Articles de revues : « Butti »

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Carmello, Marco. « Il personaggio Gadda, o del “Pasticciaccio argentino” di Enrique M. Butti ». IPOTESI – REVISTA DE ESTUDOS LITERÁRIOS 28, n^o 1 (5 novembre 2024) : 1–21. https://doi.org/10.34019/1982-0836.2024.v28.46458.

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L’articolo intende analizzare il romanzo Indí che lo scrittore argentino, originario di Santa Fé,Enrique M. Butti pubblica nel 1993. Il libro viene tradotto e pubblicato in Italia, per i tipi del Saggiatore, nel 1998 col titolo Pasticciaccio argentino, che rende immediatamente esplicita la ricca intertestualità conl’opera di uno dei più importanti autori del Novecento italiano: Carlo Emilio Gadda. Del resto, è proprioGadda ad essere scelto da Butti come protagonista del suo romanzo, la cui torbida vicenda – l’assassinio diuna giovane sullo sfondo dell’effettivo soggiorno di Gadda a Resistencia durante la sua permanenza inArgentina – rimette ad un insieme di tematiche e moduli narrativi dell’opera dell’autore milanese. L’analisidel ricco e variegato sistema intertestuale istituito da Butti permetterà così di delineare i modi delpassaggio tanto intertestuale quanto interculturale messo in atto dall’autore argentino.

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Gadda, Carlo Emilio. « Una Respetuosa Reverencia. (Traducción Enrique Butti) ». El Hilo de la Fabula, n^o 6 (17 février 2010) : 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14409/hf.v1i6.1817.

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Baniyas, Raba'a. « Interview with H.E. Butti Ahmed Mohamed Bin Butti Al Qubaisi on leading SCAD and hosting IAOS 2016 ». Statistical Journal of the IAOS 32, n^o 3 (22 août 2016) : 433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-161025.

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Briziarelli, Susan. « Re-Reading a Reader : ENRICO ANNIBALE BUTTI ». Forum Italicum : A Journal of Italian Studies 26, n^o 2 (septembre 1992) : 322–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001458589202600202.

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Bakanov, Roman P., et Waleed A. S. Al-Baidhani. « Articles problematics and specificity of creative style of Iraqi publicist Raphael Butti ». RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 27, n^o 4 (15 décembre 2022) : 745–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2022-27-4-745-756.

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The publicist and editor Raphael Butti was one of the pioneers of Iraqi social and political journalism. The study of his 400 articles between 1920 and 1956, have shown that the predominant direction of his work, the impulse for writing was the desire to promote and develop democratic institutions in Iraq. The subject matter of his publications was related to the need for freedom of choice, gender equality, freedom of speech and the press, and increasing the level of education of the individual. Applying the methods of problem-thematic, lexical-stylistic and comparative analysis of Rafael Butti's articles, the authors have revealed that almost all his articles are permeated by the theme of patriotism and reflect his broad outlook. At the same time, the relative paucity of the language and creative style of the Iraqi publicist was found, which is expressed, in particular, in the limited use of artistic expression. Rafael Butti focuses primarily on intellectual enlightenment, compensating for the lack of emotional messages with long analytical phrases, lengthy paragraphs, and lengthy headings.

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Al Omari, Thabet. « The Dubai Incident - 1910 "Historical Study in Light of British Documents" ». Dirasat : Human and Social Sciences 49, n^o 2 (2 août 2022) : 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v49i2.1796.

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The present study aims at investigating the incident of Dubai which took place on 24/10/1910. This incident was caused by British officers and soldiers who searched two houses owned by Thani bin Khalifah and Ahmed bin Dalmuk. The search revealed some weapons and ammunition which were located beneath the one house. An armed struggle between the two parties occurred; four Britons and thirty-seven local citizens were killed. Accordingly, the British Government in the Persian Gulf region held Shaikh Butti bin Suheil responsible for the incident and sent him an ultimatum including several demands to be fulfilled within 48 hours; the most important of which was erecting a tide pole in the Dubai port, a fine payment of 50 thousand Rupees, handing over 400 rifles, establishing a post office and a telegraph station, and finally accepting the appointment of a British Political Agent in Dubai. The study concludes that the British officials utilized the incident to give privilege to the British Government to take control over the Emirate of Dubai and the adjacent Emirate of the Coastline despite the fact that Shaikh Butti bin Suheil had already accepted the conditions of the ultimatum and started implementing most of it.

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Noacco, Cristina. « Paulo Butti de Lima, Il piacere delle Immagini. Un tema aristotelico nella riflessione moderna sull’arte ». Anabases, n^o 26 (1 novembre 2017) : 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/anabases.6249.

