Articles de revues : « Children – Social conditions – European Union countries »

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Vukovic, Drenka. « Social implication of demographic changes in the European Union countries ». Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, n^o 121 (2006) : 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0621423v.

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The process of demographic changes in European countries is characterized by greater and greater ageing of the population, as a result of the decline in the rate of natural increase and the rise in life expectancy. Europeans have less and less children, they live longer and face the problems how to ensure a safe old age. Noticed trends of change will be intensified till the middle of the new millennium (2050), when the following situation is expected: the decline in the number of children (0-14 years) for almost 20% and the active-working population (15-64), while there will be more "old persons" (65-79) for more than 44%, and "the oldest" persons (80 or more) for even 180%. Ageing of the population characterizes all regions, but is specially pronounced in the countries in the south and countries in transition. Faced with the challenges of the disturbances in the demographic structure, the members of the European Union (25) developed an entire spectrum of measures and activities to prevent the negative social-economic consequences. Creation of "the policy of ageing" at the Union level develops within the co-ordination (OMC) of the process of modernization of the social security system (old-age pension insurance, health insurance, social and child protection); it also implies the creation of conditions for "the active old age" (increase in employment and staying as long as possible on the job market), the development of "the new forms of solidarity" between generations (as a consequence of the increase of the coefficient of dependency between active working and supported population), preventing poverty and social exclusion, etc. Strategic documents, directions and national action-plans determined the concrete measures needed to face the demographic challenges.

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Quaranta, Mario, et Giulia M. Dotti Sani. « The Relationship Between the Civic Engagement of Parents and Children ». Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 45, n^o 6 (9 juillet 2016) : 1091–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764016628677.

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Although previous research has suggested the existence of a positive association between the political activities of parents and children, little is known about other forms of civic engagement. In particular, the literature lacks an international comparative study on the intergenerational transmission of civic involvement. Using Bayesian multilevel models on data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2006 special module on social participation, this article tests hypotheses on the patterns of civic engagement of parents and children in 18 European countries with different political legacies. Our results show a positive association between the participation in associational activities of parents and children in all the considered countries, above and beyond individual and contextual characteristics. In particular, we do not find an evident East–West gap in the socialization process, suggesting that the Communist past of Eastern and Central European countries has little influence on what can be considered a basic mechanism of civic learning.

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Nazarko, Yuliya, Oleksandr Iliashko et Natalіa Kaminska. « IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RIGHT TO HEALTH CARE IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, n^o 7 (2019) : 1337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201907120.

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Introduction: The right to health is exercised through a complex system of state and social measures of legal, economic, social, scientific, cultural, educational, organizational, technical, sanitary and hygienic nature, aimed at preserving and improving the health of people , lengthening the life expectancy and working capacity, creating good living and working conditions, providing physical and mental development for children and young people, and preventing and managing illnesses and their treatment. The aim: Investigate the international legal and constitutional legal regulation of the right to health care in the countries of the European Union. Materials and methods: The article analyzes the Constitution of the European Union, a number of international legal acts and judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. Review: Each country defines the conditions for realizing the right to health care, according to which people should be healthy, the state itself assumes the obligations of the controller and the protection of this right. These provisions should primarily be enshrined in the Basic Laws - the constitutions. The main direction of state policy in reforming social relations is the achievement of European international legal standards in all spheres of public life. These standards fix the principles, guarantees of norms that determine the scope of human rights, in particular the right to health care. Conclusions: The main problem of ensuring and realizing the right to health in the European Union, as in many countries, is the financing of this industry, because in general, it is impossible to talk about free medical care in the European Union. There are also problems in the field of investment in health care. The urgent issues of primary health care and public health and the elderly dependence period.

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De Rose, Alessandra, et Giuseppina Guagnano. « Having Children in Europe : The Role of Social Capital ». Review of European Studies 15, n^o 1 (1 mars 2023) : 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n1p24.

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We explore the role of social capital in explaining reproductive behaviour and its differences among the European countries. We adopt a comprehensive concept of social capital that combines several elementary indicators and estimate its impact on the probability of having a first or a further child among reproductive-age women currently in a partnership union. We cluster countries in four groups and discuss the results in terms of different welfare state regimes. Data come from the 2014 EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey (N=15,735) which we analysed through a generalized ordered logit model. Our findings support the hypothesis that women who can count on higher level of social capital show higher chance to give birth to a baby and this holds both for each country group and for Europe as a whole. By showing the importance of operationalize a complex and multivariate definition of social capital we contributed to the debate about its relationship with individual reproductive behaviour.

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Шильцова, Ю. В. « Social Determinants and Models of Efficient Socialization of Orphaned or Abandoned Children, Orphanage Leavers, in the European Union and in the USA ». Психолого-педагогический поиск, n^o 2(54) (23 octobre 2020) : 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2020.54.2.018.

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В статье рассмотрена актуальная проблема современного общества — эффективная социализация детей-сирот и детей, оставшихся без попечительства родителей. Указаны основные детерминанты эффективной социализации сирот — выпускников интернатов и детских домов и представлен аналитический обзор моделей работы с ними в странах Европейского союза и США. Описан опыт различных стран по поиску наиболее эффективных путей помощи сиротам при подготовке их к самостоятельной жизни, в частности особенности их социализации в приемных и фостерных семьях, детских деревнях, «деревнях-SOS», «семейных домах», а также у принимающих опекунов и религиозных организаций. Ознакомление с опытом работы разных стран, анализ и обобщение разных моделей устройства детей-сирот и детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей, призваны помочь определить современные тенденции в работе по защите прав таких детей и использовать этот опыт для совершенствования стратегий социальной политики нашей страны в вопросах социальной защиты сирот, а также интеграции ресурсов разных составляющих современного общества и объединения усилий в реализации международных программ по их эффективной социализации в современных условиях. The article focuses on a relevant issue of modern society, namely the efficient socialization of orphaned children and children left without parental care. The article discusses the major determinants of orphanage leavers’ efficient socialization. It analyzes the strategies employed to work with such children in the European Union and in the USA. The article describes the experiences of different countries in searching for effective strategies of preparing orphaned and abandoned children to independent life through socialization in foster family homes, in children’s villages, in SOS children’s villages, in foster homes, in foster homes provided by religious organizations. The analysis of experiences of different countries, the generalization of various care strategies focusing on orphaned and abandoned children enables one to improve strategies of Russian social policy aimed at providing social protection to orphaned children and abandoned children, to integrate various resources available to modern communities, and to unite efforts for the implementation of international programs aimed at effective socialization in modern conditions.

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Kobzeva, T. A., et G. Yu Mykhnovsky. « SOCIAL AND LEGAL PROTECTION OF ORPHAN CHILDREN AND CHILDREN DEPRIVED OF PARENTAL CARE ». Legal horizons, n^o 19 (2019) : 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i19.p36.

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This article is devoted to the study of the social and legal protection of orphans and children deprived of parental care in Ukraine and other countries of the world. The authors revealed the concept, nature, regulatory framework, types of bodies, state financial support, and directions of improving the protection of orphans and children deprived of parental care. It was emphasized that the social and legal support for the protection of the rights of orphans and children deprived of parental care in Ukraine needs to be further improved due to the issues of legislative consolidation and their practical implementation. According to our study, we conducted a statistical analysis of the number of orphans and children deprived of parental care, as well as of persons receiving retirement benefits. A number of scientific studies have been analyzed by scholars in the field of social assistance, labor law, and other jurisprudence related to retirement loss. Among the main areas of improvement, it was decided to amend the current legislation of Ukraine on the delimitation of the mediation activities regarding the adoption and professional activity of teachers and patron educators. Accordingly, recommendations were made regarding the possibility of establishing orphanages or foster homes, abandoning the system of general-type orphanages, and improving the conditions for the provision of foster care to a child. It was also proposed to create a legal framework that would regulate financial assistance for families with children and by improving the funding of regions, their programs, and strategies, and improving their financial situation. These regulatory issues have been analyzed with the addition of practical research from other scholars and jurisprudence. Ways of their solution and improvement of the current legislation have been adopted and developed on the basis of a thorough analysis of the legislation of the European Union countries. Keywords: legal regulation, social and legal protection, orphan, deprived of parental care, boarding school.

