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Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 11 mars 2023

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1

Heredia, N., J. García-Sansegundo, G. Gallastegui, P. Farias, R. Giacosa, J. L. Alonso, P. Busquets et al. « Evolución Geodinámica de los Andes argentino-chilenos y la Península Antártica durante el Neoproterozoico tardío y el Paleozoico Late Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geodynamic evolution of the Argentine-Chilean Andes and the Antarctic Peninsula ». Trabajos de Geología 36, no 36 (12 septembre 2018) : 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/tdg.36.2016.237-278.

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Resumen: Durante el Neoproterozoico tardío y el Paleozoico, el actual segmento argentino-chileno de la Cordillera de los Andes y desde finales del Paleozoico la Península Antártica, formaron parte del margen suroccidental de Gondwana. Durante este periodo de tiempo, a dicho margen se fue acrecionando un conjunto de fragmentos continentales de tamaño y aloctonía variable, dando lugar en el Paleozoico a seis orogenias de diferente extensión temporal y espacial: Pampeana (Ediacárico-Cámbrico temprano), Famatiniana (Ordovícico Medio-Silúrico), Chánica (Devónico Medio-Carbonífero temprano), Oclóyica (Ordovícico Medio-Devónico), Gondwánica (Devónico Medio-Pérmico medio) y Tabarin (Pérmico tardío-Triásico). Todas estas orogenias son colisionales, salvo la Tabarin y la Gondwánica al sur de los 38º S.Palabras clave: Evolución geodinámica, Paleozoico, Andes argentino-chilenos, Península Antártica, Orógeno Oclóyico, Orógeno Famatiniano, Orógeno Chánico, Orógeno Gondwánico, Orógeno Tabarin.Abstract: During the late Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic times, the Argentine-Chilean Andes, -and since the late Paleozoic the Antarctic Peninsula,- formed part of the southwestern margin of Gondwana. During this period of time, several continental fragments of variable extensión and allochtonie were successively accreted to that margin, resulted in six Paleozoic orogenies of different temporal and spatial extension: Pampean (Ediacaran-early Cambrian), Famatinian (Middle Ordovician-Silurian), Chanic (Middle Devonian-early Carboniferous), Ocloyic (Middle Ordovician-Devonian), Gondwanan (Middle Devonian-middle Permian) and Tabarin (late Permian-Triassic). All these orogenies had a collisional character, with the exception of the Tabarin and the Gondwanan south of 38º S.Keywords: Geodynamic evolution, Paleozoic, Argentine-Chilean Andes, Antarctic Peninsula, Ocloyic orogen, Famatinian orogen, Chanic orogen, Gondwanan orogen, Tabarin orogen.
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Vargas-Cordero de la Cruz, Ivan, Michela Giustiniani, Umberta Tinivella et Giulia Alessandrini. « A review of the gas hydrate distribution offshore Chilean margin ». E3S Web of Conferences 230 (2021) : 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123001007.

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In last decades, the Chilean margin has been extensively investigated to better characterize the complex geological setting through the acquisition of geophysical data and, in particular, seismic lines. The analysis of seismic lines allowed identifying the occurrence of gas hydrates and free gas in many places along the margin. Clearly, the gas hydrate reservoir could be a strategic energy reserve for Chile, but, on the other hand, the dissociated of gas hydrate due to climate change could be an issue to face. Moreover, this region is characterized by large and mega-scale earthquakes that may contribute to gas hydrate dissociation and consequent submarine slides triggering. In this context, Chilean margin should be considered a natural laboratory to study the hydrate system evolution.
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Stuut, J. B. W., M. Marchant, J. Kaiser, F. Lamy, M. Mohtadi, O. Romero et D. Hebbeln. « The late quaternary paleoenvironment of Chile as seen from marine archives ». Geographica Helvetica 61, no 2 (30 juin 2006) : 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-61-135-2006.

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Abstract. Many variables have been used to reconstruct Chilean paleoenvironmental changes during the late Quaternary. In this paper we present an overview of a number of these variables, so-called proxies, that have been inferred from marine sediments from the Chilean continental margin and summarise the results. In general, a glacial-interglacial pattern of climate changes can be recognised in the proxy records with high-frequency variabilities superposed. The synthesis shows that the records in the Southeast Pacific are clearly dominated by a high-latitude climate forcing mechanism and that there is a noticeable gradual increase of tropical forcing moving from south to north along the South American continental margin.
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Merino-Campos, Víctor, Ricardo De Pol-Holz, John Southon, Claudio Latorre et Silvana Collado-Fabbri. « Marine Radiocarbon Reservoir Age Along the Chilean Continental Margin ». Radiocarbon 61, no 1 (1 octobre 2018) : 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.81.

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ABSTRACTWe present 37 new radiocarbon (14C) measurements from mollusk shells fragments sampled along the Chilean continental margin and stored in museum collections with known calendar age. These measurements were used to estimate the modern pre-bomb regional marine 14C age deviations from the global ocean reservoir (∆R). Together with previously published data, we calculated regional mean ∆R values for five oceanographic macro regions along the coast plus one for a mid-latitude open ocean setting. In general, upwelling regions north of 42ºS show consistent although sometimes highly variable ∆R values with regional averages ranging from 141 to 196 14C yr, whereas the mid-latitude open ocean location of the Juan Fernández archipelago and the southern Patagonian region show minor, ∆R of 40±38 14C yr, and 52±47 14C yr respectively. We attribute the alongshore decreasing pattern toward higher latitudes to the main oceanographic features along the Chilean coast such as perennial coastal upwelling in northern zone, seasonally variable upwelling at the central part and the large freshwater influence upon the southern Patagonian channels.
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Alessandrini, Giulia, Umberta Tinivella, Michela Giustiniani, Iván de la Cruz Vargas-Cordero et Silvia Castellaro. « Potential Instability of Gas Hydrates along the Chilean Margin Due to Ocean Warming ». Geosciences 9, no 5 (21 mai 2019) : 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9050234.

