Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Champagne sector »

AbstractThis paper studies the risk attitudes of winegrowers in France. In French viticulture, most of the production is done under an appellation regime that constrains maximum authorized yields. We consider a trans-log cost function under the constraint of this maximum yield and estimate winegrowers' attitudes to risk. Our estimates are based on the European Farm Accountancy Data Network database (2005–2014) and data from the French National Institute of Origin and Quality. We find that winegrowers are risk averse. For the majority of winegrowers, risk aversion is declining with expected profit. In the Champagne region, however, where expected profits are far higher than in the other regions, we observe the reverse relation: winegrowers become more risk averse as expected profits rise. (JEL Classifications: C13, C33, O33, Q16).

Between 1981–2000 and 1999–2018, growing season average temperatures (GST) in the main UK viticulture regions have warmed ~1.0 °C and are now more reliably >14.0 °C GST. This warming has underpinned the rapid expansion of the UK viticulture sector and its current focus on growing grape varieties for sparkling wine. Near-term (2021–2040) climate change may condition opportunities for further variety and/or wine style changes. Using the latest high-resolution (5 km) ensemble (×12) of downscaled climate change models for the UK (UK Climate Projections; UKCP18) under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5, we calculate near-term trends and variability in bioclimatic indices (BCIs). We simulate the projected repetition of the UK’s highest yielding season—2018—and use an analogue approach to model the 1999–2018 mean growing season temperatures from Pinot Noir producing areas of Champagne (France), Burgundy (France) and Baden (Germany) over the UK during 2021–2040. We also project, across the UK for the 2021–2040 period, BCI values of recent high-quality vintage years from Champagne and Burgundy. GST are projected to increase from a 1999–2018 spatial range of 13.0 (minimum threshold) –15.7 °C to a future (2021–2040) range of 13.0–17.0 °C, and Growing Degree Days (GDD) from 850 (minimum threshold) –1267 to 850–1515. Growing season precipitation (GSP) is projected to decline in some UK viticulture areas but is not modelled as a limiting viticulture factor. High inter-annual weather variability is simulated to remain a feature of the UK viticulture climate and early season frost risk is likely to occur earlier. Large areas of the UK are projected to have >50 % of years within the bioclimatic ranges experienced during the 2018 growing season, indicating potential higher yields in the future. The 1999–2018 mean Champagne, Burgundy and Baden GST and GDD are projected for much of England and some areas in the far south and south-east of Wales during 2021–2040, with significant areas projected to have >25 % of years within the BCI ranges of top Champagne vintages. These results indicate greater potential for Pinot Noir for sparkling wines and shifting suitability to still red wine production. Accounting for changes in variety suitability and wine styles will be essential to maximise opportunities and build resilience within this rapidly expanding wine region.

Based on her earlier work on the city of Rheims in Champagne, France—a Family Reconstitution study covering all social scales—the article proposes a new comprehensive classification of reconstructed female life courses from the author’s existing and refreshed nominative database (1668–1802). This fresh scrutiny of digital files will allow series of qualitative and quantitative approaches, making hopefully preindustrial urban women at last visible along their individual life-trajectory. Thanks to rich archival sources, socio-demographic trends are better known, including a general early shift to contraceptive behaviour in pre-1789 Rheims. At the end of the Ancien Régime, there was growing individual female labour migration to this major town of Western Europe. It was attracted by domestic service and the textile sector. The sex ratio became so unbalanced that many women remained single, and only a few widows remarried. Numerous women managed their living without a husband, through the many economic and sanitary crises which characterised the period.