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Somogyi, Nikolett, Wim Van Lancker, Rossella Ciccia et Sarah Van de Velde. « The Relationship between Familizing and Individualizing Policies and Mental Health in Parents in Europe ». Social Sciences 10, n^o 2 (5 février 2021) : 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10020055.

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Previous studies suggest the relative importance of the impact of childcare policies on mental health in parents. There have also been studies showing that welfare states have differing policy packages, consisting of a mixture of familizing and individualizing policy measures. This study builds on and extends this knowledge by carrying out a European comparison of the association between mental well health and family policies. We use Lohmann and Zagel’s familizing and individualizing policy indices to describe family policies. Our main interest is differences in mental health depending on the country, household, and individual-level characteristics. Therefore, we apply a multilevel model to 26 countries included in the 2013 wave of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey (N = 141,648). The analysis found that, in general, parents of children under 13 have better mental health than other adults. We found individualizing policy measures to be positively related to mental health in parents, while familizing policies had a negative relationship. No evidence was found for the combined presence of individualizing and familizing policies making a difference to mental health in parents. These results suggest that welfare states could help parents by promoting individualizing policies to make parenthood a less stressful experience.

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Hanson, Elizabeth, Francesco Barbabella, Lennart Magnusson, Rosita Brolin, Miriam Svensson, Stecy Yghemonos, Valentina Hlebec et al. « Research and Innovation for and with Adolescent Young Carers to Influence Policy and Practice—The European Union Funded “ME-WE” Project ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 16 (11 août 2022) : 9932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169932.

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Young carers are children and adolescents who provide care to other family members or friends, taking over responsibilities that are usually associated with adulthood. There is emerging but still scarce knowledge worldwide about the phenomenon of young carers and the impact of a caring role on their health, social and personal development spheres. This paper provides an overview of the main results from the ME-WE project, which is the first European research and innovation project dedicated to adolescent young carers (AYCs) (15–17 years). The project methods relied on three main activities: (1) a systematization of knowledge (by means of a survey to AYCs, country case studies, Delphi study, literature review); (2) the co-design, implementation and evaluation of a primary prevention intervention addressing AYCs’ mental health (by means of Blended Learning Networks and a clinical trial in six European countries); (3) the implementation of knowledge translation actions for dissemination, awareness, advocacy and lobbying (by means of national and international stakeholder networks, as well as traditional and new media). Project results substantially contributed to a better understanding of AYCs’ conditions, needs and preferences, defined tailored support intervention (resilient to COVID-19 related restrictions), and significant improvements in national and European policies for AYCs.

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Sydorenko, Anna, et Inna Polkhovska. « INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS REGULATING LABOUR OF UNDERAGE WORKERS ». Scientific Journal of Polonia University 46, n^o 3 (12 novembre 2021) : 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/4623.

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The paper presents an analysis of the international standards governing child labour. It is determined that the right to work is every able-bodied person’s inalienable and indispensable right. Under current conditions of social development, the issues of legal regulation of labour of specific categories of workers are becoming of vital importance. It is proved that their regulation is based on differentiation which is defined by the extension of children rights. It is researched that in legislation of most countries, regulation of child labour is allocated in a separate institute whose rules, to a greater extent, correspond to international standards. It is determined that all countries should take measures to protect children’s rights and freedoms in the exercise of their right to work. It is proved that the acts of the European Union contain a specified list of children’s rights which should be the basis for developing and enhancing national labour legislation. It is determined that labour law, as well as any field of law, is distinguish by unity and differentiation. Unity is characterized by spreading labour law rules for all workers without exception, and differentiation of legal regulation of labour is characterized by the specification of the rules governing labour of specific categories of workers. It is investigated that differentiation of child labour is based on a subjective feature and is determined by the age, physiological, psychological and social factors. It is determined that differentiation of labour of this category of workers implies providing them with additional social and labour guarantees, as well as the use of restrictions and prohibitions when performing certain types of work. It was researched that the main criterion for child labour is differentiation of their age and working conditions. Their basic requirements are established by international rules and implemented in the national legislation.

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Виниченко, М., M. Vinichenko, Петер Караксони, Peter Karaksoni, С. Макушкин et S. Makushkin. « Negotiation of Discrimination of Talents As a Factor of Reducing the Competitiveness of Modern Organizations ». Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 8, n^o 4 (31 octobre 2019) : 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5d7b8d1050d0e5.97415304.

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The article deals with the problem of discrimination of talents in an organization from the position of reducing the potential of an organization in the competitive struggle in the market of goods and services and the labor market. In the conditions of economic instability, the leadership of various states and organizations is looking for additional opportunities to increase competitiveness. The most important of these is human potential. However, its implementation, especially among talented employees, is hampered for a number of objective and subjective reasons. Identifying the causes and identifying ways to overcome discrimination of talent is a pressing issue for both Russia and the entire world community, which was the goal of this work. Discrimination of talents is investigated for various reasons: by gender, age, national and racial characteristics, religious motives, belonging to a political party or to a social movement and other reasons. The article presents a comparative analysis of discrimination of talents of the population of the Moscow region of Russia and a number of countries of the European Union, the South Asian region, the United States based on data obtained using such methods as a questionnaire using Google Form online service, a secondary analysis of data from sociological research, focus groups, interviewing, etc. In the course of the study, it was possible to establish that there is discrimination in organizations in the Moscow region on various grounds. So says 40% of respondents. The management of organizations is doing some work, but due to insufficient training, it has not managed to achieve the elimination of talent discrimination in organizations. 76% of the respondents consider gender discrimination of talents as a fact, while women with children are worse off. Age discrimination is most acute among employees of retirement age. Their potential in the future is really considered only in 6% of cases, while young people — in 52%. Discrimination on ethnic, racial or religious grounds reaches 34%. For belonging to political parties and (or) social movement, they are constantly subjected to persecution in no more than 4% of cases. In general, the statistics obtained is correlated with foreign experience and shows that discrimination of talents is limited. However, it should be remembered that the number of talented employees is usually not large, and each of them can significantly improve the efficiency of the organization. The article suggests ways to overcome discrimination of talents. The research results can be applied in the public sector and business structures in Russia and abroad.

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Monedero, Pablo José Abascal. « Family Laws in the European Union ». Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika 19 (16 septembre 2019) : 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/stepp.2019.13.

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EU social policies should be complemented by contributing to a harmonious development of society, by reducing structural and regional imbalances, developing a balance between the a localized community and the national society, and improving the living standards of citizens and families of member states (Garrido 2002). Such important social policy principles as freedom and justice are addressed and represented in family laws in the EU regulations introduced during the period of 2000–2016. In this article, we studied the EU’s legal solutions in reference to national (Spain) laws on these matters: children and parental responsibility (adoption, child abduction, family benefits) and couples (matrimonial, regimes, prenuptial agreements, provisional measures). This legislation is necessary in the face of the proliferation of families whose members have different nationalities, and even in the mobilization of residences. Cooperation has intensified between national judicial authorities to ensure that legal decisions taken in one EU country are recognized and implemented in any other. This is highly important in civil cases, such as divorce, child custody, maintenance claims, or even bankruptcy and unpaid bills, when the individuals involved live in different countries. The development of family laws is one of the most important factors of family welfare in European countries.

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Winzen, Thomas, et Frank Schimmelfennig. « Explaining differentiation in European Union treaties ». European Union Politics 17, n^o 4 (8 juillet 2016) : 616–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116516640386.

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Since the early 1990s, European integration has become increasingly differentiated. Analysing the conditions under which member states make use of the opportunity to opt out of, or exclude other countries from, European integration, we argue that different explanations apply to treaty and accession negotiations, respectively. Threatening to block deeper integration, member states with strong national identities secure differentiations in treaty reform. In enlargement, in turn, old member states fear economic disadvantages and low administrative capacity and therefore impose differentiation on poor newcomers. Opt-outs from treaty revisions are limited to the area of core state powers, whereas they also occur in the market in the context of enlargement.

