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1
Banerjee, Anandam. « Tensor Structure on Smooth Motives ». Journal of K-Theory 9, no 1 (16 mai 2011) : 57–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/is011003009jkt144.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractRecently, Bondarko constructed a DG category of motives, whose homotopy category is equivalent to Voevodsky's category of effective geometric motives, assuming resolution of singularities. Soon after, Levine extended this idea to construct a DG category whose homotopy category is equivalent to the full subcategory of motives over a base-scheme S generated by the motives of smooth projective S-schemes, assuming that S is itself smooth over a perfect field. In both constructions, the tensor structure requires ℚ-coefficients. In this article, it is shown how to provide a tensor structure on the homotopy category mentioned above, when S is semi-local and essentially smooth over a field of characteristic zero. This is done by defining a pseudo-tensor structure on the DG category of motives constructed by Levine, which induces a tensor structure on its homotopy category.
2
Troshkina, Irina Nikolaevna. « Family Values : Category and Structure ». Философская мысль, no 12 (décembre 2022) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2022.12.39219.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of the work is to pose the problem of studying family values in the focus of category and structure. Research objectives: to consider the classification of the category "family values", to reveal the classification of the structure of family values. The object of the study is family values, the subject of the study is the category, structure of family values. The article discusses approaches, the category of "family values", the structure of family values. The author reveals the categories of "family", "modern or non-family values", "traditional family values", focuses on the component basis of family values. The methodological basis of the research consists of the principles and categories of dialectics, methods of analysis and synthesis, system-structural analysis of social systems. Main conclusions: 1. The category of "family values" is studied by researchers within the framework of intra-family, family-extra-family, personal-family constructs. 2. The structure of family values is represented by three systems with one-term, two-term, three-term bases. The most common is a structure consisting of a single-member classification of the family by family elements (matrimony / parenthood, kinship). The author's main contribution to the research of the topic is to identify approaches to the classification of "family values" and the structure of family values, the components of these systems are revealed. The scope of application of the research results is an addition to the existing scientific knowledge in this field of research, inclusion in the programs of special courses of universities in the areas of socio–cultural dynamics, family studies.
3
Khaustova, Viktoriia Ye, et Nataliia V. Trushkina. « Theoretical Approaches to the Definition of the Concept of «Network Structure» ». Business Inform 8, no 535 (2022) : 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2022-8-12-19.
Texte intégralRésumé :
At the present stage of transformational change, the problems of activating the economic partnership and cooperation based on the creation of network structures are extremely important. These issues are actualized especially in the context of the rapid development of the digital economy and smart specialization. Given this, the purpose of this study is the theoretical generalization and systematization of existing scientific approaches to the interpretation of the concept of «network structure»; substantiation of the authors’ own approach to defining the content of this economic category. As a result of the carried out study, it is determined that the concept of «network structure» be identified with such definitions as: organization, interaction, association, management structure, form of management, coordination, cooperation, alliance, structured set, integration, corporate structure, relations, coalition. Using a systematic approach and the classification method, the interpretation of the term of «network structure», proposed by various scientific schools, is conventionally systematized as to the following groups: entrepreneurial network; business structure; open structures; new organizational form of joint activity; collective interaction; organizational type; model of economic relations; complex of business units (network partners); element of the network economy, et cetera. The article provides the authors’ own approach to defining the category of «network structure» as a specific form of organization of collective efforts, which is based on the voluntary interaction of its participants on the basis of combining their interests, resources, competencies, and capabilities. It is proposed to consider the network structure as an economic category from three positions, such as: a network form of partnership; an effective model of stakeholder interaction in the context of global transformations; a model of partnerships between market participants in the organization of logistics processes.
4
Bukowski, Marcin, Grzegorz Sędek, Małgorzata Kossowska et Mariusz Trejtowicz. « The impact of background category information on the creation of social cliques : The role of need for cognitive closure and decisiveness ». Polish Psychological Bulletin 43, no 1 (1 janvier 2012) : 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10059-012-0002-9.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The impact of background category information on the creation of social cliques: The role of need for cognitive closure and decisiveness This article focuses on the role of need for cognitive closure in the process of mental model creation about social relations (i.e. social cliques). We assumed that high (vs. low) need for closure participants tend to rely on background category information when forming social cliques. We predicted that this tendency to employ categorical information as a mental aid, used in order to form social cliques, would be efficient in simple task structures (where category information overlaps with the mental model structure) but would lead to increased error rates in complex task structures (where category information is inconsistent with the model structure). The results confirmed our predictions, showing especially strong effects for the decisiveness component of need for closure. The importance of individual differences in need for closure and decisiveness in social reasoning is discussed.
5
Kosihina, S. V. « The Сoncept of «Music» in the Works by I.F. Annensky ». Russian language at school 80, no 2 (19 mars 2019) : 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2019-80-2-67-72.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article explores the «music» art category in the works of I.F. Annensky. The author considers music in the poet’s lyric as a concept based on a high degree of abstractness of this category, expansion of its meaning due to etymological memory, its complex structure, and the presence of axiological and epistemological components. The article presents the concept structure of music in terms of the distribution of proper names.
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Ilyenkova, K. M. « Principle Stages of Realizing Category Management in Trade Companies ». Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no 6 (18 décembre 2018) : 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2018-6-130-142.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article identifies principle stages of the working process organization at the category management department aimed at efficient realization of the approach 'category management' and at attaining max high finance figures of the company. The author shows different points of view at the notion 'category management'. The article includes also a brief description of the essence of methodology of category management, which can help understand its basic principles and reveal during the research 6 stages of efficient realization of the approach through system organization of the working process of category management: setting goals and strategy of the company, annual planning, planning of the working process at monthly and weakly level, establishing effective interaction with relative departments, cooperation with suppliers. It was disclosed that the foundation of high-quality work of category managers is its system nature and structured work. Employees make decisions on the basis of analytical work. Their main aim is to meet needs of final customers. An important role is played by top-management that can efficiently build the company structure and provide all necessary tools to employees to reach the set goals.
