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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Changes of contract »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Changes of contract"

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Charness, Gary, et David I. Levine. « Changes in the employment contract ? » Journal of Economic Behavior & ; Organization 47, n^o 4 (avril 2002) : 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2681(01)00207-4.

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Ackerley, Nikki. « Changes to my contract of employment ». Veterinary Nursing Journal 20, n^o 6 (juin 2005) : 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17415349.2005.11013364.

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Vorotyntseva, Inna, Ivanna Hranina et Maryna Pysarenko. « Comparative Legal Research on Contract Law Changes Under Covid-19 Pandemic : England, United States, Asia and Ukraine ». Ius Humani. Law Journal 10, n^o 1 (4 avril 2021) : 123–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31207/ih.v10i1.275.

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The study aims to characterize the changes in contract law under the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic in Ukraine and the world. For this purpose, we used systemic, comparative-legal, and formal-legal methods. The paper consists of an introduction, methodology section, bibliography review, results, discussion, conclusions, and references. In the result of the study some distinctive features of changes in contract law under Covid-19 pandemic at the level of national law of Ukraine and some foreign countries were characterized and highlighted. The authors came to the conclusion that changes in contract law are typical for the countries of continental law. Instead, common law states remain resistant to changes in contract law, particularly, the force-majeure application. The reason for this lies in the specific doctrine of the common law countries, as England and the United States. These countries’ courts remain unshakable in terms of managing the contracts performance. In contrast, some Asian and European states (including Ukraine) are characterized by dynamic changes in legislation, given the pandemic situation. The paper also discusses similar institutions like hardship and frustration of purpose, which are both applicable in continental and common law countries.

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Spurgeon, D. « Quebec doctors stage protest over contract changes ». BMJ 325, n^o 7359 (10 août 2002) : 296a—296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7359.296/a.

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White, Nancy J. « Destruction of the Contract through Material Changes ». International Journal of Construction Education and Research 2, n^o 1 (mai 2006) : 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15503980500519601.

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Mazé, Armelle. « Retailers' branding strategies : Contract design, organisational change and learning ». Journal on Chain and Network Science 2, n^o 1 (1 juin 2002) : 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2002.x016.

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This article analyses the recent development by some large retailers in France of dedicated Quality Supply Chains for their food products. The major contractual innovation rests on the design of tripartite contracts between a retailer, agro-food firms and farmers' associations. In contrast to mainstream contract literature, we demonstrate that contract adaptations may reflect a mutual learning process between contractors: why do transactors write explicit contracts that they know cannot be court enforced? Empirical data are based on the joint analysis of a full set of contracts between one retailer and all its beef suppliers, and their diachronic evolution before and after the BSE crisis (the period 1993-2000). Contract design and organisational changes at the retailer level are shown to be strongly interrelated.

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Gomes Maia, Leticia, P. Matthijs Bal et Antônio Virgilio Bittencourt Bastos. « Changes to Newcomers’ Psychological Contract Over Time : The Interactive Effects of the Fulfilment of Employer and Employee Obligations ». Universitas Psychologica 18, n^o 1 (20 février 2019) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy18-1.cnpc.

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The goal of this study was to examine changes in newcomers’ psychological contract over time. Based on schema theory and the post-violation model of the psychological contract, we theorized that psychological contract fulfillment is strengthening the psychological contract over time, while changes in the psychological contract are most likely to occur in a situation of low employer and employee fulfillment. In a sample of newcomers in a Brazilian public organization, we tested how the fulfillment of both employer and employee obligations explain the change in the psychological contract. The results support the hypotheses, and we found that the highest level of change in psychological contracts occurred when the fulfilments of the obligations of both parties were low. We discuss the implications for theory on the change in psychological contracts.

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Gao, Qingchen. « New Developments in Freedom of Contract in the Civil Code’s Contracts Section ». Learning & ; Education 10, n^o 2 (16 septembre 2021) : 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v10i2.2339.

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Under the new development pattern, China’s economy is facing a new turning point, respecting the autonomy of the parties, which is the inherent requirement of economic development and the endogenous logic of civil law. The freedom of contract is a late start in China, but it has developed extremely rapidly.Civil Code’s Contracts section develops freedom of contract in terms of the expansion of contract formation, softening of contract validity, and changes in contract interpretation provisions. By clarifying the new development of freedom of contract in the Civil Code, we can get a glimpse of the path chosen by the Civil Code for the modernization of our economy and its response to the main contradictions of our society.

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Esser, John P. « Institutionalizing Industry : The Changing Forms of Contract ». Law & ; Social Inquiry 21, n^o 03 (1996) : 593–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1996.tb00091.x.

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A replication of Macaulay's 1963 study of Wisconsin manufacturers shows that manufacturers are using a new type of contract to govern changed transactions and to establish new form of industrial organization. This article seeks to specify these changes and to demonstrate their theoretical significance by constructing an empirically and theoretically informed analytical framework. This framework establishes relations of meaning between discrete contracts, job shop production, and classical contract law; between openterm contracts, mass production, and neoclassical contract law; and between long-term agreements, flexible production, and a “shadow” relational contract law. It demonstrates that long-term agreements constitute a new device for governing exchange, that they are part of a broader change from mass production to flexible production, and that their distinctive features are not recognized by neoclassical contract law.

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Hart, Danielle K. « If Past is Prologue, then the Future is Bleak : Contracts, Covid–19, and the Changed Circumstances Doctrines ». Texas A&M Law Review 9, n^o 2 (mars 2022) : 347–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v9.i2.2.

