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1
Heckeberg, Nicola S. « The systematics of the Cervidae : a total evidence approach ». PeerJ 8 (18 février 2020) : e8114. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8114.
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Systematic relationships of cervids have been controversial for decades. Despite new input from molecular systematics, consensus could only be partially reached. The initial, gross (sub) classification based on morphology and comparative anatomy was mostly supported by molecular data. The rich fossil record of cervids has never been extensively tested in phylogenetic frameworks concerning potential systematic relationships of fossil cervids to extant cervids. The aim of this work was to investigate the systematic relationships of extant and fossil cervids using molecular and morphological characters and make implications about their evolutionary history based on the phylogenetic reconstructions. To achieve these objectives, molecular data were compiled consisting of five nuclear markers and the complete mitochondrial genome of 50 extant and one fossil cervids. Several analyses using different data partitions, taxon sampling, partitioning schemes, and optimality criteria were undertaken. In addition, the most extensive morphological character matrix for such a broad cervid taxon sampling was compiled including 168 cranial and dental characters of 41 extant and 29 fossil cervids. The morphological and molecular data were analysed in a combined approach and other comprehensive phylogenetic reconstructions. The results showed that most Miocene cervids were more closely related to each other than to any other cervids. They were often positioned between the outgroup and all other cervids or as the sister taxon to Muntiacini. Two Miocene cervids were frequently placed within Muntiacini. Plio- and Pleistocene cervids could often be affiliated to Cervini, Odocoileini or Capreolini. The phylogenetic analyses provide new insights into the evolutionary history of cervids. Several fossil cervids could be successfully related to living representatives, confirming previously assumed affiliations based on comparative morphology and introducing new hypotheses. New systematic relationships were observed, some uncertainties persisted and resolving systematics within certain taxa remained challenging.
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THOMPSON, R. C. A., A. C. BOXELL, B. J. RALSTON, C. C. CONSTANTINE, R. P. HOBBS, T. SHURY et M. E. OLSON. « Molecular and morphological characterization ofEchinococcusin cervids from North America ». Parasitology 132, no 3 (29 novembre 2005) : 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182005009170.
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Many issues concerning the taxonomy ofEchinococcushave been resolved in recent years with the application of molecular tools. However, the status ofEchinococcusmaintained in transmission cycles involving cervid intermediate hosts remains to be determined. The recent characterization of the parasite from cervids in Finland has highlighted the paucity of data available, particularly that from North America. In this study, we have characterized a large number ofEchinococcusisolates from cervids from Western Canada on the basis of morphology and molecular genetic techniques. Our results support earlier studies suggesting thatEchinococcusof cervid origin is phenotypically and genetically distinct toEchinococcusmaintained in domestic host assemblages, and also confirms thatEchinococcusof cervid origin does not constitute a genetically homogeneous group. However, our data do not support the existence of 2 distinct genotypes (strains/subspecies) with separate geographical distributions. Our data appear to support the existence of only 1 species in cervids, but additional isolates from cervids and wolves in other endemic regions should be characterized before a final decision is made on the taxonomic status ofEchinococcusin cervids.
3
Pfeffer, Sabine E., Sabrina Dressel, Märtha Wallgren, Jonas Bergquist et Christer Kalén. « Browsing Damage on Scots Pine : Direct and Indirect Effects of Landscape Characteristics, Moose and Deer Populations ». Diversity 14, no 9 (6 septembre 2022) : 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14090734.
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Reducing browsing damages from cervids (Cervidae) on economically valuable tree species is a challenging task in many countries. Apart from cervid abundance, landscape characteristics, such as forest composition, land use, forage availability and climatic conditions, may affect the degree of browsing through both direct and indirect effects. A better understanding of basic mechanisms in this complex system is needed to design efficient and convincing management strategies. Focusing on Sweden as a case, which has been widely studied using regression analyses only, we applied path analysis to test the validity of a model on the indirect and direct links between landscape characteristics, cervid populations, and browsing damages on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Our results validated the tested model in which moose (Alces alces) density and pine availability directly influence browsing damages. Increasing amounts of pine forests, preferred deciduous trees, and young forest had positive direct effects on moose densities and thereby indirectly contributed to increased browsing damages. The density of smaller deer species showed no direct effect on browsing damages on pine. Path analysis corroborated our attempt to disentangle direct and indirect potential causal drivers of browsing damages and shows that the choice of statistical method may alter the understanding of mechanistic driving forces.
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Croitor, Roman, Denis Zakharov et Vladislav Mararescul. « Deer from the Early Pliocene Prioziornoe, Kuchurgan River Valley (Moldova, Eastern Europe) ». Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 297, no 3 (1 septembre 2020) : 324–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2020/0931.
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We here describe new cervid material from the rich Early Pliocene fauna of Priozernoe situated on the western slope of the lower part of the valley of Kuchurgan River (Eastern Moldova). An important part of this study aims the taxonomy and systematics of the Kuchurgan cervids. A new genus is established for the small muntjaclike cervids from the Pliocene of Italy, Central and South-eastern Europe. The fauna of Priozernoe contains three cervid species: Praeelaphus australorientalis Croitor, 2017, Procapreolus moldavicus (Janovskaya, 1954), and Eostyloceros pidoplitschkoi Korotkevich, 1964, which we propose to include in a new genus. Such a characteristic association of cervid species resembles the fauna from Priozernoe to Beresti (Romania), suggesting the similar geological age. Our results confirm the earlier conclusions on the fauna Priozernoe as the youngest among Kuchurgan faunas and its close affinity with the Moldavian faunal assemblage from the Carbolia Beds.
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McFREDERICK, QUINN S., TAMARA S. HASELKORN, GUILHERME G. VEROCAI et JOHN JAENIKE. « CrypticOnchocercaspecies infecting North American cervids, with implications for the evolutionary history of host associations inOnchocerca ». Parasitology 140, no 10 (6 novembre 2012) : 1201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012001758.
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SUMMARYParasites in the genusOnchocercainfect humans, ruminants, camels, horses, suids, and canids, with effects ranging from relatively benign to debilitating. In North America,Onchocerca cervipedisis the sole species known to infect cervids, while at least 5Onchocercaspecies infect Eurasian cervids. In this study, we report the discovery of a cervid-parasitizingOnchocercaonly distantly related toO. cervipedis. To reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the genusOnchocerca, we used newly acquired DNA sequence fromO. cervipedis(from moose in Northwest Territories, Canada) and from the newly discovered species (from white-tailed deer in upstate New York), as well as previously published sequences. Ancestral host reconstructions suggest that host switches have been common throughout the evolutionary history ofOnchocerca, and that bovid- and cervid-parasitizing species have been particularly important sources of descendant species. North America cervids might therefore serve as a source forOnchocercainvasions into new hosts. Given the high density of deer populations, the potential for zoonotic infections may also exist. Our discovery of a newOnchocercaspecies with relatively limited sampling suggests that the diversity ofOnchocercaassociated with cervids in North America may be greater than previously thought, and surveys utilizing molecules and morphology are necessary.
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Mutebi, John-Paul, Abigail A. Mathewson, Susan P. Elias, Sara Robinson, Alan C. Graham, Patti Casey et Charles B. Lubelczyk. « Use of Cervid Serosurveys to Monitor Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Activity in Northern New England, United States, 2009–2017 ». Journal of Medical Entomology 59, no 1 (4 novembre 2021) : 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab133.