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Peeters, Marjan. « The Precautionary Principle in Environmental Law : Neither Arbitrary nor Capricious if Interpreted with Equilibrium - By Luciano Butti ». Review of European Community & ; International Environmental Law 17, n^o 2 (août 2008) : 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9388.2008.598_4.x.

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Edwards, M. « L'inchiesta e la prova : immagine storiografica practica giuridica e retorica nella Grecia classica. P Butti de Lima ». Classical Review 48, n^o 2 (1 février 1998) : 281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/48.2.281.

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Silva, Maria dos Remédios da, Maria Luzineide da Silva Andrade et Maria Pricila Miranda dos Santos. « A INTERDISCIPLINARIDADE NO ÂMBITO ESCOLAR ». Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação 9, n^o 10 (10 novembre 2023) : 1940–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.51891/rease.v9i10.11795.

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O presente estudo procura principalmente tratar do tema: A interdisciplinaridade no âmbito escolar. Atualmente, as dicussões em torno da interdisciplinaridade escolar que abre espaço para a interação e integraço dos componentes curriculares vem sendo cada vez mais pertinentes por sua relevância como prática de ensino. Sendo possível ampliar o entendimento de como ocorre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem com mais facilidade. Abrindo também, um leque de possibilidades para o docente inovar sua prática e a oportunidade do estudante ser protagonista. Para esta discussão, realisamos pesquisa bibliográfica tendo como base os referidos autores: Fazenda (1992, 2008; 2014), Magalhães (2005), Butti (2006), Bizzo (2007), Lima (2008) entre outros. Portanto, a compreesão referente a interdisciplinaridade permanece sendo entendida de forma abrangente. Os teóricos da mesma concordam no sentido de haver união do saber, isto é, a existência do diálogo ente as disciplinas.

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Pawar, Suprita, Geeta Chitagubbi et Rajeshwari Desai. « A Study on Gender Participation and Types of Bamboo Products Prepared by Artisans in Northern Karnataka ». Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & ; Sociology 41, n^o 7 (24 mai 2023) : 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2023/v41i71969.

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Aim: To study the gender participation in bamboo making products and to know the products prepared by the bamboo artisans. Study Design: Exploratory design was used. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted in Northern Karnataka districts of Dharwad, Belgavi and Uttar Kannada in the year 2019-2020. Methodology: Random sampling method was applied to select a sample size of 120 bamboo artisans’ family (Forty respondents from each district). The respondents were interviewed personally to elicit the primary information by using self structured interview schedule. Results: Bamboo enterprise activities were mainly dominated by women (66.66%). In Dharwad district, majority of the respondents prepared bamboo articles like rotti basket (87.50%), chibla (75.00%) and hand fan (60.00%) and as far as Belagavi district is concerned, all most all the respondent’s prepared religious basket (yellaman butti) followed by yellaman jaga (religious basket) (90.00%), further in Uttar Kannada district, all the respondents prepared mara followed by sieve (57.50%). Conclusion: Bamboo products making is lead by women in Northern Karnataka districts. Each district has its own dominating product i.e., Rotti basket, Chibla and Religious basket in Dharwad, Belgavi and Uttar Kannada districts respectively.

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Miller, Maranda R., et Mark E. Burbach. « Cigarette Butt Disposal Behavior : A Case Study of a Public Beach on Jekyll Island, Georgia, USA ». Environment and Natural Resources Research 10, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2020) : 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v10n3p27.

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Improperly discarded cigarette butts are a substantial environmental problem. This study explored factors influencing cigarette butt discarding behavior on a public beach on Jekyll Island, Georgia, USA. A mixed-mode design utilized quantitative and qualitative data to study improper cigarette butt disposal. We surveyed smokers regarding their place attachment, environmental attitudes, environmental awareness, and habit as predictors of improper cigarette butt disposal. Environmental attitudes, environmental awareness, and habits were significant predictors of improper cigarette butt disposal behavior. A qualitative inquiry further explored the phenomenon of cigarette butt disposal from the smokers’ perspectives. Interviews illustrated that “improper disposers” experienced themes involving uncertainty that cigarette butts are litter, a lack of knowledge, problems with cigarette butt receptacles currently in place, the requirement of a conscious choice about how and where to discard a butt, and statements that contradicted the behavior observed. Themes that emerged from interviews with “proper disposers” included cigarette butts are clearly litter, awareness of social constructs that disapprove of smokers and their behavior, awareness of the cumulative effects of cigarette butts on the beach, minimal obstacles to discarding properly, and feelings of personal responsibility. Implications of the study results are discussed.