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At the heart of most of the systemic problems currently confronting individuals and businesses as a result of the COVID–19 pandemic is quite literally a contract. Housing. Insurance. Food. Health care. Child care. Employment. Manufacturing. Construction. Supply chains. You name it. Contracts are implicated everywhere. So make no mistake: How contract law addresses these ostensibly private contracts will have profound social consequences. If the past really is prologue, then the future is indeed bleak. The empirical study conducted for this Article establishes what the conventional wisdom has claimed for the last 70 years. More specifically, the empirical study here shows that the common law’s changed circumstances doctrines (“CCDs”)—namely, impossibility, impracticability of performance, and frustration of purpose—will generally not excuse a party from performing his obligations under a contract, regardless of the changed circumstance he alleges. Contrary to all the CCD literature that addresses this issue, this Article makes the unconventional argument that the CCDs should be more broadly available, meaning they should be more successful in excusing contract performance when triggered by catastrophic circumstances. And unlike the rest of the field, which focuses on the CCDs themselves, this Article argues that to effectively address the allocation of unforeseen risks in general and catastrophic risks like a pandemic in particular, we must reframe the legal approach to contract formation. From there, given that the solution to the changed circumstances problem preferred by courts and commentators is an explicit risk-allocation term in the parties’ contract, the solution proposed in this Article to the risk-allocation problem literally suggests itself. A risk-and-loss-allocation clause should be mandated in most contracts as a part of contract formation. The type of risk-and-loss-allocation clause and how the clause would work would depend on whether the contract is co-drafted or adhesive. Generally, the inclusion of a risk-and-loss-allocation clause would facilitate transactions and encourage contracting by ensuring that contracts remain efficient and predictable. The main difference between the risk-and-loss-allocation clause proposed here and existing contract law, of course, is who ends up bearing all the risk and loss occasioned by the catastrophic changed circumstance. To be clear, if nothing changes and our approach to contract formation remains the same as it is right now, then all of the risk and all of the attendant loss will generally be left to lie where it falls—namely, on the party trying to get out of the contract because of the changed circumstances—and this will be the result regardless of the legal theory used to justify (or demonize) the CCDs or any changes made to the doctrines themselves. But if we finally acknowledge the public aspects of contracts and contract law, namely, that they do in fact produce social consequences that extend beyond the individual contract and contracting parties, then contracts and contract law may well be part of the solutions to some of the most pressing problems currently confronting American society now and into the future.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Changes of contract"

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Cariappa, Ajay. « The effects of contract changes on performance of construction projects ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0025/MQ62116.pdf.

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Dahl, Celina. « Odlingarna blir större men alla odlar samma sak för samma företag : En studie kring jordbrukares upplevelse av kontraktsodling och hur det kan påverka strukturen inom jordbruket på Söderslätt i Skåne ». Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-119314.

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Contract farming is an agreement between a farmer and a firm regarding the agricultural production. Studies have shown that contract farming can influence farmers in different ways. Positive aspects of contract farming is said to be that farmers get access to a bigger market, a secure source of income and valuable assistance from the companies that they have entered into a contract with. Negative aspects are foremost said to be that farmers may loose control over the production and feel that they do not have their independence left. Researchers also argue that contract farming can affect the structure within agriculture, which in many countries is dominated by family farm systems. Some therefore believe that contract farming could play a part in family farm systems changing or disappearing. This study applied a Marxist perspective and aimed to examine farmers and their experience of contract farming and how it might affect the structure within agriculture. An agricultural area in the southern parts of Sweden called Söderslätt was studied. The result showed that contract farming affected the farmers in various ways and that it in some terms can be a cause for changes within the structure of agriculture. Keywords: Söderslätt, contract farming, structural changes, family farm systems.

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Badareen, Nayel A. « Identity and Authority : Changes in the Process of Debates over the Islamic Marriage Contract among Contemporary Muslim Arab Intellectuals ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/332830.

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Throughout Islamic history, Islamic schools of law (madhāhib) enjoyed tremendous authority. In addition, traditional religious institutions that have taught the doctrines of the various Islamic schools of law have also wielded similar authority within the Arab-Muslim states. However, Arab-Muslim intellectuals challenged the authority of these madhāhib both from within the madhāhib and from outside of them. As a result, consensus (ijmā`) reached by past jurists of the madhāhib, has also been challenged in favor of a new type of ijtihād known as collective ijtihād. This new method of ijtihād allows professional women to participate in the process of lawmaking alongside men as reforms are made to Islamic family law. As a consequence of this legal process, the authoritarian method of traditional consensus (ijmā`) has been weakened in favor of more inclusive methods which allow for the creation of laws that are more favorable to women. Over the course of the twentieth century there has been a dynamic and ongoing debate within both traditionalist and reformist circles of Arab-Muslim society regarding the topic of marriage. Muslim conversations regarding the marriage contract demonstrate that the debates over family law in general, and the marriage contract in particular, are complex and challenging. The fact that not all Arab-Muslim intellectuals and muftīs share the same opinion regarding the legal age of marriage for women, the role of the marriage guardian (walī) in marriage, or the right of women to conduct their own marriages, for example, illustrates this point. Even individuals from within the same Islamist party have vastly differing opinions. While some argue for the preservation of the Islamic tradition by the continued restriction of a wife's role in her marriage, others want to grant women broader agency in some aspects of the marriage contract. All intellectuals, traditionalists, Salafis, and reformists, however, draw on past Islamic authority--the Qur'anic text, the Sunna of the Prophet, and past jurists' opinions--in order to legitimize their argument in an effort to preserve the identity of Muslim society and its core foundation, the Muslim family. Chapter one of this dissertation introduces the origins of Muslim jurists' opinions and rulings in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). While the chapter outlines the opinions of the majority of jurists regarding the age of puberty (bulūgh) for men and women, the age of financial competency (rushd), and the legal age of marriage, it also illustrates the opinions of minority jurists who reject the marriage of minors outright. Chapter two demonstrates the opinions of numerous Arab-Muslim intellectuals, as well as the codification of some of the Arab-Muslim states' Personal Status Laws (PSLs), and the debates among intellectuals along with the evidence they cite to justify their opinions. Chapters three and four are concerned specifically with debates among Moroccan intellectuals. They also include a discussion of the history of debate over the Moroccan Mudawwana from its initial publication in 1957 through the present day. The chapters discuss the opinions of Moroccan intellectuals regarding some of the Articles of the Mudawwana and show the evidence presented by each side both for and against reforming the Mudawwana. Chapters three and four also present the opinions of intellectuals voiced during personal interviews I conducted in 2013. These interviews show how complex the task of compartmentalizing the various Arab-Muslim intellectuals' opinions may be when seeking to label them either traditionalist or reformist with respect to their views on the rights of women in marriage.

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Obaid, Asfia. « Changes in the pay structures and systems in the banking sector of Pakistan : implications for a differentiated workforce and the employee psychological contract ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/changes-in-the-pay-structures-and-systems-in-the-banking-sector-of-pakistan-implications-for-a-differentiated-workforce-and-the-employee-psychological-contract(e164aa2e-bb36-4d89-849b-b65d59f29fd3).html.

