisms of integration and acculturation of both territories and their population was railway infrastructure (Central Asia and Chinese Eastern Railways) and judicial institution connected with it. The research is based on the wide circle of sources: archival materials of court cases, legal acts of central and regional authorities, hand-books, analytical woks and contemporary memories. The correlation of Russian jurisdictions of different levels is studied. The special attention is paid to court practice of the Russian political agency and lay justice in Bukhara and mixed Russian-Chinese courts in the Northern Manchuria. Authors found that Russian justice in both exclaves on the one hand were based on the imperial post-reform legal rules and on the other hand were adopted for the specific interstate context, ethno-confessional diversity of territories, local legal culture. Russian courts were succeeded in the provision pf basic law and order and promote the processes of cultural legal integration of the studied regions and their varied population. Distinctions of two justice models are connected with difference competence of the Russian post-reform courts in the Emirate of Bukhara and Northern Manchuria. Central authorities and administration of the Chinese Eastern Railway took into account and discussed the Bukharan experience of deeper justice integration, but saved the wide latitude of mixed Russian-Chinese courts.
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Gao, Xiaofei. « Seaweed modernity : Empire, state, and the Sino-Japanese relations ». Coastal Studies & ; Society 2, no 3 (septembre 2023) : 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26349817231189969.
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Seaweed, which had long been adopted by traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of inflammation and tumorous swelling, became a marine crop with increased political and economic importance in early 20th century China. Chinese consumers and manufacturers embraced a global discourse spread from Japan and the West that highlighted the dietary and industrial values of seaweed and its extracts. Chinese elites also identified the social value of seaweed in reducing nutrition disparities between coastal and inland China. The global circulatory processes of seaweed knowledge co-existed with the continued Japanese imperialism and growth of Chinese nationalism in the first half of the 20th century, which led to periodic boycotts of Japan-imported seaweed or increases in the tariffs levied on them. From the 1930s, the Kwantung Marine Productions Experimental Station based in Dalian began cultivating Laminaria Japonica, a type of brown seaweed, along the Yellow Sea in southern Manchuria. At the heart of this colonial scientific program was an attempt to mitigate Chinese nationalist sentiment with the “homegrown” marine products, overcome Japan’s wartime shortage of raw materials, and enhance the self-sufficiency of Manchuria following the outbreak of the Asia Pacific War.
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Sharonova, Victoria G. « Socio-cultural Activities of the Russian Imperial Consulate in Yingkou (China) during the Period of Temporary Russian Administration (1900-1904) ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, no 3 (2022) : 396–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.302.
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Starting from the mid-1890s, Manchuria came into the sphere of political interests of Imperial Russia in China. From 1896 to 1898, a number of Russian-Chinese agreements were made on mutual cooperation, the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway, the Russian-Chinese Bank, the lease of Chinese territories, security, etc. Situated on the coast of the Liaohe River in South Manchuria, the city of Yingkou played an important role in this mutually beneficial process. Yingkou, a tractate port, was called the “Gate of Manchuria”, it has been known since 1861 as a center of junk trade and a center of commercial activity. The Russian presence increased here from 1896, and in 1899 a Russian imperial consulate was opened here. The city played a big role in economic and political cooperation during the construction of Port Arthur and Dalian. Starting from 1900, the order of the Russian Temporary Administration was introduced in Yingkou, which significantly strengthened Russia’s position in the region. Diplomats were appointed to the posts of mayors - Russian consuls in the port city: A. N. Ostroverkhov and V. F. Grosse. Among the many questions associated with solving diplomatic, commercial and organizational issues were issues of socio-cultural activities. The article describes details and analyzes the measures initiated and carried out in Yingkou, mainly at the expense of Russian funds, connected to the anti-epidemiological situation, the fight against plague, specific measures to improve the sanitary condition of the city; considers issues related to the improvement of urban infrastructure, security and social sphere; speaks about the opening of the Russian-Chinese school and its importance for the promotion of the Russian language in China. The article uses a large number of archival sources which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
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Kaminishi, Miriam. « The seasonal demand for multiple monies in Manchuria : re-examining Zhang Zuolin's government's economic policy during the 1920s ». Financial History Review 20, no 3 (9 août 2013) : 335–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565013000140.
