Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « C.p.a »

The paper analyses the emergence of the National Congress Party (N.C.P.) within the context of the recent political history of Sudan in post 1989 era. The date marks the time when Islamists in Sudan assumed power following a coup d’état led by General Omer Al-Bashir, latter on came to be known as the Ingaz regime. The significance of the experience of this Party emanates from the fact that, though it started as a one ruling party, it managed to conclude in 2005 the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (C.P.A.) a major peace agreement ending one of the longest internal wars in Africa. The Agreement was included in the Constitution of the country, consequently hosting Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), the movement which led the rebellion to become a partner party/movement in the rule of the country. The paper reflects on this power sharing experience during the Interim Period up to 2011 wherein the Referendum on Self-determination of South Sudan resulted in dividing the Country into two sovereign states.

The emergence of China as an economic power has prompted the question, what impact if any has globalization and market liberalization had on the ethical climate of organizations within China and its neighbor Taiwan? Cross-strait tensions have eased over the past few years due to closer economic integration. Although both countries differ in political, as well as organizational design, they share core cultural values embedded within civilization; Confucianism. This study attempts to understand how the correlation established between ethical climates and National culture by Parboteeah, Cullen, Victor, and Sakano are played out against the backdrop of a shared civilization. Will the ethical climates retain or deviate from the core civilization cultural values theorized by Samuel P. Huntington? To answer that question, we collected data from C.P.A. firms in China and Taiwan using the 36-item revised version of the Ethical Climate Questionnaire developed by John B. Cullen, Bart Victor (1988), and James W. Bronson (1993). The results indicated a significant difference in four areas: 1) principal-individual, 2) principle-cosmopolitan, 3) benevolence-individual, and 4) egoism-individual. When correlated with national culture and their core civilizational cultural value of Confucianism, deviations showed that Taiwan moved away from Confucian values by scoring higher in Egoism while retaining Confucianism with a more particularistic culture. China demonstrated a shift away from Confucian values by scoring higher in principle while retaining Confucian values through its score in benevolence.

High rate of increase in the prices of cement is worrisome and become burden to people in the entire construction industry. Researchers, civil engineers, builders, architects and all concerns parties in the building industry are desperate for any suitable and effective but cheaper materials that can replace cement. There is need to find an alternative binding material that can be used mainly or in partial replacement of cement. The materials used were sourced from Bida town, Niger state, Nigeria. Wood ash and cassava peel ash were obtained after burning in the furnace at National Cereal Research Institute Badeggi, Bida into ash and passed through 75 micro meter sieve to the finest texture. The water use for the work was free from impurities. The comparative study on the compressive strength of concrete when OPC was partially replaced independently by some percentage of cassava peel ash (C.P.A) and wood ash (W.A) using 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% on both materials, 0.5 water-cement ratio and mixed design ration of 1:2:4. The mean strength of concrete at control is 0% (27.11N/mm2), 5% (24.44N/mm2), 10% (23.25N/mm2), 15% (23.36N/mm2), 20% (18.52N/mm2) and 25% (15.93N/mm2). 25% replacement of cement has the lowest mean strength at 28 days. Replacement at 5, 10 15% are within specification of (20N/mm2) for plain concrete while 20 and 25% are not suitable for structural concrete. The higher the pozzolanic material added to the cement in concrete production the lower the strength. The effects of Cassava Peel Ash and Wood Ash as environment pollution can be reduced when utilized as part of cement in concrete production.

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of selected rice pesticides on the mycoherbicideColletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.) Sacc. f. sp.aeschynomene(designated as C.g.a.) for northern jointvetch control in dry-seeded rice. Sequential treatments of pencycuron at 0.56 kg ai/ha, SN-84364 at 0.40 kg ai/ha applied 7 and 14 days after C.g.a., or pencycuron sprayed sequentially after a tank mixture of C.g.a. plus actifluorfen did not reduce infectivity of C.g.a. Also, propiconazol at 0.60 kg ai/ha or pencycuron applied 7 days before and after C.g.a. did not reduce fungus development on northern jointvetch. Sequential treatments of benomyl at 0.56 kg ai/ha or propiconazol applied 7 and 14 days after C.g.a. reduced pathogen activity on northern jointvetch.