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This thesis analyses the changes in pay structures and systems in the banking sector of Pakistan within a wider organisational setting of changes in multiple HR practices. It examines the outcome of these changes as perceived by different employee workgroups in the milieu of their new set of expectations. The existing literature on pay and its influence on the employee psychological contract is mostly limited to studies in the Anglo-Saxon countries. It fails to adequately highlight the ensuing conflicts of institutionalizing HRM practices which may be considered socially legitimate in western societies, in a South Asian country. While the importance of employee involvement in the design and implementation of pay practices is established in the literature there have been few studies which link the implications of its absence with employee perceptions. Moreover, the limited emphasis on the implications and consequences of applying a differentiated HR architecture within organisations fails to recognize the complex and at times conflicting relationship between different HR practices and the associated impact on multiple employee workgroups. To address these gaps in literature a qualitative case study approach was employed and interviews were conducted with 94 employees and HR managers in six domestic banks in Pakistan. The analysis reveals the policies of deregulation and privatization as the key driver for changes in the pay practice which include a partial shift from seniority to performance based pay systems, adoption of broadband pay structures and discontinuation of defined pension benefits. The other HR practices varied only slightly in design features and were applied inconsistently across the differentiated employee workgroups indicating more investment in some than others and resulting in pronounced conflicts between them. The results suggest that interrogation of outcomes of changes in bundles of HR practices, framed by an organisation’s HR architecture requires a multi-level study which incorporates the perspectives of both the employers and the employees.

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Saleh, Nehad. « En studie av hur entreprenadsumman i ett betongbroprojekt påverkas av ÄTA – arbeten och avvikelse : En fallstudie av 4 broprojekt utförda av Veidekke Entreprenad AB Anläggning Sydväst ». Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23404.

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Anläggningsprojekt är idag allt fler på grund av att den infrastruktur som byggdes på mitten på 1900-talet inte längre uppfyller dagens ställda krav. I takt med att större entreprenader utförs idag, krävs även större resurser och bättre samspel mellan beställare och entreprenörer. Entreprenadsumman för ett betongbroprojekt är väldigt stark förknippat med mängden ÄTA–arbeten och avvikelser. ÄTA–arbeten kan gå i olika riktningar, till exempel från underentreprenör mot beställare och tvärtom. I denna studie ligger fokus på entreprenörens ÄTA–arbeten gentemot beställaren och avvikelser som uppstår i produktionen. Syftet med studien är att identifiera de vanligaste ÄTA–arbeten och avvikelser som förekommer i olika betongbroprojekt för att undersöka hur dessa påverkar entreprenadsumman samt hur de i framtiden skall hanteras av entreprenören så att de inte upprepas i kommande projekt. Till en början har en litteraturstudie gjorts för att öka kunskapen kring ämnet. Därefterhar en fallstudie utförts av fyra tidigare betongbroprojekt. Den centrala delen av fallstudien har varit en kvalitativ undersökning, med intervjuer samt en enkätundersökning. Det har hållits 10 intervjuer med olika platschefer, en jurist och en arbetschef, samtidigt har 55 tjänstemän från fallföretaget deltagit i enkätundersökningen. I den kvantitativa delen har en sammanställning gjorts av samtliga ÄTA–arbeten och avvikelser som uppstått i de betongbroprojekt som studerats. Därefter har de ÄTA–arbeten och avvikelser som upprepats i dessa betongbroprojekt identifierats. Studien visar att ÄTA–arbeten oftast uppstår på grund av brister i beställarens förfrågningsunderlag. Geotekniska undersökningar och tekniska lösningar föreskrivna av beställaren är det som vanligen föranleder ÄTA–arbeten. Även entreprenadformen är avgörande för mängd och typ av ÄTA–arbeten. I en utförandentreprenad är det mycket mer likställda ÄTA–arbeten och när det gäller en totalentreprenad är de vanligaste ÄTA–arbetena föreskrivna tilläggs- och ändringsarbeten. Det är sällan lönsamt med många ÄTA–arbeten i betongbroprojekten, däremot ökar det projektensomsättning vilket får ses som positiv. Avvikelser förekommer oftast på grund av dålig planering och kommunikation. Bristfälliga arbetsberedningar och missade kontroller är andra orsaker till att avvikelser förekommer. Det är oftast entreprenörens eget fel attdet uppstår avvikelser. Avvikelserna har då alltid en negativ inverkan på projektetsslutkostnad i och med att kostnaden inte läggs på entreprenadsumman, det vill säga att entreprenören avhjälper avvikelser på egen bekostnad. De vanligaste ÄTA–arbetena förekommer kring brokonstruktionens grundläggning,oftast på grund av att de geotekniska undersökningar som gjorts, har gjorts fel eller inte i tillräcklig omfattning. När det kommer till avvikelser är de vanligast i samband med armeringsarbeten och betonggjutningar. Dyrare avvikelser förekommer men inte i någon större utsträckning. Genom att lägga mer fokus på planering, kommunikation, involvering och upprätta bättre arbetsberedningar kan negativa effekter på entreprenadsumman på grund av ÄTA–arbeten och avvikelser undvikas.
Various plant projects are today more common because the infrastructure built in themid-1900s no longer meet today's set requirements. As major contracts are carried out today, greater resources and better interaction between client and contractor are also required. The contract sum for various concrete bridge projects is very strongly associated with the amount of contract changes and deviations. Contract changes can go between different entrepreneurs for example from a subcontractor against the clientand vice versa. In this study the focus is on contract changes from the main entrepreneur towards the client and deviations that occurs in the production. The purpose of the study is to identify the most common contract changes and deviations that occur in different concrete bridge projects to investigate how these affect the contract sum and how they should be handled by the entrepreneur in the future so that they are not repeated in upcoming projects. Initially a literature study has been done to increase knowledge about the subject. Then a case study has been carried out on four previous concrete bridge projects. The central part of the case study has been a qualitative investigation, where interviews have been held and a survey has been conducted. There have been 10 interviews with various site managers, a lawyer, and a supervisor, while 55 officials from the case company have participated in the survey. In the quantitative part, a compilation of contract changes and deviations that has occurred in the concrete bridge projects that was studied has been done. Then the contract changes and deviations that was repeated in all the studied concrete bridge projects has been identified. The study shows that contract changes occur most often because of deficiencies in the clients request documents. Geotechnical investigations and technical solutions prescribed by the client are what usually prompt contract changes. The contract form is also crucial for the amount and type of contract changes. In a contract that is based on AB 04 it is much more preserved contract changes and when it comes to a general contract based on ABT 06, the most common contract changes are prescribed alterations and additional works. It is rarely profitable with many contract changes in concrete bridge projects, yet it increases the revenue of the projects, which may be positive. Deviations occur most often due to poor planning and communication. Inadequate work preparations and missed controls are other reasons for the presence of deviations. It is usually the entrepreneur’s fault that there are a lot of deviations. Deviations always has a negative effect on the project’s final cost since the cost for it is not added to the contract sum, which means that the entrepreneur remedies deviations at their own expense. The most common contract changes occur around the groundwork of the bridge construction, usually because the geotechnical investigations carried out by the client, have been done wrong or not enough. When it comes to deviations the most common are in connection with reinforcement work and concrete castings. More expensive deviations occur but not to a greater extent. By focusing more on planning, communication, involvement and establishing better work preparations, negative effects on the contract sum due to contract changes and deviations can be avoided.

