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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Cerebellum model »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 31 juillet 2025

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1

Mitoma, Hiroshi, Mario Manto, and Aasef G. Shaikh. "Alcohol Toxicity in the Developing Cerebellum." Diagnostics 14, no. 13 (2024): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14131415.

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The impact of ethanol on the fetus is a significant concern as an estimated 2–5% of live births may be affected by prenatal alcohol exposure. This exposure can lead to various functional and structural abnormalities in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, diencephalon, and cerebellum, resulting in region-specific symptoms. The deficits relate to the motor and cognitive domains, affecting, in particular, general intelligence, attention, executive functions, language, memory, visual perception, and social skills—collectively called the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Recent studies sugges

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Mwachaka, Philip Maseghe, Peter Gichangi, Adel Abdelmalek, Paul Odula, and Julius Ogeng’o. "Effect of Maternal Folate Use on Offsprings' Cerebellar Morphometric Parameters: An Experimental Study in A Rat Model." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 11, no. 3 (2023): 8685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2023.161.

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Background: Folate is an important nutrient in fetal and early postnatal brain development, and its supplementation during pregnancy has been widely recommended. Folate supplementation has been linked to improved cerebellar function, specifically motor and neuropsychological abilities. It is still unclear exactly how folate affects the cerebellum's structural growth. This study aimed to describe the effects of maternal folate use on cerebellum postnatal development. Methods: Twelve adults (6–8 week old) female rats (Rattus norwegicus) were randomly divided into four groups and fed one of four

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Kotani, Osamu, Tadaki Suzuki, Masaru Yokoyama, et al. "Intracerebral Inoculation of Mouse-Passaged Saffold Virus Type 3 Affects Cerebellar Development in Neonatal Mice." Journal of Virology 90, no. 21 (2016): 10007–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00864-16.

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ABSTRACTSaffold virus (SAFV), a human cardiovirus, is occasionally detected in infants with neurological disorders, including meningitis and cerebellitis. We recently reported that SAFV type 3 isolates infect cerebellar glial cells, but not large neurons, in mice. However, the impact of this infection remained unclear. Here, we determined the neuropathogenesis of SAFV type 3 in the cerebella of neonatal ddY mice by using SAFV passaged in the cerebella of neonatal BALB/c mice. The virus titer in the cerebellum increased following the inoculation of each of five passaged strains. The fifth passa

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Kiffmeyer, Elizabeth A., Jameson A. Cosgrove, Jenna K. Siganos, et al. "Deficits in Cerebellum-Dependent Learning and Cerebellar Morphology in Male and Female BTBR Autism Model Mice." NeuroSci 3, no. 4 (2022): 624–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurosci3040045.

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Recently, there has been increased interest in the role of the cerebellum in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To better understand the pathophysiological role of the cerebellum in ASD, it is necessary to have a variety of mouse models that have face validity for cerebellar disruption in humans. Here, we add to the literature on the cerebellum in mouse models of autism with the characterization of the cerebellum in the idiopathic BTBR T + Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) inbred mouse strain, which has behavioral phenotypes that are reminiscent of ASD in patients. When we examined both male and female BTBR mice

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Pollok, Bettina, Joachim Gross, Daniel Kamp, and Alfons Schnitzler. "Evidence for Anticipatory Motor Control within a Cerebello-Diencephalic-Parietal Network." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 5 (2008): 828–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20506.

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The posterior parietal cortex and the cerebellum are assumed to contribute to anticipatory motor control. Thus, it is reasonable that these areas act as a functional unit. To identify a neural signature of anticipatory motor control, 11 healthy volunteers performed a bimanual finger-tapping task with respect to isochronous (i.e., regular) and randomized (i.e., irregular) auditory pacing. Neuromagnetic activity was recorded using a 122-channel whole-head neuromagnetometer. Functional interaction between spatially distributed brain areas was determined by measures of tap-related phase synchroniz

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Kim, Jusik, Keeeun Kim, Jung-soon Mo та Youngsoo Lee. "Atm deficiency in the DNA polymerase β null cerebellum results in cerebellar ataxia and Itpr1 reduction associated with alteration of cytosine methylation". Nucleic Acids Research 48, № 7 (2020): 3678–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa140.

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Abstract Genomic instability resulting from defective DNA damage responses or repair causes several abnormalities, including progressive cerebellar ataxia, for which the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we report a new murine model of cerebellar ataxia resulting from concomitant inactivation of POLB and ATM. POLB is one of key enzymes for the repair of damaged or chemically modified bases, including methylated cytosine, but selective inactivation of Polb during neurogenesis affects only a subpopulation of cortical interneurons despite the accumulation of DNA damage throughou

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Knolle, Franziska, Erich Schröger, Pamela Baess, and Sonja A. Kotz. "The Cerebellum Generates Motor-to-Auditory Predictions: ERP Lesion Evidence." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 3 (2012): 698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00167.

