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1
BAILO, LUCA. "Attribuzione di significato in situazioni di incertezza: costruzione delle rappresentazioni mentali, ragionamento probabilistico e risoluzione dei problemi." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/153292.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La ricerca di un senso negli stimoli percepiti costituisce una spinta innata verso la comprensione di dati incerti. La casualità, intesa come la generazione di eventi non prevedibili il cui processo generatore non è sistematico, si contrappone a questa ricerca. Gli studi che saranno presentati in questo lavoro partiranno dall’indagare in che modo eventi casuali siano rappresentati, e previsti, quando presentati come frutto di differenti processi generativi e mostreranno come la comparsa della gambler’s fallacy sia fortemente influenzata dalle modalità di presentazione più che dall’alternanza dei risultati. Nonostante diverse serie casuali di eventi siano identiche in termini di alternanza e ricorsività, indizi che portano le persone a rievocare diversi processi generativi inducono differenti rappresentazioni del processo e pattern di risposta.
Questa ricerca di significato si estende anche all’interpretazione di intenzioni altrui, considerabili come processi generatori di comportamenti. Uno studio di problem solving si propone di testare l’ipotesi che la ricerca di intenzioni sottese a una manipolazione casuale di informazioni abbia un effetto iatrogeno sui processi di risoluzione legati all’interpretazione di dati casuali.<br>The search for meaning in the perceived stimula constitutes an innate drive toward understanding uncertain data. Randomness, conceived as the generation of unpredictable events whose generating process is not systematic, is opposed to this research. The studies that will be presented in this work will start inquiring how random events are represented and expected when presented as the result of different generative processes and will show that results’ presentation is thightly bound to gambler’s fallacy’s and could influence response patterns more than stimuli alternation. Despite several random series of events are identical in terms of alternation and recursion, clues that lead people to evoke alternative generative processes induce different process representations and response patterns.
This search for meaning is also extended to the interpretation of other people's intentions, which can be considered as generating processes. One problem solving study aims to test the hypothesis that the search for underlying intentions in a random manipulation of information has an iatrogenic effect on resolution processes related to the interpretation of random data.
2
Fragnito, Francesco. "Quasar - variabilità e casualità." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6242/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Analisi della variabilità temporale dello spettro di AGN e in particolare di Quasar, con definizione di "quasi-periodicità" e "casualità" su lungo e breve periodo, per un suo uso astrofisico mirato alla creazione di un cifrario crittografico.
3
Fiorillo, Guido. "Casualità algoritmica e dimensione effettiva." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21782/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Nel capitolo 1 della tesi introduciamo dapprima lo "spazio di Cantor'', uno spazio topologico che contiene tutte le successioni infinite di bit. Affrontiamo poi alcuni concetti classici di teoria della misura, individuando, in particolare, due modalità di introdurre una misura sullo spazio di Cantor. Il primo, basato sul teorema di estensione di Carathéodory, porta a definire la misura di Lebesgue, mentre il secondo permette di definire le misure e la dimensione di Hausdorff. In seguito richiamiamo alcune idee di teoria della computabilità e caratterizziamo le misure immagine della misura di Lebesgue tramite un funzionale di Turing. Questa discussione ci porta a definire la "complessità a priori" di una stringa.
Nel secondo capitolo presentiamo la teoria della casualità di Martin-Lof, presentandone tre caratterizzazioni equivalenti. Esaminiamo poi le proprietà computazionali delle successioni casuali. Dimostriamo, in primo luogo che ogni classe effettivamente chiusa di misura positiva contiene rappresentanti per tutti i gradi di Turing di sequenze casuali. In seguito, descriviamo una procedura uniforme che permette di codificare una successione qualunque in una successione casuale (teorema di Kucera). Infine, introduciamo la nozione di stocasticità secondo von-Mises-Church e mostriamo che tutte le sequenze casuali nel senso di Martin-Lof sono stocastiche in questa accezione.
Nel terzo capitolo introduciamo il concetto di dimensione effettiva e casualità rispetto alla misura di Hausdorff. Parallelamente, introduciamo una diversa e più forte nozione di casualità per la misura di Hausdorff, che si presta a essere caratterizzata tramite le supermartingale e la complessità a priori definita nel capitolo 1. In base a questi risultati, si ottiene una formula per calcolare la dimensione effettiva:
$$\dim_H^1(A)= \lim \inf \frac{K(A|_n)}{n}.$$
La tesi si chiude con due esempi che mostrano che per ogni razionale r esiste una successione di dimensione effettiva r.
