Articles de revues : « Chemical / Biological / Nuclear »

1

Riland, Carson A. « Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Terrorism ». Health Physics 86, n^o 3 (mars 2004) : 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-200403000-00013.

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Bhardwaj, JR. « Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear disaster management ». Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 2, n^o 3 (2010) : 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.68492.

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Morton, Harriet, et Christopher Johnson. « Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear major incidents ». Surgery (Oxford) 39, n^o 7 (juillet 2021) : 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2021.05.005.

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Bland, S. « Chemical, Biological, Radiation and Nuclear (CBRN) Incidents ». Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 152, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2006) : 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-152-04-11.

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Knudson, Gregory B., Éric T. Multon et David E. McClain. « Introduction to Session 3 : Nuclear/Biological/Chemical Interactions—Chemical and Biological Stressors and Countermeasures ». Military Medicine 167, suppl_1 (1 février 2002) : 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/167.suppl_1.94.

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Tichý, Aleš, et Richard Saibert. « Possibilities of Developing Medical Support Capabilities in the Area of Chemical, Biological Radiological and Nuclear Defence ». Vojenské rozhledy 32, n^o 1 (8 mars 2023) : 98–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3849/2336-2995.32.2023.01.098-117.

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The article deals with the evaluation of current possibilities of medical support capabilities in the area of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defence. The evaluation of national strategic documents shows that the area of providing care in the event of chemical and biological hazards is significantly more developed than in the area of radiation, while the security threats associated with radiation are constantly growing. Analysis of NATO standardization documents in the field of medical support and relevant Czech doctrinal documents was carried out, based on which the diagnostics and triage of irradiated persons, called biological dosimetry, was identified as a potential capability. Using the capability planning methodology and based on the evaluation of the functional areas, a conceptual approach to the development of biological dosimetry capabilities was defined. The presented recommendations also include a proposal for the organizational structure of the Czech Armed Forces biodosimetric network.

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Arora, Sandeep. « Cutaneous reactions in nuclear, biological and chemical warfare ». Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 71, n^o 2 (2005) : 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.13989.

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Castle, Nick. « Care after chemical, biological, radiation or nuclear events ». Emergency Nurse 18, n^o 7 (8 novembre 2010) : 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/en2010.11.18.7.26.c8086.

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Hignett, Sue, Graham Hancox et Mary Edmunds Otter. « Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive (CBRNe) events ». International Journal of Emergency Services 8, n^o 2 (5 août 2019) : 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijes-05-2018-0030.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to systematically review published literature for the research question “what issues are considered (and changes made) for vulnerable groups as part of the chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear or explosive (CBRNe) response for casualty collection, decontamination, triage and casualty clearing processes?”. Design/methodology/approach Seven-stage framework from the PRISMA statement for research question, eligibility (definition), search, identification of relevant papers from title and abstract, selection and retrieval of papers, appraisal and synthesis. Data sources: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus (Elsevier), Chemical Abstracts, Assia (Proquest), Sociological abstracts (Proquest), Cinahl, HMIC, Health business elite, PsycInfo (ebsco), PILOTS (Proquest) and supplemented by other search strategies (e.g. exploding reference lists). The included references were critically appraised using the mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT). Findings Results: 1,855 papers were returned from the literature search, of which 221 were screened by abstract and 48 by full paper. In total, 11 papers were included for appraisal, of which three achieved a quality score of 50 per cent or over. The papers were categorised into three phases on CBRNe response; evacuation, triage and decontamination. Research limitations/implications The limitations of the search process included the use of emerging exclusion criteria. This may have excluded research that would provide more information in some topic areas but it was felt necessary to set a high publication standard for inclusion to generate trustworthy results and recommendations. The MMAT appraisal tool has been validated for different study types and provided a useful categorisation approach for critical appraisal, albeit resulting in only three included studies. Future reviews could include papers published in a wider range of languages to include research from non-English sources. Practical implications These evidence-based results should be used by practitioners to review current operational policies for vulnerable people and plan future improvements. Evacuation accessibility can be described as characteristics for exit, route and obstacles. This takes a systems approach to consider how building planning and layout can have implications for safety critical but low frequency events. Decontamination recommendations include: at least one additional re-robe section per mass decontamination unit and adaptations to the decontamination plan including accessible equipment for non-ambulatory individuals; and additional (specialist) staff in the decontamination team (sign language, interpreters and physical therapists). Originality/value Although very little new medium/high quality research is available, the findings are summarised as considerations for building design (route choice and information), communication (including vision, hearing and language differences) and the composition of the response team. It is suggested that evidence-based practice from other care domains could be considered (patient movement and handling) for fire service and ambulance guidelines.