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Eronat, Munib Ali. « Structural Changes In Fresh Fruit And Vegetable Distribution Channels Between 1982-2012 In Turkey With Specific Emphasis On The Ankara Wholesale Market ». Thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614153/index.pdf.

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This study intends to examine the changes in the structural relations between the actors of fresh fruit and vegetable distribution process within a time scope of thirty years perspective. In summary the following questions were tried to be answered: - Who are the actors active in the fresh fruit and vegetable distribution process? - How these actors transformed within a time scope of thirty years and how they were effected from the changes in overall economic developments and government policies? - What potentials do these actors have for the future and what are the key areas of development to sustain a winning environment for all parties involved: for producers, distributors and consumers?

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RIPAMONTI, DAVIDE MATTEO. « La disciplina delle variazioni nel contratto di appalto e l'applicabilità analogica dell'istituto della revisione del prezzo ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/259332.

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Il presente elaborato ha ad oggetto la disciplina delle variazioni nel contratto di appalto e l’applicabilità analogica dell’istituto della revisione del prezzo, disciplinato dall’art. 1664 del codice civile. La tesi è strutturata in tre differenti capitoli. Il primo capitolo è stato interamente dedicato all’analisi degli elementi essenziali del contratto di appalto che apparivano maggiormente connessi all’oggetto della trattazione. Nello specifico, si è dato risalto a tematiche quali la natura commutativa del contratto di appalto e il suo inquadramento nella categoria dei contratti a esecuzione prolungata. È stata inoltre data una primaria rilevanza alla definizione dell’oggetto del contratto di appalto e ai requisiti che questo deve avere affinché sia ottemperato il disposto dell’art. 1346 c.c. Nel secondo capitolo ci si è concentrati sull’analisi della disciplina delle variazioni nel contratto di appalto prevista agli artt. 1659, 1660 e 1661 del codice civile. Si sono quindi affrontate tutte le principali questioni interpretative relative all’applicazione di tali disposizioni, cercando sempre di qualificare, in termini giuridici, la natura della singola variazione considerata. Tale disamina è stata inoltre compiuta evidenziando come le disposizioni in materia di variazioni, oltre a garantire un’indiscutibile elasticità al contratto di appalto, individuino come obiettivo primario il soddisfacimento dell’interesse del committente, al quale è sempre garantito il controllo sull’esecuzione del contratto. Nel secondo capitolo è stato altresì analizzato l’art. 1664 del codice civile che, disciplinando l’ipotesi in cui nel corso dell’esecuzione sopraggiungano eventi imprevedibili in grado di incidere sull’onerosità o sulla difficoltà delle prestazioni oggetto di appalto, individua come unico rimedio azionabile l’adeguamento del contratto concluso. Nello specifico, è stato rilevato come tale disposizione costituisca una norma speciale rispetto all’art. 1467 c.c., il quale disciplina l’eccessiva onerosità sopravvenuta della prestazione nei contratti di durata. Infine, nel terzo capitolo si è rilevato come una delle criticità che la dottrina rileva in relazione alla tematica delle sopravvenienze riguarda l’impossibilità di individuare strumenti manutentivi di portata generale in grado di garantire la conservazione del rapporto contrattuale a fronte di un’eccessiva onerosità sopravvenuta della prestazione; una questione che si pone principalmente in relazione a quei contratti definiti di lunga durata che richiedono per la loro esecuzione, al pari dell’appalto, il compimento di una serie di atti prodromici all’adempimento. Dopo aver illustrato le critiche mosse nei confronti della modifica secondo equità disciplinata dal terzo comma dall’art. 1467 c.c., sono stati analizzati i limiti delle diverse tipologie di clausole diffuse nella prassi commerciale e impiegate al fine di garantire la conservazione del vincolo contrattuale. Inoltre, sono stati evidenziate le ragioni per cui non risulta neppure sostenibile la possibilità di configurare un obbligo legale di rinegoziazione. Si sono quindi affrontate, senza alcuna pretesa di completezza, le disposizioni elaborate in materia di eccessiva onerosità sopravvenuta nei principali orientamenti europei e nei sistemi di soft law. In conclusione, si è accolta la tesi che vede come una possibile soluzione alla necessità di individuare un rimedio manutentivo applicabile ai contratti di lunga durata il ricorso all’applicazione analogica dell’art. 1664 c.c., il quale costituirebbe norma speciale, ma non eccezionale, e quindi non rientrante nel divieto di cui all’art. 14 delle disposizioni sulla legge in generale.
This resarch is aimed, on the one hand, to address the many complexties arising from the "changes to the contracts" legal discipline envisioned under articles 1659, 1660 and 1661 of the Italian Civil Code and, on the other hand, to explore whether it is possible to apply by analogy article 1664 of the same Italian Civil Code. More specifically, chapter I provides for a definition of the research field and, precisely, highlights and describes the specific elements of the "procurmement contract" envisioned under article 1655 of the Civil Code. Chapter II focuses on the possibility to amend "procurement contracts" pursuant to articles 1659, 1660 and 1661, as well as on the notion of "unexpected occurences" envisioned under article 1664 of the Italian Civil Code. Finally, chapter III is aimed to demonstrate that article 1664 of the Italian Civil Code may be employed (by analogy) in order to avoid the termination of long-term contract whenever "unexpected occurences" arise during the duration of the contract.