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In the last few years, interest in the offshore Chilean margin has increased rapidly due to the presence of gas hydrates. We have modelled the gas hydrate stability zone off Chilean shores (from 33° S to 46° S) using a steady state approach to evaluate the effects of climate change on gas hydrate stability. Present day conditions were modelled using published literature and compared with available measurements. Then, we simulated the effects of climate change on gas hydrate stability in 50 and 100 years on the basis of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and National Aeronautics and Space Administration forecasts. An increase in temperature might cause the dissociation of gas hydrate that could strongly affect gas hydrate stability. Moreover, we found that the high seismicity of this area could have a strong effect on gas hydrate stability. Clearly, the Chilean margin should be considered as a natural laboratory for understanding the relationship between gas hydrate systems and complex natural phenomena, such as climate change, slope stability and earthquakes.
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Fontaine, Consuelo Martínez, Giuseppe Siani, Guillaume Delpech, Elisabeth Michel, Gustavo Villarosa, Fatima Manssouri et Julius Nouet. « Post–glacial tephrochronology record off the Chilean continental margin (∼41° S) ». Quaternary Science Reviews 261 (juin 2021) : 106928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106928.

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ARAYA, JUAN FRANCISCO, et ANDREW J. GOODAY. « First record of a Xenophyophore (Rhizaria : Foraminifera) on the Chilean margin ». Zootaxa 4455, no 3 (3 août 2018) : 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4455.3.16.

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Xenophyophores are a group of large foraminifera, confined to deep-sea habitats below ~500 m, whose often fragile agglutinated tests may attain sizes up to 10–15 cm or more; their agglutinated tests incorporate a variety of foreign particles (termed ‘xenophyae’), including mineral particles, foraminiferan and radiolarian tests, diatom frustules and sponge spicules, and form structures ranging from simple tubes, plates and rounded lumps to complex folded, branching or reticulated formations (Tendal, 1972). Xenophyophores are widely distributed around the world, particularly in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans with comparatively few records from the Indian Ocean and from Arctic and Antarctic seas; they occur at all depths in the oceans from ~500 m to >10,900 m (Tendal, 1972, 1996) and are particularly abundant in regions of high surface production, for example beneath upwelling zones, or on seamounts and sloped topography where particle flux is high (Levin and Gooday, 1992). There are scant records regarding xenophyophores in the SE Pacific. Species of the order Stannomida are recorded from the Ecuador and Peru margins (north of ~12°S) (Tendal 1972: Figs 18, 19), while species of the order Psamminida are common in the DISCOL experimental area of the Peru Basin (~7° 4ˈS, 88° 28’W; ~4150 m depth). Maybury and Evans (1994) illustrated two specimens of an undescribed Psammina species collected during the 1989 DISCOL campaign, but otherwise these collections remain largely unpublished.
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Vargas-Cordero, I., U. Tinivella, F. Accaino, F. Fanucci, M. F. Loreto, M. E. Lascano et C. Reichert. « Basal and Frontal Accretion Processes versus BSR Characteristics along the Chilean Margin ». Journal of Geological Research 2011 (12 septembre 2011) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/846101.

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Multichannel seismic reflection data recorded between Itata (36°S) and Coyhaique offshores (43°S) were processed to obtain seismic images. Analysis of the seismic profiles revealed that weak and discontinuous bottom simulating reflectors were associated to basal accretion processes, while strong and continuous bottom simulating reflectors were associated to frontal accretion processes. This can be explained considering that during basal accretion processes, extensional tectonic movements due to uplifting can favour fluid escapes giving origin to weaker and most discontinuous bottom simulating reflectors. During frontal accretion processes (folding and thrusting), high fluid circulation and stable tectonic conditions however can be responsible of stronger and most continuous bottom simulating reflectors. Along the Arauco-Valdivia offshores, steep accretionary prisms, normal faults, slope basins, and thicker underplated sediment bed were associated to basal accretion, while along the Itata, Chiloe and Coyhaique offshores, small accretionary prisms, folding, and thinner underplated sediment bed were associated to frontal accretion.
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Muratli, J. M., Z. Chase, A. C. Mix et J. McManus. « Increased glacial-age ventilation of the Chilean margin by Antarctic Intermediate Water ». Nature Geoscience 3, no 1 (13 décembre 2009) : 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo715.

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Hamdan, Leila J., Patrick M. Gillevet, Masoumeh Sikaroodi, John W. Pohlman, Rebecca E. Plummer et Richard B. Coffin. « Geomicrobial characterization of gas hydrate-bearing sediments along the mid-Chilean margin ». FEMS Microbiology Ecology 65, no 1 (juillet 2008) : 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00507.x.

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Dezileau, Laurent, Carmen Pizarro et María Angélica Rubio. « Sequential extraction of iron in marine sediments from the Chilean continental margin ». Marine Geology 241, no 1-4 (juin 2007) : 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2007.03.006.

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Treude, Tina, Jutta Niggemann, Jens Kallmeyer, Paul Wintersteller, Carsten J. Schubert, Antje Boetius et Bo Barker Jørgensen. « Anaerobic oxidation of methane and sulfate reduction along the Chilean continental margin ». Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69, no 11 (juin 2005) : 2767–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.01.002.

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Rubio, E., M. Torné, E. Vera et A. Dı́az. « Crustal structure of the southernmost Chilean margin from seismic and gravity data ». Tectonophysics 323, no 1-2 (août 2000) : 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(00)00101-3.