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Tomaszewska, Monika. « In-Work Poverty : A Multi-Layered Problem across European Union Countries ». Studia z zakresu Prawa Pracy i Polityki Społecznej 29, n^o 3 (20 octobre 2022) : 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444654spp.22.028.16573.

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The article’s primary purpose is to present an understanding of in-work poverty by defining the mentioned phenomenon uniformly in all European Union countries and by demonstrating its main determinants. First of all, it is necessary to present a complex definition of the term in-work poverty and refer it to the concept of precarious work functioning in both the legal circuit and the literature. The analysis starts by presenting the existing indicators and measurements of this phenomenon as a basis for conclusions on legal, economic, and social conditions of in-work poverty. The critical role in this regard is attributed to labour law and social security regulations and their continuous changes caused by adapting to new forms of organizations of work and to expectations coming from market competition. The broad range of analyses of phenomena in the work-poverty results from studies delivered under a project of the same name “Working Yet Poor.” The project aims to examine the regulatory structures affecting the working conditions and to assess different aspects of regulations that can have a direct and indirect impact on the occurrence of this phenomenon.

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Rokicki, Tomasz, Piotr Bórawski, Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska, Agata Żak et Grzegorz Koszela. « Development of Electromobility in European Union Countries under COVID-19 Conditions ». Energies 15, n^o 1 (21 décembre 2021) : 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010009.

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The introduction of electromobility contributes to an increase in energy efficiency and lower air pollution. European countries have not been among the world’s leading countries in this statistic. In addition, there have been different paces in the implementation of electromobility in individual countries. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the directions of change and the degrees of concentration in electromobility in European Union (EU) countries, especially after the economic closure as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The specific objectives are to indicate the degree of concentration of electromobility in the EU and changes in this area, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic; to determine the dynamics of changes in the number of electric cars in individual EU countries, showing the variability in this aspect, while also taking into account the crisis caused by COVID-19; to establish the association between the number of electric cars and the parameters of the economy. All EU countries were selected for study by the use of the purposeful selection procedure, as of December 31, 2020. The analyzed period covered the years 2011–2020. It was found that in the longer term, the development of electromobility in the EU, measured by the number of electric cars, is closely related to the economic situation in this area. The crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the economic situation in all EU countries, but has not slowed down the pace of introducing electromobility, and may have even accelerated it. In all EU countries, in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the dynamics of introducing electric cars into use increased. The growth rate in the entire EU in 2020 was 86%, while in 2019 it was 48%. The reason was a change in social behavior related to mobility under conditions of risk of infection. COVID-19 has become a positive catalyst for change. The prospects for the development of this type of transport are very good because activities related to the development of the electromobility sector perfectly match the needs related to the reduction of pollution to the environment.

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Banelienė, Rūta. « Sustainable Economic Growth in the European Union under COVID-19 Conditions ». Contemporary Economics 16, n^o 1 (31 mars 2021) : 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.472.

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All countries of the European Union (EU) have had their economies impacted by COVID-19 and should focus their efforts on managing the negative impacts on their GDP growth. Since EU countries vary considerably in many criteria, the same policy would not fit all EU countries. This paper analyzes how sustainable economic growth could be maintained in the long run while considering three criteria, including R&D investment, gross value added per employee and country size by population; and which factors could have the highest impacts on economic growth in the recovery process according to supply and demand. Countries were examined according to the mentioned criteria by applying the panel least squares method. The major estimation outputs show the stronger effect of the supply side on economic growth, the higher role of human capital in small EU countries where R&D investment exceeds 3% of GDP, and the critical effect of exports on GDP growth in the large EU countries with the lowest R&D investment. This segment depends the most on smooth exports of goods and service flows and could be the most vulnerable under COVID-19 conditions. Therefore, seeking to keep economic growth on track, EU countries should use different strategies and fiscal measures depending on the most vulnerable factors for their economic growth. In addition, this is the right time to revise values of economic growth, and governments should be more focused on the recovery of their economies on the sustainable development goals (SDGs) agenda.

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Morokvasic, Mirjana. « Migrations in Europe : Fears due to the enlargement of the EU to the East ». Stanovnistvo 41, n^o 1-4 (2003) : 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0304131m.

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The European Union is confronted with the biggest enlargement in its history: ten states, among them eight middle European - the so called "buffer zone" in the new European migration landscape - will become members in 2004. Other candidates hope to join in the coming years. For all Eastern and Eastern European countries, including those that are not candidates, the end of the bi-polar world meant a hope of "return to Europe". When shifting its borders to the East, the European Union both includes and excludes. The final objective to achieve Europe as "a space of freedom, security and justice", is conditioned by the capacity and necessity to control the migratory flows. The prospect of free circulation for the citizens of the new Union members entails also fears: the EU countries are afraid of the consequences the enlargement would have on migratory flows from the countries of the Central and Eastern Europe and which transit through that area. The perception of migrants as a threat inspired the conditions that the Union imposed on the candidate countries concerning migration policy issues and which mostly focus on the protection of its Eastern borders. For the future Union members however, protecting of the thousand of kilometers of their Eastern border, implies a number of quite different problems. These countries are afraid of the impact the restrictive measures they are obliged to implement would have both on many economic and family ties which have been maintained since the socialist period and on more recently engaged cooperation with the neighbours which are not candidates. The challenge of enlargement is different therefore for the EU members, for the candidate countries and for those who are for the moment excluded from the process. The fears do not seem to be always grounded. Thus, the impact of enlargement which, it was feared, could have been so destabilizing for the Union because of potentially large migration flows, is more likely to be destabilizing for the new candidate countries, especially concerning their relations with their neighbours excluded from the enlargement process.

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Kovačikova, Hana. « Western Balkans Regional Common Market : What lesson can be taught from EEA ? : A case study of public procurement ». Strani pravni zivot, n^o 4 (2020) : 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spz64-29635.

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The European Union pursues on the international scene to safeguards its values, support the rule of law, foster the sustainable economic, social and environmental development and support the integration of all countries into the world economy including through the progressive abolition of barriers on international trade. Trade agreements are used as an effective tool to this end. Within its present external action, European Union tries to cover its trade relations regionally homogenously. Through regionally homogenous trade agreements, Union can export its values, principles, and rules easier, which is also a way of strengthening its position geopolitically. This paper analyses trade agreements concluded between the European Union and candidate countries from Western Balkans. All these agreements recognise the accession to the European Union as their final goal. To achieve it, candidate countries need to fulfil various conditions, including the approximation and harmonisation of their legal orders with the EU acquis. Just recently (in November 2020), Western Balkans countries' leaders announced the creation of Regional Common Market which shall serve as a tool for approximation with European Union's Internal Market Rules. To this regard, author analysed the European Economic Area, where the export of European Union's Internal Market Rules was successfully realised, and which might therefore serve as an example for pre-accession cooperation between Western Balkans countries and European Union. Author chose the area of public procurement as a model case study.

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Guseletov, Boris P. « THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM IN THE POST-COVID PERIOD. KEY FEATURES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS ». RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian Studies. History. Political Science. International Relations, n^o 2 (2021) : 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2021-2-28-37.

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The article is dedicated to the analysis of the European Union’s Eastern Partnership program in the post-COVID period. It considers the main features of that program in modern conditions and further prospects for its de- velopment, taking into account the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for the European Union and the countries participating in this program. The author analyzes the EU leadership attitude to the individual participants of the program and identifies priorities in relation to the various countries represen- ted in it. To overcome the social and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, the European Commission decided to provide financial assistance to the participating countries, but the amount of the assistance for individual countries depended on the state of relations between the European Union and the leadership of those countries. It is proved in the article that the European Union currently has the most favorable relations with three countries parti- cipating in the program: Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, which have openly declared a policy of rapprochement with the European Union in the political and economic fields. The author outlines positions of all the countries and their expectations of participating in the program in the nearest future as well as in the longer term.

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Jacobi, Otto. « Transnational trade union cooperation at global and European level - opportunities and obstacles ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 6, n^o 1 (février 2000) : 12–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890000600104.