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Lamonica, Maria Gabriella. « Social contract and change : a discussion of Spinoza's contract theory ». Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424478.

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Introduction Chapter 1 contains an outline of the main positions held by scholars in the debate about Spinoza's social contract theory. I spell out those which are commonly regarded as the main "anomalies" of Spinoza's contractarianism, and those which are regarded as the contractarian aspects of his theory. Ch 2: I present, and argue against Matheron's evolutionary theory, a noncontractarian reading of Spinoza's political works. Matheron claims that the fragile and problematic contract theory that Spinoza holds in the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus is deeply revised and substantially abandoned in Spinoza's last work, the Tractatus Politicus. He also shows that we can deduce the details of Spinoza's political position from his metaphysical determinism. I try to show the limitations of Matheron's reading of Spinoza's TP, especially in regard of the notions of individual advantage and social/political conflict. Ch 3: I give an exposition of the "conceptual model of natural law theory", which Bobbio offers in highlighting the similarities of different contract theorists. I discuss Bobbio's contractarian reading of Spinoza's work, with special regard to the issue of the natural law theory. Ch 4: I offer my own reading of Spinoza's text, by exploring how the fundamental notions of Spinoza's theory interplay in the construction of an accomplished social contract theory. Ch 5: I show how Spinoza accommodates the notions of social contract and political change, in this way solving some traditional problems of the contract theory, Ch 6: I briefly discuss the relation between the Tractatus Politicus and Spinoza's earlier works. Ch 7: I contrast Spinoza's social contract theory to that of Hobbes. Spinoza's criticism seems directed against some precise aspects of Hobbes's theory rather than against the contract theory in general. I also discuss certain implications of Spinoza's contractarian approach. Conclusion 2

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Hutchison, Andrew. « Fundamental change of circumstances in contract law ». Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11569.

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Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 246-263).
Parties to a contract base their consensus on the facts known to them at the time of contracting - should there be an unforeseen change in these circumstances, it may no longer be just for one party to enforce the agreement against the other. Because the losses and gains consequent upon a change in circumstances occur by chance, it is not fair to place the resultant burden on one party alone.

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Bankins, Sarah Maria. « Investigating the dynamics of the psychological contract : how and why individuals' contract beliefs change ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/53135/1/__qut.edu.au_Documents_StaffHome_StaffGroupH%24_halla_Desktop_Sarah_Bankins_Thesis.pdf.

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The overall objective of this thesis is to explore how and why the content of individuals' psychological contracts changes over time. The contract is generally understood as "individual beliefs, shaped by the organisation, regarding the terms of an exchange agreement between individuals and their organisation" (Rousseau, 1995, p. 9). With an overall study sampling frame of 320 graduate organisational newcomers, a mixed method longitudinal research design comprised of three sequential, inter-related studies is employed in order to capture the change process. From the 15 semi-structured interviews conducted in Study 1, the key findings included identifying a relatively high degree of mutuality between employees' and their managers' reciprocal contract beliefs around the time of organisational entry. Also, at this time, individuals had developed specific components of their contract content through a mix of social network information (regarding broader employment expectations) and perceptions of various elements of their particular organisation's reputation (for more firm-specific expectations). Study 2 utilised a four-wave survey approach (available to the full sampling frame) over the 14 months following organisational entry to explore the 'shape' of individuals' contract change trajectories and the role of four theorised change predictors in driving these trajectories. The predictors represented an organisational-level informational cue (perceptions of corporate reputation), a dyadic-level informational cue (perceptions of manager-employee relationship quality) and two individual difference variables (affect and hardiness). Through the use of individual growth modelling, the findings showed differences in the general change patterns across contract content components of perceived employer (exhibiting generally quadratic change patterns) and employee (exhibiting generally no-change patterns) obligations. Further, individuals differentially used the predictor variables to construct beliefs about specific contract content. While both organisational- and dyadic-level cues were focused upon to construct employer obligation beliefs, organisational-level cues and individual difference variables were focused upon to construct employee obligation beliefs. Through undertaking 26 semi-structured interviews, Study 3 focused upon gaining a richer understanding of why participants' contracts changed, or otherwise, over the study period, with a particular focus upon the roles of breach and violation. Breach refers to an employee's perception that an employer obligation has not been met and violation refers to the negative and affective employee reactions which may ensue following a breach. The main contribution of these findings was identifying that subsequent to a breach or violation event a range of 'remediation effects' could be activated by employees which, depending upon their effectiveness, served to instigate either breach or contract repair or both. These effects mostly instigated broader contract repair and were generally cognitive strategies enacted by an individual to re-evaluate the breach situation and re-focus upon other positive aspects of the employment relationship. As such, the findings offered new evidence for a clear distinction between remedial effects which serve to only repair the breach (and thus the contract) and effects which only repair the contract more broadly; however, when effective, both resulted in individuals again viewing their employment relationships positively. Overall, in response to the overarching research question of this thesis, how and why individuals' psychological contract beliefs change, individuals do indeed draw upon various information sources, particularly at the organisational-level, as cues or guides in shaping their contract content. Further, the 'shapes' of the changes in beliefs about employer and employee obligations generally follow different, and not necessarily linear, trajectories over time. Finally, both breach and violation and also remedial actions, which address these occurrences either by remedying the breach itself (and thus the contract) or the contract only, play central roles in guiding individuals' contract changes to greater or lesser degrees. The findings from the thesis provide both academics and practitioners with greater insights into how employees construct their contract beliefs over time, the salient informational cues used to do this and how the effects of breach and violation can be mitigated through creating an environment which facilitates the use of effective remediation strategies.

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Plus de sources

Livres sur le sujet "Changes of contract"

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Nash, Ralph C. Government contract changes. 3^e éd. [St. Paul, Minn.] : Thomson/West, 2007.

