Articles de revues : « Calibration of sprayers »

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Kasner, Edward J., Richard A. Fenske, Gwen A. Hoheisel, et al. "Spray Drift from Three Airblast Sprayer Technologies in a Modern Orchard Work Environment." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, no. 1 (2019): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxz080.

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Abstract Pesticide spray drift represents an important exposure pathway that may cause illness among orchard workers. To strike a balance between improving spray coverage and reducing drift, new sprayer technologies are being marketed for use in modern tree canopies to replace conventional axial fan airblast (AFA) sprayers that have been used widely since the 1950s. We designed a series of spray trials that used mixed-effects modeling to compare tracer-based drift volume levels for old and new sprayer technologies in an orchard work environment. Building on a smaller study of 6 trials (168 tree rows) that collected polyester line drift samples (n = 270 measurements) suspended on 15 vertical masts downwind of an AFA sprayer application, this study included 9 additional comparison trials (252 tree rows; n = 405 measurements) for 2 airblast tower sprayers: the directed air tower (DAT) and the multi-headed fan tower (MFT). Field-based measurements at mid (26 m) and far (52 m) distances showed that the DAT and MFT sprayers had 4–15 and 35–37% less drift than the AFA. After controlling for downwind distance, sampling height, and wind speed, model results indicated that the MFT [−35%; 95% confidence interval (CI): −22 and −49%; P &lt; 0.001] significantly reduced drift levels compared to the AFA, but the DAT did not (−7%; 95% CI: −19 and 6%; P = 0.29). Tower sprayers appear to be a promising means by which to decrease drift levels through shorter nozzle-to-tree canopy distances and more horizontally directed aerosols that escape the tree canopy to a lesser extent. Substitution of these new technologies for AFA sprayers is likely to reduce the frequency and magnitude of pesticide drift exposures and associated illnesses. These findings, especially for the MFT, may fit United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Drift Reduction Technology (DRT) one-star rating of 25–50% reduction. An ‘AFA buyback’ incentive program could be developed to stimulate wider adoption of new drift-reducing spray technologies. However, improved sprayer technologies alone do not eliminate drift. Applicator training, including proper sprayer calibration and maintenance, and application exclusion zones (AEZs) can also contribute to minimizing the risks of drift exposure. With regard to testing DRTs and establishing AEZs, our study findings demonstrate the need to define the impact of airblast sprayer type, orchard architecture, sampling height, and wind speed.

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Drincha, V. M., Yu A. Sergeyev, and A. O. Sharibura. "Calibration of field sprayers and modern devices for its realization." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 79, no. 5 (2012): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-69339.

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Peñaloza, Elmer A. G., Paulo E. Cruvinel, Vilma A. Oliveira, and Augusto G. F. Costa. "A Model Approach to Infer the Quality in Agricultural Sprayers Supported by Knowledge Bases and Experimental Measurements." International Journal of Semantic Computing 11, no. 03 (2017): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x17400104.

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This paper presents a method to infer the quality of sprayers based on data collection of the drop spectra and their physical descriptors, which are used to generate a knowledge base to support decision-making in agriculture. The knowledge base is formed by collected experimental data, obtained in a controlled environment under specific operating conditions, and the semantics used in the spraying process to infer the quality in the application. The electro-hydraulic operating conditions of the sprayer system, which include speed and flow measurements, are used to define experimental tests, perform calibration of the spray booms and select the nozzle types. Using the Grubbs test and the quartile-quartile plot an exploratory analysis of the collected data was made in order to determine the data consistency, the deviation of atypical values, the independence between the data of each test, the repeatability and the normal representation of them. Therefore, integrating measurements to a knowledge base it was possible to improve the decision-making in relation to the quality of the spraying process defined in terms of a distribution function. Results shown that the use of advanced models and semantic interpretation improved the decision-making processes related to the quality of the agricultural sprayers.

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Mion, Renildo L., Beatriz M. de Sousa, Igor M. Cordeiro, Weberte A. Sombra, José M. de L. Duarte, and Fidel C. B. Lucas. "Calibration of angles of nozzles and deposition of an axial-flow sprayer on dwarf cashew." Engenharia Agrícola 32, no. 4 (2012): 802–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162012000400020.

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The study aimed to determine an optimum angle for the nozzles axial-flow sprayers a deposition for better vertical distribution focused on cashew. In laboratory tests were conducted adjusting the angle of the nozzle axial-flow sprayers. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 2x3 factorial with four replications. The treatment for this test were two settings (with and without the adjustment of the angles of the nozzles ) and tree application volumes 273, 699 and 954 L ha-¹.The study was conducted in an orchard of dwarf cashew, with eight years of age. It was concluded that the volumetric distribution profile showed better vertical distribution uniformity when the angles of the nozzles were regulated for the canopy, the adjustment of the angles of the nozzles for the canopy provided greater deposition of droplets, the increased volume of application resulted in higher depositions in the leaves of the crop.

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Mosetti, Davide, Paolo Sivilotti, and Giovanni Bigot. "The calibration of the sprayers and the factors involved in coverage uniformity in the vineyard." BIO Web of Conferences 13 (2019): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191302001.

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The phytopathological condition of the vineyard and the reduction in the use of crop protection products are closely linked to the efficiency of the use of sprayers. The objective of the work was to identify the best operative conditions to improve the canopy coverage of the spraying. From 2012 to 2017 173 field trials were carried out in 40 farms, on 24 varieties, testing 72 different sprayers in North Eastern Italy. Water-sensitive papers of 2.5 × 2.5 cm were positioned in eight points in the vine canopy according to a standardized method, and they were examined after spraying for spray deposition. In general, results showed that coverage of the lower leaf surface was very poor. On the contrary, the upper section of leaves in the outer canopy layers have received excessive spraying, over 70% coverage in 25% of cases. The coverage uniformity was improved by using driving speeds lower than 6 km / h and using upward air flow direction.

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Bahlol, Haitham Y., Abhilash K. Chandel, Gwen-Alyn Hoheisel, and Lav R. Khot. "Smart Spray Analytical System for Orchard Sprayer Calibration: A-Proof-of-Concept and Preliminary Results." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 1 (2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13196.