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Wagner, Eric. « Public Protection from Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Terrorism ». Health Physics 89, n^o 4 (octobre 2005) : 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-200510000-00017.

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Kamble, Bapu A. « Public Protection from Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Terrorism ». Medical Physics 32, n^o 8 (3 août 2005) : 2733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1996579.

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Thayne, Roger C. « “Staffordshire” System for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Decontamination ». Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 17, S1 (mars 2002) : S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00058581.

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Goel, A. K. « Looming Threat of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents ». Defence Science Journal 66, n^o 5 (30 septembre 2016) : 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.66.10705.

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<p><br />In the recent past, a dramatic shift has been observed in the strategies of warfare from conventional to non-conventional. Now-a-days, traditional power is of less importance than it used to be earlier. Weapons of mass destruction, which comprise of nuclear weapons, and chemical and biological warfare agents, are posing a great peril to the world due to their devastating potential. Though, there are several bilateral as well as multilateral treaties to control the use and proliferation of these weapons, yet the risk of use of such agents by non-state actors cannot be overlooked. Chances of use of chemical and biological agents are more likely than the nuclear weapons. A comparison of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons in terms of technology, cost, signature, effectiveness on protected and un-protected troops shows that chemical and biological weapon programmes require much lower level of technology and cost than the nuclear weapon programme. Further, there is no or least distinctive and readily observable signature in biological weapon programme in comparison to nuclear and chemical weapon facilities. There can be two possibilities of use of these agents in terrorist attacks. First, there is a risk of transfer of material or know-how of these weapons to terrorists for using against the adversaries and second, the risk of these agents being pilfered due to poor security, thereby sabotaging the national security. The International Committee of Red Cross in February 1918 reckoned these agents as ‘barbarous inventions’ that can ‘only be called criminal’.</p>

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Kollek, Daniel. « Canadian emergency department preparedness for a nuclear, biological or chemical event ». CJEM 5, n^o 01 (janvier 2003) : 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s148180350000806x.

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ABSTRACTSince the terror attacks of September 11th, emergency departments across North America have become more aware of the need to be prepared to deal with a mass casualty terror event, particularly one involving nuclear, biological or chemical contaminants. The effects of such an attack could also be mimicked by accidental release of toxic chemicals, radioactive substances or biological agents unrelated to terrorist activity.The purpose of this study was to review the risks and characteristics of these events and to assess the preparedness of Canadian emergency departments to respond. This was done by means of a survey, which showed a significant risk of a mass casualty event (most likely chemical) coupled with a deficiency in preparedness — most notably in the availability of appropriate equipment, antidotal therapy and decontamination capability. There were also significant deficiencies in the ability to respond to a major biologic or nuclear event.

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Bleek, Philipp C., et Nicholas J. Kramer. « Eliminating Syria’s chemical weapons : implications for addressing nuclear, biological, and chemical threats ». Nonproliferation Review 23, n^o 1-2 (3 mars 2016) : 197–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2016.1196853.

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Sharma, RakeshKumar. « Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear disasters : Pitfalls and perils ». Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 2, n^o 3 (2010) : 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.68490.

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Handke, Thomas. « Medical Support in a Nuclear/Biological/Chemical Threat Environment ». Military Medicine 172, Supplement_2 (décembre 2007) : 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed.173.supplement_2.26.

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Moon, John Ellis van Courtland. « Historical Dictionary of Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Warfare (review) ». Journal of Military History 72, n^o 1 (2007) : 302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2008.0047.

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Morrish, Bronwyn, et Eric Wenger. « The Australian Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Data Centre ». Microbiology Australia 29, n^o 2 (2008) : 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma08070.

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How well can Australia prevent and respond to an act of bioterrorism and how much do researchers in the life sciences know about the potential application of their work for hostile purposes? To further address these and other issues relating to the malicious use of hazardous substances, the Australian government has established the Australian Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Data Centre.

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Knudson, Gregory B., E. John Ainsworth, Robert R. Eng, R. J. Michael Fry, Eric Kearsley, Éric T. Multon et David E. McClain. « Nuclear/Biological/Chemical Combined Injury Effects : Expert Panel Consensus ». Military Medicine 167, suppl_1 (1 février 2002) : 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/167.suppl_1.113.