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Nash, Ralph C. Government contract changes. 2^e éd. Washington, D.C. (1120 20th St. N.W. Washington 20036) : Federal Publications, 1989.

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3

Managing contract changes. Riverwoods, IL : CCH, 2013.

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1946-, Levin Paul, dir. Construction contract claims, changes & dispute resolution. 2^e éd. Reston, VA : ASCE Press, 1998.

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5

Hendrick, David R. Succeeding at contract changes and claims. Alexandria, Va : American Subcontractors Association, 1988.

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6

Construction contract claims, changes, and dispute resolution. Reston, Virginia : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016.

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7

Dertouzos, James N. Contractual responses to structural changes in labor markets. Santa Monica, Calif : Rand Corporation, 1985.

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8

Launching the new enlightenment : The reaffirmation of the social contract. Norh Charleston, South Carolina : CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014.

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9

Riley, Joellen. Work choices : A guide to the 2005 changes. Sydney : Thomson, 2006.

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Civitello, Andrew M. Contractor's guide to change orders : The art of finding, pricing, and getting paid for contract changes and the damages they cause. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall, 1987.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Changes of contract"

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Bennett, Brian W., et Jonathan M. Blocker. « Interpretation and Requirements of Contract Specifications ». Dans Construction Contract Claims, Changes, and Dispute Resolution, 91–116. Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414293.ch04.

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Chapman, Janet G. « Drastic Changes in the Soviet Social Contract ». Dans Economic Reforms and Welfare Systems in the USSR, Poland and Hungary, 26–51. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11690-4_2.

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Terrell, Dorothy E., et Nicholas J. Surace. « Termination of Construction Contracts ». Dans Construction Contract Claims, Changes, and Dispute Resolution, 387–98. Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414293.ch14.

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Levin, Paul. « Introduction ». Dans Construction Contract Claims, Changes, and Dispute Resolution, 1–11. Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414293.ch01.

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McManus, Joseph A., et Karlee Starr Blank. « Claim Identification and Notification ». Dans Construction Contract Claims, Changes, and Dispute Resolution, 13–67. Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414293.ch02.

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Klinger, Marilyn. « Differing Site Conditions ». Dans Construction Contract Claims, Changes, and Dispute Resolution, 69–90. Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414293.ch03.

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Fertitta, Thomas D., Anthony L. Nedinsky et Jeffrey G. Gilmore. « Construction Project Delays and Time Extensions ». Dans Construction Contract Claims, Changes, and Dispute Resolution, 117–37. Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414293.ch05.

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Burke, Christopher M., et Michael J. Harris. « Acceleration and Mitigation of Project Delays ». Dans Construction Contract Claims, Changes, and Dispute Resolution, 139–52. Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414293.ch06.

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Freas, Robert M., et W. Wesley Grover. « Records and Documentation ». Dans Construction Contract Claims, Changes, and Dispute Resolution, 153–74. Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414293.ch07.

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Livengood, John C. « Use of Project Schedules and the Critical Path Method in Claims ». Dans Construction Contract Claims, Changes, and Dispute Resolution, 175–200. Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414293.ch08.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Changes of contract"

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Warren, T. « The Operator-Contractor Relationship -- Contract Changes, 1982 to 1984 ». Dans SPE/IADC Drilling Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/13829-ms.

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Krstić, Novak, et Tamara Djurdjić. « SOME DISPUTABLE ISSUES CONCERNING REVOCATION OF A CONTRACT ON ASSIGNMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF PROPERTY FOR LIFE ». Dans "Social Changes in the Global World". Универзитет „Гоце Делчев“ - Штип, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46763/scgw221265k.

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Onsarigo, Lameck, et Simon Adamtey. « Changes in Trenchless Construction Contracts and the Protection Afforded to Subcontractors under Contract Law ». Dans Pipelines 2020. Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483206.042.

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Samuel, Nishanth, Andrew Stone et Sarah Kern. « Drilling Performance Contract : An Evolution in the Partnership Between Operator and Rig Contractor ». Dans SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210271-ms.

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Abstract Performance contracts are increasingly common in the drilling industry, especially in recent years. This incentivized contract structure, established as a partnership between operator and contractor, improves both well performance and operational execution while incorporating the rig contractor as an additional stakeholder in the operational performance of the well. Many performance contract styles exist, with one common goal: if targets are met, all parties involved benefit. An increasingly common performance contract type is a tier-structure KPI (Key Performance Indicator) format. In this format, metrics in the form of KPIs are determined, and goal ranges are set in a tiered system. Prior research and data collection, requiring effort from multiple departments, is needed to determine achievable and stretch metrics. After the goals are agreed upon, field personnel, experienced rig leadership, and comprehensive technology support are determined, forming a foundation for success. Establishing an effective communication structure is crucial for continuous improvement. This is achieved by regular performance improvement meetings, occurring among field and office personnel, for both the rig contractor and operator. Here, relevant performance data is shared regarding both successes and failures, with improvements needed for future wells are captured and implemented. In this instance, a four-tiered incentivized structure with KPIs measuring cycle time ft/day, connection times, tripping speeds and skid times were used. Over time, the performance contract structure benefits the operator/contractor relationship, with greater alignment on goals and responsibilities. A constant line of communication allows for frequent brainstorming and an eagerness to trial new methods, leading to a unique opportunity to demonstrate value with near-immediate results. Certain contractor technologies are at the operator's disposal as they benefit the well program, creating more openness to technologies not initially considered. Performance contracts allow for the continuous questioning of, "does this help us achieve our overall goal?" The constant focus on continuous improvement leads to performance benchmarks continually reviewed and fine-tuned with new data. There is no true "one size fits all" solution - despite everyone's best efforts, performance contracts don't all succeed at well release. Both the operator and contractor must continually be prepared to fail fast, identify improvement opportunities, make changes, and work together. However, all performance contracts ultimately play a part in innovative spirit while implementing fundamental changes in an evolving drilling industry and energy landscape. Over the course of deployment, this contract structure led to increased and more consistent performance compared to the unincentivized rigs. Overall, the rig experienced an 8.2% increase in average feet drilled per day compared to the operator's prior year benchmark. 42% of wells fell within the half-standard deviation boundaries of the mean ft/day, a highly consistent zone. Additionally, the rig drilled two record-breaking wells in different target formations. We will explore how and why the performance contract structure can yield consistent delivery of high-performance wells.