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Scalera, G. « The vague volcano-seismic clock of the South American Pacific margin ». Advances in Geosciences 35 (13 août 2013) : 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-35-89-2013.

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Abstract. During his trip on the Beagle, Charles Darwin wrote about the eruptions associated with the Concepción earthquake of 1835. A later survey by Lorenzo Casertano, following the great 1960 Chilean earthquake, identified some unclear evidence of a link between eruptions and the seismic event, although some reservations were also raised. Using data available in 2006 in the Smithsonian Institution Catalogue of volcanic eruptions, Scalera revealed grounded evidence that South-American Wadati-Benioff zone earthquakes of magnitudes greater than 8.4 are associated with an increased rate of volcanic eruptions, but it was still impossible to determine a causal link between the two phenomena. An average return period of about 50 yr was deducible from the data for the time window 1800–1999. After 2006, the Smithsonian Institution's effort to improve our knowledge of this region has greatly increased the completeness of the catalogue, adding the eruptions from the 2000–2010 interval, together with 50 % more new entries in the list of Andean volcanoes. The great Chilean Maule earthquake of 27 February 2010 (M=8.8), occurring exactly five decades after the 1960 event, provided an occasion to reanalyse this updated database. The results suggest a preferential causal eruptions-earthquake relationship, but additional future volcano-seismic events should be studied to arrive at a definitive conclusion, within the perspective of using this phenomenon for Civil Protection. The possible correlation of South American volcano-seismic events with the Markowitz oscillation of the Polar Motion is another good reason for trying to establish an integrated geodynamic explanation.
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Argote, Pablo, et Patricio Navia. « Do Voters Affect Policies ? Within-Coalition Competition in the Chilean Electoral System ». Journal of Politics in Latin America 10, no 1 (avril 2018) : 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x1801000101.

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It has been argued that close elections lead to policy convergence, as legislators elected by a small margin are more likely to adopt moderate policy positions (Downs 1957). However, Lee, Moretti, and Butler (2004) find that electoral competition does not affect legislators’ policy preferences in the United States, questioning the median voter paradigm. To help to discern this paradox, we estimate the effect of close elections on legislators’ subsequent policy positions under different electoral rules. With Chile's two-seat open-list proportional representation system, we exploit the dynamics of within-coalition competition to test both hypotheses. Using the margin of victory in 383 races in four different parliamentary elections and 3,741 roll-call votes for the 120-seat Chamber of Deputies from 1998 to 2014, we find that electoral competition did not lead to policy convergence under either the center-left Concertación coalition or the rightist Alianza coalition. We contend that policy convergence responds to electoral incentives but is also conditioned by the nature of the political regime (presidential or parliamentary) and government–opposition dynamics.
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Savchuk, Yu S., A. V. Volkov, A. L. Galyamov, V. V. Aristov, I. A. Chizhova et K. Yu Murashov. « Geological position of the gold-sulfide-quartz deposits of the Chilean active margin ». LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 21, no 2 (26 avril 2021) : 222–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2021-21-2-222-238.

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Research subject. The gold-sulphide-quartz deposits of Central Chile are typical prospecting objects, having small ore intervals (from the first tens of centimetres to 1 m), intermittent and nested ore distribution and extremely uneven gold contents.Materials and methods. The patterns of ore mineralization distribution are considered against the background of the results of modern geophysical studies of the lithosphere: the Moho surface, density and thermal regime of the upper mantle. Detailed studies were conducted on the Yapin ore field.Results. It was shown that the faults controlling gold-sulphidequartz mineralization are derivatives of shear tectonics under the conditions of a transpression regime along the Chilean active margin. At an early stage, these faults developed in a right-shift environment, which was accompanied by the introduction of diabase dikes into the northeastern faults, and gold-sulfide-quartz mineralization superimposed on the dikes was deposited during the left-shift stage. The geological structure of the deposits in the ore field Yapin was characterized. It was shown that a diverse mineralization is developed in the ore field - copper-porphyry, IOCG-type and gold-sulphide-quartz. According to geochemical data, the latter is characterized by a clear enrichment of chalcophilic elements (Au, As, Ag, Cd, Cu, Bi, Pb, Zn, Te, Co). The marked enrichment of Bi, Te and Co ores indicates the participation of magmatic fluid in ore formation and the similarity of the mineralization of the Escondida deposit with the type of gold deposits associated with granitoid intrusions. According to geochemical features, gold-sulphide-quartz mineralization in the general zoning pattern occupies a boundary position between IOCG-type objects and copper-porphyry deposits.Conclusions. The conclusion is drawn about the independence of gold-sulphide-quartz mineralization and its difference from epithermal gold deposits. It is noted that, in the volcanic belts of the North-East of Russia, the prospects for discovering unconventional gold-sulphidequartz deposits similar to those of Central Chile are rather real.
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Cordaro, Enrique G., Patricio Venegas et David Laroze. « Latitudinal variation rate of geomagnetic cutoff rigidity in the active Chilean convergent margin ». Annales Geophysicae 36, no 1 (1 mars 2018) : 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-275-2018.