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Abstract Vertebrate surveillance for eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) activity usually focuses on three types of vertebrates: horses, passerine birds, and sentinel chicken flocks. However, there is a variety of wild vertebrates that are exposed to EEEV infections and can be used to track EEEV activity. In 2009, we initiated a pilot study in northern New England, United States, to evaluate the effectiveness of using wild cervids (free-ranging white-tailed deer and moose) as spatial sentinels for EEEV activity. In Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont during 2009–2017, we collected blood samples from hunter-harvested cervids at tagging stations and obtained harvest location information from hunters. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention processed the samples for EEEV antibodies using plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs). We detected EEEV antibodies in 6 to 17% of cervid samples in the different states and mapped cervid EEEV seropositivity in northern New England. EEEV antibody-positive cervids were the first detections of EEEV activity in the state of Vermont, in northern Maine, and northern New Hampshire. Our key result was the detection of the antibodies in areas far outside the extent of documented wild bird, mosquito, human case, or veterinary case reports of EEEV activity in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. These findings showed that cervid (deer and moose) serosurveys can be used to characterize the geographic extent of EEEV activity, especially in areas with low EEEV activity or with little or no EEEV surveillance. Cervid EEEV serosurveys can be a useful tool for mapping EEEV activity in areas of North America in addition to northern New England.
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Arifin, Maria Immaculata, Samia Hannaoui, Sheng Chun Chang, Simrika Thapa, Hermann M. Schatzl et Sabine Gilch. « Cervid Prion Protein Polymorphisms : Role in Chronic Wasting Disease Pathogenesis ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no 5 (25 février 2021) : 2271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052271.
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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease found in both free-ranging and farmed cervids. Susceptibility of these animals to CWD is governed by various exogenous and endogenous factors. Past studies have demonstrated that polymorphisms within the prion protein (PrP) sequence itself affect an animal’s susceptibility to CWD. PrP polymorphisms can modulate CWD pathogenesis in two ways: the ability of the endogenous prion protein (PrPC) to convert into infectious prions (PrPSc) or it can give rise to novel prion strains. In vivo studies in susceptible cervids, complemented by studies in transgenic mice expressing the corresponding cervid PrP sequence, show that each polymorphism has distinct effects on both PrPC and PrPSc. It is not entirely clear how these polymorphisms are responsible for these effects, but in vitro studies suggest they play a role in modifying PrP epitopes crucial for PrPC to PrPSc conversion and determining PrPC stability. PrP polymorphisms are unique to one or two cervid species and most confer a certain degree of reduced susceptibility to CWD. However, to date, there are no reports of polymorphic cervid PrP alleles providing absolute resistance to CWD. Studies on polymorphisms have focused on those found in CWD-endemic areas, with the hope that understanding the role of an animal’s genetics in CWD can help to predict, contain, or prevent transmission of CWD.
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Kincheloe, James M., Amy R. Horn-Delzer, Dennis N. Makau et Scott J. Wells. « Chronic Wasting Disease Transmission Risk Assessment for Farmed Cervids in Minnesota and Wisconsin ». Viruses 13, no 8 (11 août 2021) : 1586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081586.
Texte intégralRésumé :
CWD (chronic wasting disease) has emerged as one of the most important diseases of cervids and continues to adversely affect farmed and wild cervid populations, despite control and preventive measures. This study aims to use the current scientific understanding of CWD transmission and knowledge of farmed cervid operations to conduct a qualitative risk assessment for CWD transmission to cervid farms and, applying this risk assessment, systematically describe the CWD transmission risks experienced by CWD-positive farmed cervid operations in Minnesota and Wisconsin. A systematic review of literature related to CWD transmission informed our criteria to stratify CWD transmission risks to cervid operations into high-risk low uncertainty, moderate-risk high uncertainty, and negligible-risk low uncertainty categories. Case data from 34 CWD-positive farmed cervid operations in Minnesota and Wisconsin from 2002 to January 2019 were categorized by transmission risks exposure and evaluated for trends. The majority of case farms recorded high transmission risks (56%), which were likely sources of CWD, but many (44%) had only moderate or negligible transmission risks, including most of the herds (62%) detected since 2012. The presence of CWD-positive cervid farms with only moderate or low CWD transmission risks necessitates further investigation of these risks to inform effective control measures.
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Kurt, Timothy D., Matthew R. Perrott, Carol J. Wilusz, Jeffrey Wilusz, Surachai Supattapone, Glenn C. Telling, Mark D. Zabel et Edward A. Hoover. « Efficient In Vitro Amplification of Chronic Wasting Disease PrPRES ». Journal of Virology 81, no 17 (6 juin 2007) : 9605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00635-07.
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ABSTRACT Chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids is associated with conversion of the normal cervid prion protein, PrPC, to a protease-resistant conformer, PrPCWD. Here we report the use of both nondenaturing amplification and protein-misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) to amplify PrPCWD in vitro. Normal brains from deer, transgenic mice expressing cervid PrPC [Tg(cerPrP)1536 mice], and ferrets supported amplification. PMCA using normal Tg(cerPrP)1536 brains as the PrPC substrate produced >6.5 × 109-fold amplification after six rounds. Highly efficient in vitro amplification of PrPCWD is a significant step toward detection of PrPCWD in the body fluids or excreta of CWD-susceptible species.
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Wyrobisz-Papiewska, Anna, Jerzy Kowal, Elżbieta Łopieńska-Biernat, Paweł Nosal, Iwona Polak, Łukasz Paukszto et Steffen Rehbein. « Morphometric and Molecular Analyses of Ostertagia leptospicularis Assadov, 1953 from Ruminants : Species Diversity or Host Influence ? » Animals 11, no 1 (14 janvier 2021) : 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010182.
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Ostertagia leptospicularis Assadov, 1953 was formally described in roe deer Capreolus capreolus and has been reported in a wide range of ruminants, including other Cervidae, as well as Bovidae. Nematode specimens derived from various host species exhibit morphological similarity; however, some differences can be observed. It is unclear if this is due to the differential reaction of one nematode species in different host species (i.e., host-induced changes) or because of distinct nematode species in these hosts (i.e., species complex). This paper focuses on specimens resembling O. leptospicularis f. leptospicularis and its closely related species (Ostertagia ostertagi f. ostertagi) collected from various hosts. Morphometric and molecular techniques were applied to assess host-induced changes in nematode morphology and to clarify its systematic classification. There was an overall effect of host species on measurements of nematodes resembling O. leptospicularis (both males and females), but the distinctiveness of the specimens from cattle Bos taurus were highlighted. The results obtained may suggest that the specimens of O. leptospicularis from cattle in Germany and cervids in central Europe belong to different strains. Furthermore, nematodes from the cervid strain appear to circulate within particular host species, which can be seen in the stated morphological variations.
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Nelson, Jeffrey T., Kathleen A. Orloski, Audra L. Lloyd, Mark Camacho, Mark A. Schoenbaum, Suelee Robbe-Austerman, Bruce V. Thomsen et S. Mark Hall. « Evaluation of Serodiagnostic Assays forMycobacterium bovisInfection in Elk, White-Tailed Deer, and Reindeer in the United States ». Veterinary Medicine International 2012 (2012) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/563293.
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In 2011, the United States Department of Agriculture conducted a project in which elk (Cervus elaphusspp.), white-tailed deer (WTD) (Odocoileus virginianus), and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) were evaluated by the single cervical tuberculin test (SCT), comparative cervical tuberculin test (CCT), and serologic tests. The rapid antibody detection tests evaluated were the CervidTB Stat-Pak (Stat-Pak), and the Dual Path Platform VetTB (DPP). Blood was collected from presumably uninfected animals prior to tuberculin injection for the SCT. A total of 1,783 animals were enrolled in the project. Of these, 1,752 (98.3%) were classified as presumably uninfected, based on originating from a captive cervid herd with no history of exposure to TB. Stat-Pak specificity estimates were 92.4% in reindeer, 96.7% in WTD, and 98.3% in elk and were not significantly different from SCT specificity estimates. Using the DPP in series on Stat-Pak antibody-positive samples improved specificity in the three species. Thirty one animals were classified as confirmed infected, based on necropsy and laboratory results, and 27/31 were antibody positive on Stat-Pak for an estimated sensitivity of 87.1%. The study findings indicate that rapid serologic tests used in series are comparable to the SCT and CCT and may have a greater ability to detect TB-infected cervids.