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Abstract. Efficient chemical spray applications are vital to reduce off-target drift, economic losses to tree fruit growers, and negative environmental impacts. It is thus important to adequately calibrate and adjust orchard sprayers for intended applications. This technical note describes the design, prototyping, and field evaluation of a sensor-based smart spray analytical system (SSAS). The SSAS is equipped with units for spray capturing and volumetric quantification, air-assist velocity measurement, system actuation and control, and data acquisition and wireless transmission. The spray liquid and air-assist velocity quantification units are assembled on a custom-made mobile frame for vertical stop-and-go movement to provide measurements at eight distinct sampling heights above ground level. The data acquisition and transmission units autonomously log the data on-board and transmit wirelessly to a receiving computer with time and height stamps for real-time graphical visualization. All these autonomous processes are guided by a custom programmable single-board computer. The SSAS was preliminarily evaluated for spray liquid and air-assist velocity pattern assessment of an air-assisted orchard sprayer in four sets of spray trials. An average spray liquid recovery of 14.03% and pertinent coefficient of variation (CV) of 10.73% were observed. An average CV of 11.93% was observed in the air-assist velocity patterns. Overall, the SSAS provided measurements within acceptable ranges of variation. This system can thus minimize the experimental errors, time, and efforts involved in conventional assessments of sprayer attributes, thereby providing a reliable solution for orchard sprayer calibration and adjustment. Keywords: Air-assist velocity pattern, Airblast sprayer calibration, Data storage and transmission, Graphical visualization, Smart spray analytical system, Spray liquid pattern.

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Rathnayake, Anura P., Ramesh K. Sahni, Lav R. Khot, Gwen A. Hoheisel, and Heping Zhu. "Intelligent Sprayer Spray Rates Optimization to Efficiently Apply Chemicals in Modern Apple Orchards." Journal of the ASABE 65, no. 6 (2022): 1411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.14654.

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Highlights Intelligent sprayers require crop canopy-specific base spray rate (SR) adjustments. SRs can be estimated by Tree Row Volume (TRV) and Unit Canopy Row (UCR) methods. This study formulated TRV and UCR based SRs for modern apple orchard canopies. Field trials evaluated spray deposition and coverage variations for these rates. TRV and UCR based treatments had comparable spray performance to the grower-adapted application rate. Abstract. The efficiency of air-assisted sprayer-based chemical applications in horticultural crops is dependent on several factors, including that of the application rate as the amount of liquid per ground area (L ha-1 or gal acre-1 [GPA]). In contrast to the conventional GPA-based application rates, recently developed intelligent and precision sprayers use the input spray rate (SR) as the amount of liquid volume (L) required to spray one cubic meter of crop canopy (L m-3 or ounces per cubic foot). This input rate ranges between 0.06 and 0.13 L m-3 depending on the architecture and canopy size. However, the exact value of input SR is decided based on grower experience and manufacturer recommendation and can often be a broad estimation. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore methods that could be used to have a precise estimate of the input SR related to the canopy being sprayed for optimal spray applications. Tree row volume (TRV) and unit canopy row (UCR) methods were used to estimate input SRs and the sprayer field efficiency was evaluated in a vertical fruiting wall-trained commercial apple orchard, typical in the State of Washington, USA. Field spray trials were conducted in the full canopy growth stage, spraying a mix of fluorescent tracer dye of 2 g L-1 concentration at a calibration speed of 1.50 m s-1. Spray deposition and coverage were evaluated in replicated field trials using deposit samplers (mylar cards and screen) and water-sensitive papers, respectively. Test results demonstrated that both TRV (SR: 0.09 L m-3) and UCR (SR: 0.10 L m-3) were effective methods to calculate the spray rates since their spray deposition and coverage were comparable to that of the grower-adapted application rate (935 L ha-1). While the spray rates calculated by both methods provided better application efficiency, an SR of 0.09 L m-3 calculated by the TRV method would be preferable in spray applications of fully foliated fruiting wall-trained apple trees as it sprayed less liquid. Although the TRV method could potentially be applicable for estimating SR with an adjustment factor to compensate for the pruning level, crop-specific further evaluations are suggested for different canopy training systems. Keywords: Intelligent sprayer, Modern orchard systems, Spray rate, Tree row volume, Unit canopy row.

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Maličević, Z., J. Turan, B. Railić, and D. Mitrović. "Effect of calibration on modern concepts of air assisted sprayers on application quality abstarct." Savremena poljoprivredna tehnika 40, no. 4 (2014): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/savpoljteh1401019m.

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Lewis, Margaret T., and Kelly A. Hamby. "Optimizing Caneberry Spray Coverage for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Management on Diversified Fruit Farms." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 6 (2020): 2820–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa237.

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Abstract Spray coverage may influence the efficacy of insecticides targeting the invasive vinegar fly Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), a primary pest of raspberries and blackberries. In commercially managed caneberries, spray coverage is typically lowest in the inner and lower plant canopy, regions that overlap with higher levels of adult D. suzukii activity. To understand how spray coverage of fruit impacts efficacy against D. suzukii, laboratory bioassays were conducted using raspberries. In laboratory bioassays, higher spray coverage did not impact larval infestation rates but did increase adult mortality, indicating that flies can avoid a lethal dose of insecticide when applications do not achieve adequate coverage. We also evaluated how carrier water volume impacts spray coverage patterns throughout the canopy of raspberry and blackberry plants using both airblast and CO2 backpack sprayers. Increasing carrier water volume generally improved spray coverage in the lower plant canopy. However, effects in the upper plant canopy were inconsistent and varied between sprayer types. In addition to carrier water volume, other approaches, including adjusting the pesticide sprayer equipment used and/or sprayer calibration, should also be explored to improve coverage. Growers should evaluate spray coverage in their caneberries to identify and troubleshoot coverage issues. Results from this study indicate that taking the time to optimize this aspect of pesticide application may improve chemical management of D. suzukii and will likely also improve control of other important caneberry pests.

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Pergher, G. "Field evaluation of a calibration method for air-assisted sprayers involving the use of a vertical patternator." Crop Protection 23, no. 5 (2004): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2003.09.015.

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Folkerts, Chandler, Joe D. Luck, Santosh Kumar Pitla, and Yufeng Ge. "Optical Sensor System for Chemical Flow Rate Monitoring with Direct Nozzle Injection." Journal of the ASABE 65, no. 1 (2022): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.14590.