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Abstract. We present a different view of secular variation of the Earth's magnetic field, through the variations in the threshold rigidity known as the variation rate of geomagnetic cutoff rigidity (VRc). As the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity (Rc) lets us differentiate between charged particle trajectories arriving at the Earth and the Earth's magnetic field, we used the VRc to look for internal variations in the latter, close to the 70° south meridian. Due to the fact that the empirical data of total magnetic field BF and vertical magnetic field Bz obtained at Putre (OP) and Los Cerrillos (OLC) stations are consistent with the displacement of the South Atlantic magnetic anomaly (SAMA), we detected that the VRc does not fully correlate to SAMA in central Chile. Besides, the lower section of VRc seems to correlate perfectly with important geological features, like the flat slab in the active Chilean convergent margin. Based on this, we next focused our attention on the empirical variations of the vertical component of the magnetic field Bz, recorded in OP prior to the Maule earthquake in 2010, which occurred in the middle of the Chilean flat slab. We found a jump in Bz values and main frequencies from 3.510 to 5.860 µHz, in the second derivative of Bz, which corresponds to similar magnetic behavior found by other research groups, but at lower frequency ranges. Then, we extended this analysis to other relevant subduction seismic events, like Sumatra in 2004 and Tohoku in 2011, using data from the Guam station. Similar records and the main frequencies before each event were found. Thus, these results seem to show that magnetic anomalies recorded on different timescales, as VRc (decades) and Bz (days), may correlate with some geological events, as the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC).
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Cubas, Nadaya, Philippe Agard et Roxane Tissandier. « Earthquake ruptures and topography of the Chilean margin controlled by plate interface deformation ». Solid Earth 13, no 3 (1 avril 2022) : 779–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022.

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Abstract. What controls the location and segmentation of mega-earthquakes in subduction zones is a long-standing problem in Earth sciences. Prediction of earthquake rupture extent mostly relies on interplate coupling models based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems providing patterns of slip deficit between tectonic plates. We here investigate if and how the strongly and weakly coupled patches revealed by these models relate to the distribution of deformation along the plate interface, i.e., basal erosion and/or underplating. From a mechanical analysis of the topography applied along the Chilean subduction zone, we show that extensive plate interface deformation takes place along most of the margin. We show that basal erosion occurs preferentially at 15 km depth while underplating does at 35 ± 10 and 60 ± 5 km depth, in agreement with P-T conditions of recovered underplated material, expected pore pressures and the spatial distribution of marine terraces and uplift rates. South of the Juan Fernández Ridge, large sediment input favors shallow accretion and underplating of subducted sediments, while along northern Chile, extensive basal erosion provides material for the underplating. We then show that, along the accretionary margin, the two last major earthquakes were limited along their down-dip end by underplating while, along the erosive margin, they were surrounded by both basal erosion and underplating. Segments with heterogeneously distributed deformation largely coincide with lateral earthquake terminations. We therefore propose that long-lived plate interface deformation promotes stress build-up and leads to earthquake nucleation. Earthquakes then propagate along fault planes shielded from this long-lived permanent deformation, and are finally stopped by segments of heterogeneously distributed deformation. Slip deficit patterns and earthquake segmentation therefore reflect the along-dip and along-strike distribution of the plate interface deformation. Topography acts as a mirror of distributed plate interface deformation and should be more systematically studied to improve the prediction of earthquake ruptures.
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Loreto, Maria Filomena, Umberta Tinivella et César R. Ranero. « Evidence for fluid circulation, overpressure and tectonic style along the Southern Chilean margin ». Tectonophysics 429, no 3-4 (janvier 2007) : 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2006.09.016.

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Riquelme, Rodrigo, Constanza Rojas, Germán Aguilar et Pablo Flores. « Late Pleistocene–early Holocene paraglacial and fluvial sediment history in the Turbio valley, semiarid Chilean Andes ». Quaternary Research 75, no 1 (janvier 2011) : 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.10.001.

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AbstractThe transitional character of climatic conditions confers great relevance to paleoclimate studies in the semiarid region where glacial and Holocene geomorphologic records are scarce. Here we present the paraglacial and fluvial evolution of the Turbio valley (30°S) using both field observations and 14C AMS chronology. Two key sites at the uppermost Turbio valley show glacial margins which likely formed during the 17–12 ka Central Andean Pluvial Event and earlier 37–27 ka episodes associated with glacial advances reported elsewhere in the semiarid Andes. Likewise, two episodes of subsequent paraglacial response are identified: a first episode corresponds to early Holocene fine-grained deposits (~ 11,500–7800 cal yr BP) extending far downstream (> 40 km) from the glacial margins. These deposits and coeval debris cones (~ 11,000–5500 cal yr BP) are the result of arid conditions with occasional runoffs that were unable to export sediments along the trunk valley. The second episode corresponds to disconformably overlying fluvial gravels extending ~ 70 km downstream from the glacial margin, indicative of an increase in the fluvial transport capacity occurring not long after 5500 cal yr BP. Fluvial transport increase resulted from a late Holocene shift to wetter climate conditions, representing a forcing factor which enhanced the paraglacial response.
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Álvarez, Orlando, Silvina Nacif, Mario Gimenez, Andres Folguera et Carla Braitenberg. « GOCE derived vertical gravity gradient delineates great earthquake rupture zones along the Chilean margin ». Tectonophysics 622 (mai 2014) : 198–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.03.011.

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Neut, Pablo. « La autoridad pedagógica desinvestida y la reconfiguración de sus legitimidades instituyentes ». Revista de la Academia 19 (1 mars 2016) : 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25074/0196318.0.17.