7
Cisinski, Denis-Charles, et Gonçalo Tabuada. « Symmetric monoidal structure on non-commutative motives ». Journal of K-Theory 9, no 2 (21 novembre 2011) : 201–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/is011011005jkt169.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractIn this article we further the study of non-commutative motives, initiated in [12, 43]. Our main result is the construction of a symmetric monoidal structure on the localizing motivator Motlocdg of dg categories. As an application, we obtain : (1) a computation of the spectra of morphisms in Motlocdg in terms of non-connective algebraic K-theory; (2) a fully-faithful embedding of Kontsevich's category KMMk of non-commutative mixed motives into the base category Motlocdg(e) of the localizing motivator; (3) a simple construction of the Chern character maps from non-connective algebraic K-theory to negative and periodic cyclic homology; (4) a precise connection between Toën's secondary K-theory and the Grothendieck ring of KMMk; (5) a description of the Euler characteristic in KMMk in terms of Hochschild homology.
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Tojimamatovich Abdupatto, Mukhammadtokhir. « The Role Of Actual Units Of Division In The Compositional-Syntactic Structure Of Poetic Speech ». American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no 06 (20 juin 2021) : 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue06-29.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article presents theoretical views on the compositional-syntactic structure of poetic speech, which is one of the problematic issues in the field of poetic syntax and the study of its actual division. Within the framework of the Uzbek poetic syntax, the importance of studying the issue of actual division as a separate category in the study of Uzbek poetic speech based on the experience of world linguistics.
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Zheng, Qilian, et Jiaqun Wei. « (n + 2)-Angulated Quotient Categories ». Algebra Colloquium 26, no 04 (18 novembre 2019) : 689–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1005386719000506.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The notion of [Formula: see text]-mutation pairs of subcategories in an n-exangulated category is defined in this article. When (Ƶ, Ƶ) is a [Formula: see text]-mutation pair in an n-exangulated category (C, [Formula: see text]), the quotient category Ƶ/[Formula: see text] carries naturally an (n+2)-angulated structure. This result generalizes a theorem of Zhou and Zhu for extriangulated categories.
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Boneva, Vera. « NATURE, COVERAGE, AND STRUCTURE OF THE CATEGORY „LITERARY HERITAGE“ IN THE CONTEMPORARY BULGARIAN CULTURE ». Годишник на Шуменския университет. Факултет по Хуманитарни науки XXXIIIA, no 2 (10 novembre 2022) : 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/ruof8341.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article interprets the scientific category „literary heritage“ in the logic of Bulgarian legislation and current social reality. The narrow meaning of the category is represented mainly by the activities of literary museums. Other institutional spaces have been singled out, which take care of the artifacts of the literary tradition – archives, libraries, community centers, universities, and research organizations. In conclusion, a concept for defragmenting the structures and activities preserving the literary heritage has been formulated.
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Serovaisky, S. Ya. « MATHEMATICS : FROM SET THEORY TO CATEGORY THEORY ». Metaphysics, no 1 (4 avril 2022) : 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2224-7580-2022-1-29-34.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The basis of mathematics is set theory, to which almost all mathematical directions go back. However, the importance of category theory for mathematics as a whole is steadily increasing. If in set theory the determining role is played by the internal structure of the object under consideration, then in category theory an object is characterized by its connections with other objects. The article discusses the features of set-theoretic and category-theoretic approaches in mathematics.
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Serovaisky, S. Ya. « MATHEMATICS : FROM SET THEORY TO CATEGORY THEORY ». Metaphysics, no 1 (4 avril 2022) : 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2224-7580-2022-1-29-34.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The basis of mathematics is set theory, to which almost all mathematical directions go back. However, the importance of category theory for mathematics as a whole is steadily increasing. If in set theory the determining role is played by the internal structure of the object under consideration, then in category theory an object is characterized by its connections with other objects. The article discusses the features of set-theoretic and category-theoretic approaches in mathematics.
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Itskovich, Tatiana, Daria Karmanova et Natalia Nikolina. « Composition and Subject Structure of Minutes Genre in Religious Style ». SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018) : 01207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001207.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article under consideration is devoted to the study of the functioning of the minutes genre in the religious style. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that in the religious style, minutes is a peripheral genre that functions at the intersection with the official style, therefore it is particular006Cy important to consider the specific features of this genre as a part of a not typical of it religious sphere. The authors examine the peculiarities of the explication of the category of subject and the changes in the category of composition of minutes using the method of the categorical-textual analysis. The research is done with reference to the minutes-books of the Russian Orthodox Church. The examination of the explication of the categories revealed some specificities: the category of subject is expressed through two nomination chains, connected to the logical structure of the statement. The nomination chain related to the agent is characterized by the limited set of additional nominations. The nomination chain related to the predicate is characterized by the variety of lexically new additional nominations. The peculiarity of the category of composition lies in the additional compositional element, reflecting the idea of duality and interaction with the sacred world.
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Chen, Meng, Lei Zhu, Ronghui Xu, Yang Liu, Xiaohui Yu et Yilong Yin. « Embedding Hierarchical Structures for Venue Category Representation ». ACM Transactions on Information Systems 40, no 3 (31 juillet 2022) : 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3478285.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Venue categories used in location-based social networks often exhibit a hierarchical structure, together with the category sequences derived from users’ check-ins. The two data modalities provide a wealth of information for us to capture the semantic relationships between those categories. To understand the venue semantics, existing methods usually embed venue categories into low-dimensional spaces by modeling the linear context (i.e., the positional neighbors of the given category) in check-in sequences. However, the hierarchical structure of venue categories, which inherently encodes the relationships between categories, is largely untapped. In this article, we propose a venue C ategory E mbedding M odel named Hier-CEM , which generates a latent representation for each venue category by embedding the Hier archical structure of categories and utilizing multiple types of context. Specifically, we investigate two kinds of hierarchical context based on any given venue category hierarchy and show how to model them together with the linear context collaboratively. We apply Hier-CEM to three tasks on two real check-in datasets collected from Foursquare. Experimental results show that Hier-CEM is better at capturing both semantic and sequential information inherent in venues than state-of-the-art embedding methods.