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As globalisation of the economy proceeds apace, it is essential for trade unions to co-operate on a transnational basis if global capitalism is to be civilised. This contribution argues that problems with global trade union co-operation stem from the fact that people's social interests differ greatly according to the different stages of economic development reached in the First World, the newly industrialised countries, the transition economies and the countries of the Third World. It suggests that global co-operation amongst trade unions can only be achieved by doing away with protectionism and dumping. In the interest of the economic development of other groups of countries, the highly developed states have to abolish sectoral subsidies and protectionist measures. In return, the trade unions in the First World can expect the basic social rights laid down in ILO conventions to be made universally binding. Only then will it be possible to break out of the damaging spiral of global dumping and ensure that living conditions for all concerned are able to keep pace with economic progress. In those countries of Europe which are members of the EU, the conditions for transnational trade union co-operation are entirely different. A unified economic and monetary area has already been created, and what is needed now is for a transnational social area to be developed as well. There is scope here for the trade unions to build on the social standards that have already been set on a EU-wide basis. Despite the enormous challenges resulting from the far-reaching social changes taking place, trade unions in Europe have a real opportunity to establish a social model that can serve as a benchmark for unions in other parts of the world.

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Ilić, Vladimir, Milan Mihajlović et Milena Knežević. « The role of social entrepreneurship in modern business conditions ». Oditor 8, n^o 2 (2022) : 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/oditor2202074i.

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The goal this one work is indicate on the meaning and role social entrepreneurial things in contemporary economy working realization overall economic development. The essence existence company in areas social entrepreneurial things it is solution social questions and reduction poor thing. Helping endangered categories residential property implements se active through the Work social company, in particular in countries European union. Development social entrepreneurial things is unambiguously connected with increasing niwa employment, development new ones skills and creation conditions For inclusion in society socially endangered.

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Malaj, Emi. « European Integration, Economy and Corruption in the Western Balkans ». European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 6, n^o 2 (15 août 2020) : 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/517utm22z.

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The European Union countries and institutions have constantly contributed to the European integration process of the Western Balkan countries. Albania, Serbia, Montenegro and the Republic of North Macedonia are official candidates for EU membership. Chapters and accession negotiations have been opened with Montenegro and Serbia, whereas Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina are potential candidate countries. Poverty, unemployment and corruption are probably the most common problems that Western Balkan citizens face. Corruption, in itself, does not lead to poverty, but it stimulate poverty through indirect channels by affecting economic, social, political and administrative conditions. Both, the enhancement of business climate for private investors, and a higher level of integration with the European Union will decrease unemployment and will boost economic growth. Authorities should follow concrete policies in order to encourage private sector investment, increase regional integration, and create new jobs. The future of the Western Balkans is in the European Union.

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Jeannet, Anne-Marie, Tobias Heidland et Martin Ruhs. « What asylum and refugee policies do Europeans want ? Evidence from a cross-national conjoint experiment ». European Union Politics 22, n^o 3 (23 avril 2021) : 353–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14651165211006838.

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The protection of asylum seekers and refugees has become one of the most politically divisive issues in the European Union, yet there has been a lack of research on public preferences for asylum and refugee policies. This article analyzes which policies Europeans prefer and why. We advance a theoretical framework that explains how asylum and refugee policies that use limits and conditions enable individuals to resolve conflicting humanitarian and perceived national interest logics. Using an original conjoint experiment in eight countries, we demonstrate that Europeans prefer policies that provide refugee protection but also impose control through limits or conditions. In contrast to the divisive political debates between European Union member states, we find consistent public preferences across European countries.

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Abdul Karim, Mohammad Zuhair. « Policies of European Union countries towards the issue of illegal immigration ». Tikrit Journal For Political Science, n^o 19 (24 mai 2020) : 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i19.212.

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Migration is an inherent phenomenon of human societies. It is the movement of people from a place where it is difficult to live to a better place, for socio-political reasons. Migration is either internal within one country or international between countries, And the latter may be legitimate or illegal. The European continent has become a dream for immigrants to live better. But Europe, which has received large numbers of immigrants and has become part of its social, economic and political entity, is beginning to suffer from problems and reflections: security, economic, social and political, in light of the increasing number of immigrants in Europe, which has made European countries since the 1980s changed their policies, And start to legislate laws and procedures and conclude restrictive immigration agreements, leading to the events of September 11, 2001, which made European policies more stringent towards immigration, to develop those policies after the Arab Renaissance revolutions in 2011, And what that left, waves of displaced people headed to Europe, thousands of them were received, but as a result of economic difficulties and security and political conditions that some European countries were exposed to, Some European calls have emerged to curb immigration, In light of the differences between the EU countries and the absence of a unified European policy and vision towards immigration, Nevertheless, European countries have formed some partnerships and agreements to combat migration, as well as conducting a set of collective and unilateral restrictive immigration procedures which have led to a reduction in the number of refugees to Europe.

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Loeber, J. « European Union Should Actively Stimulate and Harmonise Neonatal Screening Initiatives ». International Journal of Neonatal Screening 4, n^o 4 (14 novembre 2018) : 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijns4040032.

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Neonatal screening programmes have been introduced in almost all European countries. In practice there are large differences, especially in the panel of conditions that are screened for, often without clear reasons. Policy making on a European level is lacking in contrast to the situation in the USA. Professionals have the knowledge to expand the panels but are dependent on policy-makers for the necessary funds. This paper is a call on the EU Commission to take up a role in providing equal access to neonatal screening for all children within the EU.

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Wu, Kejing. « An Exploration of the Educational Experiences of Refugee Children ». International Journal of Education and Humanities 5, n^o 2 (30 octobre 2022) : 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v5i2.2194.

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This study examines the educational experiences of refugee children in European nations, primarily Germany. Refugee numbers have reached an all-time high, and the education of refugee children has always been a challenge in host countries. Since education plays a crucial role in refugee children's cultural and social integration, it is imperative to examine their educational experiences. This study focuses on Germany through a review of the relevant literature. This study analyzes the education background of Germany in relation to refugee children's educational difficulties. It incorporates Nussbaum's Capability Approach theory to conclude that host countries within the European Union should ensure that refugee children receive an adequate education by implementing comprehensive long-term coping mechanisms and policies.

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Kucharska-Stasiak, Ewa, Sabina Źróbek et Konrad Żelazowski. « European Union Housing Policy—An Attempt to Synthesize the Actions Taken ». Sustainability 14, n^o 1 (21 décembre 2021) : 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010039.

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Adequate housing conditions are an indicator of a decent life, whereas the lack is one of the main reason behind so-called social exclusion. The importance of housing, in ensuring the social safety of citizens, as well as supporting social equity, has been emphasized for decades. Housing, however, also has an important economic dimension. A developed housing sector, in a broad sense guaranteeing the right to housing, is indicated as one of the main conditions for long-term economic growth. The significant role of housing, in deepening integrational processes on the old continent, has also been observed by the European Union. This article is a review and comprises of an attempt to synthesize arguments justifying the need to expand the European Union policy to include housing-related issues. For this purpose, a historical context of the perception of the role of housing in the process of European integration is presented; it characterizes the main phases of incorporating housing into EU policy, as well as indicating the most important areas and instruments of the European Union’s influence on the housing policy of member countries, along with an assessment of their results. The work makes use of the method of the critical analysis of literature, as well as an analysis of EU legal regulations, accounts, and reports referring to the housing sphere. Studies confirm the need for active involvement, aimed at including housing in the scope of EU competencies. The undertaken initiatives of a political, social, economic, environmental, and legal nature are the main forms of recommendations, propositions, and instruments supporting the implementation of common values. Studies conducted to date indicate that the implementation of a single EU housing policy for all member states is neither a simple nor desired task. A more effective solution would unquestionably be seeking out general solutions, addressed to groups of countries functioning under similar conditions. A European housing programme, which holds the status of European law supporting national housing policies, should be such a solution.