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HighlightsA novel optical sensor system was developed to accurately measure simulated chemical (water with dye) flow rates observed with direct nozzle injection systems for agricultural sprayers.The average error in chemical flow rate estimates was only 2% across a typical range of injection rates.The prototype optical sensor system was capable of detecting dye dilutions to a level of 1:150,000.Abstract. Direct injection systems have the potential to provide several benefits to spray applicators (e.g., easing boom cleanout procedures); however, lag time and proper mixing continue to hinder adoption. Development efforts have typically focused on moving the chemical injection point closer to the nozzle to improve the application rate response. This poses an important challenge for proper metering of the chemical, i.e., accurate measurement of extremely low chemical flow rates. In this study, an optical sensor system was integrated with a typical carrier flowmeter and calibration methodology to measure chemical flow rates for a direct nozzle injection sprayer. The optical sensor used a light-emitting diode (LED) and photodiode pair to measure the absorbance of a dye mixed with a simulated chemical solution. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the measurement accuracy of the system in which sensor output was compared directly to measurements from a spectrophotometer. Results indicated that the calibrated sensor system was able to estimate the simulated chemical flow rate with an average error of 2%. The sensor system was also capable of accurate measurements as the initial concentrations of dye mixed with the chemical solution varied. Keywords: Application equipment, Pesticides, Sprayers, Spraying equipment.

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Schrader, Mark J., Anura P. Rathnayake, and Lav R. Khot. "Horticultural Oil Thermotherapy Delivery System for Perennial Specialty Crops: A-Proof-of-Concept and Preliminary Results." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 38, no. 2 (2022): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14786.

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HighlightsHorticultural oil thermotherapy sprayer was developed for use in perennial fruit crops.Prototype design included air-shear nozzles to spray at eight customized heights.Field evaluation provided adequate spray coverage.Abstract. Spray drift and residues of synthetic chemicals used in crop pest management are major concerns in agricultural industry. Therefore, exploration of alternative pest management technologies is necessary to minimize lasting pesticide residues without compromising biological efficacy. As such, this study reports the design and evaluation of a new horticultural oil thermotherapy (HOT) application system intended to increase biological efficacy of low-residue horticultural oils through addition of heat. A field-scale system has been constructed to apply thermotherapy onto tree fruit and berry crop canopies. This system uses a custom heating unit to preheat the spray liquid, reaching the nozzles at temperatures up to 99°C depending on application requirement. The spray delivery and temperature profiles generated by the prototyped HOT system were evaluated at three horizontal distances from the nozzle exit (0.6, 1.5, and 2.1 m) using a smart spray analytical system developed by our research group. Typical to tree fruit sprayers, higher spray delivery was collected at 0.6 m distance and trended to decrease with increasing distance from the nozzles. The spray plume temperature also decreased with increasing distance from the nozzle. The prototype was evaluated in a pear orchard providing adequate spray coverage at bottom (75% average at 1.2 m AGL) and middle (53% average at 2.4 m AGL) canopy zones. However, the coverage in the top canopy zone (3.6 m AGL) was less than 8% and will require adjustments to the nozzle assembly. Overall, configuration refinements and calibration adjustments will be required in the prototyped HOT system depending on the crop growth stage and canopy architecture for optimal application efficacy. The developed system, with due optimization, will be critical in providing evidence supporting the feasibility of HOT applications. Keywords: Alternative pest management, Application technology, Horticultural oil, Thermotherapy, Spray efficacy.

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Gous, S. F., T. M. Withers, and A. J. Hewitt. "A new pest management research facility Scions largescale precision track sprayer." New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (January 8, 2014): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5724.

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A new large scale precision track sprayer has been developed and evaluated for spray deposition and pesticide application research under controlled conditions The spray room is fitted with a 4 m wide electrically driven boom suspended 4 m above ground running on a 12 m long Ibeam It is fitted with 9 independently controlled shut off valves and nozzles Sprays can be applied to live plant canopies up to 3 m tall within a 2 m times; 3 m sample area The number location and type of nozzle on the boom can be altered as can spray liquid pressure and boom speed in order to simulate a wide range of spray application scenarios Calibration of the largescale precision track sprayer has been undertaken for a range of droplet spectra from extremely coarse to very fine This paper documents the calibration results and discusses the potential use of this facility for pesticide application research

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M. Salyani and J. W. Serdynski. "A Device and Method for Sprayer Calibration." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 9, no. 1 (1993): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25961.

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Corber, Andrew, Wajid Chishty, and Patrizio Vena. "Planar LIF/MIE ratio droplet sizing using structured laser sheet imaging at elevated ambient pressures." Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society 4 (May 13, 2020): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33737/jgpps/115249.

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LIF/Mie ratio-metric imaging was used to characterize sprays produced by a simple hollow-cone pressure atomizer, operating under elevated ambient pressures up to 10 atm. A structured laser sheet was used as the source of illumination to suppress the multiple scattered light, generating images that are free of the artefacts typically found in conventional laser sheet images. The resulting LIF/Mie ratio-metric images were calibrated using Phase Doppler anemometry to generate axial planar maps of the spray’s Sauter-mean diameter (SMD). This calibration methodology was applied over a range of ambient pressures and liquid flows to assess the robustness of the structured LIF/Mie ratio-metric imaging as a droplet sizing technique. The test fluids consisted of conventional and alternative jet fuels as well as nozzle calibration fluid. Results presented in the paper indicate both the effectiveness and certain limitations of the technique.

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Shang, Jinkui, Ronghuan Zhao, Zhaonan Xu, and Hongjie Zhong. "Research on global calibration technology of pressure sensitive paint based on airtight chamber." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2364, no. 1 (2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2364/1/012022.

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Abstract Pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technology has been widely applied in wind-tunnel test. Generally, PSP calibration data are obtained using a calibration sample in laboratory priori calibration device, which the sample is sprayed at the same time with the test model.In this study, taking the real test model as the calibration object, a global calibration technology of PSP coating on the surface of the test model is proposed, which is verified in the airtight chamber, and the effective PSP calibration data are obtained. A two-component fast response PSP coating was used in the study. In the validation test, a flying wing model is used, the flying wing model sprayed with PSP coating was placed in the airtight chamber. 11 groups of calibration tests were carried out in the environment of 0.06 MPa ~ 0.14 MPa and 30°C ~50°C, and the calibration curves obtained showed good consistency.

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Werts, Peter, and Thomas Green. "Airblast sprayer calibration: Opportunities to improve performance and save money." Crops & Soils 46, no. 1 (2013): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/cs2013-46-1-8.

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Dent, D. R., A. Baines, O. Hutchings, et al. "Knapsack sprayer calibration: Perception of swath width and problems of computation." International Journal of Pest Management 39, no. 3 (1993): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670879309371814.

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Bravo, Maite, Stephanie Chaltiel, and Wilfredo Carazas. "Matter-Robotic Calibration for Bioshotcrete." Temes de Disseny, no. 34 (November 26, 2018): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46467/tdd34.2018.80-91.