4
Bressan, Carla. "Implementazione di test di casualità in CrypTool." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5052/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In questa tesi vengono introdotte le idee chiave della moderna crittografia, presentato il cifrario perfetto one-time pad e mostrate le criticità che l’utilizzo di tale schema presenta. L’idea di schemi di cifratura matematicamente sicuri deve essere superata a favore di schemi computazionalmente sicuri. A questo proposito diventa cruciale il concetto di pseudocasualità: come la sicurezza computazionale è un indebolimento della sicurezza perfetta, così la pseudocasualità è un indebolimento della pura casualità. E' quindi necessario avere dei metodi per definire la bontà di un generatore pseudocasuale di numeri. Il National Institute of Standars and Technology fornisce alcuni criteri per caratterizzare e scegliere generatori appropriati sulla base di test statistici. Alcuni di questi test sono stati implementati all’interno del portale di apprendimento CrypTool sviluppato da alcune Università e centri di ricerca di Germania e Austria.
5
Brighenti, Francesco <1988>. "Quantum Gravity Phenomenology: Thermal Dimension of Quantum Spacetime, Casuality and Momentum Conservation from Relative Locality." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7807/1/Brighenti_Francesco_tesi.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The original results presented in this thesis regard two very common topics of discussion in the quantum gravity debate: the dynamical dimensional reduction of spacetime and locality in quantum gravity regime. The dimensionality of quantum spacetime is often understood in terms of the spectral dimension; here, a different notion of dimensionality, the thermal dimension, is proposed. I discuss its physical properties in relation to those of the spectral dimension through the study of specific models of quantum gravity, including preliminary results obtained in the case of models with relative locality. I show that, in those cases where the spectral dimension has puzzling properties, the thermal dimension gives a different and more meaningful picture. The statistical mechanics developed to define the thermal dimension is applied also to the study of the production of primordial cosmological perturbations assuming a running Newton constant and Rainbow gravity. Concerning locality, I study in particular the theory of Relative Locality, a theoretical framework in which different observers may describe the same event as being local or non-local, depending whether it happens in the origin of their reference frame or far away from it, respectively. I show that requiring that locality is relative is enough to guarantee the objectivity of cause-effect relation in chains of events, the absence of causality-violating loops and processes violating the law of conservation of momentum.<br>I risultati originali presentati in questa tesi riguardano due argomenti di discussione molto comuni nel dibattito sulla gravità quantistica: la riduzione dimensionale dinamica dello spaziotempo e la località nel regime di gravità quantistica. La dimensionalità dello spaziotempo quantistico viene spesso descritta in termini della dimensione spettrale; qui viene proposta una nuova nozione di dimensione, la dimensione termale. Discuto le sue proprietà fisiche in relazione a quelle della dimensione spettrale attraverso lo studio di modelli specifici di gravità quantistica, comprendendo anche risultati preliminari ottenuti nel caso di modelli con località relativa. Mostro che , in quei casi in cui la dimensione spettrale ha proprietà bizzarre, la dimensione termale fornisce un quadro diverso e più significativo. La meccanica statistica costruita per definire la dimensione termale è applicata anche allo studio della produzione delle perturbazioni cosmologiche primordiali, assumendo che costante di Newton dipenda dall'energia e la gravità "Rainbow". Per quanto riguarda la località, studio in particolare la teoria delle Località Relativa, un paradigma teorico in cui diversi osservatori possono descrivere uno stesso evento come locale o non locale, a seconda se questo avviene nell'origine del loro sistema di riferimento o lontano dall'origine, rispettivamente. Mostro che richiedere che la località sia relativa è sufficiente a garantire l'oggettività della relazione di causa-effetto in catene di eventi, l'assenza di processi che violano la causalità e di processi che violano la conservazione del momento.
6
Conforte, Bruna Elida. "Ali onde o mar se fez ilha." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/178409.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Este trabalho parte do encontro casual com um material descartado como lixo em uma esquina. Armazenados em sacos pretos, estavam cópias de fotografias, slides, revistas e objetos pessoais pertencentes a uma mulher identificada, em alguns documentos e cartas, como Erony. O arquivo era tão rico que parecia narrar a história da mulher a quem pertenceu. Uma investigação documental e poética é realizada a partir das pistas que o próprio arquivo fornece. A investigação da vida de Erony a partir de seus pertences, escritos e imagens desencadeia uma série de petrificantes coincidências em um processo marcado por deambulações e aventura, resultando em um relato de pesquisa que é constantemente atravessado por devaneios registrados em diários que cobrem a vigília e o sono da artista durante o período da investigação (diários de sonhos, de viagem e de bordo).<br>Ese trabajo parte del encuentro casual con un material desechado como basura en la esquina. Almacenados en bolsas negras, se encontraban copias de fotografías, diapositivas, revistas y objetos personales que pertenecían a una mujer identificada, en algunos documentos y cartas, como Erony. El archivo era tan rumboso que parecía contar la historia de la mujer a quien perteneció. Una investigación documental y poética es desarrollada a partir de las pistas que el proprio archivo trae. La investigación de la vida de Erony a partir de sus perteneces, escritos e imágenes desencadena una serie de petrificantes coincidencias en un proceso marcado por deambulaciones y aventuras, resultando en un relato de investigación que es todo el tiempo atravesado por devaneos registrado en diarios que cobren la vigilia y el sueño de la artista durante el periodo de la investigación (diarios de sueños, de viajes y de a bordo).