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Forward predictions are crucial in motor action (e.g., catching a ball, or being tickled) but may also apply to sensory or cognitive processes (e.g., listening to distorted speech or to a foreign accent). According to the “internal forward model,” the cerebellum generates predictions about somatosensory consequences of movements. These predictions simulate motor processes and prepare respective cortical areas for anticipated sensory input. Currently, there is very little evidence that a cerebellar forward model also applies to other sensory domains. In the current study, we address this questi

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Omotoso, Gabriel Olaiya, Leviticus Oghenevurinrin Arietarhire, Ileje Inelo Ukwubile, and Ismail Temitayo Gbadamosi. "The Protective Effect of Kolaviron on Molecular, Cellular, and Behavioral Characterization of Cerebellum in the Rat Model of Demyelinating Diseases." Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal 11, no. 5 (2020): 609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/bcn.9.10.300.

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Introduction: This study aimed at assessing the protective mechanisms of Kolaviron (KV) on the cerebellum in a rat model of demyelination. Methods: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were used in the present study. They were randomly divided into 4 groups of 7 rats. Group A (control) received corn oil (0.5 mL/kg/d); group B received 0.2% Cuprizone (CPZ); group C was treated with 200 mg/kg/d of KV, and group D received 0.2% CPZ and 200 mg/kg/d KV for 6 weeks. CPZ powder was mixed with the regular diet while KV was dissolved in corn oil and administered orally. A behavioral test was conducted at the

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Liu, Qi, Chang Liu, Yu Chen, and Yumei Zhang. "Cognitive Dysfunction following Cerebellar Stroke: Insights Gained from Neuropsychological and Neuroimaging Research." Neural Plasticity 2022 (April 15, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3148739.

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Although the cerebellum has been consistently noted in the process of cognition, the pathophysiology of this link is still under exploration. Cerebellar stroke, in which the lesions are focal and limited, provides an appropriate clinical model disease for studying the role of the cerebellum in the cognitive process. This review article targeting the cerebellar stroke population (1) describes a cognitive impairment profile, (2) identifies the cerebellar structural alterations linked to cognition, and (3) reveals possible mechanisms of cerebellar cognition using functional neuroimaging. The data

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Geminiani, Alice, Claudia Casellato, Alberto Antonietti, Egidio D’Angelo, and Alessandra Pedrocchi. "A Multiple-Plasticity Spiking Neural Network Embedded in a Closed-Loop Control System to Model Cerebellar Pathologies." International Journal of Neural Systems 28, no. 05 (2018): 1750017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065717500174.

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The cerebellum plays a crucial role in sensorimotor control and cerebellar disorders compromise adaptation and learning of motor responses. However, the link between alterations at network level and cerebellar dysfunction is still unclear. In principle, this understanding would benefit of the development of an artificial system embedding the salient neuronal and plastic properties of the cerebellum and operating in closed-loop. To this aim, we have exploited a realistic spiking computational model of the cerebellum to analyze the network correlates of cerebellar impairment. The model was modif

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Kurtaj, Lavdim, Vjosa Shatri, and Ilir Limani. "Cerebellar Model Controller with new Model of Granule Cell-golgi Cell Building Blocks and Two-phase Learning Acquires Multitude of Generalization Capabilities in Controlling Robot Joint without Exponential Growth in Complexity." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 6 (2018): 4292–309. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i6.pp4292-4309.

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Processing in the cerebellum is roughly described as feed forward processing of incoming information over three layers of the cerebellar cortex that send intermediate output to deep cerebellar nuclei, the only output from the cerebellum. Beside this main picture there are several feedback routes, mainly not included in models. In this paper we use new model for neuronal circuit of the cerebellar granule cell layer, as collection of idealized granule cell–golgi cell building blocks with capability of generating multi-dimensional receptive fields modulated by separate input coming to lower

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Shiba, Kazuhiro, Takashi Torashima, Hirokazu Hirai, et al. "Potential Usefulness of D2R Reporter Gene Imaging by IBF as Gene Therapy Monitoring for Cerebellar Neurodegenerative Diseases." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 29, no. 2 (2008): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2008.137.