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This article reviews the political economy of Manchuria under the rule of Zhang Zuolin, which resulted in the economic instability that occurred during the winter of 1928. One can conjecture that the economic instability did not occur only because of the arbitrariness of the political and military regional government. The instability appears to be related to an ongoing seasonal demand for monies, which was relatively high between the months of September and March, since it corresponded to the period of commerce in soybeans − the region's main economic activity −, the migration of seasonal workers, and also the festive period of the Chinese New Year. The analysis was conducted based on primary materials published by the South Manchuria Railway Company, such as currency issuance and the variation of the exchange rate of the major currencies in circulation among foreign and Chinese currencies.
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Krynyukov, P. E., V. G. Abashin, V. B. Simonenko et P. A. Dulin. « Military doctors in the elimination of the Manchurian plague epidemic ». Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 102, no 3 (2 juin 2024) : 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/0023-2149-2024-102-3-273-278.
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The article provides information about the last plague epidemic in history, which occurred in Manchuria in 1910 along the Chinese Eastern Railway. The main focus of this publication is on the biographical data of Russian doctors from anti-plague units.
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Park, Junghyun. « Early 20th Century Chinese Policy for Koreans in Manchuria ». Journal of School Social Work 84 (30 novembre 2021) : 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37924/jssw.84.1.
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Nechaeva, Anzhelika Sergeevna. « Russian entrepreneurs in exile : Manchuria, 1920s. » Исторический журнал : научные исследования, no 5 (mai 2023) : 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2023.5.43696.
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The article examines the main directions and problems of the development of Russian entrepreneurship in Northeast China in the 1920s. Based on the analysis of the emigrant press and reference literature of the 1920s, documents of Soviet foreign policy, as well as the results of scientific research, the author assesses the activities of entrepreneurs and the difficulties that complicated it. The question describes the activities of the white emigrant industries established before the 1917 Revolution and the Civil War on the territory of the former Russian Empire (1917–1922); the impact of European and North American business on the development of the economy of Manchuria in general and on Russian business in particular; the impact of the multinational composition of the Russian diaspora on the specifics of the development of white immigrant entrepreneurship; the activities of charitable organizations that actively supported emigrants in difficult life situations; the growing needs of the population in connection with the improvement of the quality of work and the growth of production activity. Summing up the research, the author notes the following points that caused difficulties in the sphere of entrepreneurial activity of Russians: unstable financial market; the presence of competition in the face of European merchants; restrictions on the part of local authorities caused by the growth of Chinese nationalism; the Soviet-Chinese conflict over the status of the CER, which not only brought regular income to white immigrants, but also provided many jobs; as well as an increase in the number of Hunghuz gangs due to weak protection of the North-eastern suburbs. Despite all the existing problems, the Russian diaspora in the 1920s made a significant contribution to the economy of the region, engaging in trade, the development of new industries, the creation of the banking system, participation in charity events.
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Mamonova, Iuliia Olegovna. « Foreign military journalists in Manchuria in 1904-1905 : features of daily activities ». Исторический журнал : научные исследования, no 3 (mars 2024) : 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2024.3.70660.
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The author examines some aspects of the daily activities of foreign war correspondents who accompanied the Manchurian army in the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The article is based on texts published by journalists, materials from foreign periodicals, documentation from military and foreign ministries. Attention is paid both to the everyday peculiarities of the professional conditions of accredited journalists in Manchuria, and to the characteristics of the social environment, which had a significant impact on the process of collecting information in the theater of military operations. The issues of interaction of foreign correspondents with representatives of the Russian army, the local Chinese population and other reporters are touched upon, which is closely related to their possession of relevant foreign language competencies. The dynamics of the number of foreign military personnel in the theater of war and its connection with the course of hostilities are analyzed. The use of the historical and comparative method made it possible to identify common and special features in the situation of foreign reporters and other guests of Manchuria. The differences revealed in the characteristics of daily activities between foreign war correspondents and representatives of the Russian press, as a rule, were associated with a language barrier for foreigners and greater distrust of them on the part of censorship authorities. In comparison with military attaches, correspondents noted the complete independence of the journalistic corps in solving everyday issues in Manchuria. In the course of the study, several stages were identified in the dynamics of the number of foreign reporters in the theater of war. The correlation of the pace of correspondents' accreditations with events at the front has been revealed and demonstrated. It has been established that the 1904 campaign, especially its summer and autumn events, received the most attention from foreign journalists. For the first time, a range of issues is outlined for the study of which the legacy of foreign war correspondents may have the greatest scientific and cognitive value.