7
Poulain, Zapata Marcela. "Análisis de la casualidad de incendios forestales en la zona costera de VIII Región, como base para futuras estrategias de prevención." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2005. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/105082.
Texte intégral
8
Martins, Leonardo Breno. "Contatos imediatos: investigando personalidade, transtornos mentais e atribuição de causalidade em experiências subjetivas com óvnis e alienígenas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47134/tde-20042012-160401/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Esta pesquisa compara pessoas que alegam experiências anômalas e que não as alegam quanto aos cinco grandes fatores da personalidade, indicadores de transtornos mentais e atribuições de causalidade. O recorte incide sobre experiências caracteristicamente contemporâneas, que mencionam objetos voadores não-identificados (óvnis) e eventos correlatos, como alegadas visões de alienígenas. As variáveis foram escolhidas para o estudo devido ao seu papel teórico na edificação das experiências e aos achados contraditórios da literatura a respeito. O tema foi escolhido por se tratar de uma das categorias menos investigadas de experiências anômalas, especialmente no Brasil, mas cuja elevada prevalência e conotações psicossociológicas são particularmente relevantes na contemporaneidade. As variáveis são investigadas pelo uso de instrumentos apropriados para o contexto brasileiro e por roteiros de entrevista semi-abertos que possibilitaram abordar as experiências e atribuições de causalidade. Concluo que as experiências não podem ser prontamente explicadas enquanto resultantes de tendências de personalidade como dificuldades emocionais no enfrentamento da realidade e busca por estimulação e fantasia, tampouco como consequentes a transtornos mentais formais. Contudo, outras características de personalidade e discutíveis indicadores pré-mórbidos sinalizam possibilidades para novos estudos. Finalmente, as atribuições causais revelam complexas relações entre variáveis psicossociais e biológicas sem as quais as experiências óvni e seus protagonistas não podem ser contextualizados e compreendidos<br>This research compares people who claim to have had anomalous experiences and those who do not, in what refers to the Big Five personality factors, indicators of mental disorder and causal attributions. The delimitation focuses on the typical contemporary experiences of unidentified flying objects (UFOs), and related events such as alleged visions of aliens. The variables were chosen because of their theoretical role in building the experience and the contradictory findings about them found in literature. The theme was chosen because it is one of the less investigated anomalous experiences, especially in Brazil, but its high prevalence and psycho-sociological connotations are particularly relevant in contemporary context. The variables are investigated by using instruments appropriate for the Brazilian context and scripts for semi-open interviews that allow to explore the experiences and causal attributions. I conclude that the experiences can not be readily explained as resulting from personality traits as emotional difficulties facing reality and search for stimulation and fantasy, nor as resulting from formal mental disorders. However, other personality characteristics and possible premorbid indicators suggest possibilities for further research. Finally, causal attributions reveal complex relationships between biological and psychosocial variables without which the protagonists and their UFO experiences cannot be contextualized and understood
9
Agbenyegah, Benjamin K. "An econometric approach to measuring productivity: Australia as a case study." Thesis, Curtin University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/219.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Seminal papers of Solow (1957) and Swan (1956) stimulated debate among economists on the role of technical change in productivity improvements and for that matter economic growth. The consensus is that technological change accounts for a significant proportion of gross national product (GNP) growth in industrialised economies. In the case of Australia, the aggregate productivity performance was poor in the 1970s and 1980s, but picked up very strongly by the 1990s, and was above the OECD average growth level for the first time in its productivity growth history. However, this high productivity growth rate could not be sustained and Australia started to experience a slowdown in productivity growth since 2000. This study empirically measures the performance of productivity in Australia’s economy for the period 1950-2005, using an econometric approach. Time-series data are used to develop econometric models that capture the dynamic interactions between GDP, fixed capital, labour units, human capital, foreign direct investment (FDI) and information and communication technology (ICT). The Johansen (1988) cointegration techniques are used to establish a long-run steady-state relation between or among economic time series. The econometric analysis pays careful attention to the time-series properties of the data by conducting unit root and conintegration tests for the variables in the system.This study finds that Australia experienced productivity growth in the 1950s, a slow down in the mid 1960s, a very strong productivity growth in the mid 1990s and another slowdown from 2000 onwards. The study finds evidence that human capital, FDI and ICT are very strong determinants of long-run GDP and productivity growth in Australia. The study finds that the three, four and the five factor models are likely to give better measures of productivity performance in Australia as these models recognise human capital, FDI and ICT and include them as separate factors in the production function, This study finds evidence that the previous studies on the Australia’s productivity puzzle have made a very significant omission by not considering human capital, FDI and ICT as additional exogenous variables and by excluding them from the production function for productivity analysis.