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We investigated a gene expression imaging method to examine the level of therapeutic gene expression in the cerebellum. Using a human immunodeficiency virus derived lentivial vector, we expressed the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) as a reporter protein to mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells. Biodistribution and ex vivo autoradiography studies were performed by giving [125I]5-iodo-7- N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]carboxamide-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran ([125I]IBF) (1.85MBq), as a radioactive D2R ligand, to model mice expressing the D2R with an HA tag (HA-D2R) in the cerebellum. In this study, [125I]IBF w

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Kidani, Naoya, Tomohito Hishikawa, Masafumi Hiramatsu, et al. "Cerebellar Blood Flow and Gene Expression in Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis after Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 11 (2020): 4137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21114137.

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Crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) is a state of hypoperfusion and hypometabolism in the contralesional cerebellar hemisphere caused by a supratentorial lesion, but its pathophysiology is not fully understood. We evaluated chronological changes in cerebellar blood flow (CbBF) and gene expressions in the cerebellum using a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). CbBF was analyzed at two and seven days after MCAO using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). DNA microarray analysis and western blotting of the cerebellar cortex were performed and apoptotic cel

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Pinheiro, Ana, Sylvain Bouix, Nikos Makris, Michael Schwartze, Martha Shenton, and Sonja Kotz. "T163. STRUCTURAL AND CONNECTIVITY CHANGES IN THE CEREBELLUM CONTRIBUTE TO EXPERIENCING AUDITORY VERBAL HALLUCINATIONS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (2020): S293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa029.723.

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Abstract Background Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) have been explained in the context of the forward model, giving the cerebellum a prominent role. However, research utilizing multiple neuroimaging modalities has rendered results on the specificity of cerebellar contribution to AVH unclear. Methods To examine the reliability and regional specificity of cerebellar changes in AVH, a systematic search of electronic databases through October 2019 was conducted to identify neuroimaging studies of the cerebellum in psychotic patients or nonclinical participants reporting AVH, focusing on struc

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Wilson, Emma D., Tareq Assaf, Martin J. Pearson, et al. "Cerebellar-inspired algorithm for adaptive control of nonlinear dielectric elastomer-based artificial muscle." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 122 (2016): 20160547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0547.

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Electroactive polymer actuators are important for soft robotics, but can be difficult to control because of compliance, creep and nonlinearities. Because biological control mechanisms have evolved to deal with such problems, we investigated whether a control scheme based on the cerebellum would be useful for controlling a nonlinear dielectric elastomer actuator, a class of artificial muscle. The cerebellum was represented by the adaptive filter model, and acted in parallel with a brainstem, an approximate inverse plant model. The recurrent connections between the two allowed for direct use of

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Cabaraux, Pierre, Jordi Gandini, Shinji Kakei, Mario Manto, Hiroshi Mitoma, and Hirokazu Tanaka. "Dysmetria and Errors in Predictions: The Role of Internal Forward Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18 (2020): 6900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186900.

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The terminology of cerebellar dysmetria embraces a ubiquitous symptom in motor deficits, oculomotor symptoms, and cognitive/emotional symptoms occurring in cerebellar ataxias. Patients with episodic ataxia exhibit recurrent episodes of ataxia, including motor dysmetria. Despite the consensus that cerebellar dysmetria is a cardinal symptom, there is still no agreement on its pathophysiological mechanisms to date since its first clinical description by Babinski. We argue that impairment in the predictive computation for voluntary movements explains a range of characteristics accompanied by dysme

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Kotz, Sonja A., Anika Stockert, and Michael Schwartze. "Cerebellum, temporal predictability and the updating of a mental model." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1658 (2014): 20130403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0403.

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We live in a dynamic and changing environment, which necessitates that we adapt to and efficiently respond to changes of stimulus form (‘what’) and stimulus occurrence (‘when’). Consequently, behaviour is optimal when we can anticipate both the ‘what’ and ‘when’ dimensions of a stimulus. For example, to perceive a temporally expected stimulus, a listener needs to establish a fairly precise internal representation of its external temporal structure, a function ascribed to classical sensorimotor areas such as the cerebellum. Here we investigated how patients with cerebellar lesions and healthy m

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Sreelakshmy, R., Anita Titus, N. Sasirekha, et al. "An Automated Deep Learning Model for the Cerebellum Segmentation from Fetal Brain Images." BioMed Research International 2022 (June 16, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8342767.

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Cerebellum measures taken from routinely obtained ultrasound (US) images have been frequently employed to determine gestational age and identify developing central nervous system’s anatomical abnormalities. Standardized cerebellar assessments from large-scale clinical datasets are required to investigate correlations between the growing cerebellum and postnatal neurodevelopmental results. These studies could uncover structural abnormalities that could be employed as indicators to forecast neurodevelopmental and growth consequences. To achieve this, higher-throughput, precise, and impartial mea

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Kurtaj, Lavdim, Vjosa Shatri, and Ilir Limani. "Cerebellar Model Controller with new Model of Granule Cell-golgi Cell Building Blocks and Two-phase Learning Acquires Multitude of Generalization Capabilities in Controlling Robot Joint without Exponential Growth in Complexity." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 6 (2018): 4292. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i6.pp4292-4309.