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Santos, Marcos Martinho dos. « Editorial ». Letras Clássicas, n^o 8 (1 novembre 2004) : 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2358-3150.v0i8p7-10.

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Em 2004, ano de importantes encontros no Brasil de especialistas de diversas áreas dos Estudos Clássicos, o PPG Letras Clássicas da FFLCH/USP aproveitou a oportunidade para organizar e realizar uma reunião científica internacional de Estudos Clássicos de caráter eminentemente interdisciplinar, o colóquio internacional “Novas abordagens em ciências da Antigüidade”, com o apoio da FAPESP, do Consulado e Embaixada dos Estados Unidos da América, do Consulado e Embaixada do Reino Unido, da Fundação Humboldt. O colóquio contou com 15 pesquisadores convidados das mais importantes instituições de ensino e pesquisa da Alemanha (Bernd Seidensticker), Checoslováquia (Jan Bazant), Escócia (Keith Rutter), Estados Unidos (H. Alan Shapiro), França (Annie Bélis, Christian Jacob, Georges Rougemont, Mireille Corbier, Pierre Carlier, Roland Étienne), Inglaterra (Martin Litchfield West, Michael Winterbottom, Oliver Taplin, Stephanie West) e Itália (Paulo Butti de Lima), e constou de 15 sessões de conferências, 15 grupos de trabalho e um concerto (dirigido por Annie Bélis, o Ensemble Kérylos apresentou excertos de música grega antiga). Agora, a partir da seleção de artigos produzidos por aqueles participantes e outros autores, e a partir da seleção de traduções, notícias de pesquisa e resenhas, o PPG Letras Clássicas da FFLCH/USP edita este oitavo número de <em>Letras Clássicas</em>, cujo eixo temático é, justamente, o conjunto dos Estudos Clássicos, de que as Letras Clássicas são parte.

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Zangara, Adriana. « Paulo Butti de Lima, L'inchiesta e la prova. Immagine storiografica, pratica giuridica e retorica nella Grecia classica, Turin, Einaudi, « Piccola Biblioteca », 1996, 201 p. » Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 54, n^o 5 (octobre 1999) : 1203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900047648.

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Lowe, Alexander T., Alexander Maki, Carla Figueroa et P. Dilip Venugopal. « Place-based estimates of cigarette butt litter raise environmental justice concerns in the United States ». PLOS ONE 19, n^o 8 (15 août 2024) : e0308930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0308930.

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Littering of cigarette butts is a major environmental challenge. In 2022, ~124 billion cigarette butts were littered in the United States. This litter may pose an environmental justice concern by disproportionately affecting human and environmental health in communities of color or communities of low socioeconomic status. However, the lack of data on the distribution and magnitude of cigarette butt littering prevents an environmental justice analysis and limits the ability to tackle this environmental challenge. We conducted an environmental justice assessment of tobacco product waste, specifically cigarette butts, through spatially-explicit, place-based estimates across the contiguous U.S. We built a bottom-up model by synthesizing census tract-level population and smoking prevalence, state-level cigarette consumption, and published littering data to assess the spatial pattern of cigarette consumption and littering, and its implications for environmental injustice in >71,600 U.S. census tracts. Further, we compared the model output to urbanicity (rural-urban commuting area) and Social-Environmental Risk (SER; CDC Environmental Justice Index). Cigarette butt density was not uniformly distributed across the U.S. and ranged from 0–45.5 butts/m2, with an area-weighted average of 0.019 ± 0.0005 butts/m2. Cigarette butt density was 96 times higher in metropolitan vs. rural areas. Cigarette butt density increased significantly with SER, with 5.6 times more littered cigarette butts, and a steeper response to population density, in census tracts with the highest SER vs. the lowest SER. These results demonstrate the relative influences of location, smoking prevalence, and population density, and show that cigarette butt littering is a potential environmental justice concern in the U.S. This study provides information that may help devise targeted strategies to reduce cigarette butt pollution and prevent disproportionate impacts. The spatial data layer with place-based cigarette consumption and butt density is a tool that can support municipal, state, and federal level policy work and future studies on associations among cigarette butt pollution and environmental health outcomes.

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Rudenko, P. M., V. S. Gavrish, S. I. Kuchuk-Yatsenko, A. V. Didkovsky et E. V. Antipin. « Influence of flash butt welding process parameters on strength characteristics of railway rail butts ». Paton Welding Journal 2017, n^o 6 (28 juin 2017) : 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2017.06.14.