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LaFauci, Giuseppe, Richard I. Carp, Harry C. Meeker, Xuemin Ye, Jae I. Kim, Michael Natelli, Marisol Cedeno, Robert B. Petersen, Richard Kascsak et Richard Rubenstein. « Passage of chronic wasting disease prion into transgenic mice expressing Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) PrPC ». Journal of General Virology 87, no 12 (1 décembre 2006) : 3773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82137-0.
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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) of elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) is one of three naturally occurring forms of prion disease, the others being Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans and scrapie in sheep. In the last few decades, CWD has spread among captive and free-ranging cervids in 13 US states, two Canadian provinces and recently in Korea. The origin of the CWD agent(s) in cervids is not known. This study describes the development of a transgenic mouse line (TgElk) homozygous for a transgene array encoding the elk prion protein (PrPC) and its use in propagating and simulating CWD in mice. Intracerebral injection of one mule deer and three elk CWD isolates into TgElk mice led to disease with incubation periods of 127 and 95 days, respectively. Upon secondary passage, the incubation time was reduced to 108 and 90 days, respectively. Upon passage into TgElk mice, CWD prions (PrPSc) maintained the characteristic Western blot profiles seen in CWD-affected mule deer and elk and produced histopathological modifications consistent with those observed in the natural disease. The short incubation time observed on passage from cervid to mouse with both mule deer and elk CWD brain homogenates and the demonstrated capacity of the animals to propagate (mouse to mouse) CWD agents make the TgElk line a valuable model to study CWD agents in cervid populations. In addition, these results with this new transgenic line suggest the intriguing hypothesis that there could be more than one strain of CWD agent in cervids.
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Perrott, Matthew R., Christina J. Sigurdson, Gary L. Mason et Edward A. Hoover. « Evidence for distinct chronic wasting disease (CWD) strains in experimental CWD in ferrets ». Journal of General Virology 93, no 1 (1 janvier 2012) : 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.035006-0.
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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an evolving prion disease of cervids (deer, elk and moose) that has been recognized in North America and Korea. Infection of non-cervid reservoir or transport species in nature is not reported. However, the ferret (Mustela putorius furo) is susceptible to CWD after experimental inoculation. Here, we report that infection of ferrets with either of two ferret CWD isolates by various routes of exposure has revealed biologically distinct strain-like properties distinguished by different clinical progression and survival period. The isolates of ferret CWD were also differentiated by the distribution of the infectious prion protein (PrPCWD) in the brain and periphery, and by the proteinase K sensitivity of PrPCWD. These findings suggest that diversity in prion conformers exists in CWD-infected cervids.
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Noor, Ivan Yusufi, et Erna Suzanna. « Analisis Genetika : Sebuah Catatan Singkat Mengenai Penerapannya pada Suku Cervidae (Rusa dan Kijang) ». Media Konservasi 14, no 1 (20 mars 2009) : 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/medkon.14.1.40-52.
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This papaer presents a bref note of genetically based studyof Cervidae. Many genetically based studies were performed on Cervids n last 20 years, and thidse are about many species, aspects and objectives. Most of these study using genetic analysis as the basic methods, and those objectives are : (1) to reveal genetic variability among populationa or individuals; to determine sex, individual, subspecies or species; to perform phylogenetic relationship and evolution and forensics. The importance of those kind of studies are reveal a variety of genetics informations that are relevant and usefull for population management and conservation. Using allof informations that are releaved from previous and recent study, it is possible to applying genetic analysis on Cervids of Indonesia. Genetics markers and methods that are necessary for these kind of study have been availbe, and the objectives of study, such as 5 species of deer and muntak of Indonesia, were ready to be explored.
Keywords: Cervidae, Genetics Analysis, Genetic Markers, Objectives and Methods
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Silaghi, Cornelia, Julia Fröhlich, Hubert Reindl, Dietmar Hamel et Steffen Rehbein. « Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia Species of Sympatric Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus), Fallow Deer (Dama dama), Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in Germany ». Pathogens 9, no 11 (20 novembre 2020) : 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110968.
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(1) Background: Wild cervids play an important role in transmission cycles of tick-borne pathogens; however, investigations of tick-borne pathogens in sika deer in Germany are lacking. (2) Methods: Spleen tissue of 74 sympatric wild cervids (30 roe deer, 7 fallow deer, 22 sika deer, 15 red deer) and of 27 red deer from a farm from southeastern Germany were analyzed by molecular methods for the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia species. (3) Results: Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia DNA was demonstrated in 90.5% and 47.3% of the 74 combined wild cervids and 14.8% and 18.5% of the farmed deer, respectively. Twelve 16S rRNA variants of A. phagocytophilum were delineated. While the infection rate for A. phagocytophilum among the four cervid species was similar (71.4% to 100%), it varied significantly for Babesia between roe deer (73.3%), fallow deer (14.3%), sika deer (27.3%) and red deer (40.0%). Deer ≤2 years of age tested significantly more often positive than the older deer for both A. phagocytophilum and Babesia species. (4) Conclusions: This study confirms the widespread occurrence of A. phagocytophilum and Babesia species in wild cervids and farmed red deer in Germany and documents the co-occurrence of the two tick-borne pathogens in free-ranging sika deer.
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LAVIKAINEN, A., M. J. LEHTINEN, T. MERI, V. HIRVELÄ-KOSKI et S. MERI. « Molecular genetic characterization of the Fennoscandian cervid strain, a new genotypic group (G10) of Echinococcus granulosus ». Parasitology 127, no 3 (septembre 2003) : 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003003780.
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The northern biotype of Echinococcus granulosus occurs in North America and northern Eurasia in life-cycles involving cervids. Previously, cervid isolates of E. granulosus from North America have been characterized using molecular genetic techniques as the G8 genotype. In this study, 5 isolates of E. granulosus were collected from 4 reindeer and 1 moose in north-eastern Finland. DNA sequences within regions of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase I (NDI) genes and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) fragment of the ribosomal DNA were analysed. The mitochondrial nucleotide sequences were identical in all isolates, but high sequence variation was found in the ITS-1 region. Mitochondrial and nuclear sequences of the Finnish cervid E. granulosus and the camel strain (G6) of E. granulosus resembled closely each other. According to phylogenetic analyses, the Finnish isolates have close relationships also with the pig (G7) and cattle (G5) strains. Although some similarities were found with the previously published North American cervid strain (G8), particularly in the NDI sequence and some of the ITS-1 clones, the Finnish E. granulosus form represents a distinct, previously undescribed genotype of E. granulosus. The novel genotype is hereby named as the Fennoscandian cervid strain (G10).
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Korzekwa, Anna J., et Angelika M. Kotlarczyk. « Artificial Reproductive Technology (ART) Applied to Female Cervids Adapted from Domestic Ruminants ». Animals 11, no 10 (11 octobre 2021) : 2933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102933.
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There are about 150 Cervidae species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Only a small part is counted among farm animals, and most of them are free roaming. The universality and large numbers of representatives of cervids such as red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) may predispose these species to be used as models for research on reintroduction or assisted reproduction of deer at risk of extinction. We outlined the historical fluctuation of cervids in Europe and the process of domestication, which led to breeding management. Consequently, the reproductive techniques used in domestic ruminants were adapted for use in female deer which we reviewed based on our results and other available results. We focused on stress susceptibility in cervids depending on habitat and antropopression and proposed copeptin as a novel diagnostic parameter suitable for stress determination. Some reproductive biotechniques have been adopted for female cervids with satisfactory results, e.g., in vitro fertilization, while others still require methodological refinement, e.g., cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos.
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Chiavacci, Scott J. « The economic costs of chronic wasting disease in the United States ». PLOS ONE 17, no 12 (8 décembre 2022) : e0278366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278366.