15
Gil, David. « The Structure of Riau Indonesian ». Nordic Journal of Linguistics 17, no 2 (décembre 1994) : 179–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500003000.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article is concerned with the basic syntactic and semantic structure of Riau Indonesian, a hitherto undescribed dialect differing in many respects from standard Indonesian and Malay. Riau Indonesian appears to exhibit an abundance of zero-markings of various kinds, in which a wide variety of syntactic constructions and semantic categories lack overt morphosyntactic expression. Two alternative descriptions are provided: an “easy” description, couched in traditional grammatical terminology and a Eurocentric perspective, and a “simple” description, positing a single open syntactic category, and unconstrained rules of semantic interpretation. The latter, simple description, is argued to be superior.
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Zelenkov, Mikhail Yuryevich, Sergey Zinkovsky, Alexei Valerivitch Altoukhov, Olga Mukhametshevna Dudina et Alexander Nikolaev. « The duplex structure of modern political extremism ». LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, no 1 (31 mai 2021) : 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202171952p.649-656.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article focuses on the identification of common grounds in the system of political extremism and making a distinction between the goals pursued by its left- and right-wing directions. The main results: detection of the wide and narrow approaches to the interpretation of the definition of political extremism, synthesis of its universal features, authorial understanding of the category of political extremism, and identification of the unity and struggle of opposites in the essence of political extremism.
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Sarna, Geetika, et M. P. S. Bhatia. « Structure-Based Analysis of Different Categories of Cyberbullying in Dynamic Social Network ». International Journal of Information Security and Privacy 14, no 3 (juillet 2020) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisp.2020070101.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cyberbullying is the online fight between individuals or groups, and it can be viewed like harassment, rumor, denigration, exclusion, etc. Social networks are the main source of cyberbullying as various types of users interact with each other through text, audio, video, and images. One set of users uses the social media for the benefit of the whole society and the other set of users uses the social media for destructive purpose in the form of spreading rumors, harassment or to threaten others, etc., which is also called anomalous behavior. This article worked to detect the anomalous patterns using an exponential function and then proceeds to find the category of cyberbullying to which user belongs using subtractive clustering and fuzzy c-means clustering. The identification of category helps to find the extent to which these messages are harmful and based on which the culprit is apprehended or entrapped. State-of-the-art studies are focused on the detection of cyberbullying but this article captured different categories of cyberbullying.
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Bielova, Alla, et Nadiia Novalska. « Current state and directions of development of agricultural institutional structure in Ukraine. » USEFUL online journal 2, no 4 (30 décembre 2018) : 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32557/useful-2-4-2018-0008.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article deals with the state and trends of changes in the structure of production of main types of agricultural products by category of farms. The transformation of institutional conditions of development of economic agroformations and personal subsidiary farms of the population is investigated. The article deals with the dynamics of changes in the structural-institutional organization of agricultural production. The perspective directions of structural shifts in agribusiness of Ukraine are determined.
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Sapir, Andrey. « The Stages of Category Management Implementation Process in the Russian FMCG Market ». Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2016, no 6 (30 décembre 2016) : 112–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105201667.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The development of category management practices in the foreign markets has made crucial the study of category management tools as well as their use within the complex structure of the Supplier- Retailer relationship in Russian consumer goods market. The article highlights the meaning of the category in terms of managing retail sales and the process of category management implementation. Using desk research method with the category as a level of analysis, we analyzed 10 business cases of Russian FMCG market representatives. The analysis of existing practices allows to evaluate the applicability of the classical category management implementation model in the domestic market and to identify the most common tools. The results of the study indicate that companies in the domestic market have short-term orientation on the development of the category and implement category tactics without defining the role and the strategy of the category.
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Barsalou, Lawrence W. « Abstraction in perceptual symbol systems ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B : Biological Sciences 358, no 1435 (29 juillet 2003) : 1177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1319.
Texte intégralRésumé :
After reviewing six senses of abstraction, this article focuses on abstractions that take the form of summary representations. Three central properties of these abstractions are established: (i) type–token interpretation; (ii) structured representation; and (iii) dynamic realization. Traditional theories of representation handle interpretation and structure well but are not sufficiently dynamical. Conversely, connectionist theories are exquisitely dynamic but have problems with structure. Perceptual symbol systems offer an approach that implements all three properties naturally. Within this framework, a loose collection of property and relation simulators develops to represent abstractions. Type–token interpretation results from binding a property simulator to a region of a perceived or simulated category member. Structured representation results from binding a configuration of property and relation simulators to multiple regions in an integrated manner. Dynamic realization results from applying different subsets of property and relation simulators to category members on different occasions. From this standpoint, there are no permanent or complete abstractions of a category in memory. Instead, abstraction is the skill to construct temporary online interpretations of a category's members. Although an infinite number of abstractions are possible, attractors develop for habitual approaches to interpretation. This approach provides new ways of thinking about abstraction phenomena in categorization, inference, background knowledge and learning.