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<p style="margin-right: 1.5cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">El proceso de democratización social en curso ha implicado una progresiva revisión de las formas en que se ejerce la autoridad dentro del escenario educativo chileno. El siguiente trabajo representa un intento por abordar teórica y empíricamente las formas de configuración de la autoridad pedagógica actual, los elementos de continuidad y cambio verificados en su ejercicio y las nuevas legitimidades que permiten su emergencia. Para esto se realizó un estudio de caso basado en entrevistas en profundidad aplicadas a 20 estudiantes de dos instituciones educativas vulnerables ubicadas en Santiago.</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 1.5cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Palabras clave: autoridad pedagógica, crisis de la autoridad, declive institucional, obediencia voluntaria, legitimidad</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 1.5cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><em><br /></em></p><p style="margin-right: 1.5cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><em><br /></em></p><p style="margin-right: 1.5cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><em>The pedagogical authority desinvested and the reconfiguration of their instituting legitimacy</em></p><p style="margin-right: 1.5cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><br /><em>The process of social democratization process has involved an ongoing review of the ways in which authority within the Chilean educational scenario is exercised. The following paper represents an attempt to address theoretical and empirical ways of setting the current pedagogical authority, the elements of continuity and change verified in practice and the new legitimacy that allowed</em><br /><em>his emergency. For this, was performed a case study based on in-depth interviews with 20 students from two vulnerable educational institutions located in Santiago.<br /></em></p><p style="margin-right: 1.5cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><em>Keyword: pedagogical authority, crisis of authority, institutional decline, willing obedience, legitimacy<br /></em></p><p style="margin-right: 1.5cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><em> </em></p><p style="margin-right: 1.5cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"> </p>
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Cox, Daniel, Sebastian F. L. Watt, Frances E. Jenner, Alan R. Hastie, Samantha J. Hammond et Barbara E. Kunz. « Elevated magma fluxes deliver high-Cu magmas to the upper crust ». Geology 48, no 10 (10 juin 2020) : 957–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47562.1.

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Abstract Porphyry Cu-Au ore deposits are globally associated with convergent margins. However, controls on the processing and distribution of the chalcophile elements (e.g., Cu) during convergent margin magmatism remain disputed. Here, we show that magmas feeding many Chilean stratovolcanoes fractionate sulfides with a high-Cu/Ag ratio early in their crustal evolution. These magmas show evidence of lower-crustal garnet and amphibole crystallization, and their degree of sulfide fractionation and Cu depletion increase with both crustal thickness and the extent of garnet fractionation. However, samples from a small proportion of volcanoes with elevated eruptive fluxes depart from this Cu-depleting trend, instead erupting Cu-rich magmas. This implies that at these atypical sites, elevated magma productivity and crustal throughput, potentially facilitated by “pathways” exploiting major crustal fault systems, enable rapid magma transit, avoiding lower-crustal Cu-depleting sulfide fractionation and potentially playing an important role in porphyry ore genesis.
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de Bar, Marijke W., Dave J. Stolwijk, Jerry F. McManus, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté et Stefan Schouten. « A Late Quaternary climate record based on long-chain diol proxies from the Chilean margin ». Climate of the Past 14, no 11 (23 novembre 2018) : 1783–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1783-2018.

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Abstract. In this study we have applied different indices based on long-chain diols, i.e., the long-chain diol index (LDI) as a proxy for past SST, the diol index as an indicator of past upwelling conditions, and the nutrient diol index (NDI) as a proxy for nitrate and phosphate concentrations in seawater. The proxies were analyzed in marine sediments recovered at ODP Site 1234, located within the Peru–Chile upwelling system, with a ∼2 kyr resolution covering the last 150 kyr. We also generated TEX86H and U37K′ temperature and planktonic δ18O records, as well as total organic carbon (TOC) and accumulation rates (ARs) of TOC and lipid biomarkers (i.e., C37 alkenones, GDGTs, dinosterol, and loliolide) to reconstruct past phytoplankton production. The LDI-derived SST record covaries with TEX86H- and U37K′-derived SST records as well as with the planktonic δ18O record, implying that the LDI reflects past SST variations at this site. TOC and phytoplankton AR records indicate increased export production during the last interglacial (MIS 5), simultaneous with a peak in the abundance of preserved Chaetoceros diatoms, suggesting intensified upwelling during this period. The diol index is relatively low during the upwelling period, but peaks before and after this period, suggesting that Proboscia diatoms were more abundant before and after the period of upwelling. The NDI reveals the same trends as the diol index, suggesting that the input of nitrate and phosphate was minimal during upwelling, which is unrealistic. We suggest that the diol index and NDI should perhaps be considered as indicators for Proboscia productivity instead of upwelling conditions or nutrient concentrations.
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Völker, D., W. Weinrebe, J. H. Behrmann, J. Bialas et D. Klaeschen. « Mass wasting at the base of the south central Chilean continental margin : the Reloca Slide ». Advances in Geosciences 22 (14 décembre 2009) : 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-22-155-2009.

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Abstract. Offshore south central Chile (35° S–42° S), the morphology of the lowermost continental slope and trench floor witnesses a voluminous submarine mass-wasting event. The blocky slide body deposited in the Chile Trench at 73°46´ W 35°35´ S was targeted for study during RRS JAMES COOK Cruise JC23 and termed Reloca Slide. Its size of about 24 km3, its steep and high headscarp, the spatial distribution of slide deposits and the cohesive nature of major slide blocks make it interesting to address the issue of tsunami generation. We have obtained seismic reflection data that partly reveal the internal structure of the slide body. Gravity core samples were retrieved that will allow the slide to be dated and linked to the history of sedimentation and slope stability along this particular segment of the Chilean convergent margin. At present we assume a Holocene age for the sliding event.
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Lamy, F., D. Hebbeln et G. Wefer. « Terrigenous sediment supply along the Chilean continental margin : modern regional patterns of texture and composition ». Geologische Rundschau 87, no 3 (14 décembre 1998) : 477–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310050223.

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HARADA, Naomi, Hajime KAWAKAMI, Miho FUKUDA, Wataru MIYASHITA et Takeshi MATSUMOTO. « 230Th-normalized Fluxes of Biogenic Components from the Central Chilean Margin during the Late Quaternary ». Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 121, no 3 (2012) : 555–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.121.555.