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VUL, NIKITA. « He, Who Has Sown the Wind : Karakhan, the Sino-Soviet conflict over the Chinese Eastern Railway, 1925–26, and the failure of Soviet policy in northeast China ». Modern Asian Studies 48, no 6 (26 mars 2014) : 1670–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000152.
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AbstractThis article deals with the Sino–Soviet conflict of 1925–26 over the Chinese Eastern Railway, with special attention given to its background and consequences. In 1924, the Chinese Eastern Railway became a joint venture between the Soviet Union and China, creating fresh friction between the joint Soviet and Chinese managers which culminated in general manager A.N. Ivanov's prohibition on transporting military cargoes and troops, and Ivanov's arrest by Manchurian warlord-general Zhang Zuolin. Some scholars and diplomatists have viewed Ivanov's prohibition and the simultaneous rebellion by Chinese general Guo Songling against Zhang as a Soviet attempt to replace Zhang with a more manageable warlord. But this article argues that although the prohibition—a typical instance of back-and-forth Soviet diplomacy—was a coincidence, it was primarily the result of Soviet ambassador Lev M. Karakhan's tough stance and his rash decision-making, undertaken without seeking advice from Moscow. Zhang's victory in the 1926 clash convinced the Chinese that they had the power to take repressive measures against the Soviet Union's citizens and institutions, which led to the Sino–Soviet conflict of 1929 and exacerbated Japanese alarm over the Soviet's increasing strength in the region. This was to be a factor in the takeover of Manchuria in 1931 by Japan's Guandong Army, which eventually led to global war. This article, therefore, deals with the origins of world-changing events and thus is interesting to Modern Asian Studies’ wider readership.
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Xie, Miya Qiong. « “Borderland Translation” ». Journal of World Literature 4, no 4 (6 décembre 2019) : 552–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00404006.
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Abstract This paper explores the complexity of translation of borderland literature through a case study of the Japanese and Chinese translations of the Korean short story “The Red Hill.” Written by the renowned Korean writer Kim Tong-in (김동인, 1900–1951) in 1932, this story features the Korean agrarian community in the Northeast Asian borderland of Manchuria and is conventionally considered a masterpiece of Korean national literature. When it was translated into Japanese and Chinese and anthologized in inland Japan and the Japanese Manchukuo respectively, the three texts of the same story in three languages conveyed different and contradictory national/imperial claims over Manchuria, a Northeast Asian frontier. This case study demonstrates how the very act of translating and anthologizing, as a process of linguistic transposition across cultural and national constituencies, may crystallize the sense of territorial competition through revealing, reshuffling, and redefining the covert intricacy of national relations in the original text.
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HIRATA, KOJI. « Steel Metropolis : Industrial Manchuria and the Making of Chinese Socialism ». Enterprise & ; Society 21, no 4 (décembre 2020) : 875–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2020.58.
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Rodionova, Kseniia I. « Harbin’s Religious Life : Christians of Evangelical Faith (Pentecostals) : 1930s–40s ». Herald of an archivist, no 3 (2021) : 755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-3-755-766.
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The article addresses the activities of the Russian community of Christians of Evangelical Faith (Pentecostals) in Harbin and other stations of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER). It is based on documents from the fonds R–830 "Main Bureau for affairs of Russian emigrants in Manchuria (BREM)" and R–831 "Society for the Unity of the Peoples in the Manchurian Empire ‘Kio-Va-Kai’(1932–45),” stored in the State Archive of the Khabarovsk Krai (GAKhK) and previously unintroduced into scientific use, and also on confessional and emigrant periodicals. The study aims to reconstruct the general picture of religious life of the Russian Pentecostal population of Manchuria. It reflects the growing interest in the history of Protestant churches. According to the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), there are over one thousand Pentecostal religious organizations in Russia; thus, they are the most widespread Protestant denomination in the country. Therefore, the history of the development of the Russian community of Pentecostal Christians is of great scientific interest. The researchers’ interest in Pentecostalism in Harbin is associated with the activities of the prominent preacher Nikolai Ivanovich Poysti. The history of Pentecostal community in Manchuria has not yet become a subject of special research. The work has used classical methods of historical research: historical-genetic, comparative-historical methods, and method of periodization. The study identifies reasons for and factors of the emergence and spreading of the Pentecostal group in Harbin. Various aspects of relationship of the Church of Christians of Evangelical Faith (Pentecostals) with the puppet state of Manchukuo are touched upon. The article presents new conclusions concerning the history of the Pentecostal church. The Pentecostal community in Harbin was the first Russian Pentecostal church in the Far East. Despite its vigorous activities, the Pentecostal church in Harbin was inferior in numbers to many other Protestant denominations due to such reasons as absence of an experienced leader after 1935, cessation of funding in 1941, massive departure of the Russian population throughout the period of its functioning, and its late appearance in the region in comparison with other churches. These factors also led to the schism of the church in 1941, which resulted in the division of both the flock and the clergy.