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López Rúa, Paula. « On the structure of acronyms and neighbouring categories : a prototype-based account ». English Language and Linguistics 6, no 1 (mai 2002) : 31–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136067430200103x.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article reports the results of a study based on a corpus of simple (i.e. only written) and complex (both written and oral) shortenings, that is, initialisms (a category comprising acronyms, e.g. laser, and alphabetisms, e.g. BBC), as well as clippings (lab), blends (motel), and abbreviations (Mr). The study intends to confirm the validity of the tools provided by the revised version of prototype theory for a systematic account of these metalinguistic categories, which are often neglected in lexical morphology. A set of defining parameters and possible values was devised and applied to the items of the corpus. As a result, these items were distributed along a continuum of central, peripheral, and borderline cases of all the categories considered. The body of the article is an in-depth account of the centre–periphery structure of the superordinate category of initialisms, with particular attention being paid to the fuzzy boundaries featuring clippings and blends. In the last section, shortenings are categorized and represented by means of a radial polycentric network of the type devised in Lakoff (1987).
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Marina, Olena. « Cognitive and semiotic dimensions of paradoxicality in contemporary American poetic discourse ». Lege Artis 3, no 1 (1 juin 2018) : 179–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lart-2018-0006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The article focuses on revealing various manifestations of paradoxicality in contemporary American poetic discourse. It defines paradoxicality as a cognitive and discursive category realized in a dynamic semiotic unity of its content and form. A number of categorial foci structure the category. They are actualized to a different extent in contemporary American poetic discourse through paradoxical poetic forms, namely micro-, macro-, and megaparadoxical ones.
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Bachryj-Krzywaźnia, Maciej. « Antropodoksa polityczna jako kategoria teoretyczna i przedmiot badań ». Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne 23 (29 novembre 2017) : 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1643-0328.23.2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Political anthropodoxis as a theoretical category and object of analysisThe article presents a meaning of the notion “political anthropodoxis” and justifies its analytical separation. The title category, inspired by the structure of philosophical anthropology thought and findings in folk psychology, is first placed into the system of political theory concepts. Its subsequent detailed characteristics is followed by outlined methodological perspective appropriate for its analysis.
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BORISENKO, TATIANA V., et SVETLANA A. PITINA. « SOME SPECIFIC FEATURES OF CONCEPTUAL CATEGORY ORGANIZATION (BASED ON RUSSIAN) ». Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no 3 (2021) : 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2021_7_3_26_34.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article describes the notions of conceptual category, categorical and subcategorical concepts. The purpose of the work is to provide the rationale for applying the term “categorical concept”. We also offer the method for designing conceptual category structure and identifying its elements. The key role for the method is assigned to categorical concept features. To exemplify that, we performed lexicographical analysis of the categorical concept FAMILY in Russian linguaculture. We carried out the analysis using etymological, associative, definition dictionaries and dictionaries of synonyms. The study showed some peculiarities of a conceptual category structure. Particularly, it was demonstrated that not all features of subcategorical concepts correspond to the categorical concept, at the same time, some elements of a category can be assigned to different categorical groups. The analysis showed a number of concept FAMILY features: «association of people», «home», «unity», «size», «children», «belonging to someone», «strength of relationship», etc...
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Weng, Shun, Hongping Zhu, Yong Xia, Jiajing Li et Wei Tian. « A review on dynamic substructuring methods for model updating and damage detection of large-scale structures ». Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no 3 (10 septembre 2019) : 584–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219872429.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Substructuring methods possess many merits in model updating and damage identification of large-scale structures. With substructuring methods, a global structure is divided into a number of independent substructures. Only the substructures are repeatedly analyzed and the re-analysis of the global structure is thereby avoided. This article reviews widely used dynamic substructuring methods for model updating and damage identification of large-scale structures. These methods can be categorized into forward and inverse substructuring approaches. The former is a conventional process that assembles the vibration properties of each substructure to obtain the vibration properties of the global structure. The latter, on the contrary, disassembles the vibration properties of the global structure into those of the substructures. In each category, both frequency and time domain methods have been developed and will be reviewed.
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Garcia de Quesada, Mercedes, Pedro A. Fuertes Olivera et Silvia Montero Martínez. « Propuesta de estructura definicional terminográfica en OntoTerm® ». Terminology 8, no 1 (21 juin 2002) : 57–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.8.1.04gar.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article describes a framework for definitional analysis that presents definitions as dynamic entities encompassing both conceptual relations, following a category template pattern, and its formalization in the terminological definitional structure. The definitional analysis accounts for various levels of complexity, depending on how detailed the understanding is or needs to be in a specific contextual situation. We are presently using this methodology in a research project called OncoTerm. One of the objectives of this project is to elaborate a bilingual terminological database, whose conceptual structure is an extension of an existing resource, the Mikrokosmos Ontology. In our termbase, medical concepts are organized in categories represented by templates, which are systematically applied to all category numbers. The application of the template to more specific concepts generates values that show the inheritance of knowledge structures within a specialized domain. The definitional information within each term entry is thus totally coherent with the information regarding other terms within the same conceptual category. This approach leads to the specification of a language of terminographic definition, which is concise, consistent and applicable not only to the domain of oncology, but to other medical domains and other languages.
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Biberauer, Theresa, Anders Holmberg et Ian Roberts. « A Syntactic Universal and Its Consequences ». Linguistic Inquiry 45, no 2 (avril 2014) : 169–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00153.
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This article investigates the Final-over-Final Constraint (FOFC): a head-initial category cannot be the immediate structural complement of a head-final category within the same extended projection. This universal cannot be formulated without reference to the kind of hierarchical structure generated by standard models of phrase structure. First, we document the empirical evidence: logically possible but crosslinguistically unattested combinations of head-final and head-initial orders. Second, we propose a theory, based on a version of Kayne’s (1994) Linear Correspondence Axiom, where FOFC is an effect of the distribution of a movement-triggering feature in extended projections, subject to Relativized Minimality.
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Kucerová, Ivona. « The T-Extension Condition ». Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 57, no 3 (novembre 2012) : 387–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100002346.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThis article presents a case study of Czech that opens the possibility of unifying various second-position phenomena as instances of an interface condition on head extension. The condition requires a head to undergo at least two instances of merge within its phase. The core of the article explores properties of T0. It is shown that any merge (external or internal, merge of a head or a phrase) yields a well-formed structure. Since it does not matter to the requirement what category merges to T0, the condition must be stated as a general requirement on what category may be the root.