10
Agbenyegah, Benjamin Komla. "An econometric approach to measuring productivity : Australia as a case study /." Curtin University of Technology, School of Economics and Finance, 2007. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=17375.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Seminal papers of Solow (1957) and Swan (1956) stimulated debate among economists on the role of technical change in productivity improvements and for that matter economic growth. The consensus is that technological change accounts for a significant proportion of gross national product (GNP) growth in industrialised economies. In the case of Australia, the aggregate productivity performance was poor in the 1970s and 1980s, but picked up very strongly by the 1990s, and was above the OECD average growth level for the first time in its productivity growth history. However, this high productivity growth rate could not be sustained and Australia started to experience a slowdown in productivity growth since 2000. This study empirically measures the performance of productivity in Australia’s economy for the period 1950-2005, using an econometric approach. Time-series data are used to develop econometric models that capture the dynamic interactions between GDP, fixed capital, labour units, human capital, foreign direct investment (FDI) and information and communication technology (ICT). The Johansen (1988) cointegration techniques are used to establish a long-run steady-state relation between or among economic time series. The econometric analysis pays careful attention to the time-series properties of the data by conducting unit root and conintegration tests for the variables in the system.<br>This study finds that Australia experienced productivity growth in the 1950s, a slow down in the mid 1960s, a very strong productivity growth in the mid 1990s and another slowdown from 2000 onwards. The study finds evidence that human capital, FDI and ICT are very strong determinants of long-run GDP and productivity growth in Australia. The study finds that the three, four and the five factor models are likely to give better measures of productivity performance in Australia as these models recognise human capital, FDI and ICT and include them as separate factors in the production function, This study finds evidence that the previous studies on the Australia’s productivity puzzle have made a very significant omission by not considering human capital, FDI and ICT as additional exogenous variables and by excluding them from the production function for productivity analysis.
11
Cash-Gibson, Lucinda 1984. "Where, why and how scientific knowledge on health inequalities is generated? : An integrated perspective to strengthen understanding of health inequalities research capacities : Key insights from the United Kingdom and the city of Barcelona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670109.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This dissertation aims to understand where, why and how scientific knowledge on health inequalities is produced, why and how some places have strong capacity to produce this, and what determines this capacity. It consists of five main research articles, which integrate diverse disciplinary perspectives and methods (e.g. bibliometric and network analyses; critical review, realist explanatory case studies, with semi-structured interviews and data triangulation). Results found significant inequalities within the health inequalities scientific research field, and propose a global hypothesis on the health inequalities research production process at the local/national level, and some of the potenital conditions, determinants and dynamics involved. In the case of the United Kingdom, and the city of Barcelona, evidence suggests that six causal mechanisms, when activated under certain conditions, are key contributors to the generation of a high volume of health inequalities research. Further research should confirm and analyse them in other settings.<br>Esta disertación tiene como objetivo comprender dónde, por qué y cómo se produce el conocimiento científico sobre desigualdades en salud, e identificar qué determina la capacidad para crear este conocimiento en distintos contextos. Incluye cinco artículos de investigación que integran diversas perspectivas y métodos (análisis bibliométricos y de redes; revisión crítica; estudios de casos explicativos realistas; entrevistas semiestructuradas; y triangulación de datos). Los resultados principales señalan importantes desigualdades en la producción de conocimiento científico en desigualdades en salud a nivel global; se plantea una hipótesis global sobre dicho proceso y los principales determinantes, dinámicas y condiciones implicados a nivel local o nacional; en el caso del Reino Unido y Barcelona, la evidencia sugiere que seis mecanismos causales han contribuido a la generación de un alto volumen de investigación sobre desigualdades en salud, los cuales se activan bajo ciertas condiciones. Investigaciones futuras deberán analizar dichos mecanismos y determinantes en distintos entornos.