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Kozyrev, N. A., R. A. Shevchenko, S. N. Krat’ko, R. E. Kryukov et A. R. Mikhno. « Elaboration of a technology of long rail lashes production without induction heat treatment application ». Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, n^o 4 (18 mai 2019) : 488–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-4-488-497.

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Welding butts of rail lashes after resistance butt-welding are subjected to heat treatment to eliminate heat-affected zones. At present facilities of induction heating are used in Russia for the heat treatment and compressed air as a quenching media. However, this method of quenching has significant drawbacks, including appearance of new heat-affected zones at the local heating of the welded butts, deterioration of the welded butts’ straightness after cooling. Shlatter Company proposed a solution of this problem by application of the process of resistance butt-welding by rails fusion. Theoretical calculations and laboratory studies of the thermal cycle of rail steel samples welding were made in the Siberian State Industrial University, which showed a principal possibility of this method application under industrial conditions. The method assumes after the welded butt settling and cooling to keep the preset temperature from the moment of its reaching by passing alternative electric current pulses through the welded butt. The temperature of exposure is selected based on obtaining necessary fine grain seam metal structure. The duration of exposure is determined by latency period of the structure formation and is controlled by the number of current pulses. The carried out industrial experiments at the МСР-6301 resistance butt welding machine resulted in determining parameters of cooling time after settling, heating and cooling after the heating, as well as the number of heating pulses. A method of resistance butt welding was tested, enabling to obtain the welded joint of details of the P65 ДТ350 category rail steel. The welded joint had mechanical properties exceeding technical requirements of СТО РЖД 1.08.002–2009 specifications.

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Morales-Segura, Mónica, César Porras-Amores, Paola Villoria-Sáez et David Caballol-Bartolomé. « Characterization of Gypsum Composites Containing Cigarette Butt Waste for Building Applications ». Sustainability 12, n^o 17 (28 août 2020) : 7022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177022.

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Cigarette butts are one of the most common waste on the planet and are not biodegradable, so they remain on the landscape for many years. Cigarette butt composition makes it suitable to be added during the manufacture of construction materials, so it can be considered a waste recovery material, helping to reduce the ecological footprint of the construction sector. This article shows the characterization of gypsum composites containing cigarette butt waste. Several gypsum specimens were prepared incorporating different percentages of cigarette butt waste (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5%). Samples without waste additions were also prepared in order to compare the results obtained. Samples were tested for density, superficial hardness, flexural and compressive strength, bonding strength and acoustic performance. Results show that it is possible to add cigarette butts in a gypsum matrix, resulting in better mechanical behavior than traditional gypsums.

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Webler, Thomas, et Karin Jakubowski. « Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviors about Cigarette-Butt Littering among College-Aged Adults in the United States ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 13 (1 juillet 2022) : 8085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138085.

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This study reports attitudes, beliefs, and littering behaviors of 7532 college-aged cigarette smokers from across the United States. Four behavioral variables were measured: littering of last cigarette butt, number of butts littered in past 24 h, littering in past month, and ever having littered. Questions about beliefs centered on whether cigarette butts are biodegradable, if butts were harmful to the environment, and if butts are considered to be litter. One attitudinal question focused on whether seeing butts on the ground was bothersome. Littering was most likely among people who believed butts were biodegradable, believed they are not harmful to the environment, do not believe butts are litter, and among those with the attitude that littered butts are not bothersome. Logistic regression analyses found that the strongest influence on littering behavior was the attitude that seeing butts was bothersome. The second-strongest driver was the belief that butts are litter.

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de Tribolet, Nicolas. « Neuro‐Oncology Edited by P. Paoletti, K. Takakura, M.D. Walker, G. Butti and S. Pezzotta, 406 pages, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Boston London 1991 ISBN 0‐7923‐1215‐5 ». Brain Pathology 2, n^o 1 (janvier 1991) : 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00062.x.

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Steege, L., et G. Moore. « The presence and prevalence of Legionella spp in collected rainwater and its aerosolisation during common gardening activities ». Perspectives in Public Health 138, n^o 5 (3 juillet 2018) : 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757913918786322.