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Nurullina, Guzel M., Irina V. Erofeeva, Elvira A. Islamova et Tao Yuan. « Personification as the Way of Grammatical Gender Category Expression in Art Context ». Journal of History Culture and Art Research 6, no 5 (28 novembre 2017) : 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v6i5.1282.
Texte intégralRésumé :
<p>The study of grammatical categories in the artistic context from the position of anthropocentrism is a topical issue in modern linguistics. The greatest interest from the point of view of the relationship "language" - "man" is the category of Russian language gender, which has great stylistic resources and can be motivated extra-linguistically. In this paper, the authors analyze personification as the way of gender grammatical category expression in the artistic context of Russian writer and poet works. In the article the authors consider the linguistic picture of the world, in the creation of which the embodiment is important, the semantic-grammatical properties of which are determined by the ambivalence of animacy-inanimation category. Gender denotation occupies a special place in the interpretative structure of gender category, which presupposes a nominative significance of neutral gender nouns as a result of personification, stylization and the expression of symbolic meaning. Thus, extralinguistic possibilities of gender category are expanded, which are realized mainly in artistic speech. The authors of the article conclude that the grammatical personification of gender category as a vivid means of expression, expressiveness, imagery and emotionality is associated with a person's thinking, his worldview, psychological characteristics; and this judgment allows us to consider the category of gender not only as a morphological one, but also as a logical, mental category.</p><p> </p>
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Grudeva, Elena V., et Svetlana A. Solovyova. « Taxis in Text Structure (Based on B. Pasternak’s Letters from Tula) ». Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 24, no 1 (2022) : 236–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.016.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article is devoted to the problem of analysing the taxis as a text category in the structure of a consistent montage text. The research refers to Letters from Tula (1918), a novel by B. Pasternak. The choice of the text is due to the specifics of its structure. In a montage text, the functional-semantic category of the taxis reflects the author’s idea of the temporal correlation of actions within the framework of an integral period, a temporal frame. Its boundaries are determined by the perceiver. The main methods of linguistic analysis in the article are the descriptive, analytical, and interpretive. The connection between the taxis category and the idea of a semantic plurality of situations appears in the structure of the montage text. Their immersion in a single temporal frame and the system of syntactic means and connections allows them to overcome the simultaneity of the text. Special attention is paid to the system of syntactic means of taxis implementation. This approach makes it possible to reveal the features of the spatio-temporal organisation of the text and discover the principles of compatibility of the components of the text, and their conditionality. The system of grammatical means reflects the conjugation of actions and the intentionality of taxis meanings. In the structure of the text, taxis relations arise between juxtaposed and distantly located fragments of the text connected only by the framework of a common period. Simultaneity becomes the predominant type of the relationship. The system of grammatical means of taxis organisation made up by the unity of aspectual semantics, the parallelism of syntactic structures, and various types of syntactic repetitions becomes a factor that makes it possible to combine parallel developing thematic lines and different ways of narration in the text to show the process of perceptual activity, drawing the reader’s attention to several simultaneously comprehended events as an integrated fragment of reality and stabilising the space of the montage text. The connection between the taxis and the subject’s point of view organises the connections between the subjective and the objective, the figurative and the logical and strengthens the intentionality of taxis semantics, one of whose functions is the organisation of the reading strategy.
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Ursul, C. « Grammar category of modality in Spanish : cognitive bases ». Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no 1 (28 mars 2019) : 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2019-1-75-79.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article deals with the grammar category of modality in the structure of modern Spanish. The author aims to analyze the structural organization of the grammar category of modality in the Spanish language and to reveal its cognitive bases in order to form a schematic representation of this category, which in the future will allow, first of all, to solve the problem of the number of moods in modern Spanish, and also to avoid some mistakes when translating sentences from Russian into Spanish, and from Spanish into Russian as well. The usage of a functionalsemantic approach helps to analyze in details the structure of the grammar category of modality in the language and to educe its conceptual bases. Within a framework of the study the author introduces the term “field of time”. The “field of time” refers to the mentality, while the grammar category of time - to a language. The correlation of these terms facilitates to visualize the connection of the way of thinking with a language and to separate three different moods in the Spanish language, that are el Indicativo, el Subjuntivo, el Imperativo.
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Neeman, Amnon. « Separable monoids in Dqc (X) ». Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (Crelles Journal) 2018, no 738 (1 mai 2018) : 237–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/crelle-2015-0039.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractSuppose{({\mathscr{T}},\otimes,\mathds{1})}is a tensor triangulated category. In a number of recent articles Balmer defines and explores the notion of “separable tt-rings” in{{\mathscr{T}}}(in this paper we will call them “separable monoids”). The main result of this article is that, if{{\mathscr{T}}}is the derived quasicoherent category of a noetherian schemeX, then the only separable monoids are the pushforwards by étale maps of smashing Bousfield localizations of the structure sheaf.
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Поветкина, Наталья, et Natalya Povetkina. « Legal Structure of Budget Immunity : Theoretic and Legal Analysis ». Journal of Russian Law 3, no 5 (29 avril 2015) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/10726.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article presents theoretical and legal analysis of the concept of “immunity of the budget”. The article notes the role and importance of immunity of the budget as special legal structure to ensure compliance by the state with all assumed financial obligations, fulfilled at the expense of the budgets of the RF budget system. Diversity and ambiguousness of understanding the category of immunity in science are pointed out. Various concepts of immunity both in general legal and industry-specific format are analyzed. The author concludes that, despite the fact that the immunity of the budget does not possess all the attributes of legal immunities, it can be referred to as such, but with specific features. The article defines the purpose, functions and characteristics of the budget immunity. The author provides an original definition of the “immunity of budget” concept as a legal regime that does not permit mandatory recovery proceedings at the expense of budgets from the budgetary system of the Russian Federation.