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Glatolenkova, Ekaterina. « Architecture of residential environment in the settlements along the Chinese Eastern Railway ». Урбанистика, no 1 (janvier 2020) : 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2310-8673.2020.1.32316.
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This article examines the peculiarities of formation of residential areas along the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER); analyzes the pattern of settlements; and examines the architectural nuances of residential buildings. The object of this research is the architectural urban development peculiarities of Russian railroad stations on the territory of Northern Manchuria. The subject of this research is the residential environment in the settlements along the Chinese Eastern Railway. The chronological framework covers the first three decades of the XX century: beginning of construction and first years of exploitation of the railway, characterized by active urban development process and creation of full-fledged environment for accommodation of construction workers, railway workers, migrants from Russia, Southern Manchuria and mainland China. The theoretical foundation for this study consists in the systemic-axiological approach, according to which the culture defines the system of materialistic and spiritual values passed from one generation to another, and allows determining the value grounds of cultural interaction and its panhuman significance. The work explores the peculiarities of architecture and urban development in the settlements along CER. Study is carried out on the construction process of the railway and living conditions of first workers, approaches towards design of the stations of the main line and the southern branch, as well as architecture of residential building of the settlements. The author considers the impact of Russian environment upon the existing Chinese cities, and the use of the traditional Chinese approaches in the projects by the Russian engineers and architects.
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Li, Gen. « Geocultural image of Manchuria in the novel “The Root of Life” by Mikhail Prishvin ». Litera, no 4 (avril 2021) : 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2021.4.35230.
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This article is dedicated to examination of geocultural space of Manchuria in the novel “The Root of Life” (Ginseng) by M. Prishvin. In the early 1930s, the writer participated in ethnographic expedition to the Far East. Being a professional ethnographer and a highly qualified agronomist, the artist meticulously explored the nature of Manchuria, interpreting it from the perspective of European (rationalistic) and Eastern (mythological) worldviews. The formed as a result of contact of the two diverse cultures “geocultural dualism”, expanded the boundaries of the novel, revealing a deep philosophical content: the problem of co-creation of nature and man. The article provides a list of geocultural markers of the eastern province of China, as well as gives a detailed interpretation of the artistic content of all the authentic attributes of ancient Chinese culture (among them: spotted deer, velvet antlers, ginseng, etc.). The article offers the interpretation of key philosophical concepts of the novel: “kindred attention” of the Chinese traditionalism, concept of co-creation of man and nature; special attention is given to the natural philosophical views of Mikhail Prishvin. The conclusions are based on the material of zoological, botanical, and seasonal-climatic descriptions of Manchuria. The novelty of this research consists in culturological and philosophical interpretation of the title symbol – the “root of life”. Ginseng assembles the entire semantic charge of the oeuvre, and draws together its geocultural plan. The collected geocultural inventory (naturalistic notes on the life of spotted deer, botanical and entomological observations of M. Prishvin, lifestyle of the ancient Chinese culture) is included into the dialectical structure of the central symbol, suggesting constructive interaction of the Eastern and Western types of worldview. The "root of life" as a demiurgical potential, revealed in the act of individual creativity, is the initial unity of a man (“gin”) and nature (“seng”) in the process of improving the universe. For proving this hypothesis, the author employs the method of culturological; analysis of the behavior of the protagonist, who is experiencing a moral breakthrough in communication with the carrier of Chinese mythological culture.
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Gonchar, Vladimir V., et Vladimir D. Povolotsky. « Japanese Medical Presence in the Territory of Construction and Operation of the Chinese Eastern Railway (1897-1922) ». Journal of Frontier Studies 8, no 2 (15 mai 2023) : 114–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i2.430.
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The article examines Japanese medical practice in the territory of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER or KVZhD) during its construction and operation. The archival material made it possible to find that the Japanese community was eager to take responsibility for providing medical care to its subjects independently. They achieved this by attracting national physicians whose activities were built on the principles of private medical practice.