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Kočanová, Denisa, Viliam Kováč, Vitaliy Serzhanov et Ján Buleca. « DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES IN PATTERNS OF AGEING SOCIETY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ». E+M Ekonomie a Management 26, n^o 1 (mars 2023) : 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2023-1-003.

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Population ageing is a demographic issue that emphasises the need to be interested in the lives of the most vulnerable population group: the elderly population. The paper investigates the ageing process and their relations among the European Union member countries from 2009 to 2019. These countries are assessed and dispersed to the appropriate clusters according to several indicators related to the areas that affect the lives of the elderly population: namely, the health status, the labour market conditions, and financial security. The focus is on the age group 55 years and over as it is a disadvantaged age group in the job application process regarding ageing society. It is a significant aspect of public finance system. The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, the Labour Force Survey, and the European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics data are involved. The quantitative approaches are applied in the cluster analysis and followed by the panel data linear regression analysis. The dendrograms visualise the three clusters representing the mutual relations and the ageing patterns among the explored countries. The heat maps are created to prove the potential relations among the observed countries. The panel regression model demonstrates that the three variables – part-time employment, the income inequality, and the material and social deprivation – are statistically significant in all the regression models for the whole area and the three clusters. The analytical outcome could be applied as a valuable resource to government and national representatives. It can help identify the objectionable determinants for a custom policy and implement appropriate measures to improve the situation of the elderly population.

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Chzhen, Yekaterina. « Unemployment, social protection spending and child poverty in the European Union during the Great Recession ». Journal of European Social Policy 27, n^o 2 (23 décembre 2016) : 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928716676549.

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The 2008 financial crisis triggered the first contraction of the world economy in the post-war era. This article investigates the effect of the Great Recession on child poverty across the EU-27 plus Iceland, Norway and Switzerland and studies the extent to which social protection spending may have softened the negative impact of the economic crisis on children. While the risks of child poverty are substantially higher in countries with higher rates of working-age unemployment, suggesting a significant impact of the Great Recession on household incomes via the labour market, the study finds evidence for social protection spending cushioning the blow of the crisis at least to some extent. Children were significantly less likely to be poor in countries with higher levels of social protection spending in 2008–2013, even after controlling for the socio-demographic structure of the population, per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and the working-age unemployment rate. The poverty-dampening contextual effect of social spending was greater for the poverty risks of children in very low work intensity families and large families. The study uses two complementary thresholds of income poverty, both based on 60 percent of the national median: a relative poverty line and a threshold anchored in 2008. Although the choice of a poverty line makes a difference to aggregate child poverty rates, individual-level risks of a child being poor associated with a range of household-level characteristics are similar for the two poverty lines.

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Kozhura, Liudmila, Svitlana Zadereiko et Andrii Omelchenko. « SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC MEANS OF STATE ADMINISTRATION OF THE RIGHTS OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES TO HEALTHCARE ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 7, n^o 4 (27 septembre 2021) : 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-4-101-107.

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At the current stage of the development of society the problem of social protection and state support for people with disabilities is particularly relevant and requires reform and improvement. Ukraine, as a country aspiring to join the European Union, should take into account the best foreign experience of the leading countries of the world in the field of state policy to support people with disabilities and its implementation. The process of reforming the national healthcare system demonstrated the ineffective policy in this area, the high level of corruption and the inability to transform this system to the level of world standards of medical care, especially for people with disabilities. The problem of disability in Ukraine is becoming particularly acute. The goal of this article is to investigate the system of economic means of state administration of the rights of people with disabilities to healthcare, to identify the areas of budgetary management and the formation of a new mechanism of economic administration. Scientific analysis was carried out by using the method of systematic approach and analysis, which enabled us to study theoretical aspects of economic methods of state administration of the right of people with disabilities to healthcare, formation of the budget management in Ukraine for the economic security of the rights to healthcare, and features of the new mechanism of the economic administration of the right of people with disabilities to health care. It has been researched that along with administrative methods of state management of the right to health protection of people with disabilities the economic group of methods is important. These include programs of economic development of health care, rehabilitation programs for people with disabilities, implementation of pilot projects to change the mechanism of financial support for operative treatment, etc. Methods of regulating influence (indirect management) are becoming increasingly important, and economical methods of management belong to them. Implementation ensures that the financial and material interests of the management objects are satisfied through the activities of its subjects, which create favorable conditions for achieving the goals and objectives of management. For example, local self-government bodies, within the limits of their competence, can finance local programs for the development and support of community healthcare institutions. In 2019, a new mechanism of rehabilitation support for children with disabilities was introduced based on the principle of "money follows the people", which should ensure targeting, transparency and improve the quality of rehabilitation services. Resources are divided vertically among regional bodies, which divide budgetary funds among local bodies in proportion to the number of children who require rehabilitation measures, according to the place of their residence (location). The national legislation also reflects the norms that created the conditions for the implementation of the right to work of people with disabilities, as well as ratified Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the ILO Convention on professional rehabilitation. From the point of view of the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine, the funds allocated by the state are extremely insufficient for the uninterrupted functioning of the medical system. In its budget memorandum for 2021 the ministry has allocated twice as much – 296 billion UAH, 225 billion UAH of which for the implementation of the medical guarantee program (which is 5% of GDP, as required by the Law of Ukraine "On State Financial Guarantees of Medical Services to Population"). But the proposals of the Ministry of Health both at the time of formation of the state budget and at the time of its approval were not taken into account. The requirement of the Law of Ukraine "On State Financial Guarantees of Medical Services to the Population" for the establishment of financing of the program of medical guarantees at the level of 5% of GDP was lengthened for one more year.

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MAHMUTEFENDIĆ, IDA. « GOOD PRACTICE IN CROATIAN SOCIAL POLICY – RECCOMENDATIONS FOR THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Journal of Education Culture and Society 6, n^o 2 (1 janvier 2020) : 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20152.69.82.

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Social policy has the ideal of cohesion and inclusiveness of all citizens, but it has to “play” an active role in creating opportunities for them. It encopmasses in itself primarily a balance between economic efficiency and social solidarity distribution, and strives towards a consensual social model in which the government and the opposition generally agree on the fundamental priorities of society. Starting from July 1st, 2013, Croatia has been a member of the European Union. What experiences can that country bring to European Union? In spite of the differences between the European countries becoming more and more expressed and bigger, there is a common element: a conscience that social justice and social reconciliation could contribute to an economical development and that are not just an expense; but the opposite: an economical development that must contribute to social reconciliation. In the process of the preparation for this work and during the process of its realization, I used the methods of reading a lot of literature, including professional books, professional journals and legislation literature. Social policy has been for years one of my major fields of interest, so some facts I knew already. My research goal is to examine the development so far of the social policy in Croatia, to detect the most important conditions which are necessary to develop high-quality social policies, to discover which are strong sides, and which are weak sides of the Croatian social policy, and therefore what is important to strongly develop, and what is redundant and/or old-fashioned, to throw away or neglect.

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Povlsen, Lene, Susann Regber, Elisabeth Fosse, Leena Eklund Karlsson et Hrafnhildur Gunnarsdottir. « Economic poverty among children and adolescents in the Nordic countries ». Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46, n^o 20_suppl (février 2018) : 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817743894.

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Aims: This study aimed to identify applied definitions and measurements of economic poverty and to explore the proportions and characteristics of children and adolescents living in economic poverty in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden during the last decade and to compare various statistics between the Nordic countries. Methods: Official data from central national authorities on statistics, national reports and European Union Statistics of income and living conditions data were collected and analysed during 2015–2016. Results: The proportion of Nordic children living in economic poverty in 2014 ranged from 9.4% in Norway to 18.5% in Sweden. Compared with the European Union average, from 2004 to 2014 Nordic families with dependent children experienced fewer difficulties in making their money last, even though Icelandic families reported considerable difficulties. The characteristics of children living in economic poverty proved to be similar in the five countries and were related to their parents’ level of education and employment, single-parent households and – in Denmark, Norway and Sweden – to immigrant background. In Finland, poverty among children was linked in particular to low income in employed households. Conclusions:This study showed that economic poverty among Nordic families with dependent children has increased during the latest decade, but it also showed that poverty rates are not necessarily connected to families’ ability to make their money last. Therefore additional studies are needed to explore existing policies and political commitments in the Nordic countries to compensate families with dependent children living in poverty.