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Kraeva, Irina A. « GRADUALITY : CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS AND SPECIFICS OF CHANGES ». RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series, no 4 (2022) : 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7249-2022-4-323-337.
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The article discusses the modus concept of “graduality”, the author gives her own definition of the concept. To describe the structure of the modus concept “graduality”, it is proposed to use cognitive matrix analysis developed by N.N. Boldyrev. The main provisions of this type of analysis are summarized. The author believes that the structure of the concept of “graduality” consists of a core (knowledge that the feature of an object, state or action can vary, that is, manifest itself to varying degrees) and the matrix itself, which includes such conceptual areas as “comparison”, “feature”, “the degree of feature manifestation”, “norm”, “quantity”, “quality”, “assessment”, “language representation”. It is argued that on the basis of the concept of “graduality”, a category of graduality is formed in the language, which, like other language categories, is developing. The paper for the first time expresses the opinion that the formation and development of the category of graduality in the English language have their own conceptual foundations. An attempt is made to identify the conceptual foundations of the development of the modus category of graduality, which comprise the modus concept “graduality” itself, the conceptual basis of the category and its modus character, as well as specific features of the conceptual structure of the semantics of lexical units-members of the language category under analysis.
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Yangiev, Asror, Anvar Ashrabov et Oybek Muratov. « Life prediction for spillway facility side wall ». E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019) : 04041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199704041.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article includes the analytical assessment of the durability and remaining life of the I-st category reinforced concrete structures by the fracture mechanics approaches, the prediction is based on the consideration of temporal changes in the structural features of a particular type of concrete. The main purpose of this work is to determine the durability of reinforced concrete structures and the remaining life of the spillway and components in the implemented modes and operating conditions that ensure their safe operation and environmental protection. When predicting the durability of the spillway reinforced concrete structures, each structure is considered as a component of the structure behavior scheme. The result of the durability predictions is presented in years, which can eventually determine the remaining life of the structural component of spillway.
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Medin, Douglas, Sandra Waxman, Jennie Woodring, Norbert Ross et Nathan Winkler-Rhoades. « Naming the Animals that Come to Mind : Effects of Culture and Experience on Category Fluency ». Journal of Cognition and Culture 10, no 1-2 (2010) : 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853710x497248.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThis article considers the semantic structure of the animal category from a cross-cultural developmental perspective. Children and adults from three North American communities (urban majority culture, rural majority culture and rural Native American) were prompted to generate animal names, and the resulting lists were analyzed for their underlying dimensionality and for the typicality or salience of specific animal names. The semantic structure of the animal category appeared to be consistent across cultural groups, but the relative salience of animal kinds varied as a function of culture and first-hand experience with the natural world. These results provide evidence of a shared representation of animals across disparate cultures but also indicate a role for culture in shaping animal concepts.
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Kanakin, I. A. « About Closed Morphological Structures ». Critique and Semiotics 37, no 2 (2019) : 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2019-2-319-326.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article deals with the analysis of ‘closed’ morphological systems, containing oppositional and contrastive elements. The category of case in the Slavic languages represents the systems of this kind. An attempt is made to shed light on the meaning of the case category in the Russian language. We argue that neither its semantic nor syntactic explanation are taken as being the only criterion of truth. The formal analysis of this category reveals that there is no relationship of noun case forms and that the structuring of pronoun and noun paradigms is different. Case government through prepositions, widely spread in many languages, also fails to explain case distinctions either from only semantic or syntactic perspective. The distribution of words into parts of speech in various languages still remains the only undoubted and common function for all inflectional case paradigms. We view ‘closed’ derivational and inflectional morphological systems as a fundamental condition in this respect; the character of there structure is of little importance; however, formal and unambiguous description can only be applied to the rigidly structured systems.
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Bazarova, Maria Urbinovnа, Alla Nikolaevna Gomboeva et Sesegma Vladimirovna Zhargalova. « Analysis of state of the Republic of Buryatia ». Buhuchet v sel'skom hozjajstve (Accounting in Agriculture), no 11 (1 novembre 2020) : 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-11-2011-05.
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The article presents the results of the analysis of the state of the livestock industry in general and by category of farms in the Republic of Buryatia. Dynamics and structure of livestock stock, productivity of state and poultry, dynamics of livestock production are given.
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Riabovol, Liliia. « CIVIL SOCIETY AS A SCIENTIFIC CATEGORY AND THE SUBJECT OF LEGAL RESEARCH ». Scientific Notes Series Law 1, no 9 (2020) : 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-9230-2020-1-9-4-8.
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The article emphasizes that the importance of civic initiatives in addressing various issues in almost all spheres of life and activity of domestic society and the state is constantly growing, and therefore, the issue of civil society continues to attract scientific interest. The purpose of the article is to determine the peculiarity of the scientific category «civil society»; summarize the results of scientific research on the essential features, structure and social purpose of civil society. It is established that civil society is a complex category, the essence of which is manifested in economic, social, sociological, political, legal, moral, national and other aspects. The essential features of this phenomenon are: its structure by types of relations and public institutions; independence and at the same time close relationship with the state on the basis of delimitation of competencies; recognition as the highest value of man, his rights, freedoms and legitimate interests; recognition of such principles of functioning as: equality and protection of all forms of ownership, freedom in choosing the forms of implementation and types of business activities, political and ideological pluralism, etc. The article systematizes the features of civil society, so, civil society is: a set of individuals who are free in economic, political, social, cultural aspects; an open social system, which is formed and functions under the influence of various factors, among which the state plays a special role; complex structured system based on universal and democratic values. Civil society allows to integrate a particular society, is a way and form of its self-organization and self-expression, acts as a guarantor of inviolability of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of man and citizens, helps protect them in case of violation by state and local governments, generally promotes democratic institutions. what is the social purpose of civil society.