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Cervids are economically important to a wide range of stakeholders and rights holders in the United States. The continued expansion of chronic wasting disease (CWD), a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting wild and farmed cervids, poses a direct and indirect threat to state and federal government agency operations and cervid related economic activity. However, the scale of this disease’s direct economic costs is largely unknown. I synthesized existing publicly available data and stakeholder-provided data to estimate CWD’s costs within the continental United States. Federal government agencies collectively spent over $284.1 million on CWD-related efforts between 2000 and 2021, with $203.6 million of this total being spent by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. In fiscal year 2020, state natural resources agencies and state agriculture/animal health agencies spent over $25.5 million and $2.9 million, respectively, on CWD-related work. Natural resources agencies in states with known CWD cases spent over 8 times as much on CWD as agencies from states with no known cases. The farmed cervid industry spent at least $307,950 on CWD sampling in 2020, though a lack of available data prevented a complete assessment of costs to this industry. Based on limited data, CWD’s economic effects on the hunting industry (i.e., outfitters and guides, companies leasing land to cervid hunters), may be negligible at this time. Overall, however, the realized economic costs of CWD appear considerable, and it is likely that the number of stakeholders financially affected by this disease and regulations meant to stem its spread will continue to grow. By understanding the current economic impacts of CWD, we are better positioned to assess the costs and benefits of investments in management and research and to understand the magnitude of this disease’s broader societal impacts.
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Tripodi, Letizia, Giuseppe Ru, Fabrizio Lazzara, Lucia Caterina Florio, Cinzia Cocco, Daniela Meloni, Mazza Maria et al. « Chronic Wasting Disease Monitoring in Italy 2017–2019 : Neuropathological Findings in Cervids ». Pathogens 11, no 4 (26 mars 2022) : 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11040401.
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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease that affects cervids; it is classified under transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). CWD is particularly contagious, making its eradication in endemic areas very difficult and creating serious problems for cervid conservation and breeding. It has recently become an emerging public health risk to be managed by health authorities. Starting in 2017, active CWD surveillance in Italy has intensified with the monitoring of wild and farmed cervids. The present study summarizes findings from a histopathological survey of the brains from wild ruminants collected via CWD monitoring between 2017 and 2019. A total of 113 brains from 62 red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 51 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) were submitted for analysis at the National Reference Center for Animal Encephalopathies (CEA) to determine major patterns of neuropathological lesions and correlated pathogens. Brain lesions were detected in 20 animals, 10 brain samples were unsuitable for examination, and 83 presented no lesions. Neuropathological examination revealed non-suppurative encephalitis or meningoencephalitis in most cases (15/20). This brain study revealed evidence for the absence of CWD in Italy and provided a reference spectrum of neuropathological lesions for differential diagnosis in cervids.
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Croitor, Roman. « Paleobiogeography of Crown Deer ». Earth 3, no 4 (6 novembre 2022) : 1138–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth3040066.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article describes the paleobiogeographic history of the modern subfamilies so-called “crown deer” of the family Cervidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) in the world from the late Miocene to the late Pleistocene. The study overviews the taxonomic diversity and evolutionary radiation of Cervidae from all zoogeographic realms where this systematic group is present in the paleontological record. The evolutionary diversification of the fossil Cervidae is based on the estimations of species body masses that are regarded here as a proxy of occupied ecological niches. The study reveals two important evolutionary radiations of Cervidae during the late Miocene of Eurasia that gave the origin of the modern subfamilies Cervinae and Capreolinae. The evolutionary radiation of Capreolinae during the Pleistocene in South America shows a range of diversity comparable to the late Miocene radiations of Old World deer and provides multiple examples of evolutionary convergences with Eurasian Pleistocene cervids. The article discusses factors that shaped the modern biogeographic distribution of representatives of the subfamilies Cervinae and Capreolinae.
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Heckeberg, Nicola S., Dirk Erpenbeck, Gert Wörheide et Gertrud E. Rössner. « Systematic relationships of five newly sequenced cervid species ». PeerJ 4 (4 août 2016) : e2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2307.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cervid phylogenetics has been puzzling researchers for over 150 years. In recent decades, molecular systematics has provided new input for both the support and revision of the previous results from comparative anatomy but has led to only partial consensus. Despite all of the efforts to reach taxon-wide species sampling over the last two decades, a number of cervid species still lack molecular data because they are difficult to access in the wild. By extracting ancient DNA from museum specimens, in this study, we obtained partial mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences forMazama bricenii,Mazama chunyi,Muntiacus atherodes,Pudu mephistophiles, andRusa marianna, including three holotypes. These new sequences were used to enrich the existing mitochondrial DNA alignments and yielded the most taxonomically complete data set for cervids to date. Phylogenetic analyses provide new insights into the evolutionary history of these five species. However, systematic uncertainties withinMuntiacuspersist and resolving phylogenetic relationships withinPuduandMazamaremain challenging.
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Huaman, Jose L., Carlo Pacioni, David M. Forsyth, Anthony Pople, Jordan O. Hampton, Teresa G. Carvalho et Karla J. Helbig. « Detection and Characterisation of an Endogenous Betaretrovirus in Australian Wild Deer ». Viruses 14, no 2 (27 janvier 2022) : 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020252.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are the remnants of past retroviral infections that once invaded the host’s germline and were vertically transmitted. ERV sequences have been reported in mammals, but their distribution and diversity in cervids are unclear. Using next-generation sequencing, we identified a nearly complete genome of an endogenous betaretrovirus in fallow deer (Dama dama). Further genomic analysis showed that this provirus, tentatively named cervid endogenous betaretrovirus 1 (CERV β1), has typical betaretroviral genome features (gag-pro-pol-env) and the betaretrovirus-specific dUTPase domain. In addition, CERV β1 pol sequences were detected by PCR in the six non-native deer species with wild populations in Australia. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that CERV β1 sequences from subfamily Cervinae clustered as sister taxa to ERV-like sequences in species of subfamily Muntiacinae. These findings, therefore, suggest that CERV β1 endogenisation occurred after the split of these two subfamilies (between 3.3 and 5 million years ago). Our results provide important insights into the evolution of betaretroviruses in cervids.
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Vozdova, Miluse, Svatava Kubickova, Halina Cernohorska, Jan Fröhlich, Natália Martínková et Jiri Rubes. « Sequence Analysis and FISH Mapping of Four Satellite DNA Families among Cervidae ». Genes 11, no 5 (24 mai 2020) : 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11050584.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Centromeric and pericentromeric chromosome regions are occupied by satellite DNA. Satellite DNAs play essential roles in chromosome segregation, and, thanks to their extensive sequence variability, to some extent, they can also be used as phylogenetic markers. In this paper, we isolated and sequenced satellite DNA I-IV in 11 species of Cervidae. The obtained satellite DNA sequences and their chromosomal distribution were compared among the analysed representatives of cervid subfamilies Cervinae and Capreolinae. Only satI and satII sequences are probably present in all analysed species with high abundance. On the other hand, fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with satIII and satIV probes showed signals only in a part of the analysed species, indicating interspecies copy number variations. Several indices, including FISH patterns, the high guanine and cytosine (GC) content, and the presence of centromere protein B (CENP-B) binding motif, suggest that the satII DNA may represent the most important satellite DNA family that might be involved in the centromeric function in Cervidae. The absence or low intensity of satellite DNA FISH signals on biarmed chromosomes probably reflects the evolutionary reduction of heterochromatin following the formation of chromosome fusions. The phylogenetic trees constructed on the basis of the satellite I-IV DNA relationships generally support the present cervid taxonomy.