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Construction techniques associated with traditional raw earth architecture are characterised by laborious manual tasks in which each clay mix is deposited in layers over a light formwork, such as with the wattle and daub technique. More sustainable solutions also exist for the use of concrete, including shotcrete or sprayed concrete over light formwork composed of fabrics, inflatables or metal meshes. This research explores robotic techniques for the digital fabrication of monolithic earthen shells, with the objective of reformulating the use of clay as a sustainable material to reduce laborious tasks, minimize the use of formwork, and to implement robotic fabrication processes. This unique technique is called “bioshotcrete” and is characterised by an innovative fabrication process of sequential robotic spraying deposition of different natural raw clay mixes over a temporary light formwork. Two case studies are described and analysed featuring two distinctive techniques: clay mixes sprayed with a robotic arm and with a drone. Details are highlighted, and key considerations are identified, in terms of subtle adjustments for the material formulation and application sequences, robotic tooling strategies, and customised robotic actions. This series of experiments was formulated as an ongoing experiment to address challenges related to limitations of reaching distances and lightness of machines to bring on site, and to explore newfound possibilities for aerial deposition techniques using drones. Variations related to Tool/Matter performance (spray velocity and surface adhesion) were explored at each clay mixture iteration. Additional improvements were identified by recent physical tests, such as using the drafts created by the drone helixes to help the drying process at each layer, and additional conclusions establish how this technique is not only shaping new design and digital fabrication processes but envisioning possible future applications and offering new scenarios for sustainable large-scale earthen envelopes.

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E. Gil and J. Badiola. "Design and Verification of a Portable Vertical Patternator for Vineyard Sprayer Calibration." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 23, no. 1 (2007): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.22328.

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Dharmawan, Agus, and Siswoyo Soekarno. "UJI DISTRIBUSI SEMPROTAN SPRAYER PESTISIDA DENGAN PATTERNATOR BERBASIS WATER LEVEL DETECTOR." Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) 9, no. 2 (2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v9i2.85-95.

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The research aimed to examine droplet distribution using a knapsack sprayer with a water level detector-based patternator. The tests consist of measuring spraying discharge, effective spray wide and height, droplet distribution pattern and area, and traveling speed. The sensor calibration showed that the system read the liquid volume in the container with R2 = 0.99 at a linear curve: y = 2.572 + 2.502x. The spray discharge was 0.033 L/s. The optimal spray was at 60 cm-nozzle height with effective spray wide and height were 0.64 m and 0.344, respectively. The spray distribution pattern illustrated that nozzle height affected droplet areas. The traveling speed due to nozzle height at 40 to 70 cm was 0.29 to 0.58 m/s, and had a line-up tendency, whereas spraying capacity was declined 1298 to 562 L/Ha.Keywords: Spray distribution, patternator, sprayer, water level detector

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Weaver, J. E., and T. Coulson. "Black Cutworm Control on Golf Course Greens, 1985." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (1986): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.390a.

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Abstract Tests were conducted at the Preston Country Club, Kingwood, WV Entire greens ranging in size from 3,780 to 10,350 sq ft. were used as test plots. Treatments were applied 22 Aug. Each treatment was applied to 2 greens with a Broyhill sprayer mounted on a Cushman vehicle. The average amount of spray used was 3 gal/1000 sq. ft. Greens were lightly-syringed immediately after treatment. Total precipitation during the trial period was 0.57 inches occurring 4 DAT. Rates of application [lb (AI)/acre] were calculated on the basis of the amount of spray used for each green; intended rates (based on sprayer calibration and mixtures) were Baythroid 2E and 10W, 0.02 and 0.04; PP321, 0.01 and 0.02; FMC 54800, 0.02 and 0.04; and Triumph 1.0. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of larvae on ½ of each green that were flushed to the surface by the treatment 1 to 4 h after application.

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Ishkandar, C. D. M., N. M. Nawi, R. Janius, N. Mazlan, and T. T. Lin. "Detection of deltamethrin in cabbages using visible shortwave near-infrared spectroscopy." Food Research 5, no. 3 (2021): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(3).742.

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Pesticides have long been used in the cabbage industry to control pest infestation. This study investigated the potential application of low-cost and portable visible shortwave near-infrared spectroscopy for the detection of deltamethrin residue in cabbages. A total of sixty organic cabbage samples were used. The sample was divided into four batches, three batches were sprayed with deltamethrin pesticide whereas the remaining batch was not sprayed (control sample). The first three batches of the cabbages were sprayed with the pesticide at three different concentrations, namely low, medium and high with the values of 0.08, 0.11 and 0.14% volume/volume (v/v), respectively. Spectral data of the cabbage samples were collected using visible shortwave near-infrared (VSNIR) spectrometer with wavelengths range between 200 and 1100 nm. Gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) was used to determine the concentration of deltamethrin residues in the cabbages. Partial least square (PLS) regression method was adopted to investigate the relationship between the spectral data and deltamethrin concentration values. The calibration model produced the values of coefficient of determination (R2 ) and the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 0.98 and 0.02, respectively. For the prediction model, the values of R2 and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were 0.94 and 0.04, respectively. These results demonstrated that the proposed spectroscopic measurement is a promising technique for the detection of pesticide at different concentrations in cabbage samples.

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Vanella, Giuseppe, Masoud Salyani, and Paolo Balsari. "Effect of the nozzle adaptor of sprayer calibrator on flow rate measurements." Crop Protection 30, no. 8 (2011): 1043–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.03.010.

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ROTUNNO, A. A., M. WINTER, G. M. DOBBS, and L. A. MELTON. "Direct Calibration Procedures for Exciplex-Based Vapor/ Liquid Visualization of Fuel Sprays." Combustion Science and Technology 71, no. 4-6 (1990): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102209008951635.

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Závacký, Martin, Juraj Chalmovský, Lumír Miča, and Petr Bílek. "CALIBRATION OF INPUT PARAMETER VALUES FOR AN ADVANCED MATERIAL MODEL OF SPRAYED CONCRETE." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 16 (June 19, 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2018.16.0040.

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The paper briefly presents an advanced material model for shotcrete involving many aspects of the actual behavior of concrete. However, the contribution is focused on determination and calibration of selected input parameter values for practical use of the model in structural analysis. Two cross sections of different geological conditions were chosen from a utility tunnel in Brno in order to obtain sprayed concrete samples. The laboratory tests conducted are described and then compared with results from numerical approximations.

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Weaver, J. E., and T. Coulson. "Black Cutworm Control on Golf Course Greens, 1984." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 10, no. 1 (1985): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/10.1.267a.