AbstractA set of natural numbers B is computably enumerable in and strictly above (or c.e.a. for short) another set C if C <TB and B is computably enumerable in C. A Turing degree b is c.e.a. c if b and c respectively contain B and C as above. In this paper, it is shown that if b is c.e.a. c then b is c.e.a. some 1-generic g.

The object of this piece of work concerns the safeguards granted to the individual under the Italian administrative trial. More specifically the work is dedicated to the guarantees provided to the individuals by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and European Union law. The ECHR and the EU law (the latter, in particular, through the Charter of Fundamental Rights) provide individuals with a series of procedural guarantees whose compliance is the basis for the "fair trial". The administrative trial, however, presents some peculiarities that generate a number of doubts in the practical application of such guarantees. The Public Administration (necessary part of this judgment) from the procedural stage is already bound to comply with certain principles (therefore much earlier than the commencement of any litigation). Such principles are imposed by the law, Constitution, ECHR and EU law in order to achieve a "fair administrative trial". By consequence, the administrative act should therefore be "legitimate" in itself. Furthermore, while the claimant is pursuing its own (legitimate) individual interest, which may have been harmed by the contested measure or unlawful conduct adopted by the Public Administration, the aim pursued by the administration itself is only the overall interest of the community. The administrative trial contains an internal asymmetry between the positions of the parties involved. Such asymmetry is originated by the presumption of legality of the administrative actions, as well as by the public interest on which it is linked. In fact, under Italian law, as well as in most European countries, Administrative trial has always been separated from the civil trial. The question of the balance between the values at stake as a fundamental valuation criteria for the Constitutional Court, the Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice, is absolutely unique in this field. How much the procedural rights of the individuals shall be safeguarded when such protection inevitably collides with the overriding public interest that the Public Administration shall enforce (which in turn takes the form of defense of other fundamental values, also protected by the Constitution, the ECHR and Union law)? In the development of this work the way in which the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice deal with this difficult balance will also be analyzed. The analysis will be focused in particular on the case law of the Italian administrative procedure law. In addition, special attention will be paid to the way the Italian Constitutional Court, the Court of Cassation and the Trial Court deal with the jurisprudence of the European courts. The outcome is the finding of the existence of various levels of dialectical relationship between the jurisdictions which are characterized by moments of dialogue and other of breaking. Therefore the target is finding an "European" concept of "administrative fair trial" and analyzing in which way it practically develops within the Italian law. In this sense, no one can hardly overlook the objective efforts made by the legislator who, through the reform of article 111 of the Constitution and the entry into force of the Code of Administrative Procedure (CPA), has shown the intention of incorporating into our system the principles of fair trial as outlined (also) through an alignment of the levels of protection granted in the civil and in the administrative trial. However, despite these efforts, in some fields of Italian procedural law, it still persists a situation of advantage in favour to the Public Administration. The work is divided in three chapters. In the first one, after an overview of the universal generic obligations suitable to affect the administrative process in Europe, we will try to determine which guarantees the ECHR and the EU law (and, particularly, the Bill of Rights) are applicable to the administrative trial. In the second, the investigation focuses on the ways the Italian law suits the procedural guarantees of the ECHR and the EU law and on the possible intersections (both from the perspective of conflict and integration) between such guarantees or between them and the Constitution. This will be obtained by not forgetting the need for a coordination between the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice, European Court of Human Rights and Constitutional Court. In the third chapter, after a brief presentation of the Italian system of split of jurisdiction, the investigation focuses on the manner in which the domestic, international and EU courts have organized the delicate balance that is studied in this work. This is done by outlining some problematic issues that arise in practice in the application of the principle of fair trial in the Italian administrative procedural system. To do this, it will be indicated some possible solutions related to certain interpretative issues still unresolved in our domestic law, or about cases of clear incompatibility between Italian law and the principle of fair trial, through an interpretation of internal rules that guarantees the enforcement of human rights. Upon completion of this work, based on the outcome outlined herein, the reader shall be able to understand if the process of development of the individuals' rights in the administrative process has arrived at a stable point of compromise between opposing interests, or rather should continue and overlaps to areas where the public administration still enjoys the typical privileges deriving from its particular status.