12
Lopes, Daniel Costa. "Análise quantitativa da volatilidade entre os índices Dow Jones, IBovespa e S&P 500." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/7848.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A volatilidade é uma medida de incerteza quanto às variações dos preços de ativos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a volatilidade, através dos diversos modelos da família GARCH, de três índices de mercados financeiros: Dow Jones, IBovespa e S&P 500. Com este intuito, foram aqui utilizadas técnicas univariadas e multivariadas, bem como análises de Causalidade de Granger. Através das duas primeiras ferramentas, escolhemos o melhor modelo para cada um destes casos. Usando a terceira ferramenta, concluímos que o IBovespa é significativamente influenciado pela abertura do Dow Jones e do S&P500. Por outro lado, mostramos que a abertura do IBovespa não impacta, nem à 10% de significância, os índices Dow Jones e S&P 500. Também concluímos que a incorporação de um dos índices americanos ao modelo do IBovespa torna-o mais significativo, uma vez que o mercado acionário brasileiro é impactado pelos dois índices citados anteriormente. Desta forma, este trabalho mostra que os modelos GARCH multivariados aparentam ser mais eficazes na estimação da volatilidade de ativos financeiros do que os modelos GARCH univariados.<br>The volatility is a measure of the uncertainty of variations of asset prices. The main goal of this work is to analyze the volatility, by the use of several models of the GARCH family, of three financial market indexes: Dow Jones, IBovespa and S&P 500. With this purpose, we use univariate and multivariate techniques, as well as Granger Causality. Using these first two tools, we choose the best model for each one of these cases. Using the third tool, we conclude that the IBovespa is significatively influenced by the opening of the Dow Jones and the S&P 500 indexes. On the other hand, we show that the opening of the IBovespa does not impact, not even at 10% of significance, the Dow Jones and S&P 500 indexes. We also conclude that incorporation of one of these American indexes to the model involving IBovespa makes it more significant, once the Brazilian Stock Market is impacted by the two American indexes we mention before. This work shows that multivariate GARCH models seem to be more efficient in the volatility estimation of financial assets than univariate GARCH models.
13
Huang, Jing‐Hui. "Three Essays on Insurers’ Performance and Best’s Ratings." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc801933/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This dissertation consists of three essays: essay 1, Underwriting Use of Credit Information and Firm Performance ‐ An Empirical Study of Texas Property‐Liability Insurers, essay 2, Prediction of Ratings in Property‐Liability Industry when The Organizational Form Is Endogenous, and essay 3, A Discussion of Parsimonious Methods Predicting Insurance Companies Ratings. The purpose of the first essay is to investigate the influence of underwriting use of credit information on variation in insurers’ underwriting performance. Specifically, this study addresses the following two research questions: first, what firm‐level characteristics are associated with the insurers’ decision to use credit information in underwriting? second, is there a relationship between the use of credit information and variation in insurers’ underwriting performance? The empirical results indicate that larger insurance companies, companies having more business in personal auto insurance, and those with greater use of reinsurance are more likely to use credit information in underwriting. More importantly, the results indicate that use of credit information is associated with lower variation in underwriting performance, consistent with the hypothesis that use of credit information enables insurers to better predict their losses. The purpose of the second essay is to resolve the inconsistent relationship between the organizational forms (i.e., stock versus mutual insurers) and insurers’ financial strength ratings. Specifically, this study takes into account the potential endogenous nature of organizational forms to investigate the influence of organizational forms on insurers’ financial strength ratings. The empirical results from the models employed indicate that the stock dummy variable is indeed a significant predictor of insurers’ ratings and that the relationship between the stock dummy and insurers’ financial strength ratings is not affected after the endogenous nature of organizational forms is considered. However, such relationship flips to be negative when additional rating predictors are included into the models. The purpose of the third essay is to investigate whether a logistic model is consistent in its predictions within one data set and compare the predictability and classificatory performance between the regression with a set of financial variables and the regression with principal components derived from this set of financial variables. The empirical results indicate that the models’ predictability is consistent within one data set which includes two different groups of observations. Also, the findings suggest that the principal components regression as a parsimonious model achieves the similar accuracy of estimation and fit while providing clearer interpretation of the role of the significant predictors.
14
Jr-Jung, Guo, and 郭志重. "The Research and Application of Retention Model in Casuality Insurance." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11008969057344108433.