The provision of medical care followed the principles of Western medicine, although traditional medicine methods were not excluded. The Russian authorities allowed Japanese doctors to maintain their practice in the Russian-controlled territories, but medical care was provided only to their compatriots, as well as to the Chinese and Korean population. However, the activities of Japanese doctors were treated with distrust and wariness in Russian society, both due to the migrants’ low level of education and due to the existing narrative about the so-called “Yellow Peril.”
Another aspect of the activities of Japanese physicians in Manchuria was the familiarization of the local population with European medicine methods. To achieve this, private, public, and charitable Japanese medical institutions were established. The difficult epidemiological situation in Manchuria, sanitary problems, socio-economic problems, requirements of Russian legislation, inter-faith divisions, and language barriers raised issues for the territorial communities’ leaders on increasing the availability and quality of health care for their compatriots. The initiatives and proposals of the Japanese community to open public hospitals in Manchuria, centralized medical examinations, strict sanitary procedures, and quarantine measures were supported by the Japanese central authorities. They were considered not only as elements of civilization and colonial ambitions but also as a means of social control not only over Japanese subjects.
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Cotton, James. « Revolutionary struggle in Manchuria : Chinese communism and Soviet interest, 1922–1945 ». International Affairs 61, no 4 (1985) : 726–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2617778.
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Ko, Jaebong. « A Study of a Poem Published by Chinese People in Manchuria ». Comparative Korean Studies 26, no 2 (31 août 2018) : 255–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.19115/cks.26.2.8.
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Tang, Peter S. H., et Chong-Sik Lee. « Revolutionary Struggle in Manchuria : Chinese Communism and Soviet Interest, 1922-1945 ». American Historical Review 90, no 4 (octobre 1985) : 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1858979.
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Li, Chengxi. « The Curse of the Past : Manchukuo and the Han-Manchu Relationship ». Communications in Humanities Research 2, no 1 (28 février 2023) : 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/2/2022445.
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Historians have conducted extensive research on Japan after World War Two. This study analyzes the Japanese aggression in Manchuria and its rationales in creating a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. It explores the ways in which the establishment of Manchukuo shape the relations between Han and Manchu Chinese in contemporary China. The analysis is based on multifarious sources, including newspapers in the twentieth century that recorded the history of Manchukuo and findings by authoritative researchers on East Asia. This study sheds light on the status of the Manchu Chinese, who have almost been assimilated into the overwhelming Han majority.
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Li, Chengxi. « The Curse of the Past : Manchukuo and the Han-Manchu Relationship ». Communications in Humanities Research 2, no 1 (28 février 2023) : 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/2/20220445.
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Historians have conducted extensive research on Japan after World War Two. This study analyzes the Japanese aggression in Manchuria and its rationales in creating a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. It explores the ways in which the establishment of Manchukuo shape the relations between Han and Manchu Chinese in contemporary China. The analysis is based on multifarious sources, including newspapers in the twentieth century that recorded the history of Manchukuo and findings by authoritative researchers on East Asia. This study sheds light on the status of the Manchu Chinese, who have almost been assimilated into the overwhelming Han majority.
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Borysiewicz, Mariusz. « Polish Settlement in Manchuria (1898-1950). A Brief Historical Survey ». Studia Polonijne 39 (30 juillet 2019) : 125–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/sp.2018.6.
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During the late nineteenth century, geopolitical, military, political as well as economic considerations combined to induce the Tsarist government to pursue a policy of mass colonization of the Far East. This process led to the appearance of numerous Slavic enclaves in Northeastern China from the late 1890s onwards. As a consequence, northern Manchuria became the final major meeting point between European settlers and Asian inhabitants of the borderland encompassing Tsarist Russia as well as Imperial China. The European settlement in Manchuria was to leave profound imprints on the region’s changing landscape for the next half-century.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, numerous Poles migrated to the Far East in pursuit of better economic conditions. They found work building the Chinese Eastern Railway and remained behind to help operate the line. Others were employed as physicians, engineers, bankers and lawyers. In this way, unlike other Polish diaspora communities, this grup largely comprised wealthy and educated individuals.
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Kim, Kwangmin. « Fighting to Keep the Land Wild : Huifang and Vernacular Forestry in Nineteenth-Century Manchuria ». Late Imperial China 45, no 1 (juin 2024) : 79–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/late.2024.a930393.