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Koenig, Kristi L. « Preparedness for Terrorism : Managing Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Threats ». Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 38, n^o 12 (15 décembre 2009) : 1026–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v38n12p1026.

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The management of nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) terrorism events is critical to reducing morbidity and mortality in the next decade; however, initial patient care considerations and protective actions for staff are unfamiliar to most front-line clinicians. High explosive events (bomb and blast) remain the most common type of terrorism and are easy to detect. Conversely, some types of terrorist attacks are more likely to be unsuspected or covert. This paper explains the current threat of terrorism and describes clues for detection that an event has occurred. Specific criteria that should lead to a high suspicion for terrorism are illustrated. The manu-script outlines initial actions and clinical priorities for management and treatment of patients exposed to nuclear/radiological, biological, chemical and combined agents (for example an explosion involving a chemical agent). Examples of terrorist events include: a nuclear explosion, an aerosolised release of anthrax (biological), dissemination of sarin in a subway (chemical), and the detonation of a radiologic dispersion device or “dirty bomb” (combined explosive and radiological). Basic principles of decontamination include potential risks to healthcare providers from secondary exposure and contamination. Unique issues may hinder clinical actions. These include coordination with law enforcement for a crime scene, public health entities for surveil-lance and monitoring, hazardous materials teams for decontamination, and the media for risk communications. Finally, the importance of personal preparedness is discussed. Key words: Bioterrorism, Decontamination, Personal preparedness, Radiologic dispersion device

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Menager, Marie-Thérèse, Eric Ansoborlo et David Pignol. « Environmental issues facing chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear risks ». Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23, n^o 9 (15 décembre 2015) : 8161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5894-4.

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Knudson, Gregory B., Éric T. Multon et David E. McClain. « Introduction to Session 3 : Nuclear/Biological/Chemical Interactions : Chemical and Biological Stressors and Countermeasures for Depleted Uranium ». Military Medicine 167, suppl_1 (1 février 2002) : 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/167.suppl_1.116.

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Ishigami-Yuasa, Mari, et Hiroyuki Kagechika. « Chemical Screening of Nuclear Receptor Modulators ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n^o 15 (31 juillet 2020) : 5512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155512.

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Nuclear receptors are ligand-inducible transcriptional factors that control multiple biological phenomena, including proliferation, differentiation, reproduction, metabolism, and the maintenance of homeostasis. Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily have marked structural and functional similarities, and their domain functionalities and regulatory mechanisms have been well studied. Various modulators of nuclear receptors, including agonists and antagonists, have been developed as tools for elucidating nuclear receptor functions and also as drug candidates or lead compounds. Many assay systems are currently available to evaluate the modulation of nuclear receptor functions, and are useful as screening tools in the discovery and development of new modulators. In this review, we cover the chemical screening methods for nuclear receptor modulators, focusing on assay methods and chemical libraries for screening. We include some recent examples of the discovery of nuclear receptor modulators.

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Cameron, Gavin. « Nuclear Terrorism Reconsidered ». Current History 99, n^o 636 (1 avril 2000) : 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2000.99.636.154.

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Nuclear terrorism, as a means of causing mass casualties, remains less likely than chemical or biological terrorism. Significant technical hurdles stand in the way of practicing nuclear terrorism in any form.

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Furmanov, Kostiantyn, Oleh Hutchenko et Kateryna Hutchenko. « Methodological approach to determining the nomenclature of mobile assets for acomplishment the tasks of nuclear threat detection and assessment ». Міжнародний науковий журнал «Military Science» 2, n^o 1 (3 avril 2024) : 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.62524/msj.2024.2.1.10.