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Galas, M. L. « Country’s Political and Legal Framework for Regulating Migration Processes in the Context of the Crisis Development of the World Community ». Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 10, n^o 4 (3 novembre 2020) : 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2020-10-4-85-91.

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The article analyses the risks of “aftershocks” of secondary post-crisis migration from the countries of the European Union, reorientation of migration flows of post-crisis migration due to changes in European migration legislation, the introduction of legal restrictions on granting refugee status, asylum to emergency migrants, as well as due to the exhaustion of economic, social, political and other resources for receiving migration flows from countries experiencing armed, civil conflicts, crisis situations, environmental and natural resource disasters, undergoing other unfavourable conditions.

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Hunady, Ján, Peter Pisár, Dalia Suša Vugec et Mirjana Pejic Bach. « Digital Transformation in European Union : North is leading, and South is lagging behind ». International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management 10, n^o 4 (30 novembre 2022) : 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12821/ijispm100403.

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The transformation of the economy into a digital environment has become a necessary step in recent years. The consequences of the COVID pandemic have accelerated the digital transformation and the growth of the digital economy. Intensive business engagement in the digital economy requires innovative digital solutions and online means of promotion and sale. European Union (EU) countries need to create the conditions for the gradual transformation. The paper analyses business readiness for the digital economy in EU countries. It aims to compare and assess the current situation of digital readiness based on the set of selected indicators. The analysis includes a multidimensional comparison of EU countries, classification based on cluster analysis, and ranking based on factor analysis results. Results show significant differences among EU countries. Newer member countries, mostly from South-Eastern Europe, are still lagging behind the EU average in e-Commerce activities, usage of social networks, and cloud computing. Furthermore, factor analysis has been conducted to determine underlining factors describing the overall digital readiness of EU countries and rank them accordingly. As well as in the cluster analysis, factor analysis revealed that Nordic EU member countries perform very well and show the highest digital readiness.

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Evdokimov, Dmitry. « Migration Processes in the European Union and Application of Simulation to study them ». Artificial societies 17, n^o 1 (2022) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207751800018321-2.

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Migration processes occur in virtually every state, and they are facilitated by various events that entail a change of residence. Developed countries generally face an uncontrolled influx of migrants, and in less developed countries, the outflow of the local population leads to a sharp deterioration in the socio-economic situation. There are several types of migration, all of which are closely related to many factors – the most obvious are: military conflicts, poverty, social inequality, dictatorial regime, overpopulation. From 2015 on, this problem in the EU countries has become threatening. The destabilization of the situation and the confrontation of the warring parties in the Middle East led to a massive outflow of the local population to the EU countries with the most favorable social conditions and maximum support for migrants. The choice of migrants fell mainly on Germany, Austria, Sweden, Italy. These processes have become difficult to control. To improve the situation, it is necessary to develop new mechanisms for regulating and stabilizing migration processes, otherwise, uncontrolled migration might lead to even greater shocks in the socio-economic system of the European Union and the formation of more complex crises. In the context of global digitalization, software analytical tools could become an auxiliary means for studying, analyzing and forecasting migration processes. This article provides a statistical analysis of the main indicators of migration to European countries, formulates the reasons for its occurrence, and considers examples of simulation models created to study various aspects related to population movements.

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Mospan, Natalia. « Skills demand and suply in the European Union ». Osvitolohiya, n^o 6 (2017) : 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2226-3012.2017.6.176180.

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The author of the article presents an analysis of the current situation of demand and supply of specialists in the European Union. The basis for the analysis is the reports of the European Commission, which widely cover this issue. It is worth noting that different EU countries feel the problems of supply and demand in different ways. Their conformity is observed only in Germany, where the number of students graduate each year and enter the labor market in search of work coincides with the requirements of employers in terms of the number of specialists. Other EU countries are in demand for specialists in the scientific, engineering and technology sectors and a quantitative shortage of teachers and doctors. The study is devoted to the questions related to factors that affect the matching between the demand and supply of teachers and doctors. Among such factors is the increase in population, health and education costs. The number of school children is the dominant factor in the demand for teachers. Another factor is educational programs that determine the demand for subject teachers. The policies and priorities of the curriculum have a dominant influence in determining the different types of teachers as well. The demand for physicians depends on the health system. The offer of doctors may differ due to differences in the industry, in particular, the accessibility of education and training for doctors, as well as the conditions of medical service. The results of this study can contribute to a deeper understanding of the current state of the regulating process of higher education interaction with the labor market in Ukraine.

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Lado, Maria, et Daniel Vaughan-Whitehead. « Social dialogue in candidate countries : what for ? » Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 9, n^o 1 (février 2003) : 64–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900107.

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In their negotiations for accession to the EU, candidate countries have made important social policy commitments. These include the promotion of social dialogue up to EU standards and the application of the principles and values that prevail in this area. Accordingly, governments of candidate countries are trying to promote appropriate conditions for such social dialogue to take place, while social partners are reinforcing their structures to play their full role in the social dialogue process. Nevertheless, there has been little debate about the real objectives of social dialogue in the candidate countries. What is social dialogue for, what has it achieved so far, and why is it so important to develop it further? Who are expected to be the ultimate beneficiaries of social dialogue mechanisms and practices? What implications might current features of social dialogue in candidate countries have in the enlarged European Union? This article provides a first tentative assessment of the coverage of social dialogue - and thus of the effectiveness of social dialogue mechanisms - in the candidate countries.

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Wojsz, Tomasz. « The impact of US peacekeeping activities on the security of European Union Countries ». Humanities & ; Social Sciences Reviews 10, n^o 4 (21 août 2022) : 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2022.1044.

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Purpose of the study: This scientific publication aims to analyse military strategy in the context of political and social conditions as a reaction to the events of 11 September 2001. Methodology: Based on the resources of the Internet and a critical analysis of the literature on the subject, a detailed analysis, dynamics and development of the military strategy of the US and EU services was made against the background of historical events, in the context of peacekeeping missions. Taking into account the effectiveness of the implemented peacekeeping missions concerning the security of EU countries. Main findings: Cooperation between the US and EU countries affects the sense of security, with appropriate diplomacy, shaping a positive image of the state, concluding international agreements, implementing the assumptions of cooperation, and supporting countries on many levels, including the military. Application of the study: The presented research relates to the legal sciences with a specific reference to the research field in the field of national security and defence. Original/Novelty of the study: The research analyzed the effectiveness of the activities carried out and its impact on the population of a given country as part of peacekeeping missions. However, as a result of a critical analysis of the scientific literature, certain conclusions were systematized in relation to the strategies that influenced the shaping of the present reality within the European Union countries.

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Mościbrodzka, Monika. « The Use of Methods of Multidimensional Comparative Analysis in Evaluation of the Standard of Living of Poland’s Population in Comparison with Other Countries of the European Union ». Oeconomia Copernicana 5, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2014) : 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2014.018.

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The comparative analysis of the standard of living of the population is significant from the viewpoint of evaluation of economic changes as well as determination of the distance between countries with regard to social development. The goal of the article was to compare, using the methods of multidimensional comparative analysis (MCA), the standard of living in the countries of the European Union using a single indicator. This indicator, as an aggregated value, synthesizes the information from all variables defining a complex phenomenon, enabling a comparison of countries with regard to the standard of living. The point of departure for the research was a creation of a set of variables, divided into 8 subgroups: health care, labour market, salaries, housing conditions, education, culture and recreation, communication, environmental protection, and social benefits. On the basis of this group of variables, a comparison of the European Union countries between 2006 and 2011 was made, specifying the position of Poland, with regard to the standard of living of inhabitants and evaluation of the extent of Poland’s similarity to other EU countries. The source base of the articles was information from secondary sources: Internet sites, publications on European statistics, as well as data published by the GUS (Central Statistical Office of Poland).

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Gwoździewicz, Sylwia. « THE MINORS IN PENAL SYSTEMS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ». International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 1, n^o 1 (30 juin 2015) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3758.