Introduction. Exposure to passive smoking at work has been forbidden for few years in France. This study's aim is to estimate the prevalence of passive smoking at work (PSW), the characteristics of illegal passive smoking and to identify eventual respiratory effects.Methods. Occupational practitioners (OPs) of a French county of 320,000 wage earners were contacted by mail. Then OP answered questions from a standardized questionnaire. These questions concerned the practised job, exposure features linked to PSW and health effects in relationship with second-hand smoke in workplace, and the focus on nonsmoker encountered by OP during the most recent occupational medical examination.Results. Ninety-five percent of a total group of 172 OP of Champagne county filled the postal questionnaire. More than 80% of OP's replies identified illegal PSW. The average prevalence of PSW exposure was 0.7% of the total working population. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) levels were considered between low and medium for most passive smokers (71%). Main features exposure to ETS at work for non-smokers was associated with female gender (69.5%), age between 40 and 49 years (41.2%) and belonging to tertiary sector (75.6%). Environmental tobacco smoke exposures at work was firstly in the office for 49.7% of the subjects and secondly in the restroom for 18% of them. Main medical symptoms encountered by non-smokers were respiratory tractus irritation (81.7%). Eighty-three percent of OPs indicated solution to eradicate PSW. Illegal PSW is really weaker than fifteen years ago. However, the findings support a real ban on smoking in the workplace in order to protect all workers.

La revista EDUCA-UMCH Nº 10 sale a luz, aunándose a la celebración del bicentenario de la creación de la Congregación de los Hermanos Maristas en La Valla. Este homenaje académico queda plasmado a través de las reflexiones teóricas sobre la educación y sus aspectos específicos, así como los aportes de los campos de la Psicología y la Administración. La celebración del bicentenario marista constituye una motivación para intensificar el estudio y la difusión de la producción intelectual de los docentes de la universidad, actividad intelectual que se extiende al sector estudiantil, como una manifestación de sus reflexiones y ensayos en diversos campos de la ciencia y las humanidades, cultivadas en el ejercicio de sus aprendizajes. EDUCA-UMCH actualiza su compromiso de seguir convocando a docentes y estudiantes de la universidad al trabajo intelectual como razón de ser de la vida universitaria y, con este N° 10, reitera el homenaje a la Congregación marista en el bicentenario de su fundación y a su fundador, Marcelino Champagnat. Diciembre, 2017

La revista EDUCA-UMCH Nº 10 sale a luz, aunándose a la celebración del bicentenario de la creación de la Congregación de los Hermanos Maristas en La Valla. Este homenaje académico queda plasmado a través de las reflexiones teóricas sobre la educación y sus aspectos específicos, así como los aportes de los campos de la Psicología y la Administración. La celebración del bicentenario marista constituye una motivación para intensificar el estudio y la difusión de la producción intelectual de los docentes de la universidad, actividad intelectual que se extiende al sector estudiantil, como una manifestación de sus reflexiones y ensayos en diversos campos de la ciencia y las humanidades, cultivadas en el ejercicio de sus aprendizajes. EDUCA-UMCH actualiza su compromiso de seguir convocando a docentes y estudiantes de la universidad al trabajo intelectual como razón de ser de la vida universitaria y, con este N° 10, reitera el homenaje a la Congregación marista en el bicentenario de su fundación y a su fundador, Marcelino Champagnat. Diciembre, 2017

An increase in the number of rail transit track construction and rehabilitation projects in North America has generated increased interest in optimizing the design of the track infrastructure and its components. Many rail transit track component design guidelines use historical wheel loads and loading factors that were derived from freight railroad design practices. These design factors may not be representative of the loading experienced on the rail transit networks today, leading to over-designed, sub-optimal infrastructure components. Therefore, researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign are conducting research to lay the groundwork for improved understanding of the loading environment entering the track structure using wheel loads data obtained from recently deployed field instrumentation and existing wheel impact load detectors. This paper evaluates the existing design impact factors and assesses their effectiveness when applied to the rail transit sector, using data from three representative rail transit agencies in the United States. New dynamic loading factors are also proposed to represent the rail transit loading environment more accurately. A quantitative approach to addressing design factors may provide economies in future designs and facilitate the use of probability of exceedance and other metrics that relate to factors of safety.