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The relevance of the article is due to the fact that in the context of countering largescale aggression, Ukraine's actions to de-occupy the captured territories and implementing its strategic course to join the European community and NATO, there are potential threats from the russian federation. Continuing its hostile rhetoric, terrorising Ukraine with missile strikes, the russian leadership threatens to use nuclear weapons, which poses the highest level of danger and can lead tolarge-scale radiation contamination (Lessons of the russian-Ukrainian war 2022: military aspects, 2022). Taking into consideration this state of the security environment, it is necessary to respond effectively to nuclear threats and ensure reliable protection of troops, which, in their turn, should be ready to act in radiation contamination conditions. This requires the Armed Forces of Ukraine to effectively train military units of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defence capable of performing their assigned tasks and, in the further future, to be ready to detect and assess nuclear threats in joint actions (operations) with the units of NATO member states. All this requires solving problematic issues related to the nomenclature of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defence equipment of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to ensure the required level of protection of troops. Especially challenging tasks in the current environment are the detection and assessment of the chemical, biological and radiological situation of the movement routes and areas of troops' concentration, the covering of troops and facilities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine from reconnaissance and destruction by modern precision weapons, and the liquidation of the chemical, biological and radiological contamination consequences. To a large extent, the maximum reduction of troop losses during actions in conditions of chemical, biological and radiological contamination is ensured by the application of existing and prospective assets of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defence However, it is impossible to make reasonable decisions on the nomenclature of mobile chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defence equipment without determining the amount of losses of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defence equipment during the conduct of tasks in the operations of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in accordance with the trends in the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, forms and methods of warfare, and assets of combat actions. To solve this problematic issue, we propose a methodological approach to determining the nomenclature on the example of mobile assets to fulfil the scope of tasks for detecting and assessing nuclear threats. The methodological approach will allow to formulate substantiated practical recommendations regarding the procedure for determining the nomenclature of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear protection assets. The article presents the nomenclature of nuclear threat detection and assessment, which depends on the scope of detection and assessment tasks and the capabilities of assets used to accomplish these tasks. The materials of the article may be useful for officials of military command and control bodies involved in planning chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) defence during combat actions.

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Taylor, N. A. J., Joseph A. Camilleri et Michael Hamel-Green. « Dialogue on Middle East Biological, Nuclear, and Chemical Weapons Disarmament ». Alternatives : Global, Local, Political 38, n^o 1 (23 janvier 2013) : 78–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0304375412470776.

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Negotiations on the establishment of a Middle East zone free of biological, nuclear, and chemical weapons and their means of delivery are now at a critical phase after more than three decades of prenegotiations. This article examines the factors that have impeded negotiations in order to identify the key actors whose mutually reinforcing efforts are essential to its establishment. We argue that current efforts to negotiate a zone free of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems (WMDFZ) in the Middle East can learn much from the successful negotiation of other nuclear weapons free zones (NWFZs). Nevertheless, the circumstances in the Middle East are unique and require a more holistic approach. Success here will depend largely on a multidimensional perspective that brings together the energies and insights of a range of state and nonstate actors, not least civil society in the Middle East, where confidence and trust building is too complex and demanding a task to be seen as the preserve of political and geostrategic calculation. Enabling the societies and polities of the region to identify areas of mistrust and misunderstanding across strategic, political, but also cultural and religious divides in order to open up possibilities for dialogue and mutual respect holds the key to creating a favorable negotiating environment.

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Guo, Ting. « Physical, chemical and biological enhancement in X-ray nanochemistry ». Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, n^o 29 (2019) : 15917–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp03024g.

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Burda, Anthony M., et Todd Sigg. « Pharmacy Preparedness for Incidents Involving Nuclear, Biological, or Chemical Weapons ». Journal of Pharmacy Practice 17, n^o 4 (août 2004) : 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190004268653.

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Recent worldwide terrorist attacks and hoaxes have heightened awareness that more incidents involving weapons of mass destruction (WMD) may occur in the United States. With federal funding assistance, local domestic preparedness programs have been initiated to train and equip emergency services and emergency department personnel in the management of large numbers of casualties exposed to nuclear, biological, or chemical (NBC) agents. Hospital pharmacies will be required to provide antidotes, antibiotics, antitoxins, and other pharmaceuticals in large amounts and/or have the capability for prompt procurement. Pharmacists should become knowledgeable in drug therapy of NBC threats with respect to nerve agents, cyanide, pulmonary irritants, radio-nucleotides, anthrax, botulism, and other possible WMD.

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Calder, Antony, et Steven Bland. « Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear considerations in a major incident ». Surgery (Oxford) 33, n^o 9 (septembre 2015) : 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2015.07.006.

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Fraser, K. C. « Historical Dictionary of Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Warfare (2nd edition) ». Reference Reviews 32, n^o 5 (18 juin 2018) : 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr-03-2018-0046.

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Shimazawa, Rumiko, et Masayuki Ikeda. « Development of drugs against chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear agents ». Lancet 378, n^o 9790 (août 2011) : 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61251-8.