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Johnson, Meghan. "The needs of family members accompanying patients into a trauma casuality." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/15259.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Introduction and Background
Trauma Casualty is an environment of constant unpredictability which has an impact on the
both the casualty staff, the patient and family. Family members are usually not prepared for
the sudden crisis of having a loved one injured. The Trauma Nurse therefore, has a very
important role with regards to meeting the needs of the family of patients brought into the
unit. The needs of family members in the Intensive Care or Critical Care setting has been
extensively researched using the critical care family needs inventory (CCFNI), however very
little has been researched in the setting of a trauma or emergency setting. The needs of family
members in the emergency setting has been researched in Australia, but no work has been
done in South Africa. There is, therefore, a need for research in this area.
Purpose of the study
The aim of the study was to determine the needs of family members accompanying patients
into trauma casualty, in order of importance as perceived by them, and to determine if these
needs are being met. Identification of needs will inform the role of the nurse with regard to
holistic nursing care including care of the family of the patient.
Research Method
The study made use of a quantitative descriptive exploratory design. The population (n=97)
included family members of patients brought into casualty. The sample size was determined
in consultation with a statistician from the Medical Research Council. The inclusion Criteria
incorporated family members, over the age of 18, who were willing to complete a self
administered questionnaire. Family members of patients who had died in the unit were
excluded.
An Australian developed instrument, using a Likert Scale to categorise and quantify needs
statements, was used. The tool was validated by review of a panel of experts and an inter
rater agreement of 90% established. The tool was adapted for the South African context and
validated on a subscale level using the Cronbach Alpha correlation test. Five major themes
make up the critical care family needs inventory, these consist of “Meaning”, “Proximity”,
“Communication”, “Comfort”, and “Support”. Two questionnaires were used, comprised of
the same needs statements, however CCFNI-1 was used to determine the level of importance
of needs statements, while CCFNI-2 sought to determine the level of satisfaction of needs
met.
The study setting made use of a Level 1 Trauma Casualty in a Public Tertiary Academic
Hospital, in which the pilot study was conducted before data collection in the same setting.
The data analysis process made use of descriptive statistics. After cleaning and coding, the
data were exported to STATA statistical software for values to be calculated and interpreted.
Data were analysed in three steps, namely analysis of demographic data, thematic
organisation of analysed data and content analysis of open ended questions.
Main Findings
The main findings highlighted the importance of needs relating to the themes “Meaning” and
“Communication”, while satisfaction was highest in the theme “Meaning”. A concerning
finding was the low level of satisfaction with needs being met related to communication.
16
Lee, Kuan-Hau, and 李冠豪. "An Empirical Study for the Casuality between Earnings and Stock Prices." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45594535643681314979.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士<br>淡江大學<br>會計學系<br>88<br>Title of Thesis : An Empirical Study for the Casuality Total page : 95
between Earnings and Stock Prices
Key word : information content、earnings、stock prices、Granger causality
Name of Institute : Tamkang University , Graduate Institute of Accounting
Graduate Date : June 12 , 2000 Degree Conferred : Master
Name of student : Lee Kuan-hao Advisor : Dr. Yeh Chin-chen
李冠豪 葉金成 博士
Abstract：
The relation between earnings and stock prices is always an important issue in accounting and finance. Ball＆Brown(1968) initially associate accounting and finance and prove the information content of earnings by an empirical study. Then Beaver, Lambert＆Morse(1980) infer the information content of stock prices upon the reaction of earnings to unanticipated events behind stock prices. Recently, Beaver, NcAnally＆Stinion（1997）suggest earning and stock price are jointly affected by information, they are interactive. Under the three claims, it makes us doubtful. What is the really relation between earnings and stock prices? Earnings lead stock prices, stock prices lead earnings or they are interactive. Under the three fundamental hypotheses, what is the role of earnings and stock prices? What is the direction of the information flow? If it is still unclear, the result of related research will be tremendously influenced.
Our samples are chosen from the firms traded in the Taiwan Stock Exchange from 1986 to 1998. We use Granger causality techniques testing samples to examine the direction of the information flow directly. Our findings are as follows.
1.The direction of information flow between earnings and stock prices: the most is the feedback; secondly, earnings leading stock prices; then stock prices leading earnings; and the least is the independent.
2.Earnings and stock prices have the information content respectively, but vary in different firms.
3.For the time span of information transmission, earnings lead stock prices with three seasons, and stock prices lead earnings with two seasons.
4.The inconsistent finding of those studies concerning the information content of earning in domestic may be attributed to the uncertainty of the causality between earnings and stock prices. In addition, it will underestimate the information content of earnings or stock prices by improper grouping techniques.