There is no doubt that the issue of making a good prediction about a company’s possible failure is very important, as well as complicated. A number of models have been created for this very purpose, of which one, the long short-term memory (LSTM) model, holds a unique position in that it generates very good results. The objective of this contribution is to create a methodology for the identification of a company failure (bankruptcy) using artificial neural networks (hereinafter referred to as “NN”) with at least one long short-term memory (LSTM) layer. A bankruptcy model was created using deep learning, for which at least one layer of LSTM was used for the construction of the NN. For the purposes of this contribution, Wolfram’s Mathematica 13 (Wolfram Research, Champaign, Illinois) software was used. The research results show that LSTM NN can be used as a tool for predicting company failure. The objective of the contribution was achieved, since the model of a NN was developed, which is able to predict the future development of a company operating in the manufacturing sector in the Czech Republic. It can be applied to small, medium-sized and manufacturing companies alike, as well as used by financial institutions, investors, or auditors as an alternative for evaluating the financial health of companies in a given field. The model is flexible and can therefore be trained according to a different dataset or environment.

Nowadays, the aerospace sector is growing very rapidly. One of the newest technologies is unmanned aerial vehicle. This UAV has functions to monitor disaster, mapping, espionage and shooting target. Therefore it needs a plane that can fly fast and agile. To achieve these characteristics, one of the most important things is the design of the wings. Some of the important parameters contained in the wings are the type of airfoil, aspect ratio, wing area, taper ratio, and angle of attack. The article aims to analyze the type of airfoil MH32 as well as the effect of the parameter taper ratio with variations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 in variations of angle of attack 0 °, 3 °, 6 °, 12 ° and 15 ° to the value of coefficient of lift and coefficient of drag. The method used in this research is experimental with a computational approach using a computer, the advantage of this method is that it does not need a real plane shape. The type of simulation used is Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) found in Ansys Fluent. From the simulation, value of coefficient of lift, coefficient of drag, and image of pressure contour and streamline velocity were obtained. All the data was processed and analyzed, then the result is that the taper ratio 0.4 has the highest lift to drag ratio of 19,417. It means that it has the highest value of the coefficient of lift and has the lowest coefficient of drag. These simulated results are validated with experimental from UIUC (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) 1996. The conclusion of this study is that the smaller the taper ratio, the greater the value of the lift coefficient. Then increase the angle of attack to make the value of the lift coefficient is also getting bigger.