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Çanta, Agnesa. « The Category of Case in English and Albanian Nominal System : A Contrastive Analysis ». International Journal of English Linguistics 7, no 1 (15 janvier 2016) : 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n1p226.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The grammatical category of case, as one of the most discussed grammatical categories in English and one of the most specific categories in Albanian, has always attracted the researchers’ attention and, therefore, there are numerous studies about this category in these two respective languages. However, the main purpose of this article is to indicate that despite their different morphological structure which implies differences in their grammatical categories, English and Albanian, also show some similarities that concern the grammatical category of case and especially the genitive case as the only marked case in English nominal system. This article examined the grammatical category of case in English and Albanian nominal system through the contrastive method, emphasizing the differences that regard several aspects of the category of case, such as the number of cases in these two languages, the way they build their case forms, the use of prepositions in building the case forms, i.e., prepositions as case markers, and also several characteristics of the category of case that these two languages have in common. The results indicate that the similarities concern mainly the genitive case. Nouns in the genitive case, in English and Albanian, share some characteristics that concern their semantic functions, their use in “the double genitive” constructions, rules of forming such constructions, and the omission of the case markers without affecting meaning.
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Yoong Wei, Ho, Abu Bakar Razali et Arshad Abd Samad. « Writing Abstracts for Research Articles : Towards a Framework for Move Structure of Abstracts ». World Journal of English Language 12, no 6 (19 septembre 2022) : 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n6p492.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The abstract as a sub-genre of the research article has been explored in many studies, particularly with regards to its rhetorical move structure. However, these studies have mainly focused on the macro-structures of abstracts in terms of the main moves present based on pre-existing models by Swales (1990), Dos Santos (1996), and Hyland (2000). Studies analyzing the micro-structures of abstracts in which the sub-categories under each main category are lacking. This study identifies the main moves of abstracts, the steps and sub-steps within each move to propose a comprehensive framework for abstract structure. Using a move based analysis, 100 research article abstracts in the field of social science and humanities were analyzed at the sentence level, where each sentence was coded and assigned a move. Based on the analysis, five main moves consisting of 12 steps and 25 sub-steps were identified. The frequency of occurrence revealed that Move 2: Introducing Study and Move 4: Presenting Findings were conventional, while Move 1: Situating Research, Move 3: Describing Methodology, and Move 5: Describing Implication and Recommendation were optional. This study has implications for research on the genre analysis of abstracts as well as the teaching of abstract structure in the academic setting.
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Vakaliuk, I. V. « ITERATIVITY AS BASIC OF THE MULTIPLICITY SEMANTICS OF ACTION AND A TYPOLOGICAL VARIETY OF THE QUANTITATIVELY PARTIBLE OF ACTION ». PRECARPATHIAN BULLETIN OF THE SHEVCHENKO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY Word, no 2(54) (22 janvier 2019) : 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2304-7402-2019-2(54)-69-78.
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In the article defined content of the concept iterative on the basis of the concept of the semantic structure of the interval category; the functional semantical peculiarities of the suffixes -a- (-я-), -ва-, -ува-(-юва-), -и-, і-, -от-i,(-от-a) as means of expressing of iterativity in modern Ukrainian language are examined; the problem of interdepence of semantic and functional morphemes in the structure of iterative verbs is considered.
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Muminova, Aziza Arslonovna. « Linguistic incentive category : definition and classification : example of different systematic languages ». Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S3 (2 août 2021) : 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns3.1396.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article discusses the difference between the category of motivation and the modality, that is, it is a type of speech act in which the speaker's wishes, desires, wills, and intentions are given to the listener. While modality refers to the speaker’s response to the content of a sentence, the urge is expressed as the speaker’s command to the listener. The reason why motivation is separated from modality as a separate category is that it combines several elements under a common motivational semaphore, which on the one hand motivates the addressee to do something as part of a complex whole, but on the other hand they do not intersect. Each component has its own specific motivation, for example: command, request, permission, prohibition, advice, warning, and so on. Motivation as an independent category has a communicative semantic tone and its own structure. The structure of the motivation category consists of a combination of content, transmission, and expression. The content side consists of communicative pragmatic and semantic components, the delivery plan consists of a field of language units that reflect the meaning of the impulse, and the expressive aspect consists of phonological, intonation and graphic parts.
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Feldman, Jacob. « Mutual Information and Categorical Perception ». Psychological Science 32, no 8 (20 juillet 2021) : 1298–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797621996663.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Categorical perception refers to the enhancement of perceptual sensitivity near category boundaries, generally along dimensions that are informative about category membership. However, it remains unclear exactly which dimensions are treated as informative and why. This article reports a series of experiments in which subjects were asked to learn statistically defined categories in a novel, unfamiliar 2D perceptual space of shapes. Perceptual discrimination was tested before and after category learning of various features in the space, each defined by its position and orientation relative to the maximally informative dimension. The results support a remarkably simple generalization: The magnitude of improvement in perceptual discrimination of each feature is proportional to the mutual information between the feature and the category variable. This finding suggests a rational basis for categorical perception in which the precision of perceptual discrimination is tuned to the statistical structure of the environment.
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KATRŇÁK, Tomáš, et Jaroslav JURAČKA. « Topometry FEM optimization of the wing structure of the transport aircraft ». Aviation 21, no 1 (27 mars 2017) : 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2016.1266819.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article presents the topometry optimization of the critical semi-shell wing structure of the aircraft in the Commuter category of the CS-23 regulation standard (EASA 2012). Modern finite element (FE) optimization methods are used. The main outcome is that the milled integral lower wing panel allows significant weight savings due to an optimization of the thickness of each skin segment. The FE model validation with the analytical software and the selection of structural constraints and requirements for the optimization are described in this article. Also, a final stress analysis and a complex load capacity analysis validate required properties of designed structural modifications with an optimal stress distribution. Additionally the analysis of weight savings and elongation of the fatigue durability according to the Damage tolerance methodology was done.