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Joseph, Robert G., et John F. Reichart. « Deterrence and defense in a nuclear, biological, and chemical environment ». Comparative Strategy 15, n^o 1 (janvier 1996) : 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01495939608403056.

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Jha, Dr Shalini. « Effect of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons in aquatic world ». International Journal of Advanced Academic Studies 2, n^o 3 (1 juillet 2020) : 759–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/27068919.2020.v2.i3k.295.

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Salem, Harry. « Issues in Chemical and Biological Terrorism ». International Journal of Toxicology 22, n^o 6 (novembre 2003) : 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109158180302200607.

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This manuscript describes the overview presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the American College of Toxicology in 2002. Although it is recognized that weapons of mass destruction that can be used against our military and civilian populations include chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) agents, this overview is limited primarily to chemical and biological (CB) agents. The issues of CB terrorism are discussed in terms of When, What, How, and Who. The US Army has been providing chemical and biological solutions since 1917, and has since 1996 applied these solutions to homeland defense and domestic preparedness. The use of chemical and biological agents as terrorist weapons both in the United States and elsewhere in the world is reviewed. The CB threat spectrum is presented, as is the further categorization of biological threat agents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In addition, the CB agents considered to be a potential threat to our water supply are also presented. These are agents that are water soluble, stable, and resistant to water treatment and/or disinfection. The overview concludes with the chronological accomplishments of ECBC since 1917.

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Ramadori, R., F. Fenoglio et L. Pozzi. « Biological Treatment for Low-Activity Nuclear Wastewaters ». Water Science and Technology 19, n^o 3-4 (1 mars 1987) : 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0215.

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Safety problems loom so large for the nuclear industry that provision must always be made in treatment of liquid wastes for their recycling to the production process. In this regard, a wastewater treatment consisting mainly of ammonia stripping, biological denitrification and chemical precipitation, looks very promising. With reference to the biological stage, this paper sets out the results of bench-scale tests performed to evaluate dimensioning parameters for the denitrification process. The tetrahydrofurfury1 alcohol, the major organic compound in the wastewater, was used as electron-donor substance. The procedure adopted for full-scale plant design and the preliminary results obtained using it, are also presented.

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Kobylianskyi, V., K. Sorokina et O. KRAVCHENKO. « CHARACTERIZATION OF POTENTIAL CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIATION AND NUCLEAR CONTAMINATION OF WATER UNDER MARTIAL LAW ». Scientific Bulletin of Building, n^o 110 (27 juin 2024) : 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2311-7257.2024.110.1.8.

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Drinking water quality requirements regulate the maximum permissible concentrations of various contaminants to ensure public safety. Methods for testing the quality of drinking water and the frequency of their implementation are determined by the legislative standards governing the activities of water supply companies. The main hygienic requirements for drinking water quality include epidemic and radiation safety, positive organoleptic properties and non-toxic chemical components. In times of military aggression and conflict, there is a serious threat of water pollution. Military operations can lead to damage and destruction of water infrastructure, such as water supply systems, water treatment plants and other facilities. This may result in the penetration of contaminants, including bacteria, chemicals and other harmful substances, into drinking water sources. Such water contamination can pose a serious risk to public health through the possible spread of disease, transmission of infections and other water-related illnesses. Most chemicals pose problems only when exposed over a long period of time; however, some harmful chemicals that enter drinking water are of concern due to their effects over a short period of time. A system of monitoring and early detection of threats is an important element for effective response to potential water contamination under martial law. This system should continuously monitor the quality of water at all stages of its processing, from its entry into the water supply system to its distribution. Any anomalies or changes in water quality may indicate potential contamination, and the monitoring system should alert the relevant services and authorities to take the necessary measures. Identifying potential chemical, biological, radiation and nuclear water contaminants for priority control is critical for the organization and reliable functioning of the monitoring system and early detection of threats in wartime. The task of improving and upgrading drinking water supply systems that pose the greatest risk to public health should be considered a priority. Once potential threats are identified, the monitoring system can respond in a timely manner, preventing contamination of drinking water and ensuring the safety of water supply systems. Keywords: drinking water, chemical, biological, radiation and nuclear pollution, monitoring, safety plan.

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Skoruša, Leopold. « Law as an Instrument of Fighting Against Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Terrorism ». Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 14, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2015) : 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2015.3.5.