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Processing in the cerebellum is roughly described as feed forward processing of incoming information over three layers of the cerebellar cortex that send intermediate output to deep cerebellar nuclei, the only output from the cerebellum. Beside this main picture there are several feedback routes, mainly not included in models. In this paper we use new model for neuronal circuit of the cerebellar granule cell layer, as collection of idealized granule cell–golgi cell building blocks with capability of generating multi-dimensional receptive fields modulated by separate input coming to lower dendr

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Cheng, Xiaoqing (Cathy), Khooshbu Kantibhai Patel, Yiwei Fu, et al. "Abstract 2634: IL34-induced Arg1 positive macrophage cells at the edge of invasion in cerebellum metastasis model of HER2-positive breast cancer." Cancer Research 85, no. 8_Supplement_1 (2025): 2634. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2025-2634.

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Abstract Brain metastases occur in about 30% breast cancer patients. The cerebellum is a frequent location for metastases in HER2-positive breast cancer patients, but the mechanisms for this is unknown. We hypothesize that the cerebellar microenvironment plays a crucial role in promoting the growth of metastatic HER2+ breast cancer cells. To study the interaction between cerebellar cells and metastatic breast cancer, we developed a syngeneic, immunocompetent mouse model for breast cancer brain metastasis, by stereotactically injecting mouse breast cancer organoids with HER2V777L; PIK3CAH1047R

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Zhang, Xu, Roeland Hancock, and Sabato Santaniello. "Transcranial direct current stimulation of cerebellum alters spiking precision in cerebellar cortex: A modeling study of cellular responses." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 12 (2021): e1009609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009609.

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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the cerebellum has rapidly raised interest but the effects of tDCS on cerebellar neurons remain unclear. Assessing the cellular response to tDCS is challenging because of the uneven, highly stratified cytoarchitecture of the cerebellum, within which cellular morphologies, physiological properties, and function vary largely across several types of neurons. In this study, we combine MRI-based segmentation of the cerebellum and a finite element model of the tDCS-induced electric field (EF) inside the cerebellum to determine the field imposed on th

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Calatrava-Ferreras, Lucía, Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado, Antonio S. Herranz, et al. "Effects of Intravenous Administration of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells in 3-Acetylpyridine-Lesioned Rats." Stem Cells International 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/135187.

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Cerebellar ataxias include a heterogeneous group of infrequent diseases characterized by lack of motor coordination caused by disturbances in the cerebellum and its associated circuits. Current therapies are based on the use of drugs that correct some of the molecular processes involved in their pathogenesis. Although these treatments yielded promising results, there is not yet an effective therapy for these diseases. Cell replacement strategies using human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (HuUCBMCs) have emerged as a promising approach for restoration of function in neurodegenerative di

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Dahmane, N., and A. Ruiz-i-Altaba. "Sonic hedgehog regulates the growth and patterning of the cerebellum." Development 126, no. 14 (1999): 3089–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.14.3089.

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The molecular bases of brain development and CNS malignancies remain poorly understood. Here we show that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling controls the development of the cerebellum at multiple levels. SHH is produced by Purkinje neurons, it is required for the proliferation of granule neuron precursors and it induces the differentiation of Bergmann glia. Blocking SHH function in vivo results in deficient granule neuron and Bergmann glia differentiation as well as in abnormal Purkinje neuron development. Thus, our findings provide a molecular model for the growth and patterning of the cerebellum

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Roger, F. BuutterWoth. "Pathophysiology of Cerebellar Dysfunction in the Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 20, S3 (1993): S123—S126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100048630.

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ABSTRACT:Cerebellar ataxia is a common presenting sign in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS). Recovery from ataxia following thiamine treatment is rarely complete, suggesting the existence of both a reversible (“biochemical”) lesion as well as irreversible, neuropathological damage. Cerebellar pathology in WKS includes severeloss of Purkinje cells in superior cerebellar vermis as well as neuronal loss from the granular layer. In addition, damage to inferior olivary nucleus could result in loss of climbing fibre input to cerebellum in this condition. Experiments using an animal model of WKS,

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Oliveira-Ferreira, Ana I., Sebastian Major, Ingo Przesdzing, Eun-Jeung Kang, and Jens P. Dreier. "Spreading depolarizations in the rat endothelin-1 model of focal cerebellar ischemia." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 40, no. 6 (2019): 1274–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x19861604.