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Veselovská, Alexandra, Peter Smolko et Rudolf Kropil. « A Key for the Microhistological Determination of Plant Fragments Consumed by Carpathian Forest Cervids ». Forests 12, no 9 (9 septembre 2021) : 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091229.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We present a microhistological key for identification of plant fragments consumed and partially digested by free-roaming, forest cervids based on collection of 92 plant species representing forage availability of the Western Carpathian forests. The key represents a determination tool to facilitate microhistological analyses of faecal and ruminal material. We summarized, integrated, and developed current knowledge on microstructures of plants consumed by Cervidae using specific diagnostic features of plant fragments including type, shape, orientation, and arrangement of cells and stomata, type of venation, presence, and type of trichomes and crystalline inclusions. Since most plant species of the same taxa show common patterns in morphology of the different epidermal traits, we categorized collected material into seven functional botanical groups, i.e., grasses and sedges, herbs and leaves of broadleaved trees, needles, ferns and mosses, seeds and fruits, and genera Rubus, Rosa, Vaccinium. The key is consistent with classifications used in the majority of studies on diet of wild cervids and is supported with photographs of the main diagnostics features. The key has the potential to decrease amount of time needed for processing of the reference material, and to improve consistency between users studying feeding behaviour of forest cervids in central Europe.
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Wang, Yu, Chenzhou Zhang, Nini Wang, Zhipeng Li, Rasmus Heller, Rong Liu, Yue Zhao et al. « Genetic basis of ruminant headgear and rapid antler regeneration ». Science 364, no 6446 (20 juin 2019) : eaav6335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav6335.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Ruminants are the only extant mammalian group possessing bony (osseous) headgear. We obtained 221 transcriptomes from bovids and cervids and sequenced three genomes representing the only two pecoran lineages that convergently lack headgear. Comparative analyses reveal that bovid horns and cervid antlers share similar gene expression profiles and a common cellular basis developed from neural crest stem cells. The rapid regenerative properties of antler tissue involve exploitation of oncogenetic pathways, and at the same time some tumor suppressor genes are under strong selection in deer. These results provide insights into the evolutionary origin of ruminant headgear as well as mammalian organ regeneration and oncogenesis.
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Mauget, Christiane, et Robert Mauget. « Maternal investment and reproductive success in Chinese water deer ». Current Zoology 55, no 2 (1 avril 2009) : 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/55.2.102.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Among cervids, maternal investment, estimated as the amount of resources and care allocated to the offspring, was expected to be related to species body size. Therefore, maternal investment in a herd of captive Chinese water deer Hydropotes inermis, a relatively small species of cervid, was investigated over 3 years. Except during the lactation period, reproductive females spent about 2-fold more time resting than feeding. During lactation, the amount of time spent feeding increased highly (25.3 min/h during lactation vs 17.3 min/h during the gestation period). Females spent less than 30% of time in communal behaviours with offspring. They did not reject alien fawns during this care period. Frequency and duration of suckling events decreased exponentially from the second week onwards. More than 10% of suckling bouts were non-filial. Prenatal investment leads to a mean litter mass (about 12% of maternal mass) higher than in most cervid species. Postnatal investment in fawns represents a daily mass gain of ca. 85 g/d during the first 2 weeks, without any sexual difference. Female production, timing and synchrony of births and survival of fawns characterized reproductive success. Seventy percent of mature females gave birth, with a mean of 1.9 offspring per female. The sex ratio was even. Births were synchronous, 80% of births occurring in 25 days. In this herd, 0.74 fawn per female was successfully weaned and 0.56 fawn per female survived through their first year. Based on these results we conclude that reproductive strategy of Chinese water deer was efficient and characterized by mother-offspring relationships typical of hiders and high levels of pre- and postnatal investments. This strategy seems typical of small species of cervids without marked sexual dimorphism.
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Reuland, Charel, Leigh W. Simmons, Stefan Lüpold et John L. Fitzpatrick. « Weapons Evolve Faster Than Sperm in Bovids and Cervids ». Cells 10, no 5 (29 avril 2021) : 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10051062.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In polyandrous species, males face reproductive competition both before and after mating. Sexual selection thus shapes the evolution of both pre- and postcopulatory traits, creating competing demands on resource allocation to different reproductive episodes. Traits subject to strong selection exhibit accelerated rates of phenotypic divergence, and examining evolutionary rates may inform us about the relative importance and potential fitness consequences of investing in traits under either pre- or postcopulatory sexual selection. Here, we used a comparative approach to assess evolutionary rates of key competitive traits in two artiodactyl families, bovids (family Bovidae) and cervids (family Cervidae), where male–male competition can occur before and after mating. We quantified and compared evolutionary rates of male weaponry (horns and antlers), body size/mass, testes mass, and sperm morphometrics. We found that weapons evolve faster than sperm dimensions. In contrast, testes and body mass evolve at similar rates. These results suggest strong, but differential, selection on both pre- and postcopulatory traits in bovids and cervids. Furthermore, we documented distinct evolutionary rates among different sperm components, with sperm head and midpiece evolving faster than the flagellum. Finally, we demonstrate that, despite considerable differences in weapon development between bovids and cervids, the overall evolutionary patterns between these families were broadly consistent.
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Lam, Y. M., Xingbin Chen et O. M. Pearson. « Intertaxonomic Variability in Patterns of Bone Density and the Differential Representation of Bovid, Cervid, and Equid Elements in the Archaeological Record ». American Antiquity 64, no 2 (avril 1999) : 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694283.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Intertaxonomic differences in skeletal element representation in archaeological faunas may reflect preferences in the procurement, processing, transport, and/or consumption of these species by prehistoric foragers. However, the possibility that they also may result from preservational bias must be addressed before behavioral attributes of human hunters may be inferred. For example, at many archaeological sites, the remains of equids exhibit a different pattern of skeletal element representation than those of bovids and cervids. To evaluate the significance of such differences, this study examines intertaxonomic variability in patterns of bone density, the attribute most commonly employed as a proxy measure of resistance to destructive processes. Density data derived for a bovid (Connachaetes taurinus), a cervid (Rangifer tarandus), and two species of equid (Equus burchelli and E. przewalskii) exhibited very similar patterns, suggesting that values for one species may be used to interpret the survival patterns for other species of generally similar morphology. The differences in skeletal element representation between bovid, cervid, and equid species observed in archaeological faunas do not correspond with bone density and thus likely indicate selective treatment by human or other biotic agents.
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Fonti, Niccolò, Maria Irene Pacini, Mario Forzan, Francesca Parisi, Marcello Periccioli, Maurizio Mazzei et Alessandro Poli. « Molecular and Pathological Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) and Fallow Deer (Dama dama) in Central Italy ». Veterinary Sciences 9, no 3 (24 février 2022) : 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9030100.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common causative agent of acute hepatitis in the world, with a serious public health burden in both developing and industrialized countries. Cervids, along with wild boars and lagomorphs, are the main wild hosts of HEV in Europe and constitute a documented source of infection for humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of HEV in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) living in Tuscany, Central Italy. Liver samples from 48 roe deer and 60 fallow deer were collected from carcasses during the hunting seasons. Following the results obtained from molecular and histopathologic studies, 5/48 (10.4%) roe deer and 1/60 (1.7%) fallow deer liver samples were positive for the presence of HEV RNA. All PCR-positive livers were also IHC-positive for viral antigen presence, associated with degenerative and inflammatory lesions with predominantly CD3+ cellular infiltrates. This study represents the first identification in Italy of HEV RNA in roe and fallow deer and the first study in literature describing liver alterations associated with HEV infection in cervids. These results demonstrate that HEV is present in wild cervid populations in Italy and confirm the potential zoonotic role of these species.