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Mohapi, Morongwa Caroline. "Evaluation of the casuality department at Polokwane Mankweng Hospital Complex in the Limpopo Province." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/15517.
Texte intégralRésumé :
research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of
the Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Public Health in the field of Hospital Management
MAY 2014<br>BACKGROUND: One of the key challenges facing the Limpopo Department
of Health and Social Development in the area of Casualty Care is the lack of
trained personnel and the inappropriate referral and utilisation of these
services. There has been no known study conducted in this area in the South
African context and therefore this study was undertaken to evaluate the
services rendered within the Casualty Department at the Polokwane
Mankweng Hospital Complex with specific reference to material and human
resources as well as efficiency of the unit.
AIM: To evaluate the Hospital Casualty Department in the Polokwane
Mankweng Hospital Complex in terms of caseload, influencing factors and
implications on resource utilisation during a one year study period.
METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional study design was employed in this study.
A retrospective record review was done and information was extracted from
various sources of hospital information systems. No primary data was
collected for this study. The setting of this study was the Casualty
Departments at Polokwane Mankweng Hospital Complex. The two hospitals
constituting this complex are situated 30 km apart in Polokwane and Turfloop
respectively. Data was collected on various variables that are relevant to the
functioning of, and resource utilisation in the Casualty Unit of this Complex.
Variables including that of caseload, patient profiles, service costs and
workload on human resources were measured.
RESULTS: This study based on retrospective review of records of 250
patients’ records selected by a simple random sample from a cohort of 14,113
patients who attended the Casualty Department of the Polokwane Mankweng
Hospital Complex during one year study period. One fifth of the patients were
referred from other health facilities and more than 60% of the patients were
discharged after receiving treatment which implied that these patients could
be managed at a regional or district hospital. More patients with medical aid
bypassed the referral system. Almost half of the patients arrived after-hours
(from 18h00 to 6h00).
This is the first study in the Limpopo Province which looked at the direct cost
per patient at the Casualty Department. In 2008/09, overall expenditure was
R 10,321,401.42 (including R 954,168.45 for pharmacy products, other
consumables R 177,261.16 and Laboratory tests R 1,866,233.25). Overall the
Department accounts for an estimated R 7,323,804 in personnel annual
expenditure of the hospital. Unit personnel cost per patient was estimated at
R518.94 (70.96% of total recurrent cost), while the unit costs for the
Pharmaceuticals, Stores and Laboratory tests were; R67.23 (9.24%), R12.56
(1.72%) and R132.24 (18.08%) per patient respectively. Overall the combined
unit cost was estimated at R731.34 per single emergency care patient
excluding the capital costs.
CONCLUSION: The results of the study will be used to guide the allocation of
appropriate resources, and to highlight the need to implement an effective
referral system, which will assist in reducing the workload.
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Tsibolane, Patrick Mbuyiselo. "Attendance patterns of patients at a regional hospital casuality department in the Free State Province." Thesis, 2011.
Trouver le texte intégralRésumé :
A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Health (Hospital Management)
Johannesburg 2011<br>With the exception of emergency cases most patients should first be seen at the Primary Health Care(PHC) level where a decision is made by a doctor or nurse as to whether they should be referred to a higher level of care or not. Such referral would be referring to a district hospital, from there to a regional hospital then eventually to a central hospital. Over the last five years the argument from Pelonomi Regional Hospital (PRH) casualty department doctors has been growing louder and louder about patients they see which should be seen at PHC level. It was for this reason that this study was found to be necessary in order to put the arguments to a scientific test and be certain that the complaints are valid i.e. Are the majority of patients seen inappropriate for this level of care?
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Ramoshaba, Tshegofatso. "Price transmission and casuality analysis of cheese and pasteurised liquid milk in South Africa from 2000 to 2016." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2975.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (M. A. Agricultural Science (Agricultural Economics) -- University of Limpopo, 2019<br>The relationship between farm and retail prices provides insights into marketing efficiency, consumer and farmer welfare. In light of this, much focus has been given to price transmission studies. Thus, price transmission studies have become increasingly important in Sub Saharan Africa because of its nature of providing clear insights information into our markets. Despite its importance in markets, there are a few studies analysing the mechanism through which prices are determined and transmitted from farm gate to retail markets in dairy markets in South Africa.