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This contribution deals with the legal impacts on the protection of population against a specific form of terrorism. As a reference element for exploring the subjected, a regulating mechanism of legal character was selected by the author.As the assessment of the regulation of all CBRN components are outside of the framework of this article, the author limited his survey to the area of combat chemical agents and industrially dangerous chemicals provided. The survey model applied can be utilised by other means as well.

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Kumar, Vinod, Rajeev Goel, Raman Chawla, M. Silambarasan et RakeshKumar Sharma. « Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear decontamination : Recent trends and future perspective ». Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 2, n^o 3 (2010) : 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.68505.

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Amar, PraveenKumar. « Ensuring safe water in post-chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear emergencies ». Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 2, n^o 3 (2010) : 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.68508.

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Robertson, A. G., et D. J. Morgan-Jones. « First line Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence training — the way ahead ». Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 80, n^o 2 (1994) : 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-80-90.

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Kenar, Levent, et Turan Karayılanoğlu. « A Turkish Medical Rescue Team against Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons ». Military Medicine 169, n^o 2 (février 2004) : 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed.169.2.94.

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Yadav, Dev Kumar, Janifer Raj Xavier, Om Prakash Chauhan, Prakash Eknath Patki et Rakesh Kumar Sharma. « Nutritional Intervention during Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear Environments A Dietary Perspective ». Defence Life Science Journal 4, n^o 2 (11 avril 2019) : 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.4.12766.

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The future war scenario is based on use and applications of various conventional and non-convectional agents which includes weaponised or non-weaponised chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear (CBRN), toxic industrial materials, direct energy devices/ weapons, and or high yield explosives. These include nerve agents, blood agents, vesicants or skin blistering agents, lung irritants, asphyxiants or choking agents. Biological weapons are basically disease causing microorganisms and other replicating entities including viruses, infectious nucleic acids and prions. These agents have ability to infect host and are highly virulent, pathogenic and dangerous in nature. The interface between ammunitions and above agents is soldier whose physical and mental health is affected as enough precautionary measures are not adopted. The reducing environment thus created has various agents which enter into exposed body and lead to mild to serious damage to various vital parts of the human body. As food is important component for survival and intrinsic to basic human nutrition and health, therefore, it is imperative to develop certain kind of a wholesome meal system which can be consumed by the soldiers tasked with combating CBRN situations during such operations. Such meals can be in the form of solid or liquid type and packaged in suitable delivery system, compatible and amenable with the CBRN suit. Food can be contaminated during CBRN conditions by coming in direct or indirect contact with CBRN agents. Therefore, the food materials to be used under such conditions need to be protected in suitable coverings as consumption of contaminated food can be lethal. Designer meal for CBRN environment is not only suitable for soldiers but also to all human interface dealing with similar scenario viz. the low intensity conflicts and surgical operations, nuclear submarines, cosmonauts, pilots, individuals handling radiation equipment and patient undergoing chemotherapy for cancer.

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Kallenborn, Zachary, et Philipp C. Bleek. « Swarming destruction : drone swarms and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons ». Nonproliferation Review 25, n^o 5-6 (2 septembre 2018) : 523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2018.1546902.

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Humphrey, Curtis M., et Julie A. Adams. « Robotic Tasks for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosive Incident Response ». Advanced Robotics 23, n^o 9 (janvier 2009) : 1217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156855309x452502.

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Schecter, W. P. « Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Weapons : What the Surgeon Needs to Know ». Scandinavian Journal of Surgery 94, n^o 4 (décembre 2005) : 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145749690509400408.

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Lemyre, Louise, Michelle C. Turner, Jennifer E. C. Lee et Daniel Krewski. « Differential perception of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear terrorism in Canada ». International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management 7, n^o 8 (2007) : 1191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijram.2007.015301.

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Quester, George H. « Mismatched Deterrents : Preventing the Use of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons ». International Studies Perspectives 1, n^o 2 (août 2000) : 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1528-3577.00016.

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Fyanka, Bernard B. « Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) terrorism : Rethinking Nigeria’s counterterrorism strategy ». African Security Review 28, n^o 3-4 (3 juillet 2019) : 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2019.1698441.

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Cone, David C., et Kristi L. Koenig. « Mass casualty triage in the chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear environment ». European Journal of Emergency Medicine 12, n^o 6 (décembre 2005) : 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00063110-200512000-00009.

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