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Hedlin, Peter, Ryan Taschuk, Andrew Potter, Philip Griebel et Scott Napper. « Detection and Control of Prion Diseases in Food Animals ». ISRN Veterinary Science 2012 (29 février 2012) : 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/254739.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, represent a unique form of infectious disease based on misfolding of a self-protein (PrPC) into a pathological, infectious conformation (PrPSc). Prion diseases of food animals gained notoriety during the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) outbreak of the 1980s. In particular, disease transmission to humans, to the generation of a fatal, untreatable disease, elevated the perspective on livestock prion diseases from food production to food safety. While the immediate threat posed by BSE has been successfully addressed through surveillance and improved management practices, another prion disease is rapidly spreading. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, has been confirmed in wild and captive populations with devastating impact on the farmed cervid industries. Furthermore, the unabated spread of this disease through wild populations threatens a natural resource that is a source of considerable economic benefit and national pride. In a worst-case scenario, CWD may represent a zoonotic threat either through direct transmission via consumption of infected cervids or through a secondary food animal, such as cattle. This has energized efforts to understand prion diseases as well as to develop tools for disease detection, prevention, and management. Progress in each of these areas is discussed.
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Evans, Tyler S., Krysten L. Schuler et W. David Walter. « Surveillance and Monitoring of White-Tailed Deer for Chronic Wasting Disease in the Northeastern United States ». Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 5, no 2 (1 juin 2014) : 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/032014-jfwm-021.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease that affects both wild and captive cervid populations. In the past 45 y, CWD has spread from northern Colorado to all bordering states, as well as the midwestern United States (Midwest) and northeastern United States (Northeast), Canada, and South Korea. Because CWD is a relatively new issue for wildlife management agencies in the Northeast, we surveyed a representative (e.g., cervid biologist, wildlife veterinarian) from 14 states to gain a better understanding of state-specific surveillance measures. Between 2002 and 2012, New York (37,093) and Pennsylvania (35,324) tested the greatest number of harvested white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus in the Northeast. Additionally, the 14 states surveyed have tested 121,730 harvested deer, or approximately 15,216/y, since CWD was first detected in 2005. The most common tissues used by agencies in the Northeast for testing were retropharyngeal lymph nodes, which have been determined to be the most reliable in detecting CWD in cervids. Understanding CWD surveillance efforts at a regional scale can help to provide guidance for the development of new surveillance plans or the improvement of existing ones. Furthermore, collaborations among state and regional agencies in the Northeast may attempt to identify deficiencies in surveillance by state or subregion.
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Lobão-Tello, Esteban Reyes, Enrique Paredes et María José Navarrete-Talloni. « Sarcocystis spp. in red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama), and pudu (Pudu pudu) in southern Chile ». Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no 8 (août 2017) : 874–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000800016.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACT: Worldwinde, cervids are considered an important source of infection and dissemination of a wide variety of pathogens, both for farm animals and humans. Among this diseases is sarcosporidiosis, which is a parasitic disease caused by Sarcocystis spp. (Protozoa: Apicomplexa). Most frequent clinical signs are hemolytic anemia, weakness, weight loss and decrease of growth and some species of Sarcocystis might cause abortions. The clinical disease in ruminants is fairly rare but the infection is very frequent. Infections are accumulative and the parasite does not generate immunity in any of the hosts. Ovine sarcosporidiosis is a serious issue in the some regions of Chile due to the macrocysts located in the muscle which means condemnation of the whole carcass. Sarcocystis spp. has been widely reported in red deer and other cervid species but in Chile the situation remains unknown. Nowadays there is little to no evidence of Sarcocystis in foreign deer in Chile and there is only one report of the parasite on pudu. The main goal of this study is to demonstrate the presence of Sarcocystis spp. in myocardium of red deer and fallow deer in Chile, and confirm the presence of Sarcocystis spp. in pudu. All cervid cases from 1994 to 2013 of the Institute of Animal Pathology of the Universidad Austral de Chile were reviewed. The animals selected were those in which a myocardium sample was taken. From the histopathological samples observed, it was found that 5 of the 9 red deer, 1 of the 4 fallow deer and in 11 of the 23 pudu there were Sarcocystis cysts in the myocardium. This study represents the first record for Chile of Sarcocystis spp. in myocardium of red deer and fallow deer. Stablishing the red deer, fallow deer and pudu as hosts of Sarcocystis aids to have a better understanding of the parasite epidemiology in Chile and the role of wild and captive cervids in the maintenance and spread of these parasites.
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Rosa Correia, Francisco, Sofia Luís, Pedro Valente Fernandes, Maria João Valente et António Faustino Carvalho. « Hunter-herders in the limestone massif of Estremadura : Middle Neolithic fauna from the Pena d’Água rock-shelter (Torres Novas, Portugal) ». Estudos do Quaternário / Quaternary Studies, no 13 (22 décembre 2015) : 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30893/eq.v0i13.103.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Pena d’Água Rock-shelter (Torres Novas, Portugal) was excavated in 1992–2000, revealing a long stratigraphic and cultural sequence including Middle Neolithic occupations. A preliminary study on its fauna was published by Valente (1998) based on the 1992–1994 material, but the 1997–2000 campaigns remained unstudied. The aim of this study is to present the full fauna analysis of the layer Db, dated from the earlier phases of that period.
Like other assemblages from the same time frame in the area, the fauna collection understudy is small. Its bones showed several surface and chemical alterations due to sediment pressure, exposure to fire and water percolation. Regarding the taxonomical abundances, most remains were classified as rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and sheep and/or goat (Ovis aries/Capra hircus). A few specimens of cervid, fox (Vulpes vulpes) and bird were also identified.
The other fauna assemblages from the region show either the prevalence of the caprine component (as in Pena d’Água) or a higher abundance of cervids. This trend may reflect a specialized animal exploitation and we propose that the Middle Neolithic human communities in the Limestone Massif had a subsistence strategy based on caprine exploration, supplemented by some cervid (red deer) hunting. These hunter-herders groups were probably highly mobile and may have practiced some kind of transhumance (or itinerant pastoralism), for which the details are still unknown.
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Nonno, Romolo, Michele A. Di Bari, Laura Pirisinu, Claudia D’Agostino, Ilaria Vanni, Barbara Chiappini, Stefano Marcon et al. « Studies in bank voles reveal strain differences between chronic wasting disease prions from Norway and North America ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no 49 (23 novembre 2020) : 31417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013237117.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a relentless epidemic disorder caused by infectious prions that threatens the survival of cervid populations and raises increasing public health concerns in North America. In Europe, CWD was detected for the first time in wild Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and moose (Alces alces) in 2016. In this study, we aimed at comparing the strain properties of CWD prions derived from different cervid species in Norway and North America. Using a classical strain typing approach involving transmission and adaptation to bank voles (Myodes glareolus), we found that prions causing CWD in Norway induced incubation times, neuropathology, regional deposition of misfolded prion protein aggregates in the brain, and size of their protease-resistant core, different from those that characterize North American CWD. These findings show that CWD prion strains affecting Norwegian cervids are distinct from those found in North America, implying that the highly contagious North American CWD prions are not the proximate cause of the newly discovered Norwegian CWD cases. In addition, Norwegian CWD isolates showed an unexpected strain variability, with reindeer and moose being caused by different CWD strains. Our findings shed light on the origin of emergent European CWD, have significant implications for understanding the nature and the ecology of CWD in Europe, and highlight the need to assess the zoonotic potential of the new CWD strains detected in Europe.
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Burlinski, P., P. Janiszewski, Anna Kroll et S. Gonkowski. « Parasitofauna in the gastrointestinal tract of the Cervids (Cervidae) in northern Poland ». Acta veterinaria 61, no 2-3 (2011) : 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/avb1103269b.
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Daszkiewicz, Tomasz. « Meat (Longissimus lumborum Muscle) Quality in Males of the Family Cervidae ». Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E : Food Technology 26, no 2 (1 décembre 2022) : 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aucft-2022-0013.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The quality of the longissimus lumborum muscle has been compared in male moose, red deer, fallow der and roe deer from wild populations. The results of this study indicated that Cervid meat had favorable chemical composition and high sensory quality but its properties were affected by the species of the animal. The highest quality was characterized roe deer meat. It was found that her meat had the best water-holding capacity and was most tender, and intramuscular fat had highest nutritional value. However, due to the high diversity and variation of factors affecting game meat quality, further research is needed to confirm the observed interspecific differences between members of the family Cervidae.