L'indagine oggetto di questo lavoro concerne le garanzie processuali di cui gode l'individuo nell'ambito del processo amministrativo italiano, e, più specificamente le garanzie ricavabili dalla Convenzione europea per la salvaguardia dei diritti dell'uomo e delle libertà  fondamentali e dal di-ritto dell'Unione europea. La CEDU ed il diritto dell'Unione Europea (quest'ultimo soprattutto attraverso la Carta dei diritti fondamentali) predispongono infatti una serie di garanzie processuali il cui rispetto contraddistingue quello che viene comunemente indicato come "giusto processo". Il processo amministrativo presenta però alcune peculiarità  che pongono, nell'applicazione di tali garanzie, non poche questioni. Infatti, la Pubblica amministrazione (parte necessaria di tale giudizio), già  nella fase procedimentale (e dunque ben prima dell'instaurazione di un eventuale contenzioso), è vincolata al rispetto di determinati principi, posti dalla legge, dalla Costituzione, dalla CEDU e dal diritto dell'Unione, nell'ottica di realizzare una sorta di "giusto procedimento amministrativo"; l'agire amministrativo dovrebbe dunque essere già  di per sé "legittimo". Inoltre, mentre il ricorrente persegue un proprio (legittimo) interesse individuale, leso dal provvedimento impugnato o comunque dall'illegittimo comportamento posto in essere dalla Pubblica amministrazione, il fine perseguito da quest'ultima è quello dell'interesse della collettività. Il processo amministrativo presenta dunque un profilo di asimmetria fra le posizioni delle parti in causa, originato tanto dalla presunzione di legittimità  dell'azione amministrativa, quanto dall'interesse pubblico ad essa sotteso, tale per cui, nell'ordinamento italiano, così come nella maggioranza degli Stati europei, esso è sempre stato distinto dal processo civile. Il problema del bilanciamento fra valori, fondamentale criterio di valutazione tanto della Corte costituzionale, quanto della Corte EDU e della Corte di giustizia, si pone dunque in tale ambito in maniera assolutamente peculiare: fino a che punto tutelare i diritti processuali dei singoli, nel momento in cui la tutela in questione va inevitabilmente a collidere con l'interesse pubblico tutelato dalla Pubblica Amministrazione, il quale a sua volta si sostanzia nella difesa di altri valori fondamentali, tutelati anch'essi dalla Costituzione, dalla CEDU e dal diritto dell'Unione? Nel corso di questo lavoro si analizza quindi il modo attraverso il quale la Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo e la Corte di giustizia affrontano tale difficile bilanciamento, concentrandosi in particolare sulla giurisprudenza relativa al diritto processuale amministrativo italiano. Inoltre, una particolare attenzione viene posta al modo in cui i giudici italiani, costituzionale, di legittimità  e di merito, si pongono nei confronti della giurisprudenza di tali corti, riscontrando l'esistenza fra le giurisdizioni proprie dei vari livelli di un rapporto dialettico, nell'ambito del quale si alternano momenti di dialogo e di rottura. L'obbiettivo è quindi quello di rinvenire, all'esito di tale analisi, una nozione europea di giusto processo amministrativo e di analizzare in quale maniera essa si cali in concreto nell'ordinamento italiano. In tal senso, non si può certo trascurare l'oggettivo sforzo compiuto dal legislatore che, attraverso la riforma dell'art. 111 della Costituzione e l'entrata in vigore del Codice del processo amministrativo (c.p.a.), ha mostrato di voler recepire nel nostro sistema processuale i principi del giusto processo così delineati, (anche) attraverso un allineamento del livello di tutela garantito nel processo civile e nel processo amministrativo. Tuttavia, nonostante tale impegno, continuano a permanere nell'ordinamento italiano situazioni di evidente vantaggio in favore della Pubblica Amministrazione. Il lavoro si articola in tre capitoli. Nel primo, dopo una panoramica sugli obblighi di carattere universale idonei ad incidere sul processo amministrativo in Europa, si cerca di determinare quali garanzie presenti nella CEDU e nel diritto dell'Unione europea (e, particolarmente, nella Carta dei diritti) siano applicabili al processo amministrativo. Nel secondo, l'oggetto dell'indagine si concentra sulle modalità  attraverso le quali l'ordinamento italiano si adatta alle garanzie processuali della CEDU e dell'Unione, nonchè sulle possibili intersezioni (tanto in ottica di conflitto quanto di integrazione) fra tali garanzie oppure fra di esse e la Costituzione, senza prescindere da un approfondimento sul coordinamento processuale della giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia, della Corte EDU e della Corte costituzionale. Nel terzo capitolo, infine, dopo una breve presentazione del sistema italiano di riparto di giurisdizione, l'indagine si focalizza sulla maniera in cui le giurisdizioni interne, internazionali e dell'Unione abbiano effettuato il delicato bilanciamento che è oggetto di questo lavoro, presentando alcune questioni problematiche che si pongono in concreto nell'applicazione del principio del giusto processo nel sistema processuale amministrativo italiano. Per fare questo, si indicano alcune possibili soluzioni rispetto a determinate questioni interpretative ancora irrisolte nel nostro diritto nazionale, oppure rispetto a situazioni di palese incompatibilità  dell'ordinamento italiano col principio del giusto processo, attraverso un'interpretazione delle norme interne orientata alla tutela dei diritti umani. All'esito di tale percorso, così delineati gli elementi in campo, sarà  per il lettore possibile comprendere se il processo di allargamento dei diritti degli individui nel processo amministrativo sia arrivato ad uno stabile punto di mediazione fra opposti interessi, oppure debba piuttosto continuare, andando a toccare gli ambiti dove ancora alla Pubblica Amministrazione è riservata una situazione di privilegio, legata alle sue indubbie peculiarità.