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Abstract Tests were conducted at the Preston Country Club, Kingwood, WV. Entire greens ranging in size from 3,780 to 10,350 sq. ft. were used as test plots. Treatments were applied 17 Aug. Each treatment was applied to 2 greens with a Broyhill sprayer mounted on a Cushman vehicle. The average amount of spray used was 3.2 gal/1000 sq. ft. Greens were irrigated within 0.5 h after treatment with about 5 gal water/1000 sq. ft. There was no precipitation during the trial period. Rates of applications [lb (AI)/gal] were calculated on the basis of the amount of spray used for each green; intended rates (based on sprayer calibration and mixtures) were Baythroid 0.04 and 0.06, Cymbush 0.04 and 0.06, Pounce 0.05 and 0.2, FMC 54800 0.02, PP 321 0.04, and Triumph 1.0. Prior to treating and before mowing, all greens were examined for active cutworm burrows and the numbers recorded. Counts of active burrows were made in the same manner 3 DAT and the difference from pretreat counts are expressed as % control.

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Wolf, Thomas M., Shu Hua Liu, Brian C. Caldwell, and Andrew I. Hsiao. "Calibration of Greenhouse Spray Chambers—The Importance of Dynamic Nozzle Patternation." Weed Technology 11, no. 3 (1997): 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00045218.

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In an attempt to refine calibration procedures for greenhouse spray chambers, the effects of an herbicide adjuvant, operating pressure, and travel speed on the static and dynamic spray patterns of single flat-fan hydraulic nozzle tips were studied. The volume output in the central 15 cm of the spray pattern (where target plants would ordinarily be positioned) was used as an indicator of the relative dosages received from both a tapered flat-fan tip (8001 VS) and an even-spray tip (8001 EVS). All tested variables significantly altered the spray pattern. Specifically, dynamic spray patterns differed from static patterns, and speed of travel affected the dynamic pattern for both tapered and even flat-fan sprays. Increasing the travel speed from 0.375 to 0.75 m/s reduced spray deposit in the central 15 cm of the spray pattern by up to 19% for water, and by up to 34% for water containing 0.1% v/v nonionic surfactant. Increasing surfactant concentration to 1% decreased the magnitude of the speed effect. Higher pressure sprays tended to reduce the effect of increased travel speeds. These results show that changes in physicochemical properties of the spray solution as well as air turbulence introduced by nozzle movement can affect the pesticide dosage to which a target plant is exposed in a spray chamber. For proper treatment comparison, delivery systems for greenhouse spray experiments should be calibrated with end-use spray liquids, operating pressures, and nozzle travel speeds.

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Rizal, Abdul, and Dyah Arbirawati. "Evaluation of Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl Herbicides for Control on Common Weeds in Transplanted Rice." RSF Conference Series: Engineering and Technology 1, no. 1 (2021): 590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/cset.v1i1.434.

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The research to test the effectiveness of the herbicide Florpyrauxifen-Benzylin in controlling weeds in rice was carried out in Sragen, Central Java. March to August 2021. The herbicides tested are: T1) Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl 400 ml/ha, T2) Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl 600 ml/ha, T3) Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl 800 ml/ha, T4) Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl 1000ml/ha, T5) Aryloxyphenoxy propionate 800 ml/ha, T6) Penoxsulam 800 ml/ha, T7) Natrium Byspiribac 300 ml/ha T8) Metsulfuron Methyl, T9) Hand Weeding and T10) Untreated. The herbicides were applied with the help of a knapsack sprayer by using a T-jet nozzle. The calibration of the knapsack sprayer was done by spraying on a non-experimental area. The volume of water used for spray was 300 L per ha. The results showed that the application of florpyrauxifen-benzyl in various doses did not show toxicity to rice plants. application of florpyrauxifen-benzyl starting at a dose of 600 ml/ha had the same effectiveness in controlling weeds as companion herbicides. At the end of the study, E. crus-galli and L. chinensis still seemed to dominate all plots in all herbicide applications.

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Liu, Dong, Oliver Lord, and Peter E. J. Flewitt. "Calibration of Raman Spectroscopy in the Stress Measurement of Air-Plasma-Sprayed Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia." Applied Spectroscopy 66, no. 10 (2012): 1204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/12-06676.

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Furness, G. O., P. A. Magarey, P. M. Miller, and H. J. Drew. "Fruit tree and vine sprayer calibration based on canopy size and length of row: unit canopy row method." Crop Protection 17, no. 8 (1998): 639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-2194(98)00064-7.

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Zhou, Feng, Wenqing Shui, Yu Lu, Pengyuan Yang, and Yinlong Guo. "High accuracy mass measurement of peptides with internal calibration using a dual electrospray ionization sprayer system for protein identification." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 16, no. 6 (2002): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.603.

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Smith, Michael W. "Relationship of Trunk Size to Selected Canopy Size Parameters for Native Pecan Trees." HortScience 43, no. 3 (2008): 784–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.3.784.

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Trees in a native pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch.] grove vary in size, age, and genotype and tree spacing pattern is not uniform. This presents some problems for managing tree density, calibrating pesticide sprayers, and other management tasks. Trunk and canopy diameters and tree height of diverse sizes of native pecan trees in managed groves were measured and the relationships of cross-sectional trunk area with canopy footprint, surface area, and volume were determined. The canopy footprint, surface area, and volume per hectare were then calculated for the recommended stocking density of 6.9 m2·ha−1 of cross-sectional trunk area. Cross-sectional trunk area was strongly correlated with canopy footprint, surface area, and volume. Groves with an average tree size between 0.02 and 0.75 m2·ha−1 cross-sectional trunk had ≈50% canopy cover per unit land area and 3 ha·ha−1 bearing surface per unit land area at the recommended stocking density.

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Kappertz, M., C. Hoven, F. Pauly, R. Lohoff, and G. Natour. "Target preparation of low-pressure cold-sprayed metal powder coatings to create defined micro-leakage." Practical Metallography 59, no. 10 (2022): 615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-2022-0057.

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Abstract Defined micro-leaks have been used as reference leaks in non-destructive testing for many years, for example in the adjustment, calibration and functional testing of helium leak detectors. Test leaks are also used in non-destructive testing training to teach the staff how to detect these “invisible” leaks. The traditional production of test specimens with defined leakage, however, is timecon suming and expensive. In addition, these specimens are susceptible to impacts and can break easily. A new approach for producing robust specimens with defined leakage is gas dynamic cold spraying, or cold spraying, where a very small opening is closed using an open-pore metal powder filling. This manufacturing process is particularly suitable for industrial purposes due to the good controllability of the production process. Unlike traditionally manufactured glass bodies, the specimens produced in this way are less susceptible to mechanical impacts. The present study is concerned with the metallographic examination of porous coatings to create defined leaks using cold spraying.