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Aims: To determine the presence and prevalence of Legionella spp in domestic rainwater storage butts and to quantify its aerosolisation when collected rainwater is used for common gardening activities. Methods: Volunteers were asked to take a water sample from their garden rainwater storage butt. The presence of Legionella was determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Two new rainwater storage butts were installed on-site at PHE Porton and positioned in sunlight or in the shade. Ambient conditions and those within the two ‘experimental’ water butts were continually monitored. A cyclone air sampler was used to detect the presence of Legionella in the air when collected rainwater was poured from a watering can or delivered via a hosepipe attached to a submersible water butt pump. Results: A total of 63 volunteers provided water samples from 113 different rainwater storage butts. Legionella spp was detected in 107 of these samples at a mean concentration of 4.7 × 104 genomic units l–1. Two of these samples also contained L. pneumophila. The water butt positioned in the shade stored water at a significantly lower temperature than that exposed to sunlight. While the concentration of Legionella was significantly higher in this cooler water, meteorological conditions rather than conditions within the water butt had the greatest effect upon Legionella concentration. No Legionella was detected in the air when rainwater was poured from a watering can. However, using a hose pipe on a ‘fine spray’ setting increased both the number of organisms detected in the air and their dissemination. Conclusion: In this study, Legionella spp were common contaminants of collected rainwater. However, the use of rainwater for common gardening activities should not be discouraged. Aerosolisation of Legionella when using a watering can is minimal and any increased risk associated with hose pipe use can be mitigated by using a coarse spray setting.

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Gunawan, Tri Agus, et Indira Swasti Gama Bhakti. « MAKNA PERLUASAN ALAT BUKTI ELEKTRONIK (ANALISIS PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI NOMOR 20/PUU-XIV/2016) ». Literasi Hukum 6, n^o 2 (31 octobre 2022) : 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31002/lh.v6i2.6810.

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Merujuk pada Pasal 184 Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP) telah dijelaskan bahwa alat bukti yang diakui dalam peradilan Pidana adalah alat bukti saksi, ahli, surat, petunjuk dan keterangan terdakwa. Alat bukti ini diakui di Indonesia sejak tahun 1981 ketika KUHAP ini disahkan sebagai Undang-undang. Berjalannya waktu alat bukti yang ada kurang bisa membuktikan kebenaran materil terkait kasus-kasus baru, salah satunya adalah kasus dengan memanfaatkan teknologi informasi. Kemajuan dalam perihal pembuktian, muncul bersamaan dengan terbitnya Undang-undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2011 Tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik. Pada pasal 5 dan pasal 44 telah diakuinya munculnya alat bukti baru yaitu alat bukti Informasi Elektronik dan Dokumen Elektronik. Munculnya alat bukti baru ini diakui sebagai bentuk perluasan dari alat butki yang ada pada peraturan perundang-undangan atau dalam hal ini adalah KUHAP. Namun permasalahan muncul tidak dijelaskannya maksud dari perluasan pada pasal 5 dan pasal 44 tersebut. Apakah itu menjadi alat bukti berdiri sendiri setelah lima alat bukti yang ada, atau masuk menjadi bagian dari alat butki yang sudah ada. Selain itu masalah yang lain adalah ketika pasal ini pernah digugat kepada Mahkamah Konstitusi dengan munculnya putusan Nomor 20/PUU-XIV/2016. Pada putusan tersebut telah merubah arah kebijakan, aspek filosofis dan juga tujuan dari pasal 5. Hipotesis sementara yang terbangun adalah ketika melihat isi pertimbangan putusan tersebut. Dalam pertimbangan terdapat beberapa hal yang mengalami kerancuan antara posisi informasi elektronik dan dokumen elektronik tersebut sebagai barang bukti atau alat bukti. Berdasarkan putusan mahkamah konstitusi tersebut juga terjadi pemaknaan berbeda cara bagaimana memperleh bukti elektorinik secara sah. Dalam praktik hal ini menimbulkan perdebatan baik di masyarakat bahkan hingga antara apart penegak hukum sendiri. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian normatif dengan menggunakan studi kepustakaan dengan sumber hukum primer yang digunakan adalah Undang- undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2011 Tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik. Selain itu data empiris berupaa wawancara juga kami butuhkan sebagai penunjang dari data primer yang dianalisis. Target khusus dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan sumbangan keilmuan khususnya terkait pemikiran kritis terhadap undang-undang informasi dan trasnsaksi elektronik. Sedangkan tujuan jangka panjang adalah besar harapan penelitian ini dapat menjadi pertimbangan para pengambil kebijakan atau pembuat regulasi untuk melakukan perbaikan terhadap undang-undang ini sehingga tidak memberikan multi tafsir dalam tahap implemntasinya.

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Xanthopoulos, Gavriil, Dany Ghosn et George Kazakis. « Investigation of the wind speed threshold above which discarded cigarettes are likely to be moved by the wind ». International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, n^o 4 (2006) : 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf05080.