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In foreign jurisdictions, various models of responsibility for juvenile offenses are adopted. In many countries, like Poland, entirely separate regulations in this field are adopted (England and Wales, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Spain, Ireland, Germany, Scotland, Switzerland, Sweden). In other countries like (Slovakia, Belarus, Estonia, Greece to 2003, the Netherlands, Lithuania, Russia, Slovenia, Ukraine), there are specific rules of responsibility of minors included in criminal codes and codes of criminal proceedings. Different solutions in this regard are partly due to the different traditions of legal systems, and partly due to various axiomatic justifications formulated in these matters. Review of legislation on minority in selected European countries: Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic shows that in terms of the approach to the problem of minority in all legal systems, specific interaction of children and young people who come into conflict with the criminal law are included, as well as those that show signs of corruption, making their proper personal and social development threatened. Adoption of selected concepts of minors legislation, however, does not mean more or less severe approach to the liability of minors.Both discussed issues the theoretical and practical ones, are the subject of the deliberations beneath, their structure includes: <br/>1. Problems of minors in the European countries <br/>2. Minors in Polish criminal justice system <br/>3. Minors’ responsibility in Slovakian criminal justice system <br/> 4. Czech criminal justice system in relation to a minor

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Gorenko, Oleg. « Social Ethics of European Civilizational Project of Ukraine ». Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni : naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki, n^o 26 (27 novembre 2017) : 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2017.26.080.

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The article deals with the problems to conceptualize social ethics of democratic transformation in post-soviet society. Special attention is paid to the role of European social standards in the process of realizing the European civilization choice of Ukraine. It is also stressed here that European social standards remain a key factor making a project of European integration so attractive for the majority of Ukrainians. Special role of a stage by stage solution of a so-called «social approach» on the way to all-rounded humanization of state-forming strategies of European nations and of the system of European international relations in general is being stressed here. The main emphasis is also laid on the historical role of common European values. An attempt is made here to elucidate the above problems in correspondence with the ones expressed in the National report «Civilizational choice of Ukraine — a paradigm of cognition and a strategy to act» (2016), prepared by the leading scholars of Ukrainian Academy of Science. It is also accentuated that decisive factor to achieve success in joining the space of European unity is in integrity of understanding the ideas of Freedom and Justice. Since internal and external components of European freedom and justice are so closely intertwined that their separate interpretation in author’s opinion has no epistemological perspective. In conditions of world economic crisis the configuration, dynamics and content of integrational processes both in Europe and in post-soviet countries are being substantially changed while preserving basic system factors. Stable economic prosperity and social progress are becoming more and more dependent on world economic situation. At the same time, social welfare of citizens in some countries as well as their authority in contemporary world fully depend on moral-ethical maturity of national elites, level of confidence in society, general level of culture and the rate of individual responsibility of citizens for their future. With this view we consider the role of social ethics in general context of forming new theoretical and methodological basis of contemporary historical science. The utter importance of social problems for adequate understanding of crisis phenomena in political, economic and cultural life of the European Union after several stages of substantial expansion is being underlined. Special place of «European social model» in contemporary scientific and political discourse is being emphasized. It is underlined that nowadays we speak not only about rational and pragmatic correction of logic of international interaction but about radical change of all logic of internal social interaction, about formation and application of qualitatively new theory of making decisions. The above problems acquire special meaning in modern conditions of sharpening geopolitical competition concerning Ukraine. Real social result of Ukrainian civilizational choice directly influences the process of this competition, as it directly defines the position of both Ukrainian citizens and citizens of European Union countries. Modern financial and migration crisis of EU only enhances the influence of social factor on collective consciousness of «old» and «new» Europeans, frequently engendering rather dangerous tendencies in European life. The author tries to accentuate the importance of the idea of a serious social optimization strategy of European integration of Ukraine while considering qualitatively new external and internal conditions of National progress.

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Sánchez, Angeles, et María Navarro. « Public Policies of Welfare State and Child Poverty in the European Union ». Sustainability 13, n^o 5 (3 mars 2021) : 2725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052725.

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Combating child poverty is desirable to ensure equality of opportunities across children, as well as fostering the sustainability of the societal well-being for future generations. This paper focuses on the study of child poverty in the 28 Member States of the European Union over the period 2008–2018. We analyse the relationship between child poverty and government social expenditure by controlling it with tax structure (ratio direct taxes over indirect taxes), economic growth and socio-demographic characteristics. For that, we rely on panel data methodology. This paper has verified that the effectiveness of the government social spending programmes to reduce child poverty also depends on the progressiveness of the country’s tax structure. Government spending on health and education programmes could be more effective in reducing child poverty in Member States with less progressive tax structure, provided they reached the average level of public spending for the whole of the European Union. By contrast, a positive relationship between child poverty and government social protection spending regardless of the tax structure of countries was found. In this case, the underlying forces that lead to less effectiveness of social protection programmes are also stronger in the less progressive Member States.

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HEISIG, JAN PAUL, BRAM LANCEE et JONAS RADL. « Ethnic inequality in retirement income : a comparative analysis of immigrant–native gaps in Western Europe ». Ageing and Society 38, n^o 10 (4 mai 2017) : 1963–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17000332.

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ABSTRACTPrevious research unequivocally shows that immigrants are less successful in the labour market than the native-born population. However, little is known about whether ethnic inequality persists after retirement. We use data on 16 Western European countries from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC, 2004–2013) to provide the first comparative study of ethnic inequalities among the population aged 65 and older. We focus on the retirement income gap (RIG) between immigrants from non-European Union countries and relate its magnitude to country differences in welfare state arrangements. Ethnic inequality after retirement is substantial: after adjusting for key characteristics including age, education and occupational status, the average immigrant penalty across the 16 countries is 28 per cent for men and 29 per cent for women. Country-level regressions show that income gaps are smaller in countries where the pension system is more redistributive. We also find that easy access to long-term residence is associated with larger RIGs, at least for men. There is no clear evidence that immigrants’ access to social security programmes, welfare state transfers to working-age households or the strictness of employment protection legislation affect the size of the RIG.

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Avram, Silvia. « Social assistance performance in Central and Eastern Europe : A pre-transfer post-transfer comparison ». Journal of European Social Policy 26, n^o 5 (21 novembre 2016) : 428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928716664296.

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The anti-poverty impact of national social assistance programmes in eight Central and Eastern European countries is examined using data from the European Union-Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). Results indicate that social assistance programmes achieve only limited poverty reduction, while spending a significant amount of their resources on the non-poor. The more extensive and generous programmes achieve higher effectiveness in reducing poverty. Efficiency on the other hand appears to be linked only to programme size and not to benefit levels. Unlike Western Europe, no trade-off between effectiveness and efficiency could be detected.

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Bałandynowicz-Panfil, Katarzyna. « Media, informacja a szczepienia przeciw COVID-19 ». Media Biznes Kultura, n^o 2 (11) (22 décembre 2021) : 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25442554.mbk.21.023.15164.

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The fourth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic is another significant confession for European societies. Despite extensive efforts, a safe level of population resilience has not been achieved in most countries. Previous actions and government programs aimed at persuading as many people as possible to accept vaccinations. Full availability of free vaccination has brought different levels of participation in fully vaccinated people across the European Union. This article presents the preliminary results of research on the role of the media in shaping pro-vaccination attitudes in Poland, based on a critical analysis of the literature on the subject, statistical data and an empirical research. The differences in attitudes towards vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus in individual European Union countries have multifaceted conditions. These include factors of a social, political and cultural nature. Information plays an important role, shaping social attitudes in the discussed issue. One of the primary sources of this information is media – both traditional and digital. It is therefore worth defining the strength of media in the fight to build population resilience in the face of a pandemic.

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Borda, Marta, Natalia Grishchenko et Patrycja Kowalczyk-Rólczyńska. « Impact of Digital Inequality on the COVID-19 Pandemic : Evidence from European Union Countries ». Sustainability 14, n^o 5 (1 mars 2022) : 2850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052850.