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Bluzma, Petras, et Rimantas Baleišis. « The Cervid (Cervidae) Monitoring in Lithuania (1993-1998) : Abundance, Dynamics and Distribution ». Acta Zoologica Lituanica 9, no 1 (janvier 1999) : 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13921657.1999.10512264.
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Herbst, Allen, Serene Wohlgemuth, Jing Yang, Andrew R. Castle, Diana Martinez Moreno, Alicia Otero, Judd M. Aiken, David Westaway et Debbie McKenzie. « Susceptibility of Beavers to Chronic Wasting Disease ». Biology 11, no 5 (26 avril 2022) : 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11050667.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious, fatal, neurodegenerative prion disease of cervids. The expanding geographical range and rising prevalence of CWD are increasing the risk of pathogen transfer and spillover of CWD to non-cervid sympatric species. As beavers have close contact with environmental and food sources of CWD infectivity, we hypothesized that they may be susceptible to CWD prions. We evaluated the susceptibility of beavers to prion diseases by challenging transgenic mice expressing beaver prion protein (tgBeaver) with five strains of CWD, four isolates of rodent-adapted prions and one strain of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. All CWD strains transmitted to the tgBeaver mice, with attack rates highest from moose CWD and the 116AG and H95+ strains of deer CWD. Mouse-, rat-, and especially hamster-adapted prions were also transmitted with complete attack rates and short incubation periods. We conclude that the beaver prion protein is an excellent substrate for sustaining prion replication and that beavers are at risk for CWD pathogen transfer and spillover.
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Herbst, Allen, Serene Wohlgemuth, Jing Yang, Andrew R. Castle, Diana Martinez Moreno, Alicia Otero, Judd M. Aiken, David Westaway et Debbie McKenzie. « Susceptibility of Beavers to Chronic Wasting Disease ». Biology 11, no 5 (26 avril 2022) : 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11050667.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious, fatal, neurodegenerative prion disease of cervids. The expanding geographical range and rising prevalence of CWD are increasing the risk of pathogen transfer and spillover of CWD to non-cervid sympatric species. As beavers have close contact with environmental and food sources of CWD infectivity, we hypothesized that they may be susceptible to CWD prions. We evaluated the susceptibility of beavers to prion diseases by challenging transgenic mice expressing beaver prion protein (tgBeaver) with five strains of CWD, four isolates of rodent-adapted prions and one strain of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. All CWD strains transmitted to the tgBeaver mice, with attack rates highest from moose CWD and the 116AG and H95+ strains of deer CWD. Mouse-, rat-, and especially hamster-adapted prions were also transmitted with complete attack rates and short incubation periods. We conclude that the beaver prion protein is an excellent substrate for sustaining prion replication and that beavers are at risk for CWD pathogen transfer and spillover.
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Houszka, Marek, Jolanta Piekarska, Magdalena Podkowik, Michał Gorczykowski et Jacek Bania. « Morphology and molecular study of Fascioloides magna – a growing threat to cervids (Cervidae) in Poland ». Journal of Veterinary Research 60, no 4 (1 décembre 2016) : 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2016-0065.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Introduction: The giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, has spread across Europe over the years posing a serious threat to the Polish cervid population. Material and Methods: Macroscopic and histopathological studies of the liver of 22 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 10 red deer (Cervus elaphus), and 6 fallow deer (Dama dama) were performed. Species determination of the recovered liver flukes and eggs was performed by PCR protocol amplifying fragments of ribosomal DNA (ITS2), according to a standard method. Results: The presence of F. magna was confirmed in three (13.6%) roe deer, seven (70.0%) red deer, and two (33.3%) fallow deer. The fluke eggs were found only in the stools of five red deer and one fallow deer. Conclusion: This study presents detailed pathological and histopathological changes in the liver of wild Polish cervids, including roe deer, which were subjected to such study for the first time. The hepatic lesions typical for different stages of liver cirrhosis varied depending on the host species and stage of the disease.
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Панченко, Данила Владимирович, Петр Иванович Данилов, Константин Феликсович Тирронен, Danila Panchenko, Pyotr Danilov et Konstantin Tirronen. « STATE AND MANAGEMENT OF CERVID (CERVIDAE FAMILY) POPULATIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF KARELIA ». Proceedings of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no 4 (26 avril 2018) : 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17076/them808.
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Loikkanen, Emil, Satu Oristo, Natalia Hämäläinen, Pikka Jokelainen, Tuija Kantala, Antti Sukura et Leena Maunula. « Antibodies Against Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in European Moose and White-Tailed Deer in Finland ». Food and Environmental Virology 12, no 4 (7 septembre 2020) : 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-020-09442-0.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The main animal reservoirs of zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) are domestic pigs and wild boars, but HEV also infects cervids. In this study, we estimated the prevalence of HEV in Finnish cervid species that are commonly hunted for human consumption. We investigated sera from 342 European moose (Alces alces), 70 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and 12 European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). The samples had been collected from legally hunted animals from different districts of Finland during 2008–2009. We analysed the samples for total anti-HEV antibodies using a double-sandwich ELISA assay. Seropositive sera were analysed with RT-qPCR for HEV RNA. HEV seroprevalence was 9.1% (31/342) in moose and 1.4% (1/70) in white-tailed deer. None of the European roe deer were HEV seropositive (0/12). No HEV RNA was detected from samples of seropositive animals. HEV seropositive moose were detected in all districts. Statistically, HEV seroprevalence in moose was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the North-East area compared to the South-West area. The highest HEV seroprevalence (20.0%) in district level was more than six times higher than the lowest (3.1%). We demonstrated the presence of total anti-HEV antibodies in European moose and white-tailed deer in Finland. Our results suggest that HEV is circulating among the moose population. Infections may occur also in white-tailed deer. We were the first to report a HEV seropositive white-tailed deer from Europe. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the HEV genotypes in cervids in Finland and to evaluate the importance of the findings in relation to food safety.
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Perrott, Matthew R., Christina J. Sigurdson, Gary L. Mason et Edward A. Hoover. « Mucosal transmission and pathogenesis of chronic wasting disease in ferrets ». Journal of General Virology 94, no 2 (1 février 2013) : 432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.046110-0.
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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids is almost certainly transmitted by mucosal contact with the causative prion, whether by direct (animal-to-animal) or indirect (environmental) means. Yet the sites and mechanisms of prion entry remain to be further understood. This study sought to extend this understanding by demonstrating that ferrets exposed to CWD via several mucosal routes developed infection, CWD prion protein (PrPCWD) amplification in lymphoid tissues, neural invasion and florid transmissible spongiform encephalopathy lesions resembling those in native cervid hosts. The ferrets developed extensive PrPCWD accumulation in the nervous system, retina and olfactory epithelium, with lesser deposition in tongue, muscle, salivary gland and the vomeronasal organ. PrPCWD accumulation in mucosal sites, including upper respiratory tract epithelium, olfactory epithelium and intestinal Peyer’s patches, make the shedding of prions by infected ferrets plausible. It was also observed that regionally targeted exposure of the nasopharyngeal mucosa resulted in an increased attack rate when compared with oral exposure. The latter finding suggests that nasal exposure enhances permissiveness to CWD infection. The ferret model has further potential for investigation of portals for initiation of CWD infection.
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Kasarda, R., N. Moravčíková, R. Židek, G. Mészáros, O. Kadlečík, A. Trakovická et J. Pokorádi. « Investigation of the genetic distances of bovids and cervids using BovineSNP50k BeadChip ». Archives Animal Breeding 58, no 1 (4 mars 2015) : 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-58-57-2015.