La monnaie est un instrument du développement économique. Elle joue un rôle essentiel sur l'équilibre macroéconomique (prix, niveaux d'activité, équilibre externe). Le volume et la valeur de la production dépendent de la monnaie. La production est fonction de la demande exprimée en monnaie. Or les approches orthodoxes relatives au financement du développement sont centrées sur le postulat de l'épargne préalable. Ce postulat ne semble plus cadrer aujourd'hui avec la situation monétaire et financière de la plupart des économies en développement. Notre thèse propose une analyse alternative (hétérodoxe) du financement du développement articulée autour d'une approche fondée sur le postulat de la monnaie. Notre thèse s'efforce d'apporterdes éléments de réponse à l'interrogation suivante : sous quelles conditions une stratégie du développement axée sur le financement par création monétaire pourrait s'avérer possible dans le cas des pays africains de la zone CFA ?

Mestrado em Administração e Gestão Pública
O presente trabalho pretende analisar os efeitos de um sistema de avaliação do desempenho, o SIADAP, tendo em conta o artigo 52 (SIADAP3) da Lei 66- B/2007. Considerou-se importante examinar o estado da arte da avaliação do desempenho, essencialmente, os três componentes que integram este sistema (objectivos, instrumentos e procedimentos), assim como, o seu estado na Administração Pública em Portugal. Averiguou-se os seus efeitos e suas aplicações sobre três dimensões: o desempenho, a identificação das necessidades de formação e desenvolvimento e a motivação. De modo a responder à questão de investigação, recorreu-se à Câmara Municipal de Aveiro para perceber os efeitos reais do SIADAP3. Reflectidos vários factores, concluiu-se que não há um enquadramento directo das necessidades de formação dos trabalhadores nas acções de formação oferecidas. Mas, existe um consenso de que o SIADAP3 permite com maior facilidade a obtenção das informações sobre as necessidades de cada trabalhador. Constatou-se, também que a aplicação do SIADAP3 limita-se aos conteúdos de obrigatoriedade.
This study pretends to examine the effects of a system of performance evaluation, SIADAP, relatively the article 52 (SIADAP3) of the Law 66-B/2007. It was considered important to examine the state of the art of performance evaluation, essentially, three components that comprise this system (objectives, instruments and procedures), as well as their status in Public Administration in Portugal. It was found the effects and application on four dimensions, performance, identification of training needs and development and motivation. In order to answer the research question, we used the methodology of case study in C.M.A. Reflected several factors, concluded that there isn’t a direct framework of the training needs of workers in the training offered. But there is a consensus that SIADAP3 allows more easily obtain information about the needs of each worker. It was also concluded that the SIADAP3 application is limited to content requirement.