In letteratura, molto è stato scritto sui due costrutti fondanti di questa ricerca: heritage e trasformazione digitale. Pochissimi articoli però hanno messo in relazione questi due costrutti, soprattutto nessuna ricerca è stata condotta su come l'heritage, se "attivato", possa diventare esso stesso una dynamic capability che aiuta le aziende ad affrontare la sfida della trasformazione digitale. Inoltre, questa ricerca si è concentrata sul settore dello Champagne, un mercato tradizionale, elitario e molto conservatore. Un contesto in cui il patrimonio gioca un ruolo fondamentale per potersi distinguere dai competitors. Fondamentalmente, molte aziende sono consapevoli dell'heritage dentro di sé ma, ormai è presente da così tanto tempo che lo danno per scontato. Questa ricerca si propone di analizzare la relazione tra heritage e trasformazione digitale. L'idea alla base di questa ricerca è quella di considerare l'heritage come una dynamic capability, un'abilità che può essere "attivata". Una rassegna della letteratura sulla trasformazione digitale ha mostrato che l'heritage gioca spesso un ruolo "conservatore", una sorta di resistenza ai cambiamenti, soprattutto quelli digitali. La storia, le tradizioni, le persone e le strategie che hanno caratterizzato quell'azienda hanno creato una traiettoria difficile da cambiare. Partendo da una domanda generale: che rapporto c'è tra heritage e trasformazione digitale? Poi mi sono concentrata su: RQ1: A quale delle 3 dynamic capability è riconducibile l'heritage? RQ2: È possibile ipotizzare delle condizioni organizzative per l'attivazione dell'heritage? La costruzione dell'heritage è spesso collegata al concetto di azienda familiare, artigianato e qualità del prodotto. Ma più in generale, valorizzare la storia di un'azienda, rendendola rilevante per il presente e per il futuro, permette ai brand di differenziarsi e creare un vantaggio competitivo, di comunicare i propri valori, creare una connessione emotiva con il consumatore e affermare i propri autenticità. Per rispondere alle domande di ricerca che hanno guidato questo studio, ho utilizzato, partendo da un modello di ricerca induttiva basato sul caso studio, uno degli strumenti più utilizzati della metodologia qualitativa: l'intervista. La ricerca qualitativa intende capire come le persone in un determinato contesto sociale sperimentano e percepiscono le cose (Creswell, 2014). Ciò è generalmente considerato appropriato per creare chiarezza all'interno di uno specifico campo, concetto, fenomeno o argomento di ricerca caratterizzato da confusione o ambiguità. Lo studio è progredito attraverso tre diverse fasi. La prima fase riguarda una literature review su heritage e trasformazione digitale. Inoltre, è stata effettuata anche una revisione della letteratura sull'argomento "dynamica capability" per rispondere alla domanda di ricerca e creare un framework teorico. La definizione di questi costrutti mi ha permesso di avere una maggiore padronanza della letteratura scientifica su questi temi. La seconda fase ha riguardato l'individuazione dei settori e delle aziende per i quali potrebbe svolgersi un approfondito caso di studio qualitativo. Dopo aver considerato alcuni settori la ricerca ha deciso di concentrarsi sull'industria dello Champagne; in quanto è un settore caratterizzato da un forte heritage e da una forte tradizione. Durante la terza fase, ho raccolto i dati nella Maison Taittinger durante un periodo di visiting di 4 mesi (da Marzo a Giugno 2019). Questa ricerca si basa su 2 casi di studio. Il primo caso di studio (Maison Taittinger) analizzato con 8 interviste e analisi di materiale secondario (dati d'archivio, riviste, libri, ecc.). Il secondo caso di studio (Maison Krug) è stato analizzato solo con dati secondari.
In literature, much has been written about the two founding constructs of this research: heritage and digital transformation. But, very few articles have related these two constructs, above all no research has been done on how heritage, if activated, can itself become a dynamic capability that helps companies face the challenge of digital transformation. In addition, this research focused on the Champagne sector, a traditional, élite and very conservative market. A context in which heritage plays a fundamental role in distinguishing itself from other competitors. What is fundamental is that many companies are aware of the historicity within themselves but, taking it a little for granted, they cannot make fun of this. This research aims to analyze the relationship between heritage and digital transformation. The idea