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« Research on the Impact Mechanism of Engineering Changes on Contract Price ». Dans 2018 International Conference on Economics, Politics and Business Management. Francis Academic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/icepbm.2018.87.

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Mićović, Andrej. « OBAVEZE ORGANIZATORA PUTOVANjA ». Dans 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.321m.

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The subject of the legal analysis in this paper are obligations of the travel organizer prior to the conclusion of the contract (pre-contractual information duty) and after the contract conclusion (obligations regarding the form and content of the contract, changes of the package travel contract terms, transfer of the package travel contract to another traveller, insolvency protection, confidentiality, provision of assistance to the traveller). Rules on pre-contractual and contractual obligations are considered through a comparative analysis of the provisions contained in the Consumer Protection Act and newly adopted Directive 2015/2302/EU, by taking into account other relevant rules at the national and EU level.

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Palihakkara, A. D., et B. A. K. S. Perera. « IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTORS OF GUARANTEED MAXIMUM PRICE (GMP) CONTRACTS ». Dans The 9th World Construction Symposium 2021. The Ceylon Institute of Builders - Sri Lanka, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2021.30.

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The construction industry is a risk-prone industry where projects are implemented in a dynamic environment with frequent exposure to various uncertainties. A construction contract is a document that allocates the risks associated with a construction project among the project stakeholders. Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP) contracts have become popular as a project delivery method because they provide the client with a high degree of cost certainty through a fixed price cap that the contractor cannot exceed. However, most of the GMP projects are risky. Thus, the significant risk factors of GMP projects have to be identified to ensure their successful completion. This study, therefore, aimed to identify and rank the most significant risk factors present in GMP contracts. The study adopted a quantitative approach, which included a Delphi survey conducted in two rounds and a statistical analysis of the survey data. The most significant risk factors associated with GMP contracts were ranked according to their impact on the projects and their probability of occurrence (severity). Poorly defined scope of work and design changes were found to be the most significant risk factors associated with GMP contracts. The other significant risk factors of the projects are related to the scope of work, design, documentation, unfamiliarity with the GMP concept, agreed GMP value, and financial failures of the client and contractor.

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Vrchota, Stephen. « Restructuring Plant Operations and Contracts to Make a First Generation RDF Plant Competitive in a Cost-Driven Market ». Dans 20th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec20-7029.

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In 1989, United Power Association (now Great River Energy) and Northern States Power (now Xcel Energy) formed a partnership and entered a 20 year contract with five local counties to turn MSW (municipal solid waste) into RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) and combust the RDF in converted grate-fired boilers in Elk River, MN. Great River Energy owned and operated the Energy Recovery Station (ERS) and Xcel Energy operated the Resource Processing Plant (RPP) a few miles away. The Resource Processing Plant processed 400,000 tons/year of MSW into RDF for the Energy Recovery Station and other RDF plants owned by Xcel Energy. The project was successful, but required significant subsidies from the counties to maintain competitive tipping fees. At the end of the original 20 year contract, a number of the counties wanted to reduce or end any subsidies and restructure the contracts. In the fall of 2009, lack of contracted MSW created difficult financial conditions that threatened to end the project and divert 400,000 tons/year of MSW to area landfills. In May of 2010, Great River Energy purchased the Resource Processing Plant and reorganized the project to be able to better control operating costs and maintain competitive electric rates for its customers. In 2011, Great River Energy restructured processing contracts with three of the original counties and also directly contracted with the regional MSW haulers while implementing sweeping changes in the processing of MSW. A cleaning system was installed to increase the value of the ferrous material collected during the production of RDF. The installation of a bulky waste shredder and processing changes increased the efficiency of converting MSW to RDF. In addition, the recovery of non-ferrous materials from the MSW and heavy residue was optimized. In one year of operation, the Resource Processing Plant has increased RDF production from 84% to over 95% and decreased landfilling to near zero while increasing the revenue from recovered materials. County subsidies have been significantly reduced and will phase out after 2015, tipping fees have been adjusted to be competitive with local landfills, and electric costs have been stabilized at comparable renewable energy rates.

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SENADEERA, A. D., D. C. SIRIMEWAN et B. A. K. S. PERERA. « MANAGEMENT OF VARIATIONS WITH THE USE OF STANDARD FORMS OF CONTRACT IN PUBLIC SECTOR BUILDING PROJECTS IN SRI LANKA ». Dans 13th International Research Conference - FARU 2020. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit (FARU), University of Moratuwa, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2020.25.

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In most of the public construction projects in developing countries, a large number of ‘variations’ that result from the changes made to the original scopes of the projects urge the need of variation management by the parties to a contract. This study explores the ways of managing variations in public sector building projects executed in Sri Lanka with the use of Standard Forms of Contract. It applied a qualitative research approach and used a comprehensive literature review expert interviews for data collection. Manual content analysis was used to analyse the collected data. The findings reveal numerous causes of variations for which the Employer, Consultant, Contractor, or certain other factors are responsible. The research also reveals that the variations could be minimised by adopting strategies, such as the preparation of a fully detailed Employer’s brief, review of the design and deployment of qualified personnel. The study proposes to modify the variation clause by adding more explanations in the Standard Form of Contract to facilitate effective variation management in Sri Lanka.

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Bilmes, Jonathan S., et Susan F. Hemenway. « Applying Lessons Learned From Waste-to-Energy Feasibility Study Projections to Contract Renewals, Expansions and New Projects ». Dans 14th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec14-3183.

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A majority of today’s operating waste to energy plants were developed in the 1980s. In order to finance these facilities, comprehensive feasibility reports were required that assessed the engineering and financial feasibility of the projects. The Bristol Resource Facility Operating Committee (BRRFOC) commissioned two such reports; in 1985 when the project was initially financed and again in 1993 when the initial bonds were refunded. Key assumptions were made in the 1985 and 1993 reports regarding energy prices, landfill costs, inflation, member tonnage, recycling rates, changes in law and plant operations. Despite the enormous changes that have occurred in the waste to energy industry over the past 20 years, BRRFOC’s member community tipping fee has consistently outperformed projections. In fact, due to BRRFOC’s financial track record, a 2005 refinancing was successfully marketed to financial institutions without an independent economic study. This paper will compare and contrast the 1985 and 1993 projections and assumptions to actual performance. The information provided will assist decision makers contemplating contract renewals, expansions or new waste to energy projects determine what sensitivity analyses, if any, need to be included in the feasibility report.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Changes of contract"

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BELYAEVA, E. CONTRACT SERVICE AND CONTRACT MANAGERS FOR PROCUREMENT. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2070-7568-2021-10-6-1-7-12.