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FLINT, S., P. TURNER, E. J. JOLLEY et A. J. HARTLEY. « Extensional tectonics in convergent margin basins : An example from the Salar de Atacama, Chilean Andes ». Geological Society of America Bulletin 105, no 5 (mai 1993) : 603–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0603:eticmb>2.3.co;2.

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Contreras-Reyes, Eduardo, Juan Becerra, Heidrun Kopp, Christian Reichert et Juan Díaz-Naveas. « Seismic structure of the north-central Chilean convergent margin : Subduction erosion of a paleomagmatic arc ». Geophysical Research Letters 41, no 5 (11 mars 2014) : 1523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058729.

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Valenzuela, Mariana. « La pertenencia de género como un capital discursivo para la legitimación : El caso de las presidentas Michelle Bachelet (Chile) y Cristina Fernández (Argentina) ». Revista de la Academia 19 (1 mars 2016) : 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.25074/0196318.0.16.

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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Con el aumento del número de mujeres en posiciones de liderazgo político, los estudios han comenzado a indicar que la pertenencia de género se ha convertido en un recurso que las mismas mujeres en política están utilizando como un capital discursivo para la construcción de sus figuras. Bajo la premisa del uso de la pertenencia de género como un elemento para la legitimación de sus figuras de liderazgo político se analiza una selección de discursos oficiales y entrevistas de la mandataria chilena Michelle Bachelet (2006-2010) y de la presidenta argentina Cristina Fernández (2007-2011) durante sus primeros períodos presidenciales. La pertenencia de género en la primera fue utilizada para la instalación de una imagen de liderazgo renovado, mientras que en la segunda fue un recurso para la construcción de un perfil asociado a la figura de las mujeres como luchadoras.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Palabras clave: género, capital discursivo, legitimación, Bachelet, Fernández </span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;" align="JUSTIFY"> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;" align="JUSTIFY"> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;" align="JUSTIFY"><em>Membership gender as as capital of discursive legitimation: The case of president Michelle Bachelet (Chile) an Cristina Fernández (Argentina) </em></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;" align="JUSTIFY"><em>With the increasing number of women in positions of political leadership, </em><em>studies have begun to suggest that gender membership has become a resource that the same women in politics have used as a discursive capital for the construction of his figures. Under the premise of using gender membership as an element to legitimize their political leadership, is analyzed a selection of official speeches and interviews, during her first presidential term, of Chilean President Michelle Bachelet (2006-2010) and of Argentinian President Cristina Fernandez (2007-2011). In the first, gender membership was used for the installation of an image of renewed leadership, while for the second was a resource for building a profile associated with the figure of women as contender.</em></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;" align="JUSTIFY"><em>Keywords:gender, discursive asset, legitimitation Bachelet, Fernández</em></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"> </p>
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Ávila, Raymond Rosa. « Technology for Location, Analysis and Interpretation of Magnetic Alterations as Precursors of Seismic Phenomena Update ». Civil Engineering Beyond Limits 2, no 4 (21 septembre 2021) : 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/cebel.2021.004.004.

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To date, several studies have shown that the Earth's magnetic field suffers alterations at the local geographical location before an earthquake occur. Its study demonstrates that the Earth’s magnetic alterations at specific local geographical zone, is a local seismic precursor alerting a proximity of an earthquake with a margin of error of approximately 10%. The electromagnetic noise from background is very confusing, but that reason was necessary to identify these electromagnetic signal precursors by filtering a large amount of noise. To isolate the electromagnetic noise, was implemented a Magnetic North deflection detection in Smart Phones Magnetometers. Using it technology, was developed a mathematical algorithm that work in combination with the Smart Phones magnetometers. This research was based using in reference the study carried out by the Department of Physics of the Faculty of Physical Sciences and Mathematics (FCFM) of the University of Chile directed by Cordado, 2018[1], in the paper called “Latitudinal variation rate of geomagnetic cutoff rigidity in the active Chilean convergent margin”.
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Lamy, Frank, D. Hebblen, G. Wefer et M. Marchant. « Reconstructing Latitudinal Shifts of the Southern Westerlies from Marine Sediment Studies along the Chilean Continental Margin ». PAGES news 8, no 2 (juin 2000) : 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22498/pages.8.2.8.

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Zelt, Colin A., André M. Hojka, Ernst R. Flueh et Kirk D. McIntosh. « 3D simultaneous seismic refraction and reflection tomography of wide-angle data from the Central Chilean Margin ». Geophysical Research Letters 26, no 16 (15 août 1999) : 2577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999gl900545.

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Haddam, Naoufel Abdeldjalyl, Giuseppe Siani, Elisabeth Michel, Jérôme Kaiser, Frank Lamy, Stéphanie Duchamp-Alphonse, Jens Hefter et al. « Changes in latitudinal sea surface temperature gradients along the Southern Chilean margin since the last glacial ». Quaternary Science Reviews 194 (août 2018) : 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.06.023.

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Klaucke, Ingo, Wilhelm Weinrebe, Peter Linke, Dirk Kläschen et Jörg Bialas. « Sidescan sonar imagery of widespread fossil and active cold seeps along the central Chilean continental margin ». Geo-Marine Letters 32, no 5-6 (7 mars 2012) : 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00367-012-0283-1.

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Sellanes, Javier, et Elena Krylova. « A new species of Calyptogena (Bivalvia : Vesicomyidae) from a recently discovered methane seepage area off Concepción Bay, Chile (∼36°S) ». Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, no 4 (27 juin 2005) : 969–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405011963.