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Focal brain ischemia is best studied in neocortex and striatum. Both show highly vulnerable neurons and high susceptibility to spreading depolarization (SD). Therefore, it has been hypothesized that these two variables generally correlate. However, this hypothesis is contradicted by findings in cerebellar cortex, which contains highly vulnerable neurons to ischemia, the Purkinje cells, but is said to be less susceptible to SD. Here, we found in the rat cerebellar cortex that elevated K+ induced a long-lasting depolarizing event superimposed with SDs. Cerebellar SDs resembled those in neocortex

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Bychkov, Maxim L., Aizek B. Isaev, Alexander A. Andreev-Andrievskiy та ін. "Aβ1-42 Accumulation Accompanies Changed Expression of Ly6/uPAR Proteins, Dysregulation of the Cholinergic System, and Degeneration of Astrocytes in the Cerebellum of Mouse Model of Early Alzheimer Disease". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, № 19 (2023): 14852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914852.

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Alzheimer disease (AD) is a widespread neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of oligomeric toxic forms of β-amyloid (Aβ1-42) and dysfunction of the cholinergic system in the different brain regions. However, the exact mechanisms of AD pathogenesis and the role of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the disease progression remain unclear. Here, we revealed a decreased expression of a number of the Ly6/uPAR proteins targeting nAChRs in the cerebellum of 2xTg-AD mice (model of early AD) in comparison with non-transgenic mice both at mRNA and protein levels. We

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Brandauer, B., D. Timmann, A. Häusler, and J. Hermsdörfer. "Influences of Load Characteristics on Impaired Control of Grip Forces in Patients With Cerebellar Damage." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 2 (2010): 698–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00337.2009.

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Various studies showed a clear impairment of cerebellar patients to modulate grip force in anticipation of the loads resulting from movements with a grasped object. This failure corroborated the theory of internal feedforward models in the cerebellum. Cerebellar damage also impairs the coordination of multiple-joint movements and this has been related to deficient prediction and compensation of movement-induced torques. To study the effects of disturbed torque control on feedforward grip-force control, two self-generated load conditions with different demands on torque control—one with movemen

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Bo, Jin, Hannah J. Block, Jane E. Clark, and Amy J. Bastian. "A Cerebellar Deficit in Sensorimotor Prediction Explains Movement Timing Variability." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 5 (2008): 2825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90221.2008.

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A popular theory is that the cerebellum functions as a timer for clocking motor events (e.g., initiation, termination). Consistent with this idea, cerebellar patients have been reported to show greater deficits during hand movements that repeatedly start and stop (i.e., discontinuous movements) compared with continuous hand movements. Yet, this finding could potentially be explained by an alternate theory in which the cerebellum acts as an internal model of limb mechanics. We tested whether a timing or internal model hypothesis best explains results from a circle-drawing task, where individual

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Masselink, Jana, Alexis Cheviet, Caroline Froment-Tilikete, Denis Pélisson, and Markus Lappe. "A triple distinction of cerebellar function for oculomotor learning and fatigue compensation." PLOS Computational Biology 19, no. 8 (2023): e1011322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011322.

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The cerebellum implements error-based motor learning via synaptic gain adaptation of an inverse model, i.e. the mapping of a spatial movement goal onto a motor command. Recently, we modeled the motor and perceptual changes during learning of saccadic eye movements, showing that learning is actually a threefold process. Besides motor recalibration of (1) the inverse model, learning also comprises perceptual recalibration of (2) the visuospatial target map and (3) of a forward dynamics model that estimates the saccade size from corollary discharge. Yet, the site of perceptual recalibration remai

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Monaco, Jessica, Lorenzo Rocchi, Francesca Ginatempo, Egidio D'Angelo, and John C. Rothwell. "Cerebellar Theta-Burst Stimulation Impairs Memory Consolidation in Eyeblink Classical Conditioning." Neural Plasticity 2018 (October 9, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6856475.

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Associative learning of sensorimotor contingences, as it occurs in eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC), is known to involve the cerebellum, but its mechanism remains controversial. EBCC involves a sequence of learning processes which are thought to occur in the cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei. Recently, the extinction phase of EBCC has been shown to be modulated after one week by cerebellar continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS). Here, we asked whether cerebellar cTBS could affect retention and reacquisition of conditioned responses (CRs) tested immediately after conditionin

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Parsey, Ramin V., Victoria Arango, Doreen M. Olvet, Maria A. Oquendo, Ronald L. Van Heertum, and J. John Mann. "Regional Heterogeneity of 5-HT1A Receptors in Human Cerebellum as Assessed by Positron Emission Tomography." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 25, no. 7 (2005): 785–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600072.