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Abstract. This study presents the application of BovineSNP50 BeadChip for genome-wide screening of two taurine breeds (Bos primigenius taurus) and Zebu (Bos primigenius indicus), and two species from the family Cervidae: red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama). The aim of the paper was to evaluate the use of bovine array for cross-species genotyping and analyse single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) distribution, diversity within groups of animals and genetic distance among analysed species. The number of polymorphic SNPs decreased with the increase of phylogenetic distance between species, which also reflected a decrease in call rate (from 99.54 to 61.19%). The minor allele frequency (MAF) values were significantly different between species and ranged from 0.18 ± 15 (Zebu) to 0.26 ± 0.14 (Pinzgau). The subsequent analyses of genetic diversity were based on the polymorphic loci detected in cervids. Differences in the expected heterozygosity was low (0.06), on average 0.34. In analysed groups the FIS values were close to zero, which suggested low SNP variance within them. The value of FIT indicated homozygote excess in evaluated individuals. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that most of the variability was distributed within all individuals. Observed genetic distances within and across groups of animals suggested that taurine cattle and cervids were more distant. The study results showed that genotyping array prepared for model species can be applied not only to organisms for which was developed, but can be also successfully used in closely related and more phylogenetically divergent species.
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Meijaard, E., et C. P. Groves. « Morphometrical relationships between South-east Asian deer (Cervidae, tribe Cervini) : evolutionary and biogeographic implications ». Journal of Zoology 263, no 2 (juin 2004) : 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952836904005011.
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Fontoura, Emmanuelle, José Darival Ferreira, Jamile Bubadué, Ana Maria Ribeiro et Leonardo Kerber. « Virtual brain endocast of Antifer (Mammalia : Cervidae), an extinct large cervid from South America ». Journal of Morphology 281, no 10 (20 août 2020) : 1223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21243.
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Sigurdson, Christina J., Terry R. Spraker, Michael W. Miller, Bruno Oesch et Edward A. Hoover. « PrPCWD in the myenteric plexus, vagosympathetic trunk and endocrine glands of deer with chronic wasting disease ». Journal of General Virology 82, no 10 (1 octobre 2001) : 2327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-82-10-2327.
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Accumulated evidence in experimental and natural prion disease systems supports a neural route of infectious prion spread from peripheral sites of entry to the central nervous system. However, little is known about prion trafficking routes in cervids with a naturally occurring prion disease known as chronic wasting disease (CWD). In the brain, the pathogenic isoform of the prion protein (PrPCWD) accumulates initially in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. To assess whether alimentary-associated neural pathways may play a role in prion trafficking, neural and endocrine tissues from mule deer naturally infected with CWD (n=6) were examined by immunohistochemistry. PrPCWD was detected in the myenteric plexus, vagosympathetic trunk, nodose ganglion, pituitary, adrenal medulla and pancreatic islets. No to scant PrPCWD staining was detected in other nerves or ganglia (brachial plexus, sciatic nerve, gasserian ganglion, coeliac ganglion, cranial cervical ganglion, spinal nerve roots) of CWD-positive deer and no PrPCWD was detected in nerves or endocrine tissues from 11 control deer. These findings suggest that: (i) transit of PrPCWD in nerves, either centrifugally or centripetally, is one route of prion trafficking and organ invasion and (ii) endocrine organs may also be targets for cervid pathogenic prion accumulation.
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Gowtage-Sequeira, S., A. Paterson, K. P. Lyashchenko, S. Lesellier et M. A. Chambers. « Evaluation of the CervidTB STAT-PAK for the Detection of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Wild Deer in Great Britain ». Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no 10 (5 août 2009) : 1449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00178-09.
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ABSTRACT Deer are acknowledged as hosts of Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), and determining the prevalence of infection in deer species is one of the key steps in understanding the epidemiological role played by cervids in the transmission and maintenance of bTB in the United Kingdom. This study evaluated a rapid lateral-flow test for the detection of bTB in samples from wild deer species in the United Kingdom. Fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and red deer (Cervus elaphus) from areas in Wales, the Cotswolds, and southwestern England were necropsied for a bTB survey. Serum samples from individual deer were tested with the CervidTB STAT-PAK, and the results were evaluated against the culture of M. bovis from tissues (n = 432). Sensitivity and specificity were 85.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 42.1 to 99.6%) and 94.8% (95% CI, 92.3 to 96.7%), respectively, with an odds ratio of 109.9 (95% CI, 12.7 to 953.6%) for a positive STAT-PAK result among culture-positive deer. The low prevalence of infection (3.8%, n = 860) affected the confidence of the sensitivity estimate of the test, but all culture-positive fallow deer (n = 6) were detected by the test. In addition, antibodies to M. bovis could be detected in poor-quality serum samples. The results suggest that the CervidTB STAT-PAK could be deployed as a field test for further evaluation.
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Duque Velásquez, Camilo, Chiye Kim, Allen Herbst, Nathalie Daude, Maria Carmen Garza, Holger Wille, Judd Aiken et Debbie McKenzie. « Deer Prion Proteins Modulate the Emergence and Adaptation of Chronic Wasting Disease Strains ». Journal of Virology 89, no 24 (30 septembre 2015) : 12362–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02010-15.
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ABSTRACTTransmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) between cervids is influenced by the primary structure of the host cellular prion protein (PrPC). In white-tailed deer,PRNPalleles encode the polymorphisms Q95 G96 (wild type [wt]), Q95 S96 (referred to as the S96 allele), and H95 G96 (referred to as the H95 allele), which differentially impact CWD progression. We hypothesize that the transmission of CWD prions between deer expressing different allotypes of PrPCmodifies the contagious agent affecting disease spread. To evaluate the transmission properties of CWD prions derived experimentally from deer of fourPRNPgenotypes (wt/wt, S96/wt, H95/wt, or H95/S96), transgenic (tg) mice expressing the wt allele (tg33) or S96 allele (tg60) were challenged with these prion agents. Passage of deer CWD prions into tg33 mice resulted in 100% attack rates, with the CWD H95/S96 prions having significantly longer incubation periods. The disease signs and neuropathological and protease-resistant prion protein (PrP-res) profiles in infected tg33 mice were similar between groups, indicating that a prion strain (Wisc-1) common to all CWD inocula was amplified. In contrast, tg60 mice developed prion disease only when inoculated with the H95/wt and H95/S96 CWD allotypes. Serial passage in tg60 mice resulted in adaptation of a novel CWD strain (H95+) with distinct biological properties. Transmission of first-passage tg60CWD-H95+isolates into tg33 mice, however, elicited two prion disease presentations consistent with a mixture of strains associated with different PrP-res glycotypes. Our data indicate that H95-PRNPheterozygous deer accumulated two CWD strains whose emergence was dictated by the PrPCprimary structure of the recipient host. These findings suggest that CWD transmission between cervids expressing distinct PrPCmolecules results in the generation of novel CWD strains.IMPORTANCECWD prions are contagious among wild and captive cervids in North America and in South Korea. We present data linking the amino acid variant Q95H in white-tailed deer cellular prion protein (PrPC) to the emergence of a novel CWD strain (H95+). We show that, upon infection, deer expressing H95-PrPCmolecules accumulated a mixture of CWD strains that selectively propagated depending on thePRNPgenotype of the host in which they were passaged. Our study also demonstrates that mice expressing the deer S96-PRNPallele, previously shown to be resistant to various cervid prions, are susceptible to H95+CWD prions. The potential for the generation of novel strains raises the possibility of an expanded host range for CWD.
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TAJCHMAN, K., Ż. STEINER-BOGDASZEWSKA et P. ŻÓŁKIEWSKI. « REQUIREMENTS AND ROLE OF SELECTED MICRO AND MACRO ELEMENTS IN NUTRITION OF CERVIDS (CERVIDAE) - REVIEW ». Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 16, no 6 (2018) : 7669–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1606_76697686.
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