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Sorokin, A. B. « Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorders ». Современная зарубежная психология 7, no 1 (2018) : 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2018070104.
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The article introduces the modern understanding of intellectual disability as a diagnostic category. It is based on the description of the structure, recommended for professional use in the USA. The necessity of intellect testing in individuals with autism spectrum disorders is discussed alongside with its place among other diagnostic measures
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Пигаркина, Евгения Анатольевна. « THE ROLE OF PARADOXALIZATION IN TEXT STRUCTURE ». Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия : Филология, no 2(73) (14 juin 2022) : 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtfilol/2022.2.124.
Texte intégralRésumé :
В статье рассматривается парадоксализация как феномен, влияющий на структуру текста и / или ее определяющий. Усматриваемая в окружающей действительности парадоксальность определяется как категория, обусловливающая выбор языковых средств. Она подводит автора к использованию парадокса в качестве формы выражения смысла или смыслов. При этом парадоксализация выступает средством определения структуры текста или его элементов. The article examines the phenomenon of paradoxalization in terms of its influence on the structure of a text and / or determining the structure of a text. Paradoxicality got in the surrounding reality is defined as a category that determines the choice of linguistic means. It leads the author to use paradox as a form of expressing a meaning and/or meanings. At the same time, paradoxalization is a means for making up the structure of a text or its elements.
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Tosic, Dragutin, Nikola Krunic et Marija Nevenic. « Sustainable city spatial structure research : Quo vadis ? » Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 88, no 2 (2008) : 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd0802036t.
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This article contributes, in the form of theoretical discussion, to the review of relevant methods for determination of city's spatial structure through the retrospective of continuity/discontinuity of understanding their spatial structure from the school of classical sociology to the sustainable development paradigm. Particularly, authors underline significance and analyze main theories and their models (social-ecology, economics, system science and geography) in the researching of spatial structure of the cities. They conclude that urban settlements spatial structure is resultant of complex dynamically-developing processes between settlements networks and systems on the one, and also between their internal components, on the other side. In their essence, cities are not statistical category, but complex and dynamical system whose structure reflects the relations between economic, social and cultural organization of life, adapted to the geographic environment.
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Guskova, Antonina P. « Expression of voice relation in the languages of different structure : is there a category of voice in Hungarian ? » Finno-Ugric World 14, no 1 (22 avril 2022) : 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.014.2022.01.33-43.
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Introduction. This article is a development of an earlier study on the grammatical categories of the verb in Hungarian in comparison with Russian. The subject of study in this work is the grammatical category of voice, one of the most common verbal categories, typical for Russian verbs and absent in the Hungarian language, as well as the ways of its transmission when translated into Hungarian. The purpose of this work is to analyze the grammatical forms of the Hungarian and Russian verbs expressing voice relations and to establish the corresponding equivalents of the category of voice in Russian in the Hungarian language. Materials and Methods. The research material is verbal vocabulary selected from lexicographic works (dictionaries of the Hungarian and Russian languages), linguistic and journalistic sources, grammars of the Hungarian language. The article considers both the written form of the modern Hungarian language and examples from live colloquial speech. The methodological framework of this study is based on researches on general linguistics, the theory of morphology, contributing to the formulation of the problem, determining the degree of its development in the research literature, as well as familiarizing with the conceptual approaches to the voice as an ambiguously interpreted grammatical category of the verb. The methods used in the study are comparative-typological, synchronous-descriptive and functional-semantic methods. Results and Discussion. In the course of study it revealed how inflectional and derivational means helping to express the grammatical semantics of the category of voice in Russian can adequately convey the categorical meaning in the Hungarian language, in which the category of voice is absent. The comparative study of two languages helps to identify the features inherent in each of them, which generally contributes to solving the problems associated with the practice of their teaching. The results of the work based on the data of the ongoing research may be useful in the analysis of other grammatical categories on the material of various languages. Conclusion. Despite the fact that verbs in the Hungarian language do not have a passive voice, the means and forms of its expression are represented in it by a developed and diverse system. The study allows making a step forward in understanding the typological specifics of the voice category and make a certain contribution to the general theory of this phenomenon, since it was the first study of the verb forms of two heterogeneous, genetically unrelated languages based on a comparative analysis in grammatical, semantic and functional aspects.
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Fitriani, Somariah. « The Student Nurses' Written Works of Health Science Institute : Error Analysis in Syntactical and Morphological Category ». Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora 19, no 1 (1 février 2018) : 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/humaniora.v19i1.5356.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The research aims to examine and analyze student nurses’ written works in term of syntax and morphology category. Twenty-six students of the third semester took an English presentation course, which focused on medical cases. The results have revealed that 186 error identifications were found consisting of 132 syntactical errors and 54 morphological errors. The students make errors in the types of article, preposition, parallel structure, the use of be, passive voice, word order, tenses, infinitive to, modal auxiliary and subject determiner in syntactical category. While in morphological error, they make errors in the plural form, subject verb agreement, comparative adjective and word form. Word order is as the most common language error in syntax category with 36 total errors or 19.35% out of 186. The second one is preposition with 26 total errors or 13.97%. While in morphology category, subject verb agreement is the most common one with 29 total errors or 15.59%. The second common one is word form with 13 total errors or 6.98%. It can be concluded that there are 132 (70.96%) of error identification in syntactical category and 54 error identifications or 29.04% in morphological category. In addition to its error identification in syntactical and morphological features, the research has found that the causes of students’ errors are due to intralanguage and interlanguage errors as it has some slightly differences between Bahasa Indonesia and English in term of grammatical structure.