The aim of the study was to investigate and analyse the nature of price transmission mechanism of pasteurised liquid milk and cheese in South Africa. The specific objectives were to determine the correlation between the milk production and quantity of milk processed in South Africa. Furthermore, there was a need to determine the direction of causality between the farm gate, processor and retail prices of cheese and pasteurised liquid milk in South Africa. It was also necessary to determine whether the price transmission of pasteurised liquid milk and cheese was symmetric or asymmetric in South Africa. The study used secondary time series data that covered a sample size of 17 years (2000 -2016) of pasteurised liquid milk and cheese in South Africa. Pearson correlation coefficient, Granger causality test and Vector Error Correction Model were used for data analysis.
Pearson correlation results revealed that milk produced is perfectly correlated with the quantity of milk processed and it was positive. The Granger causality tests revealed that there was a no causal relationship between farm gate and processor, retail and processor and also between farm gate and retail for cheese. However, signs of independent causal relationship from farm gate to retail prices were visible. It also suggested a bidirectional causal relationship between processor and farm gate prices and also between retail and processor prices of pasteurised liquid milk. On the other hand, a unidirectional causality was found from retail to farm gate prices. The VECM results for pasteurised liquid milk showed asymmetric price transmission implying that retailers and processors react quicker to price increases than to price decrease.
ii
It is recommended that more focus be placed on investment in emerging dairy farmers in order to increase production. This can be done through the input price subsidies, grants and education on modern technologies. The government should also implement the price monitoring cell in order to protect the consumers from unfair prices passed on by the retailers.<br>Services SETA and National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC)
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Mulaudzi, Mokitimi Placid. "The impact of capital flight and investment on economic growth in South Africa." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2201.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (M.Com (Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018<br>This study investigates the impact of capital flight and investment on economic growth in South Africa using time series data from 1986 to 2016. It employs the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing procedure and the Granger causality test as a method of analysis. The empirical findings reveal that the variables are cointegrated which is an indication of the existence of a long run relationship among them. It was further discovered that capital flight had a negative long run relationship with economic growth while investment showed a positive long run relationship with economic growth. The terms of trade and inflation which were added to the model as control variable were also found to have a significantly positive influence on economic growth. The Granger causality indicated a bidirectional relationship between inflation and economic growth, while the terms of trade is found to have a unidirectional relationship with economic growth and capital investment respectively. The results are in line with the neo-classical growth model and the accelerator theory of investment.
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Pal, Ujjwal. "A Computational Platform For Automated Identification Of Building Blocks In Mechanical Design For Enhancing Ideation." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/2555.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Conceptual design is an early stage in the design process, in which functional requirements of a design problem are transformed into solution concepts for satisfying the requirements. It is regarded as a crucial step in design, because decisions made in this stage will strongly affect all the subsequent stages of the design process. Research evidence suggests that inspiration is useful for exploration and discovery of new solution spaces, and exploration of a wide variety of concepts increases the chances of developing more novel, and hence more creative solutions.
There are various approaches to providing inspiration, e.g., creativity techniques such as trigger word technique, biomimetics such as Idea-Inspire, and computational synthesis approaches such as compositional synthesis. Computational synthesis tools are used for automated generation of concepts, which can be offered to the designer as triggers for inspiring ideation. The advantage of using solutions from computational synthesis as triggers are the following: the solutions can be produced in a relatively unbiased manner, allowing a variety of directions to be explored, and the solutions are exhaustive within the constraints of the databases or rules used, allowing a multitude of possibilities to be offered. However, computational synthesis has been traditionally used for automating solution generation, rather than creating triggers for designers’ ideation. Notwithstanding their potential for inspiring ideation, current computational synthesis approaches rarely focused on this task. One exception is FuncSION, a compositional synthesis tool, which can automatically synthesize solution concepts for mechanical devices, where a set of input and output characteristics i.e. functional requirements are provided by the user and the computer generates solutions by combining building blocks from a library to satisfy the requirements; these solutions are then used as stimuli for ideation by designers. The focus of this thesis is on evaluating and improving the effectiveness of computational synthesis in triggering ideation during conceptual design, in terms of improving the fluency and variety of the concept space produced. FuncSION has been used as the example synthesis approach on which the work has been focused. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of FuncSION in terms of fluency and variety, a method for assessing variety of a concept space is proposed, and a tool for supporting the assessment process has been developed.
However, compositional synthesis research has always assumed that the building blocks are given, and has confined its focus on the process of combining the building blocks. It has not been investigated as to how such building blocks can be automatically identified. If new building blocks can be automatically identified, the resulting change in the library of building blocks would have a substantial effect on the outcomes of compositional synthesis, i.e. the triggers that can be offered to the designers for ideation, with a resulting effect on the concepts generated by the designers. Therefore, in this thesis, an automated method for building blocks synthesis has been proposed, and has been implemented as a computational tool.