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Cigarette butts thrown from passing cars often become fire ignition sources. However, this is only possible if a butt ends up on dead and dry fuels on the roadside. The current paper presents two experiments, carried out in a wind tunnel, designed to investigate the wind speed thresholds above which a butt thrown on the road is unlikely to stay on the road surface but will roll with the wind. The work was done for three road surfaces: asphalt, cement, and compacted soil. The experiments demonstrated that a lower wind speed is necessary for cigarette butts to start rolling from a still condition than the wind speed needed for whole cigarettes. Three wind speed thresholds, 0.88 m s–1 for asphalt, 1.63 m s–1 for cement, and 2.33 m s–1 for compacted soil, represent a conservative lower limit below which movement of still butts is highly unlikely. Three logistic regression equations were developed for calculating the probability that a cigarette butt thrown on the road surface under wind will continue to roll. They show that for wind speeds of less than 4.5 m s–1, a cigarette butt thrown on a dirt road is much less likely to be carried by the wind than if it was thrown on an asphalt or cement surface. The wind speed values refer to a height of 5 cm. The present paper provides a discussion of how this value relates to commonly used meteorological wind previsions. It also includes an example of how the findings can be used for fire prevention purposes.

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Porter, A., et P. Dunn. « Mouth Insertion Depths in Canadian Smokers ». Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 18, n^o 2 (1 août 1998) : 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0673.

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AbstractThere is the potential for smokers of ventilated cigarettes to block the ventilation holes either accidentally or deliberately thereby altering the smoke deliveries from those obtained by standardized machine smoking. One way in which the holes can be blocked is by inserting the cigarette into the mouth so that the holes are partially or completely blocked by the lips of the smoker. We have assessed to what extent this occurs amongst Canadian smokers by measuring the saliva patterns on 2756 cigarette butts collected in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. The butts were a cross-section of brands smoked in Canada. Saliva stains were visualized by treating the tipping paper with ninhydrin solution. The insertion depth was assumed to be the maximum extent of the saliva stain from the mouth end of the tipping. The brand of each cigarette butt was identified where possible as well as whether the filter was ventilated and if so, the distance of the vent holes from the mouth end. The butt lengths were also determined. Of the 2756 butts collected, 2232 had lip imprint patterns that could be visualized with ninhydrin solution. 56.2 % of the butts with measurable insertion depths, and which could be identified by brand, were ventilated. There was no significant difference between the average insertion depths for ventilated and non-ventilated brands (10.6 AA± 3.6 and 11.0 AA± 3.6 mm respectively). It was estimated that for the ventilated brands between 3.7-10.3 % of the butts could have had the vents blocked completely for at least one puff, 13.8-20.4 % of the butts had vents that could have been partially blocked and 75.9 % of the butts showed no sign of any vent blockage during smoking.

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Venugopal, P. Dilip, Shannon K. Hanna, Gregory G. Gagliano et Hoshing W. Chang. « No Butts on the Beach : Aquatic Toxicity of Cigarette Butt Leachate Chemicals ». Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2021) : 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.1.2.

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Objectives: Toxic pollutants leaching from littered cigarette butts (CB) raise environmental impact concerns. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is required to assess the environmental impacts of its tobacco regulatory actions per the US National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Methods: We determined the chemical constituents in CB leachate through analyses of 109 field-collected CB and literature compilation and characterized their ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. Results: One-third of the 98 identified CB leachate chemicals were very toxic and 10% were toxic to aquatic organisms due to acute and chronic toxicity. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals, phthalates, nicotine and volatile organic compounds were the most hazardous CB leachate chemicals for aquatic organisms. Of the 98 CB leachate chemicals, 25 are included in FDA's list of harmful or potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and tobacco smoke. Conclusions: Our study quantifies CB leachate constituents, characterizes their ecological hazard and identifies chemicals of concern. Thus, it aids in evaluating the environmental impacts of tobacco products per NEPA requirements. These results provide important information for strategies to prevent and reduce CB litter (eg, awareness programs, litter laws enforcement), thereby reducing environmental hazards from CB toxicants.

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Liu, Xianjie, Sijun Huang, Genrong Li, Qiuquan Zhang, Haitao Zhang, Youyu Yang, Fengjie He, Donghong Sun, Zhipan Ma et Jufen Huang. « Preparation and application of waste cigarette butts-derived mulch film with excellent mechanical properties and optical transparency ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2790, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2024) : 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2790/1/012005.

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Abstract The small waste cigarette butts every year worldwide added up is a significant threat to the environment. The main component of cigarette butts is cellulose acetate, which is an excellent film-forming material. Here, a one-step phase transition method was employed to successfully convert waste cigarette butts into a transparent film. This film (160×18×0.5 mm) derived from waste cigarette butts (CB) has high mechanical strength (fracture stress 23.5 MPa, Young’s modulus 13.1 MPa), good thermal stability, and excellent optical transmittance (91.8%), and low haze (40.3%). Its properties rival those of traditional low-density polyethylene (PE) film. Meanwhile, the CB film displayed fascinating bending-ability and folding resistance. The cigarette butt-derived film with low cost and excellent properties exhibits a promising application as agricultural mulch and provides recycle solution for waste cigarette butts.