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Maia, Bruno, and Joao P. A. R. Cunha. "Computer program for distance learning of pesticide application technology." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 83, no. 4 (2011): 1413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652011005000038.

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Distance learning presents great potential for mitigating field problems on pesticide application technology. Thus, due to the lack of teaching material about pesticide spraying technology in the Portuguese language and the increasing availability of distance learning, this study developed and evaluated a computer program for distance learning about the theory of pesticide spraying technology using the tools of information technology. The modules comprising the course, named Pulverizar, were: (1) Basic concepts, (2) Factors that affect application, (3) Equipments, (4) Spraying nozzles, (5) Sprayer calibration, (6) Aerial application, (7) Chemigation, (8) Physical-chemical properties, (9) Formulations, (10) Adjuvants, (11) Water quality, and (12) Adequate use of pesticides. The program was made available to the public on July 1st, 2008, hosted at the web site www.pulverizar.iciag.ufu.br, and was simple, robust and practical on the complementation of traditional teaching for the education of professionals in Agricultural Sciences. Mastering pesticide spraying technology by people involved in agricultural production can be facilitated by the program Pulverizar, which was well accepted in its initial evaluation.

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Koegl, Matthias, Kevin Baderschneider, Florian J. Bauer, et al. "Analysis of the LIF/Mie Ratio from Individual Droplets for Planar Droplet Sizing: Application to Gasoline Fuels and Their Mixtures with Ethanol." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (2019): 4900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224900.

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In this work, the possibility of using planar droplet sizing (PDS) based on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and Mie scattering was investigated within the framework of measuring the droplet Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) spray systems. For this purpose, LIF and Mie signals of monodisperse fuel droplets produced by a droplet generator were studied at engine relevant diameters (20–50 µm). The surrogate gasoline fuel Toliso (consisting of 65 vol. % isooctane, 35 vol. % toluene) and the biofuel blend E20 (consisting of 80 vol. % Toliso, 20 vol. % ethanol) were used and which were doped with the fluorescence dye “nile red”. The effects of ethanol admixture, dye concentration, laser power, and temperature variation on the LIF/Mie ratio were studied simultaneously at both macroscopic and microscopic scale. The deduced calibration curves of the LIF and Mie signals of both fuels showed volumetric and surface dependent behaviors, respectively, in accordance with the assumptions in the literature. The existence of glare points and morphology-dependent resonances (MDRs) lead to slightly higher LIF and Mie exponents of E20 in comparison to Toliso. In principle, these calibration curves enable the determination of the SMD from LIF/Mie ratio images of transient fuel sprays.

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Yi, Ping, Yunpeng Fu, and Tie Li. "EFFECTS OF DROPLET EVAPORATION ON CALIBRATION OF KH-RT BREAK-UP MODEL FOR HIGH-PRESSURE EVAPORATING DIESEL SPRAYS." Atomization and Sprays 32, no. 3 (2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.2021038119.

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Schulte Holthausen, Robert, and Oliver Weichold. "Single-Sided Nuclear Magnetic Resonance as a Non-Invasive Tool to Evaluate Sprayed Polymer Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 1122 (August 2015): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1122.185.

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Single-sided nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool to evaluate building-material properties such as layer thickness, moisture content, and ageing. Due to its simple setup, it is potentially applicable on site. It is non-invasive with a high depth resolution and makes a number of parameters for planning and executing the rehabilitation of buildings as well as for quality assurance easy accessible. In this paper, we focus on the quality assurance of a sprayed polymer-concrete (SPC), which was recently developed by Massenberg GmbH and the Institute of Building Materials Research (ibac) for the repair of sewage systems. Single-sided NMR was used to access curing time of the epoxy binder, binder content, layer thickness, and diffusion of acids through the SPC. However, single-sided NMR measurements only give relative values, so calibrations are given where required. While single-sided NMR shows great potential and can be used in various further applications, limitations of resolution, depth and measurement time need to be considered.

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Zhu, Zhong Xiang, Yan He, Zhi Qiang Zhai, Jin Yi Liu, and En Rong Mao. "Research on Cotton Row Detection Algorithm Based on Binocular Vision." Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (October 2014): 1222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.1222.

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As a relative locating method, machine vision is generally used for automatic navigation of cotton cultivator or cotton insecticide sprayer. However, it is difficult to achieve reliable and stable recognition of crop row with monocular stereo vision system, because it neither can access directly to the depth information of the image, which leads to massive time-consuming calculation, nor possess high-accuracy recognition or a good anti-noise property. This paper presents an algorithm for cotton row detection based on binocular stereo vision to be used for automatic navigation of cotton cultivator. The Zhang's plane calibration is used to obtain the internal and external parameters of the binocular stereo vision. Preprocessing means are applied to distinguish the cotton from soil, stereoscopic match is conducted according to the SIFT operators after the preprocessing of images, after which cotton space three-dimensional coordinates are acquired by parallax distance measuring method, with the elevation information combination of Hough transform, cotton lines are finally detected. The detection results indicate that this method has an accuracy higher than 90%, which primarily meets the need of automatic navigation for cotton cultivator.

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Kuz’mina, Natalia E., Sergey V. Moiseev, Elena Y. Severinova, Evgenii A. Stepanov, and Natalia D. Bunyatyan. "Identification and Quantification by NMR Spectroscopy of the 22R and 22S Epimers in Budesonide Pharmaceutical Forms." Molecules 27, no. 7 (2022): 2262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072262.

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The authors developed four variants of the qNMR technique (1H or 13C nucleus, DMSO-d6 or CDCl3 solvent) for identification and quantification by NMR of 22R and 22S epimers in budesonide active pharmaceutical ingredient and budesonide drugs (sprays, capsules, tablets). The choice of the qNMR technique version depends on the drug excipients. The correlation of 1H and 13C spectra signals to molecules of different budesonide epimers was carried out on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of experimental spectral NMR data (1H-1H gCOSY, 1H-13C gHSQC, 1H-13C gHMBC, 1H-1H ROESY). This technique makes it possible to identify budesonide epimers and determine their weight ratio directly, without constructing a calibration curve and using any standards. The results of measuring the 22S epimer content by qNMR are comparable with the results of measurements using the reference HPLC method.