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One of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic is the relationship between social distancing measures and increased use of the Internet, electronic services, and digital devices. How does digital inequality in the context of social distancing affect the COVID-19 pandemic? In this article, we assessed the impact of existing digital inequality as the cause of the changing number of cases of COVID-19 in the EU. We assessed the relationship between the increase in COVID-19 cases between the first and second waves in 2020 and the presence of digital inequality in Internet use and digital skills across sociodemographic factors: gender, age, education, generation, marital status, and place of residence. We applied the ordinary least squares method to data from the 2019 Eurobarometer survey, which reveals the digital maturity of EU citizens, and from the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control in 2020, which tracks COVID-19 cases. We found that the strongest relationship between the number of COVID-19 cases and digital inequality is related to Internet use rather than digital skills. The digital divide by age, between generations, and the geographic digital divide in Internet use show a strong positive relationship with the changing incidence of COVID-19 cases. The gender digital gap shows a negative relationship for both Internet use and digital skills, indicating the social role of women in households in the pandemic, caring for children and the elderly. A negative relation was also found in digital inequality by marital status for digital skills, which reflects preferences regarding living alone during the pandemic. These findings prove the importance of universal access to the Internet for older people and those living in rural areas. The results can contribute to policies aimed at reducing digital inequalities in the face of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

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Киевич, А. В., И. А. Пригодич et И. А. Конончук. « ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ НАЛОГОВЫХ СИСТЕМ НА ПРИМЕРЕ СТРАН – ЧЛЕНОВ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОГО СОЮЗА ». TIME DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC REFORMS, n^o 4 (15 décembre 2018) : 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/cher.2018.4.05.

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Formulation of the problem. The well-being and efficiency of the country's economy depends largely on the state of its tax system, which is greatly influenced by changeable economic conditions, the development of foreign trade, and active processes of integration and globalization. The modern tax system must meet the standards of the economy of the world and rely on the realities of economic development and the specifics of the country. The aim of the research is to analyze the transformations of the tax systems of the European Union within the framework of the consolidation of its domestic policy during the crisis period and to evaluate the effectiveness of the measures taken. The object of the research is tax systems of the European Union is an association of countries with different levels of economic development. Methods used of the research. The use of the induction method allowed us to designate directions for improving the tax system of the European Union as a single mechanism by consolidating changes in individual countries. This experience made it possible to identify countries that carried out similar activities, and to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of reforms. The hypothesis of the research .The functioning of the internal market of the European Union depends on the existence of a single tax on all transactions within it, which ensures the free circulation of goods and services and prevents discrimination. The statement of basic materials. Many European Union domestic policies are redistributive in nature (single monetary, monetary, agricultural, social and regional policies) and depend on a common fiscal policy. Originality and practical significance of the research is to justify that the basis of a monetary union should be a coordinated fiscal policy that requires many transformations. In fact, this means that the tax environment of the European Union is not fully harmonized, but is based on common principles. Conclusions of the research. The study of the practice of reforming the tax systems of the countries - members of the European Union during the crisis period makes it possible to assess the possibilities of transforming the elements of taxation and to determine the most favorable trends in this area.

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Wiatr, Jerzy J. « The Crisis of Democracy : An East-Central European Perspective ». Politics in Central Europe 16, n^o 2 (1 septembre 2020) : 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pce-2020-0016.

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AbstractPost-communist states of East Central Europe face the authoritarian challenge to their young democracies, the sources of which are both historical and contemporary. Economic underdevelopment, the retarded process of nation-building and several decades of communist rul made countries of the region less well prepared for democratic transformation than their Western neighbors, but better than former Soviet Union. Combination of economic and social tensions, nationalism and religious fundamentalism creates conditions conducive tom the crises of democracy, but such crises can be overcome if liberal and socialist forces join hands.

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Tantau, Adrian, et Ana-Maria Iulia Şanta. « New Energy Policy Directions in the European Union Developing the Concept of Smart Cities ». Smart Cities 4, n^o 1 (9 février 2021) : 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4010015.

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In the context of the European Union promoting clean energy, sustainability and better living conditions for its citizens, the development of smarts cities is an initiative supported at the European Union level, in line with the new energy policies of the European Union promoted by the package “Clean Energy for All Europeans”. The concept of smart cities gains increasing importance in the European Union, a fact that is reflected in the project “European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities” of the European Commission. Smart cities are a practical example of how the new energy policies shape the lives of the European Union citizens, trying to improve it. As a consequence, new business models arise in big cities, involving the use of technology for better living conditions. These new, technology-based business models are important, as they improve the life quality of the inhabitants, they reduce the climate change impact, and they contribute as well to job creation in the IT-industry, promoting innovation. They have as well a social impact, as they bring experts from energy policies, business, economics, legal and IT together in order to project a new type of city—the smart city. The research hypothesis of the present article is that there is a high acceptance towards the concept of smart cities at the European Union level and that this concept could be implemented with the help of information technology and of artificial intelligence. This way, legal provisions, economic measures and IT-tools work together in order to create synergy effects for better life quality of the citizens of the European Union. The research hypothesis is analyzed by means of the questionnaire as a qualitative research method and is as well assessed by using case studies (e.g., Austria, Finland, Romania). The novelty of the case studies is that the development of smart cities is analyzed due to the new trend towards sustainability in two countries with different living conditions in the European Union.

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Masyk, Yu. « Analysis of the European integration process Baltic countries : experience for Ukraine ». National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, n^o 2(46) (14 décembre 2020) : 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2020.2(46).226606.

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The article analyzes the peculiarities of the integration of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia into the European Union. The stages are highlighted, the principles and mechanisms of the European integration policy of the Baltic States are clarified. The problems of Ukraine's adaptation to the requirements of the European Union, in particular the conditions of the Copenhagen criteria, ways to use the relevant experience of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia are revealed. Recommendations for further rapprochement of Ukraine with the EU are considered. The accession of dozens of new countries to the EU in May 2004 marked a qualitatively new stage in the integration process both in Europe and in the world. As a result of the largest enlargement of the European Union, the state of the economy in the old member states has changed significantly, but rather it has had decisive consequences in all areas of the economy for the new member states. Analysis of the positive and negative phenomena that accompanied the enlargement of the EU is important for countries that have or are considering joining the EU in the future, in the formation of long-term economic policy and deciding on the directions of their integration. The closest to Ukraine in terms of development in the EU are the countries of Central Europe and the Baltics, so their experience will be useful for our country. Integration with the European Union was less difficult for the three Baltic states than for many other accessing countries, due to their strong social impetus to join Western political, economic and legal culture after they regained their independence from the Soviet Union in 1990. However, the accession of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania had several distinctive features related to constitutional origin and institutions, which had a strong impact on the resolution of problems between the government and the EU institutions. The path taken by the Baltic countries upon accession to the EU was difficult and their role in the EU was not easy. Today, the EU-related agenda requires more skills than ever before in finding allies and choosing partners.

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Wu, Jing, Ying Li et Margda Waern. « Suicide among Older People in Different European Welfare Regimes : Does Economic (in)Security Have Implications for Suicide Prevention ? » International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 12 (8 juin 2022) : 7003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127003.

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Older adult suicide rates vary widely within Europe, and differential welfare policies might contribute to this. We studied variations in economic indicators and suicide rates of people 65+ across 28 European countries and examined the effects of these indicators on suicide rates, grouping countries according to their socio-political systems and welfare regimes. Suicide data was obtained from the WHO European Mortality Database. The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and the European Union Labour Force Survey provided data on economic indicators. Linear mixed models were applied. Suicide rates ranged from 4.22/100,000 (Cyprus) to 36.37/100,000 (Hungary). Material deprivation was related to elevated suicide rates in both genders in the pooled data set and in men but not women in the Continental and Island countries. Higher ratio of median income (65+/under 65) was associated with lower likelihood of suicide in women in the South-Eastern European countries. In the Nordic region, the 65+ employment rate was associated with a decreased likelihood of suicide in men. These factors to some extent show economic insecurity against older people, which influences the likelihood of suicide. Active labor market policies and inclusive social environment may contribute to suicide prevention in this age group.

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