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Two measures used in brain imaging are binding potential (BP) and the specific to nonspecific equilibrium partition coefficient ( V3“). V3” determined using the 5-HT1A ligand [11C]WAY-100635 is sensitive to changes in the free and nonspecific binding of the ligand in the reference region ( V2). Healthy female volunteers have higher 5-HT1A BP but not V3“ compared with men, because V2 is higher in women. While there could be several explanations for this observation, we hypothesized that women have more 5-HT1A receptors in the cerebellum. We explore the cerebellum to define a subregion that more

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Armstrong, Carol L., and Richard Hawkes. "Pattern formation in the cerebellar cortex." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 78, no. 5 (2000): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o00-071.

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The cerebellar cortex is subdivided rostrocaudally and mediolaterally into a reproducible array of zones and stripes. This makes the cerebellum a valuable model for studying pattern formation in the vertebrate central nervous system. The structure of the adult mouse cerebellar cortex and the series of embryological events that generate the topography are reviewed.Key words: zebrin, Hsp25, Purkinje cells.

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Fauzi, Anwar, Widjiati Widjiati, and Hermanto T. Joewono. "Fifty percent of food restriction during gestation reduced the dendritic density of cerebrum and cerebellum of Rattus norvegicus newborn." Majalah Obstetri & Ginekologi 26, no. 3 (2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mog.v26i32018.112-117.

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Objectives: To analyze the influence of 50 percent food restriction during pregnancy to the dendritic density of cerebellum and cerebellum of newborn Rattus norvegicus.Materials and Methods: Laboratory experimental study with single blind randomized post-test only control group design using animal model; pregnant Rattus norvegicus as treatment models. Subjects were divided into two groups: control group and treatment group which was exposed to 50% food restriction (FR 50%). At day 21, both group sacrificed and the cerebrum and cerebelum of the offsprings were prepared and stained with silver i

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Holloway, Kalee N., Marisa R. Pinson, James C. Douglas, et al. "Cerebellar Transcriptomic Analysis in a Chronic plus Binge Mouse Model of Alcohol Use Disorder Demonstrates Ethanol-Induced Neuroinflammation and Altered Glial Gene Expression." Cells 12, no. 5 (2023): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12050745.

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Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the most common preventable mental health disorders and can result in pathology within the CNS, including the cerebellum. Cerebellar alcohol exposure during adulthood has been associated with disruptions in proper cerebellar function. However, the mechanisms regulating ethanol-induced cerebellar neuropathology are not well understood. High-throughput next generation sequencing was performed to compare control versus ethanol-treated adult C57BL/6J mice in a chronic plus binge model of AUD. Mice were euthanized, cerebella were microdissected, and RNA was isol

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Otoda, Yuji, Hiroshi Kimura, and Kunikatsu Takase. "Construction of Gait Adaptation Model in Human Splitbelt Treadmill Walking." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 6, no. 3-4 (2009): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/305061.

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There are a huge number of studies that measure kinematics, dynamics, the oxygen uptake and so on in human walking on the treadmill. Especially in walking on the splitbelt treadmill where the speed of the right and left belt is different, remarkable differences in kinematics are seen between normal and cerebellar disease subjects. In order to construct the gait adaptation model of such human splitbelt treadmill walking, we proposed a simple control model and made a newly developed 2D biped robot walk on the splitbelt treadmill. We combined the conventional limit-cycle based control consisting

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Quaia, Christian, Philippe Lefèvre, and Lance M. Optican. "Model of the Control of Saccades by Superior Colliculus and Cerebellum." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 2 (1999): 999–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.2.999.

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Experimental evidence indicates that the superior colliculus (SC) is important but neither necessary nor sufficient to produce accurate saccadic eye movements. Furthermore both clinical and experimental evidence points to the cerebellum as an indispensable component of the saccadic system. Accordingly, we have devised a new model of the saccadic system in which the characteristics of saccades are determined by the cooperation of two pathways, one through the SC and the other through the cerebellum. Both pathways are influenced by feedback information: the feedback determines the decay of activ

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Topka, Helge, and Johannes Dichgans. "The cerebellum and the physics of movement." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, no. 2 (1997): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x97461435.

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This commentary reviews the basic physical principles underlying human single- and multi-joint arm movements. The potential role of the cerebellum in dealing with the physics of movement is discussed in the light of recent physiological findings and the theoretical model of cerebellar detection and generation of input and output sequences put forward by Braitenberg and colleagues.