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The article examines the issue of the position and activities of contract services, the demand for which has become most relevant after the changes made to Law No. 44-FZ, the conditions under which the customer is obliged to create a contract service are disclosed.

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Furbish, Glenn D., Michael A. Bianco, Robert L. Pelletier et Nadia Shamari. Gulf Region District Is Adjusting Its Aegis Security Contract Requirements for Changes in Reconstruction Activities in Iraq. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, avril 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada545421.

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Баттахов, П. П. Договоры о передаче исключительных прав на объекты промышленной собственности с участием социальных предприятий. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1818-1538-2021-55669.

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The article considers contractual designs aimed at transferring exclusive rights to industrial property. The problem of the contractual process was identified when concluding a contract on the transfer of a set of exclusive rights. Based on the study, a number of changes to Russian laws have been proposed. First of all, this applies to a commercial concession contract. The author proposes to amend the Civil Code of the Russian Federation by supplementing the article on commercial concession with the right of organizations that do not conduct commercial activities to conclude the same contracts on a general basis. The appropriateness of applying the classification of transactions into real and consensual ones in relation to this contract is justified. The peculiarities of transfer of the complex of exclusive rights to objects of industrial property with participation of social enterprises under the legislation of the Russian Federation are studied.

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Jayaraman, Rajshri, Debraj Ray et Francis de Vericourt. Anatomy of a Contract Change. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, janvier 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19849.

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Finkelshtain, Israel, et Tigran Melkonyan. The economics of contracts in the US and Israel agricultures. United States Department of Agriculture, février 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695590.bard.

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Research Objectives 1) Reviewing the rich economic literature on contracting and agricultural contracting; 2) Conducting a descriptive comparative study of actual contracting patterns in the U.S. and Israeli agricultural sectors; 3) Theoretical analysis of division of assets ownership, authority allocation and incentives in agricultural production contracts; 4) Theoretical analysis of strategic noncompetitive choice of agricultural production and marketing contracts, 5) Empirical studies of contracting in agricultural sectors of US and Israel, among them the broiler industry, the citrus industry and sugar beet sector. Background Recent decades have witnessed a world-wide increase in the use of agricultural contracts. In both the U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many crops, fruits, vegetables and livestock commodities. The increased use of agricultural contracts raises a number of important economic policy questions regarding the optimal design of contracts and their determinants. Even though economists have made a substantial progress in understanding these issues, the theory of contracts and an empirical methodology to analyze contracts are still evolving. Moreover, there is an enormous need for empirical research of contractual relationships. Conclusions In both U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many agricultural commodities. In the U.S. more than 40% of the value of agricultural production occurred under either marketing or production contracts. The use of agricultural contracts in Israel is also ubiquitous and reaches close to 60% of the value of agricultural production. In Israel we have found strategic considerations to play a dominant role in the choice of agricultural contracts and may lead to noncompetitive conduct and reduced welfare. In particular, the driving force, leading to consignment based contracts is the strategic effect. Moreover, an increase in the number of contractors will lead to changes in the terms of the contract, an increased competition and payment to farmers and economic surplus. We found that while large integrations lead to more efficient production, they also exploit local monopsonistic power. For the U.S, we have studied in more detail the choice of contract type and factors that affect contracts such as the level of informational asymmetry, the authority structure, and the available quality measurement technology. We have found that assets ownership and decision rights are complements of high-powered incentives. We have also found that the optimal allocation of decision rights, asset ownership and incentives is influenced by: variance of systemic and idiosyncratic shocks, importance (variance) of the parties’ private information, parameters of the production technology, the extent of competition in the upstream and downstream industries. Implications The primary implication of this project is that the use of agricultural production and marketing contracts is growing in both the US and Israeli agricultural sectors, while many important economic policy questions are still open and require further theoretical and empirical research. Moreover, actual contracts that are prevailing in various agricultural sectors seems to be less than optimal and, hence, additional efforts are required to transfer the huge academic know-how in this area to the practitioners. We also found evidence for exploitation of market powers by contactors in various agricultural sectors. This may call for government regulations in the anti-trust area. Another important implication of this project is that in addition to explicit contracts economic outcomes resulting from the interactions between growers and agricultural intermediaries depend on a number of other factors including allocation of decision and ownership rights and implicit contracting. We have developed models to study the interactions between explicit contracts, decision rights, ownership structure, and implicit contracts. These models have been applied to study contractual arrangements in California agriculture and the North American sugarbeet industry.

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Fotta, Martin, Mariya Ivancheva et Raluca Pernes. THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL CAREER IN EUROPE : A complete report on the EASA membership survey. NomadIT, novembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22582/easaprecanthro.

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This report presents the results of the survey conducted among EASA members in 2018. The survey was a collaboration between EASA and the PrecAnthro Collective, whose members have worked together and mobilised since 2016 to raise awareness about the challenges of developing an academic career in anthropology. The themes explored in the survey reflect existing academic research on changes to the academic profession and the casualisation of labour in Europe and beyond. The survey enquired into the extent to which and how trends already documented in other disciplines, and in academia as a whole, affect anthropologists. These trends include a growing division between research and teaching, the deprofessionalisation of academic labour through multiple contract types, the imperatives of international mobility and cyclical fundraising, and weak labour unions. This report captures overall trends as well as regional differences in the anthropological profession in Europe.

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Mandelbaum, Jay, et Danny L. Reed. Value Engineering Change Proposals in Supplies or Services Contracts. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada461648.

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Bras, Victor D. Contractor-Operated Parts Stores : Is Change Overdue ? Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, mai 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada202134.

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Cornforth, Michael N. Heritable Genetic Changes in Cells Recovered From Irradiated 3D Tissue Contracts. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mai 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1077983.

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Gorton, Gary. The Enforceability of Private Money Contracts, Market Efficiency, and Technological Change. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, mars 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3645.

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