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Calyptogena gallardoi sp. nov. is described from eight articulated and 15 separated valves collected by dredge at ∼760 m depth off the Bay of Concepción, central Chile (∼36°S). In general outline, C.gallardoi sp. nov. is close to C. pacifica and to a new species of Calyptogena from Peru, from which it differs in details of the shell shape and hinge margin. Bivalves of the genus Calyptogena are typical constituents of marine chemosynthesis-based communities, and are therefore indicators of reducing environments. In the area of occurrence, the presence of C. gallardoi sp. nov. is related to methane seepage, associated in turn with the extensive gas–hydrate fields recently reported for the Chilean margin along 35°S to 45°S. Gas-saturated sediments as well as fragments of other chemosynthetic endosymbiont-containing clams of the families Vesicomyidae, Lucinidae, Thyasiridae and Solemyidae were also retrieved in the area.Calyptogena gallardoi sp. nov. is the first species of Calyptogena s.s. and the second species of the family Vesicomyidae so far described for the south-eastern Pacific area.
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Marinoni, L., M. Setti, C. Salvi et A. López-Galindo. « Clay minerals in late Quaternary sediments from the south Chilean margin as indicators of provenance and palaeoclimate ». Clay Minerals 43, no 2 (juin 2008) : 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2008.043.2.07.

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AbstractAn investigation of bulk-rock and clay-fraction compositions of two sedimentary cores from southern Chile was performed to evaluate the record of temporal climatic changes during the late Quaternary (11 ky and 30 ky BP). The bulk mineralogy shows an abundance of feldspars, mica and quartz, with lesser chlorite, amphibole and pyroxene, and variable amounts of carbonates. The clay fraction consists of illite, chlorite and scarce smectite. Smectite shows platy morphology, an Al-Fe beidellite chemical composition, and is detrital. Smectite, together with biogenic carbonate, increases in levels diagnostic of warmer phases. Increases in smectite are attributed either to the beginning of chemical weathering, allowed by the glacial retreat, or to ice extension and sea-level variations. Warmer climates also favoured the increase of carbonate productivity. Levels diagnostic of colder phases show a large decrease in carbonate, small amounts of smectite and large amounts of chlorite and mica, as the abundance of glaciers reduced the productivity and prevented chemical weathering.
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Heberer, Bianca, Jan H. Behrmann et Meinert K. Rahn. « Source-to-sink relationships along the South-Central Chilean margin : evidence from detrital apatite fission-track analysis ». Basin Research 23, no 5 (16 février 2011) : 551–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00504.x.

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Vargas-Cordero, I., U. Tinivella, F. Accaino, M. F. Loreto et F. Fanucci. « Thermal state and concentration of gas hydrate and free gas of Coyhaique, Chilean Margin (44°30′ S) ». Marine and Petroleum Geology 27, no 5 (mai 2010) : 1148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.02.011.

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Iván, Vargas-Cordero, Tinivella Umberta et Villar-Muñoz Lucía. « Gas Hydrate and Free Gas Concentrations in Two Sites inside the Chilean Margin (Itata and Valdivia Offshores) ». Energies 10, no 12 (16 décembre 2017) : 2154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en10122154.

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Blumberg, S., F. Lamy, H. W. Arz, H. P. Echtler, M. Wiedicke, G. H. Haug et O. Oncken. « Turbiditic trench deposits at the South-Chilean active margin : A Pleistocene–Holocene record of climate and tectonics ». Earth and Planetary Science Letters 268, no 3-4 (avril 2008) : 526–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.007.

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Corenthal, Lilly G., David F. Boutt, Scott A. Hynek et Lee Ann Munk. « Regional groundwater flow and accumulation of a massive evaporite deposit at the margin of the Chilean Altiplano ». Geophysical Research Letters 43, no 15 (4 août 2016) : 8017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl070076.

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Subiabre, Paula. « Autoridad y escuela. Un análisis histórico desde las experiencias del Instituto Nacional 1973-2010 ». Revista de la Academia 19 (1 mars 2016) : 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25074/0196318.0.19.

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<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">El presente artículo busca analizar las transformaciones que ha sufrido la autoridad del profesor en la escuela chilena a través de un estudio de caso. Para ello se analizará la noción de autoridad desde una perspectiva histórica en la cultura escolar del Instituto Nacional a través de 4 periodos: 1973-1977, 1982-1986, 1990-1994, 2006-2010. A partir de entrevistas realizadas a ex alumnos del Instituto Nacional se observarán las maneras en que se ha concebido la autoridad en las distintas épocas y las transformaciones que se han producido en los periodos señalados. Durante las últimas décadas se han producido cambios sociales caracterizados por una nueva manera de entender la autoridad, caracterizada por el dialogo, el consenso, la comprensión etc. Esto ha favorecido la democratización de las relaciones sociales y por tanto ha influido en las formas en que se ejerce la autoridad.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Palabras clave: cultura escolar, transformaciones, Instituto Nacional</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><em>Authority and school. A historical analysis from the experiences of the National Institute, 1973-2010 </em></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><em>This article seeks to analyze the transformations that has experienced </em><em>the teacher’s authority in chilean schools through a case study. In order to do </em><em>this, the notion of authority will be analyzed from a historic perspective in the</em><br /><em>school culture of the Instituto Nacional through four periods: 1973-1977, 1982-1986, 1990-1994, 2006-2010. Starting from interviews performed to Instituto Nacional’s former students, ways in which authority has been conceived in different times will be observed, and the transformations that have been produced during the indicated periods. Over the past decades there have been social changes characterized by a new understanding of the authority, characterized by dialogue, consensus, understanding etc. This has encouraged the democratization of social relations and, therefore, has influenced the ways in which authority is exercised.</em></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"><em>Keywords: authority, school culture, transformations, Instituto </em><em>Nacional</em></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%; page-break-inside: avoid; page-break-after: avoid;" align="JUSTIFY"><em> </em></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="JUSTIFY"> </p>
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Ramajo, Laura, Alejandro B. Rodríguez-Navarro, Carlos M. Duarte, Marco A. Lardies et Nelson A. Lagos. « Shifts in shell mineralogy and metabolism of Concholepas concholepas juveniles along the Chilean coast ». Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no 12 (2015) : 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14232.