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Buonomano, Dean V., and Michael D. Mauk. "Neural Network Model of the Cerebellum: Temporal Discrimination and the Timing of Motor Responses." Neural Computation 6, no. 1 (1994): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1994.6.1.38.

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Substantial evidence has established that the cerebellum plays an important role in the generation of movements. An important aspect of motor output is its timing in relation to external stimuli or to other components of a movement. Previous studies suggest that the cerebellum plays a role in the timing of movements. Here we describe a neural network model based on the synaptic organization of the cerebellum that can generate timed responses in the range of tens of milliseconds to seconds. In contrast to previous models, temporal coding emerges from the dynamics of the cerebellar circuitry and

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Wu, Yuan Yuan, and Shao Bai Zhang. "Research on Cerebellar Contributions to Speech Acquisition and Production Based on DIVA Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 462-463 (November 2013): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.462-463.175.

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DIVA (Directions Into Velocities of Articulators) is a mathematical model of the processes behind speech acquisition and production, supposed to achieve a functional representation of areas in the brain that are involved in speech production and speech perception. Owing to its especial structure and roles, introducing cerebellum control modules into the model plays a significant role in improving the mechanism of speech acquisition and production based on DIVA model. To solve this problem, the paper studies its learning process, and explores cerebellar contributions to the model, that is feedf

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Giangiardi, Vivian Farahte, Sandra Maria Sbeghen F. de Freitas, Flávia P. de Paiva Silva, Renata Morales Banjai, and Sandra Regina Alouche. "Functional Capacity and Motor Performance of Upper Limbs in Individuals with Cerebellar Disorders: A Pilot Study." Behavioural Neurology 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8980103.

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In simple daily activities carried out by the upper limbs, the cerebellum is responsible for the adaptations required for the accurate movement based on previous experiences and external references. This paper aims to characterize the performance of the upper limbs after a cerebellar disease. We evaluated the digital and handgrip strength, dexterity, and function of the upper limbs. The motor performance of the upper limbs was assessed through the use of a digitizing tablet by performing aiming movements with the upper limb most affected by cerebellar disease and the paired limb of the healthy

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Li, Wei, Xin Kong, and Jun Ma. "Effects of combat sports on cerebellar function in adolescents: a resting-state fMRI study." British Journal of Radiology 95, no. 1130 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20210826.

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Objectives: To evaluate the effects of combat sports on cerebellar function in adolescents based on resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI). Methods: Rs-fMRI data were acquired from the combat sports (CS) group (n = 32, aged 14.2 ± 1.1 years) and non-athlete healthy control (HC) group (n = 29, aged 14.8 ± 0.9 years). The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and functional connectivity (FC) within the cerebellum was calculated and then compared between the two groups. Results: None of these participants displayed intracranial lesions on conventional MRI and

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Shinji, Yusuke, Hirotsugu Okuno, and Yutaka Hirata. "Artificial cerebellum on FPGA: realistic real-time cerebellar spiking neural network model capable of real-world adaptive motor control." Frontiers in Neuroscience 18 (April 25, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1220908.

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The cerebellum plays a central role in motor control and learning. Its neuronal network architecture, firing characteristics of component neurons, and learning rules at their synapses have been well understood in terms of anatomy and physiology. A realistic artificial cerebellum with mimetic network architecture and synaptic plasticity mechanisms may allow us to analyze cerebellar information processing in the real world by applying it to adaptive control of actual machines. Several artificial cerebellums have previously been constructed, but they require high-performance hardware to run in re

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Nishiyama, Hiroshi, Naoko Nishiyama, and Boris V. Zemelman. "Purkinje cell ablation and Purkinje cell‐specific deletion of Tsc1 in the developing cerebellum strengthen cerebellothalamic synapses." Journal of Physiology, November 18, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jp285887.

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AbstractCerebellar damage early in life often causes long‐lasting motor, social and cognitive impairments, suggesting the roles of the cerebellum in developing a broad spectrum of behaviours. This recent finding has promoted research on how cerebellar damage affects the development of the cerebral cortex, the brain region responsible for higher‐order control of all behaviours. However, the cerebral cortex is not directly connected to the cerebellum. The thalamus is a major direct target of the cerebellar nuclei, conveying cerebellar signals to the cerebral cortex. Despite its crucial position

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Cooper, C'iana P., Liam H. Cheng, Jafar A. Bhatti, et al. "Cerebellum Purkinje cell vulnerability in aged rats with memory impairment." Journal of Comparative Neurology 532, no. 4 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.25610.