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Abstract: This article examines the "association houses" (huifang) that emerged in the late nineteenth century as a major political force in the mountainous area of southern Manchuria and the Russian Far East. Using Chinese, Russian, English and Japanese primary sources, this article examines the formation of the Tanghe huifang, a prominent huifang in the Mt. Changbai area, and its tumultuous relations with the Qing state from 1880 1910. The central argument of the article is that the huifang was an autonomous polity a mini-state of sorts organized by hunter-gatherers (primarily Han Chinese migrants from Shandong), and based on the utilization of forest resources such as deer antlers, medicinal herbs, gold, and most importantly, ginseng plantations. The huifang protected the community from the threat of bandits, taxed the forest industries, regulated trade, and protected the forest resources from destruction, if only on a limited scale. Initially unofficially managed by the Jilin military authority, the huifang collided with the Qing state in the 1880s 1890s and finally revolted against the state in 1897 when the state opened the mountain forests for agrarian development—known as the "Opening the wasteland" (fanghuang) policy. Unable to subdue the resistance, the Qing state decided to incorporate the mountain polity into its political domain, accommodating the huifang as the government's police force and its leaders as the police heads in 1908. This article qualifies the current scholarship that examines the politics of the Chinese borderland primarily through the lens of the national and international politics—a lens that focuses on the top-down process of central state power and state-initiated agricultural and industrial development that took place in the context of growing imperialist expansion into the Qing frontier. Instead, this article highlights an alternative pattern of politics and economic transformation articulated from the bottom up, a pattern predicated on the decentralized utilization of the forest resources in Manchuria's mountains.
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Yannan, Deng. « From "Puppets" to "People's Liberators" : The Manchukuo Military and Its Participation in the Chinese Civil War, 1945–1948 ». Twentieth-Century China 49, no 1 (janvier 2024) : 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2024.a917210.
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Abstract: The Manchukuo military, the collaborationist armed forces of the Japanese client state, was formally disbanded with the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945. The looming Chinese Civil War, however, provided the former collaborators with a second chance to end up on a winning side and avoid the often dire fate awaiting other former collaborators with the Axis powers. This article examines the collapse of the Manchukuo military and its aftermath, the maneuverings of the Guomindang and the Chinese Communist Party to win the support of Manchukuo units, the experience of former Manchukuo troops in the Chinese Civil War, their impact on the war, and the ways in which many of them created postwar narratives of redemption through service to the people's cause.
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Sántha, István. « Hungarian Witnesses of Infrastructure Construction in Manchuria (1877–1931) ». Inner Asia 16, no 1 (19 août 2014) : 152–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340008.
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This paper presents accounts of seven travelogues, written by Hungarian travellers and professionals who visited or worked in Manchuria between the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. So far these texts have not received wide scholarly attention because they are accessible only in Hungarian, although they contain unique first-hand observations of the construction of the Eastern Chinese Railway and many ethnographic notes. The author suggests that some narratives, especially those written by Hungarians who worked as engineering specialists, present very balanced analysis of the situation, because they belonged neither to the colonising project in China, nor to the colonised side, but rather were enthusiasts of technological modernisation. As a theoretical frame, the author attempts to apply notions and concepts developed by infrastructural and cybernetic anthropology.
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Kim, Hyun-cheol, et A.-Young Kim. « A Study on Yeoulwoon Zhang Ji-young’s Chinese Textbook Manchuria Language Lecture ». Journal of Chinese Language and Literature 125 (31 décembre 2020) : 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25021/jcll.2020.12.125.7.
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金成昱. « Figuration of the Chinese Other in the Symbolic Order Space “Manchuria Country” ». Journal of East Aisan Cultures ll, no 55 (novembre 2013) : 349–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.16959/jeachy..55.201311.349.
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Zhou, Xiaolei. « Chosun Intellectuals' Travel Writing about Manchuria and Chinese in the 1920’s ». Studies of Korean & ; Chinese Humanities 55 (30 juin 2017) : 343–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26528/kochih.2017.55.343.
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Zhou, Xiaolei. « Chosun Intellectuals' Travel Writing about Manchuria and Chinese in the 1920’s ». Studies of Korean & ; Chinese Humanities 55 (30 juin 2017) : 343–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26528/kochih.55.343.