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Weidmann, Peter, Ulrich Weber, Siegfried Schmauder, and Venancio Martínez García. "Investigation of Influence Factors on Residual Stress Determination within Coated Surfaces in Consideration of the Differential and Integral Method." Advanced Materials Research 996 (August 2014): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.996.307.

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To improve the surface behavior of metal structures, like wear-and heat resistance or hardness, often thermally sprayed ceramic coatings are applied. A modern technology to realize dense layers is the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) technique. The deposition process and necessary pretreatments can cause high residual stresses within the coating and the substrate. While tensile stresses in the brittle coating may cause cracks, compressive stress states can even improve the materials behavior. To guarantee high product quality, it is necessary to know exactly the occurring residual stresses in the metal-ceramic hybrid system. A very common measurement technique is the incremental hole drilling (IHD) method. To determine the residual stresses out of IHD measurements the differential method (DM) or integral method (IM) can be used. To investigate the influence of interfacial layers, nonlinear stresses, cracking, anisotropy, variation of coating thickness and calculation formalisms several FEM models have been build, while case sensitive calibration was used for the coated systems.

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Obelode, Esther, and Jens Gibmeier. "Influence of the Interfacial Roughness on Residual Stress Analysis of Thick Film Systems by Incremental Hole Drilling." Materials Science Forum 768-769 (September 2013): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.768-769.136.

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Thick film systems with coating thicknesses between 50 and 1000 µm are often fabricated by thermal spray processes. During the deposition and due to the substrate pre-treatment residual stresses, which influence the coating properties, develop. Due to the substrate preconditioning thermal spray coatings exhibit a large interfacial roughness. This study investigates the application of the incremental hole-drilling method on thermal spray coatings. The focus is on the influence of the interfacial roughness on the residual stress evaluation. A systematic FE-study was carried out in order to minimize the final error for the residual stress evaluation. The simulation results are transferred to experimental hole-drilling results of a thermally sprayed model thick film system. Finally, the hole-drilling results are compared to the residual stress depth profile that was determined by X-ray diffraction in combination with successive electrochemical layer removal. The results clearly show that the effect of the interfacial roughness can be neglected for residual stress calculation if the mean coating thickness is properly considered for calculation of the calibration function / parameters.

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Mali, Bhagwat D., та Kartik A. Ambade. "Paper Chromatographic Method for Identification and Semiquantitative Determination of Pyridine and α-Picoline in Denatured Spirit, French Polish, and their Derived Preparations". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, № 1 (1985): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.1.105.

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Abstract A paper chromatographic method is described for determination of pyridine and a-picoline in ordinary denatured spirit, french polish, and their derived illicit liquors. The method is based on conversion of the pyridine bases to their salts (sulfate or hydrochloride). The salt residue is subjected to 2-dimensional paper chromatography on filter paper, using methanol-butanol-acetic acid-ethyl acetate (20 + 10 + 1 + 10) as developing solvents, and is sprayed uniformly with sodium rhodizonate followed by barium chloride (for sulfate salts), or ammmoniacal silver nitrate followed by fluorescein (for hydrochloride salts). Pyridine bases in alcoholic samples containing resinous/volatile matter are estimated in the filtrate obtained after their treatment with alum at pH 5-6. The amount of pyridine and a-picoline is calculated from calibration graphs obtained by plotting the square of the spot diameter against pyridine and a-picoline concentrations. The method allowed detection and estimation of pyridine bases in denatured alcoholic samples at a concentration as low as 60 mg/L. Average recovery of added pyridine bases was 99.4% by this method.

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Viret, O., J. L. Spring, V. Zufferey, et al. "Past and future of sustainable viticulture in Switzerland." BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501013.

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Switzerland is a pioneer country in the development of integrated production (IP) and integrated pest management (IPM). The overall goal is sustainability at the ecological, economic and social level to produce high quality grapes. In 1993, the IP-IPM head-organisation VITISWISS was created. The starting points were the improvement of pest management by the biocontrol of spider mites and the control of grape berry moths by mating disruption and an optimal soil management, followed over the years by state-of-the-art sprayer calibration, development of disease forecasting models (AgroMeteo, VitiMeteo), leaf-area adapted dosage of plant protection products, enhanced biodiversity, water and cover crop management. The efforts and the results gained in a continuous education process by the growers are considerable, but not enough for consumers and politics concerned by the use of plant protection products. The absence of acaricides and insecticides as well as forecasting systems available on the internet (www.agrometeo.ch) for the control of downy and powdery mildew, represent the major progresses. Where mechanisation is possible, herbicides can progressively be replaced by mechanical technics, which is not possible in steep vineyards. The general irrational unscientific trend against “synthetic” plant protection products requests alternatives for the control of fungal diseases and for cover crop management under the vine rows to avoid excessive water-nitrogen competition particularly in the actual context of climate change.

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Wright, Glenn C., and Stephen E. Poe. "(149) Arizona Farm Safety Day." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1045B—1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1045b.

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Arizona Farm Safety Day has been held annually since 2000 as an attempt to educate students and farm workers (pesticide applicators, tractor and equipment operators, irrigators, and field workers) in farm safety. Our programs have emphasized tractor safety, pesticide safety, ATV safety, electrical safety, and firearms safety. The all-day events have been held in Yuma and in Safford, Ariz., and most of the attendees are high school students. Agriculture students from six to eight high schools typically participate. The agenda is determined by consulting with local agriculture leaders. Attendees have the opportunity to attend a 4-hour training session in the morning. Subjects taught at these sessions might include reading a pesticide label, sprayer calibration, wearing proper protection, avoiding spray drift, tractor safety, and farm safety. At least one of these sessions is an outdoors “hands-on” session. Individual participants receive up-to-date information and literature, a certificate of completion, CEUs, CCA credits, a hat, and a lunch. Spanish translation is available at each session. In the afternoon, a tractor driver safety course and equipment demonstration is typically held. In the course, selected representatives from local farms or local youth get a chance to demonstrate their tractor and ATV driving and safety skills for recognition and awards. Plaques and trophies are awarded to the winners. Additionally, there is an equipment demonstration. Attendees are tested before and after the event.

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Tillmann, Wolfgang, David Kokalj, Dominic Stangier, Volker Schöppner, and Hatice Malatyali. "Combining Thermal Spraying and Magnetron Sputtering for the Development of Ni/Ni-20Cr Thin Film Thermocouples for Plastic Flat Film Extrusion Processes." Coatings 9, no. 10 (2019): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9100603.