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Yogaswara, Deny, Muhammad Reza Cordova et Ukis Shofarudin. « A preliminary investigation of associated chemicals in cigarette butt waste from the tourist beach area of North Jakarta, Indonesia ». BIO Web of Conferences 106 (2024) : 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410602001.

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Cigarette butts are among the most common and problematic forms of marine litter. However, there is limited research on the occurrence, abundance, and potential chemicals associated with cigarette butt waste in the environment. The study focused on investigating the occurrence, abundance, and chemical composition of cigarette butt waste on Ancol Beach, Jakarta, Indonesia, addressing a gap in knowledge regarding this prevalent and problematic form of marine litter. Despite Ancol Beach’s regular cleaning efforts, cigarette butt waste was still widespread with an abundance of 1.136 pcs/m2. However, this cigarette butt waste number is still less abundant compared to other regions. Chemical analysis of the cigarette butt waste revealed the presence of various chemical groups, notably aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding and mitigating the environmental repercussions of the chemicals associated with cigarette butt waste and microplastic particles on the coastal ecosystem. Further research is urged to delve deeper into the emerging chemical pollutants present in cigarette butt waste spread in the coastal environments.

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Schulz, W. « The Effect of the Increase of Tobacco Tax on 1st of June 1982 on the Length of Cigarette Butts in the Federal Republic of Germany - Die Auswirkung der Tabaksteuererhöhung vom 1. Juni 1982 auf die Länge der Zigarettenstummel in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ». Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 13, n^o 4 (1 août 1986) : 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0570.

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AbstractThe butts of cigarettes of different origins and product categories (35 383 in all) were examined. Evaluation of the results according to filter and plain cigarettes shows that because of the tax increase in 1982 the butts were shorter than those of previous years. A similar reaction on the part of the smoker to higher tobacco tax had already been established in a previous investigation. The actual length of the butt in the Düsseldorf and Ruhr area was 33.24 mm and 26.70 mm in the case of filter and plain cigarettes respectively. Since 1978/1979 the butts were on average 0.4 mm and 1.3 mm shorter for filter and plain cigarettes respectively.

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Yang, Ying, Shudi Mao, Zhe Li, Zhuo Sun et Ran Zhao. « New green electrode materials derived from waste cigarette butts for capacitive deionization ». Water Science and Technology 84, n^o 4 (25 juin 2021) : 1011–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.248.

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Abstract Smoked cigarette butts are a non-biodegradable pollutant that has damaged the planet. However, carbon materials derived from cigarette butts have proven to be suitable for various applications. We synthesized cigarette butt-derived carbon via hydrothermal carbonization and chemical activation methods and then converted it to an electrode material for capacitive deionization. The fabricated material, SCC-750, exhibited a relatively high salt adsorption capacity of 10.27 mg g−1. The excellent CDI (capacitive deionization) performance is due to the high specific surface area of 3,093.10 m2 g−1 and a pore volume of 1.754 cm3 g−1. This work offers a new method to recycle harmful cigarette butts by converting them into promising electrode materials for capacitive deionization.

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Hidayat, Muhammad, Akhmad Rizali et Ronny Mulyawan. « Uji Keefektifan Ekstrak Puntung Rokok dalam Pengendalian Larva Spodoptera Litura Pada Tanaman Selada ». Berkala Ilmiah Pertanian 6, n^o 2 (31 mai 2023) : 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/bip.v6i2.39249.

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The attack of Spodoptera litura larvae resulted in up to 75% damage to leaves on plants. The main use of synthetic pesticides has a negative impact on the environment and health such as decreasing the level of human immunity. To reduce this impact, there is a need for alternative control solutions that are more environmentally friendly. Cigarette butts contain nicotine, phenol, and eugenol. So that cigarette butts have the potential to be used as an alternative insecticide. Based on this, it is deemed necessary to conduct research to determine the effectiveness of cigarette butts as an insecticide. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the concentration of insecticide on cigarette butts on mortality and speed of killing of Spodoptera litura larvae. The method used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor, namely the concentration of cigarette butt insecticides with four treatments and repeated five times so that there were 20 experimental units. The treatments were P1 control, P2 at 10% concentration, P3 at 30% concentration, and P4 at 50% concentration. The results showed that the application of cigarette butt insecticides had a significant effect on the mortality rate and speed of killing of Spodoptera litura larvae. The P4 treatment gave the most effective results where within 24 hours after application it could kill >50% of the larvae tested and the rate of killing speed obtained was 1.7 birds per hour.