ZusammenfassungIn Italia non esiste una vera e propria definizione di invenzione. Non ve ne è traccia né nella legge invenzioni del 1939 né all’interno del Codice della Proprietà Industriale (di seguito C.P.I.). Soltanto l’art. 2585 del codice civile elenca una serie di invenzioni brevettabili. La dottrina più illustre, dunque, ha considerato l’invenzione come „la soluzione originale di un problema tecnico“ e tale formula può, ancora oggi, essere condivisa.

For its laser applications, the C.E.A requires visible broadband optical components with very high characteristics in laser damage thresholds and low total losses. The level of performances reached having a direct impact on costs of developed laser systems, the compromise between the laser damage thresholds and total losses must be the best one.

The French Atomic Energy Commission (C.E.A.) is developing a hydrogen risk analysis code (safety code) which incorporates both lumped-parameter and multi-dimensional formulations. In this paper we present the governing equations, numerical strategy and schemes used for the lumped parameter approach as well as for the multi-dimensional one. Typical numerical studies will be presented for hydrogen distribution and combustion applications in realistic large geometries.

The objective of this paper is to investigate in detail the relationship between results obtained from flow over a circular cylinder in cross flow using Hot Film and Hot Wire Constant Temperature Anemometry (C.T.A.). The experimental results are compared with those obtained using numerical methods. The results obtained from Hot Wire Anemometry are used to attempt to calibrate the Hot Film Sensors for the purpose of evaluating entropy generation rates in the boundary layer of the cylinder.

Abstract This paper presents a development program carried out at the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (C.E.A.), whose objective was to successfully bond a dense coating of stainless steel on the internal surface of an aluminum cylinder with a diameter of 300 mm. To achieve these results, a specific nozzle was designed, with calculations and measurements of the particles velocity using DPV 2000. The influence of key parameters on the coating density was investigated. A prototype was successfully produced by optimizing process parameters.

During the last few years, some effort has been devoted to developping femtosecond dye lasers synchronously pumped by a mode-locked pumping source, e.g. frequency doubled YAG[1] or Argon[2]. The advantages of such a pumping scheme have been underlined and the possibilities of synchronous amplification[3] or of synchronisation of a tunable picosecond laser pumped in parallel[2] were particularly emphasized. The drawback of such systems is the critical sensitivy of the pulse characteristics to cavity length variations. We designed a femtosecond dye laser pumped by a frequency doubled continuously mode-locked YAG laser and we included all the previously know improvements. Furthermore, we actively stabilized the cavity length using a new scheme that will be presented.

A unique sequence is required in heparin for binding to antithrombin III (AT III) and eliciting anti-factor Xa activity. We have previously synthesized a pentasaccharide containing all the structural features of this sequence. It binds to AT III with the same affinity as high affinity heparin. The complex thus formed has a high anti-factor Xa activity. We have now synthesized a new series of α-methylated pentasaccharides which better mimic the naturally occurring configuration at C1 of the reducing-end glucosamine unit. The synthesis of the inactive pentasaccharide II allowed us to confirm in this series the essential role of the 3-sulfate group borne by glucosamine unit F. Wehave also particularly addressed the still unanswered question regarding the role of the 2-sulfate group borne by iduronic acid G and of the 6-sulfate group borne by glucosamine unit H. Pentasaccharides III and IV elicit the same anti-factor Xa activity which is substantially decreased as compared to I. A similar decrease has been recently reported for pentasaccharide V (T. Beetz & C.A.A. van Boeckel, Tetrahedron Lett., 1986, 27, 5889). We therefore conclude that the presence of both these sin fate groups is required for full expression of the antifactor Xa activity.