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Avilov, Roman S. « Russian City in Manchuria through the Eyes of the Minister of War : A.N. Kuropatkin’s Visit to Harbin in 1903 ». RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, no 3 (15 décembre 2023) : 354–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-3-354-369.
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The author considers the history of Russian Imperial Minister of War A.N. Kuropatkin’s visit to Harbin in 1903. The study is based on the Minister's diaries which he kept during the trip, a set of documents he built during the trip, as well as his official report written after the trip. The documents are stored in the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA) and have been used for the for the first time for historical research in this article. A. N. Kuropatkin visited the new Russian city which was under construction in Manchuria from 1898 as part of his trip to the Far East, and described in detail his inspection of the city, as well as its quay, military barracks, and civil facilities, as well as the maneuvers of the troops of the Harbin garrison and border guards. The study gives a description of the barracks accommodation of the troops in the city and the problems of organizing barracks construction at that time. It is noted that A.N. Kuropatkin considered Harbin as the most important commercial and strategic center of northern Manchuria. The article provides data on the number and national composition of the city population, as well as a description of the first time the Russian Minister of War negotiated with the Chinese governor-general of the Jilin province. The studied material illustrates A.N. Kuropatkin’s understanding of the impossibility of organizing the management of the non-Russian population of the region without preserving authority the Chinese local officials and therefore there was a need to establish close cooperation with them. It is also pointed out the Minister of War had hoped increase the coordination of representatives of the Russians at the local level including Russia’s local military, diplomatic, and financial departments. A.N. Kuropatkin’s in his conclusions shows his conviction of the relative ineffectiveness of exclusively peaceful penetration into Manchuria without support by military force, a discovery which prompted him to actively engage in the further development of Harbin’s military infrastructure.
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McKeown, Adam. « Chinese emigration in global context, 1850–1940 ». Journal of Global History 5, no 1 (25 février 2010) : 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174002281000001x.
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AbstractChinese emigration was part of the global wave of mass migration in the nineteenth century. After establishing the main quantities, sources, destinations, and timing of emigration, this article analyses trends in return and female migration, two quantifiable phenomena that are often said to distinguish Chinese from other migrations. These trends are compared between different flows of Chinese migration, both overseas and to Manchuria, and with non-Chinese migrations. The most interesting conclusions have methodological implications: first, comparisons should be situated as historical trends to better understand patterns of convergence or divergence between flows; second, some cycles and patterns may grow more similar across migration flows even as others diverge; third, the results of comparison will change along with the scale of units being compared; and finally, both extensive comparisons of specific flows and an awareness of the global context are necessary to understand the patterns and causes of mass migration.
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XU, Tianna. « Liu Shipei’s Concept of Class ». Cultura 17, no 2 (1 janvier 2020) : 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/cul022020.0005.
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Abstract: This paper aims to discuss the concept of class in the works of Liu Shipei, a Chinese revolutionary intellectual. When discussing the ethnic revolution of Manchuria, Liu first included class in the description of Chinese system, ethics and Chinese society. After he crossed to Japan and accepted the anarchist revolutionary ideas of hardliners, he used class as a broad synonym for hierarchical society and various inequalities. After understanding and recognizing the Marxist class struggle thought, Liu turned his attention to China. Liu started from the issue of Chinese people’s livelihood to find the subject and object of China’s anarchic class revolution. Class became the concept carrier of his narration of class revolution, and its semantic domain was further expanded. Through the analysis, we can see that Liu’s understanding and use of the concept of class is closely related to his revolutionary ideas, and changes accordingly.
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XU, Tianna. « Liu Shipei’s Concept of Class ». Cultura 19, no 1 (1 janvier 2022) : 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/cul012022.0005.
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Abstract: This paper aims to discuss the concept of class in the works of Liu Shipei, a Chinese revolutionary intellectual. When discussing the ethnic revolution of Manchuria, Liu first included class in the description of Chinese system, ethics and Chinese society. After he crossed to Japan and accepted the anarchist revolutionary ideas of hardliners, he used class as a broad synonym for hierarchical society and various inequalities. After understanding and recognizing the Marxist class struggle thought, Liu turned his attention to China. Liu started from the issue of Chinese people’s livelihood to find the subject and object of China’s anarchic class revolution. Class became the concept carrier of his narration of class revolution, and its semantic domain was further expanded. Through the analysis, we can see that Liu’s understanding and use of the concept of class is closely related to his revolutionary ideas, and changes accordingly.