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In the digitalization of production, temperature determination is playing an increasingly important role. Thermal spraying and magnetron sputtering were combined for the development of Ni/Ni-20Cr thin film thermocouples for plastic flat film extrusion processes. On the thermally sprayed insulation layer, AlN and BCN thin films were deposited and analyzed regarding their structural properties and the interaction between the plastic melt and the surfaces using Ball-on-Disc experiments and High-Pressure Capillary Rheometer. A modular tool, containing the deposited Ni/Ni-20Cr thin film thermocouple, was developed and analyzed in a real flat film extrusion process. When calibrating the thin film thermocouple, an accurate temperature determination of the flowing melt was achieved. Industrial type K sensors were used as reference. In addition, PP foils were produced without affecting the surface quality by using thin film thermocouples.

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Mishra, Yogeshwar Nath, Timo Tscharntke, Elias Kristensson, and Edouard Berrocal. "Application of SLIPI-Based Techniques for Droplet Size, Concentration, and Liquid Volume Fraction Mapping in Sprays." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (2020): 1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041369.

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Structured laser illumination planar imaging (SLIPI)-based techniques have been employed during the past decade for addressing multiple light scattering issues in spray imaging. In this article, SLIPI droplet sizing based on the intensity ratio of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) over Mie scattering (SLIPI-LIF/Mie) and SLIPI-Scan for extinction-coefficient (µe) mapping are applied simultaneously. In addition, phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) and numerical calculations based on the Lorenz–Mie theory are also employed in order to extract the droplets Sauter mean diameter (SMD), the droplets number density (N), and the liquid volume fraction (LVF) in a steady asymmetric hollow cone water spray. The SLIPI-LIF/Mie ratio is converted to droplets SMD by means of a calibration procedure based on PDA measurements. The droplet SMD for the investigated spray varies from 20 µm to 60 µm, the N values range from 5 to 60 droplets per mm3, and the LVF varies between 0.05 × 10−4 and 5.5 × 10−4 within the probed region of the spray. To generate a series of two-dimensional images at different planes, the spray scanning procedure is operated in a “bread slicing” manner by moving the spray perpendicularly to the light sheet axis. From the resulting series of images, the procedure described here shows the possibility of obtaining three-dimensional reconstructions of each scalar quantity, allowing a more complete characterization of droplet clouds forming the spray region.

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Zhang, Ping, and Ering Nordlund. "A 3DEC Numerical Analysis of the Interaction Between an Uneven Rock Surface and Shotcrete Lining." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 54, no. 5 (2021): 2267–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02399-x.

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AbstractRock tunnels excavated using drilling and blasting technique in jointed rock masses often have a very uneven and rough excavation surface. Experience from previous studies shows that the unevenness of a rock surface has a large impact on the support effect of shotcrete lining. However, clear conclusions regarding the effect of 2D and 3D uneven surfaces were not obtained due to limited studies in the literature. The numerical analyses reported in this paper were made to investigate the influence of the surface unevenness of a circular tunnel opening on the support effect of shotcrete using a 3D numerical code (3DEC). The models were first calibrated with the help of observations and measured data obtained from physical model tests. The influential factors were investigated further in this numerical study after calibration had been achieved. The numerical analyses show that, in general, the unevenness of a tunnel surface produces negative support effects due to stress concentrations in recesses (compressive) and at apexes (tensile) after excavation. However, shotcrete sprayed on a doubly waved uneven surface has better support effect compared to shotcrete sprayed on a simply waved tunnel surface. The development of shear strength (specifically frictional strength) on the uneven interface between the shotcrete and the rock contributes to this effect, in the condition where bonding of the shotcrete does not work effectively. The interface is a crucial element when the interaction between the rock and shotcrete is to be simulated. When an entire tunnel surface is covered by shotcrete with high modulus, more failures will occur in the shotcrete especially when rock surface is uneven. Based on the numerical model cases examined, some recommendations on how to incorporate tunnel surface conditions (2D or 3D unevenness) in the design of a shotcrete lining are given.

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Grzelak, Edyta M., Barbara Majer-Dziedzic, and Irena M. Choma. "Development of a Novel Direct Bioautography–Thin-Layer Chromatography Test: Optimization of Growth Conditions for Gram-Negative Bacteria, Escherichia coli." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 94, no. 5 (2011): 1567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoac.10-385.

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Abstract With the aim of developing a TLC-direct bioautography assay using Escherichia coli as test bacteria, various parameters influencing the viability of microorganisms on TLC plates were examined and checked for flumequine standards. The optimal times for preincubation and incubation of bacterial broth were 20 h at 37°C and 2 h at 37°C, respectively. The optimal viscosity of the broth was obtained for 0.05% agarose solution in Mueller-Hinton broth. Various incubation times of the seeded TLC plates were also tested (5 h proved to be optimal). After incubation, the plates were sprayed with 0.2% aqueous [3-(4,5-dimethyldiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) solution and incubated for 0.5 h at 37°C. The precision of the method was evaluated by the repeatability (intraday assay) and intermediate precision (interday assay). The regression coefficients were 0.9977 and 0.9968, respectively, for intraday and interday curves. The calibration curves show good linearity in the range of 0.005–0.50 μg (0.5–50.0 μg/mL). The established LOD of flumequine equaled 0.5 μg/mL, i.e., 5 ng flumequine in the spot. The developed direct bioautography test significantly enhances the sensitivity of the TLC method.

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Soponar, Florin, Augustin C. MoŢ, and Costel Sârbu. "High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography and Three-Dimensional Image Analysis for the Determination of Rutin in Pharmaceutical Preparations." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 93, no. 3 (2010): 804–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/93.3.804.

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Abstract A novel HPTLC method was developed for fast and simple quantitative determination of rutin in pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed method combines the advantages of HPTLC with the comfort and the convenience of digital processing of images. For the separation of rutin, silica gel with attached amino groups was used as the stationary phase and ethyl acetateformic acidmethanolwater (10 + 0.9 + 1.1 + 1.7, v/v/v/v) as the mobile phase. The chromatographic plate was sprayed with 2-aminoethyldiphenyl borate solution for visual detection of the spots. For the construction of a three-dimensional chromatogram, Melanie 7.0 software was used together with an HP flatbed scanner that allowed capture of the images on chromatographic plates. The calibration curve was linear within the range of 0.954.78 g/spot with an r value of 0.9984. The RSD for six replicates at three concentration levels was less than 3, while the recovery was between 97.28 and 103.27. The proposed method was found to be simple, precise, sensitive, and accurate and has been applied for the determination of rutin in two commercial drugs. The results were compared with the results of other techniques that generate bidimensional chromatograms and validated by UV-Vis spectrophotometry.

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