behind this research is to consider heritage as a dynamic capability, a skill that can be "activated". A literature review on digital transformation has shown that heritage often plays a "conservative" role, a sort of resistance to changes, especially digital ones. The history, traditions, people and strategies that characterized that company have created a trajectory that is difficult to change. Starting from a general question: what relationship is there between heritage and digital transformation? I then focused on: RQ1: To which of the 3 dynamic capabilities can the heritage be traced? RQ2: Is it possible to hypothesize the conditions for activating the heritage? The heritage construct is often linked to the concept of family business, craftsmanship and product quality. But more generally, enhancing the history of a company, making it relevant for the present and for the future, it allows brands to differentiate themselves and create a competitive advantage, to communicate their values, create an emotional connection with the consumer and affirm their own authenticity. To answer the research questions that guided this study, I used, starting from an inductive research model based on the case study, one of the most used tools of the qualitative methodology: the interview. Qualitative research intends to understand how people in a certain social setting experience and perceives things (Creswell, 2014). Such is generally considered appropriate by means of creating clarity within a specific field, concept, phenomenon or research topic marked by confusion or ambiguity. The study progressed through three different stages. The first stage concerns desk analysis about heritage and digital transformation. In addition, a literature review on the topic "dynamic capability" was also carried out to answer the research question. Defining these constructs has allowed me to have a greater command of the scientific literature on these issues. The second stage involved the identification of sectors and companies for which an in-depth qualitative case study could take place. After considering a number of sectors the researches decided to focus on Champagne industry; as a sector characterized by strong heritage and strong tradition. During the third stage, I collected data in Maison Taittinger during a fourth-month period in 2019. This research is based on 2 case studies. The first case study (Maison Taittinger) analyzes with 8 interviews and analysis of secondary material (archival data, journals, books, etc). The second case study (Maison Krug) was analyzed only with secondary data.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'expliciter l'organisation économique du secteur agroalimentaire en se concentrant sur la question du rapport de force entre les secteurs amont et aval à chacun des stades de la production et de la commercialisation des produits alimentaires. Nous partons de l'étude concrète d'une relation entre producteurs et transformateurs: la relation entre vignerons et négociants sur le marché du vin de Champagne, et de l'étude plus générale des relations entre producteurs et distributeurs. Ces études nous permettent de formuler trois questions économiques qui sont ensuite analysées tour à tour, grâce aux outils de la théorie de l'organisation industrielle (théorie des contrats et relations verticales). Chaque question s'inscrit dans l'un des volets du triptyque " Contrat-Structure-Réglementation ", qui réunit les trois déterminants des rapports de force dans les relations verticales. Une première partie montre comment la forme du contrat d'échange, spécifiant les caractéristiques des transactions (quantités, prix, délais. . . ), influe sur le partage du profit entre acteurs. Nous montrons que le contrat adopté par l'interprofession champenoise permet de rééquilibrer un rapport de force initialement défavorable aux vignerons et d'améliorer le bien être social. Une deuxième partie montre comment les structures des filières verticales (intensité de la concurrence, intégration verticale. . . ) déterminent le rapport de force entre acteurs. Nous montrons comment d'un côté, les négociants par leur concentration et de l'autre, les vignerons par la commercialisation directe, parviennent à modifier la part du profit global qu'ils captent. Une troisième partie montre l'impact de l'interdiction de la revente à perte sur l'intensité de la concurrence entre une grande surface et un commerce de proximité. Nous montrons que les pratiques de revente à perte sont favorisées par l'inversion du rapport de force en faveur des distributeurs.