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Along the west coast of South America, from the tropical zone to the Patagonian waters, there is a significant latitudinal gradient in seawater temperature, salinity and carbonate chemistry. These physical–chemical changes in seawater induce morphological and physiological responses in calcifying organisms, which may alter their energy budget and calcification processes. In this study, we study the organism energy maintenance (i.e. metabolic rate) and mineralogical composition of the shell of the juvenile marine snails Concholepas concholepas (Gastropoda: Muricidae), collected from benthic populations located ~2000km apart, varies across geographic regions along the Chilean coast. We found that in juvenile snails, the calcite:aragonite ratio in the pallial shell margin (i.e. newly deposited shell) increase significantly from northern to southern populations and this increase in calcite precipitation in the shell of juveniles snails was associated with a decrease in oxygen consumption rates in these populations. Our result suggests that calcite secretion may be favoured when metabolic rates are lowered, as this carbonate mineral phase might be less energetically costly for the organism to precipitate. This result is discussed in relation to the natural process such as coastal upwelling and freshwater inputs that promote geographic variation in levels of pH and carbonate saturation state in seawater along the Chilean coast.
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Lucassen, Friedrich, Robert Trumbull, Gerhard Franz, Christian Creixell, Paulina Vásquez, Rolf L. Romer et Oscar Figueroa. « Distinguishing crustal recycling and juvenile additions at active continental margins : the Paleozoic to recent compositional evolution of the Chilean Pacific margin (36–41°S) ». Journal of South American Earth Sciences 17, no 2 (octobre 2004) : 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2004.04.002.

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Siani, Guiseppe. « Estimation of the sea-surface reservoir 14C ages off the South Chilean margin since the late glacial period ». Quaternary International 279-280 (novembre 2012) : 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.08.1474.

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FUKUDA, MIHO, NAOMI HARADA, MIYAKO SATO, CARINA B. LANGE, NAOKAZU AHAGON, HAJIME KAWAKAMI, WATARU MIYASHITA, SILVIO PANTOJA, TAKESHI MATSUMOTO et ISAO MOTOYAMA. « 230Th-normalized fluxes of biogenic components from the central and southernmost Chilean margin over the past 22,000 years ». GEOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 47, no 2 (2013) : 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.2.0230.

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Di Giorgi, Gustavo, Marvin Querales, Javier E. Contreras-Reyes, Danilo Pereira et Carola Hernández-Santoro. « Sampling Procedure for Establishing Criteria for Sea Urchin (Loxechinus albus) Proportion under the Legal Minimum Length of landings ». Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no 2 (9 février 2020) : 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8020102.

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Sea urchin (Loxechinus albus) is one of the most economically important species in the northeast of Chilean Patagonia, forming part of the highly diverse benthic community. This resource is being harvested under selective fishing pressure, which suppresses growth rates. In response, the National Standards Institute established Regulation 44 as a quality control measure, based on a sampling approach considering the percentage of sea urchin under the minimum legal size (UMLS) through an acceptance sampling plan. In 2019, the Chilean Undersecretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture (SUBPESCA), under Exempt Resolution No. 910, ruled that any vessel that landed 15% with sea urchin of 6.5 cm UMLS of the total catch weight will be sanctioned. In this paper, a sampling design is presented to establish criteria regarding compliance with this provision. The plan provides a statistical methodology for the evaluation of the percentage of UMLS sea urchin, which corroborates and certifies the current legislation that sanctions and fines the capture of sea urchin that does not comply with UMLS values outlined in Regulation 44. Assuming a systematic sampling plan and under assumed UMLS values of 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0 cm, it is determined that 15% of total landings (margin of tolerance) of sea urchin under 6.5 cm is the optimal level. Thus, a correct specification of the UMLS allows protecting the most vulnerable fraction of the population from overexploitation for growth.
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Vargas-Cordero, Ivan, Michela Giustiniani, Umberta Tinivella, Lucia Villar-Muñoz et Giulia Alessandrini. « Gas Hydrate System Offshore Chile ». Energies 14, no 3 (30 janvier 2021) : 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030709.

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In recent decades, the Chilean margin has been extensively investigated to better characterize the complex geological setting through the geophysical data. The analysis of seismic lines allowed us to identify the occurrence of gas hydrates and free gas in many places along the margin and the change of the pore fluid due to the potential hydrate dissociation. The porosity reduction due to the hydrate presence is linked to the slope to identify the area more sensitive in case of natural phenomena or induced by human activities that could determine gas hydrate dissociations and/or leakage of the free gas trapped below the gas-hydrate stability zone. Clearly, the gas hydrate reservoir could be a strategic energy reserve for Chile. The steady-state modelling pointed out that the climate change could determine gas hydrate dissociation, triggering slope failure. This hypothesis is supported by the presence of high concentrations of gas hydrate in correspondence of important seafloor slope. The dissociation of gas hydrate could change the petrophysical characteristics of the subsoil triggering slopes, which already occurred in the past. Consequently, it is required to improve knowledge about the behavior of the gas hydrate system in a function of complex natural phenomena before the exploitation of this important resource.
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Contreras-Reyes, Eduardo, Javier A. Ruiz, Juan Becerra, Heidrun Kopp, Christian Reichert, Andrei Maksymowicz et César Arriagada. « Structure and tectonics of the central Chilean margin (31°–33°S) : implications for subduction erosion and shallow crustal seismicity ». Geophysical Journal International 203, no 2 (9 septembre 2015) : 776–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv309.

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