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AbstractThe cerebellum is involved in higher order cognitive function and is susceptible to age‐related atrophy. However, limited evidence has directly examined the cerebellum's role in cognitive aging. To interrogate potential substrates of the relationship between cerebellar structure and memory in aging, here we target the Purkinje cells (PCs). The sole output neurons of the cerebellum, PC loss and/or degeneration underlie a variety of behavioral abnormalities. Using a rat model of normal cognitive aging, we immunostained sections through the cerebellum for the PC‐specific protein, calbindi

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Leroux, S., A. Rodriguez-Duboc, A. Arabo, M. Basille-Dugay, D. Vaudry, and D. Burel. "Intermittent hypoxia in a mouse model of apnea of prematurity leads to a retardation of cerebellar development and long-term functional deficits." Cell & Bioscience 12, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13578-022-00869-5.

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Abstract Background Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is caused by respiratory control immaturity and affects nearly 50% of premature newborns. This pathology induces perinatal intermittent hypoxia (IH), which leads to neurodevelopmental disorders. The impact on the brain has been well investigated. However, despite its functional importance and immaturity at birth, the involvement of the cerebellum remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study aims to identify the effects of IH on cerebellar development using a mouse model of AOP consisting of repeated 2-min cycles of hypoxia and reoxygenation ov

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Ohmae, Keiko, and Shogo Ohmae. "Emergence of syntax and word prediction in an artificial neural circuit of the cerebellum." Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44801-6.

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AbstractThe cerebellum, interconnected with the cerebral neocortex, plays a vital role in human-characteristic cognition such as language processing, however, knowledge about the underlying circuit computation of the cerebellum remains very limited. To gain a better understanding of the computation underlying cerebellar language processing, we developed a biologically constrained cerebellar artificial neural network (cANN) model, which implements the recently identified cerebello-cerebellar recurrent pathway. We found that while cANN acquires prediction of future words, another function of syn

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Shahshahani, Ladan, Maedbh King, Caroline Nettekoven, Richard B. Ivry, and Jörn Diedrichsen. "Selective recruitment of the cerebellum evidenced by task-dependent gating of inputs." eLife 13 (July 9, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.96386.3.

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have documented cerebellar activity across a wide array of tasks. However, the functional contribution of the cerebellum within these task domains remains unclear because cerebellar activity is often studied in isolation. This is problematic, as cerebellar fMRI activity may simply reflect the transmission of neocortical activity through fixed connections. Here, we present a new approach that addresses this problem. Rather than focus on task-dependent activity changes in the cerebellum alone, we ask if neocortical inputs to the cerebellum are

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King, Maedbh, Ladan Shahshahani, Richard B. Ivry, and Jörn Diedrichsen. "A task-general connectivity model reveals variation in convergence of cortical inputs to functional regions of the cerebellum." eLife 12 (April 21, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.81511.

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While resting-state fMRI studies have provided a broad picture of the connectivity between human neocortex and cerebellum, the degree of convergence of cortical inputs onto cerebellar circuits remains unknown. Does each cerebellar region receive input from a single cortical area or convergent inputs from multiple cortical areas? Here, we use task-based fMRI data to build a range of cortico-cerebellar connectivity models, each allowing for a different degree of convergence. We compared these models by their ability to predict cerebellar activity patterns for novel Task Sets. Models that allow s

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Chen, Ya, Luke Bury, Fu Chen, Kimberly A. Aldinger, Helen C. Miranda, and Anthony Wynshaw-Boris. "Generation of advanced cerebellar organoids for neurogenesis and neuronal network development." Human Molecular Genetics, June 30, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddad110.

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Abstract Neurons within the cerebellum form temporal–spatial connections through the cerebellum, and the entire brain. Organoid models provide an opportunity to model the early differentiation of the developing human cerebellum, which is difficult to study in vivo, and affords the opportunity to study neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases of the cerebellum. Previous cerebellar organoid models focused on early neuron generation and single cell activity. Here, we modify previous protocols to generate more mature cerebellar organoids that allow for the establishment of several classes

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Rahimi, Soraya, Farzad Towhidkhah, Golnaz Baghdadi, et al. "Modeling of cerebellar transcranial electrical stimulation effects on hand tremor in Parkinson’s disease." Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 15 (November 13, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1187157.

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IntroductionParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with different motor and neurocognitive symptoms. Tremor is a well-known symptom of this disease. Increasing evidence suggested that the cerebellum may substantially contribute to tremors as a clinical symptom of PD. However, the theoretical foundations behind these observations are not yet fully understood.MethodsIn this study, a computational model is proposed to consider the role of the cerebellum and to show the effectiveness of cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on the rest tremor in participa

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