Ce travail, stratigraphique, resulte de l'exploitation des donnees de terrain acquises lors des levers de cartes geologiques a 1/50 000 de la bordure sud du bassin parisien. Cinq profils decrits entre le blanc et la vallee de la loire permettent de proposer des datations pour les differents facies rencontres. A l'ouest de la region etudiee le callovien et l'oxfordien inferieur sont absents. Au centre le bathonien manque completement. A partir de saint-amand-montrond, le callovien apparait et devient complet a proximite de la vallee de la loire. Il existe donc une lacune dont le maximum d'extension est bathonien inferieur a oxfordien moyen, sur une plate-forme carbonatee bordee a l'est par le fosse de la loire et s'ouvrant a l'ouest sur l'atlantique en cours d'ouverture. Les variations de facies et d'epaisseurs avec apparition de facies particuliers (evaporites), sont lies a une tectonique synsedimentaire active au cours du bajocien et du bahtonien. De grands accidents de socle de direction armoricaine ont rejoue en blocs bascules, comme "l'accident sud du bassin de paris" responsable de la structure anticlinale maille-arpheuilles-chateauroux.

The Book of Hours of Louis De Roucy was a magnificent manuscript, illuminated by a pupil of the so-called Master of the Troyes Missal. In the inauspicious date of 2009, like many others, the Book of Hours of Louis De Roucy was also the victim of an act of biblioclasm in Germany. Professor Carla Rossi, thanks to the WayBack Recovery(c) method, has found 99% of the manuscript’s iconographic cycle and over a hundred text leaves, thus digitally reconstructing the book and providing a virtual facsimile edition. In the Office of the Dead’s first lesson, the text is extremely rare and, according to K. Ottosen, is only found in sources from Châlons-en-Champagne. This non-negligible detail, alongside the textual reconstruction of other prayers in the final section of the manuscript, allows for the tracing of its production as well as its first owner in a Champenois environment. This geographical location gains support (in che senso?) from the All Saints miniature, depicting St Stephen in the foreground, since Stephen himself is infact the patron saint of the cathedral of Châlons-en-Champagne. In at least six initials appears a heraldic shield, made of a lion rampant azure, langued and armed gules. In the 15th century this shield belonged to Jean VII, Count de Roucy-Pierrepont and Sire de Montmirail, in accordance with the wishes of his mother Jeanne. As a matter of fact, in 1438 she signed a document in which she undertook to leave all her possessions to her son, on condition that the latter used her father’s (Jean VI, Count de Braine and de Roucy-Pierrepont, died at Azincourt in 1415) heraldic coat of arms. Jean VII, in turn, without any legitimate heirs, left his title as well as his heraldic coat of arms to Louis (1465-1536), his illegitimate son from the relationship with Isabelle de Montchâlons. The teenage male patron depicted on folio 191v, kneeling before the Virgin in a full-page miniature to the 'O intemerata' prayer, is likely Louis himself. The obsessive presence of the De Roucy coat of arms in the manuscript may be explained by the de facto legitimisation of the young aristocrat.

This chapter traces people's networks of care and kin, coupled with the healing practices that these relations engender, through their various interests in fagara within Dakar's health sectors, both formal and informal, before following the plant to Paris, France, to Cotonou, Benin, to Reims, Champagne-Ardenne, and finally back to Senegal. Despite the attention that many people give to fagara, it is important to understand that its effectiveness is contingent upon social networks that render the knowledge and care derived from this traditional plant variable. This both explains why fagara is seen to “work” in Senegal, while it also accounts for the range of less successful attempts to have the plant accepted and embraced in other parts of West Africa and beyond.

The concept of terroir as a complex interaction among soil, climate, biology, and human intervention is introduced in section 1.1. The belief that the soil in a par­ticular vineyard imparts a distinctive character to the resulting wine is strong in Europe, but less so in the New World. The special character or personality of a wine may be confined to just one small block, less than 0.5 ha, for example, the “core block” within L’Enclos of Château Latour in the Bordeaux region (Borde­lais) of France. Alternatively, a special character may be attributed more widely to wines from an appellation (the commune Pauillac) or to a subregion such as the Haut-Médoc. But soil is very variable in the landscape (chapter 1), so that as the vineyard area increases, the character of a wine is less and less likely to show a dis­tinctive and defining influence of the soil. Soil variation, in combination with a variation in the mesoclimate (section 1.3.2), will mask a clear, intense expression of the underlying terroir. The grape variety, cultural practices, and the wine maker will then dominate the wine character. Thus, the true influence of terroir can only be satisfactorily studied for small areas. As pointed out in section 8.2.1, soil information is typically collected at a low sampling density over large areas to produce general-purpose soil classifica­tions. The resulting soil maps are necessarily of a small scale (e.g., 1:1,000,000), which means the information about small areas (1–10 ha) is unlikely to be very accurate (see box 8.1). Hence, intensive soil surveys, with at least 6 soil pits per ha, are necessary to study the soil factor in terroir when soil variation can be mapped at a large scale (1:5,000). Further, with more widespread use of precision viticulture technology, as discussed in section 5.3.5, the variation in specific soil properties (e.g., depth to an impeding B horizon and soil strength) can be mea­sured at intervals of about 2 m and mapped at a very large scale (>1:1,000). At a small scale (representing a large area), we can make generalizations, such as that soils on limestone or chalk in Burgundy, Champagne, and the Loire Val­ley in France are highly regarded for producing distinctive wines.