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Šućurović, Verena, Nives Vladislavić et Ivana Škugor Rončević. « Influence of Cigarette Butt Extract on the Suppression of Metal Corrosion ». Electrochem 5, n^o 4 (21 décembre 2024) : 585–98. https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5040038.

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Cigarette butts are an increasing environmental burden worldwide, and the quantities discarded each year could continue to rise. The chemical composition of cigarette butts, which comprises about 4000 different toxic chemicals, as well as their persistence in the environment and their potential negative effects pose a major threat to the environment as they regularly enter aquatic habitats and endanger water supplies and aquatic species. One effective way to reduce pollution is to recycle cigarette butts. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility of using extracts from cigarette butts (filter extract and extract from tobacco residues) as corrosion inhibitors for the Cu10Ni alloy in a 3.5% NaCl solution with a pH of 8 at different temperatures (12 °C, 20 °C and 25 °C). The determination of the electrochemical parameters, i.e., the corrosion behavior of the Cu10Ni alloy in a 3.5% NaCl solution and pH of 8, with and without modification of the alloy surface by cigarette butt extracts was tested using electrochemical measurements (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and linear and potentiodynamic polarization methods). The surface properties of the Cu10Ni alloy modified with cigarette butt extracts were evaluated by goniometry, SEM analysis and FTIR spectrophotometry. The modification of the surface of the Cu10Ni alloy with an extract of tobacco residue and a filter extract separated from cigarette butts, whose presence on the surface was confirmed by the surface analysis methods, increased the corrosion resistance of the alloy, indicating that these substances have an inhibitory effect. The better inhibition properties (at all temperatures: 12 °C, 20 °C and 25 °C) were exhibited by the filter extract, and the highest inhibition effect was exhibited by the filter extract at 12 °C.

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Gentile, R. J. « Upper Carboniferous crinoids : an extraordinary collection by late 19th Century amateur palaeontologists, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A. » Geological Curator 7, n^o 10 (novembre 2003) : 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc426.

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Amateur palaeontologists Edward Butts, a civil engineer, and Sidney J. Hare, a landscape architect are responsible for bringing to the attention of professional palaeontologists the discovery in 1889 of a bed of exceptionally well-preserved Upper Carboniferous crinoids in the excavation for the basement of a large building in downtown Kansas City. Over 450 crinoid specimens, many of them embedded in slabs of shale were prepared by Butts, Hare and, assisted by several additional amateur fossil enthusiasts. The specimens they collected and prepared are housed in museum, departmental and private collections throughout the United States and Europe. The discovery led to 8 new species of crinoids. Three of these were named in honour of Butts and Hare and include the inadunate dicyclic crinoids Aesiocrinus harii Miller and Gurley, Ethelocrinus harii (Miller) and Ulocrinus buttsi Miller and Gurley. Ed Butts and Sid Hare emphasize the important contributions that amateur fossil enthusiasts can make to the advancement of palaeontology.

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Suriani, Suriani, Ismail Ismail et Nur Aisyah. « MEKANISME PEMUSNAHAN BARANG BUKTI NARKOTIKA DI KEJAKSAAN ». Citra Justicia : Majalah Hukum dan Dinamika Masyarakat 24, n^o 1 (15 février 2023) : 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36294/cj.v24i1.3263.

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Narkotika di Indonesia dilarang untuk diedarkan dan dipergunakan untuk disalahgunakan, hal ini sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ketentuan Pasal 114 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 Tentang Narkotika. Narkotika dijadikan barang bukti dalam persidangan atas perintah putusan pengadilan yang telah berkekutan hukum tetap. Selanjutnya barang bukti narkotika tersebut akan dilakukan pemusnahan oleh kejaksaan sesuai dengan ketentuan Pasal 91 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 Tentang Narkotika. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum empiris yang dimana penelitian hukum empiris adalah suatu model penelitian ilmiah baik kualitatif maupun kuantitatif yang bersifat empirical-sosio-legal, untuk menjawab pertanyaan dan hitpotesis yang terlebih dahulu telah disusun secara deduktif. Lokasi penelitian di Kejaksaan Negeri Asahan. Mekanisme pemusnahan barang bukti narkotika di Kejaksaan Negeri Asahan dilakukan dengan melibatkan beberapa instansi Pemerintahan Daerah terkait seperti : BNN, Dinas Kesehatan, Dinas Lingkungan Hidup yang dimana barang butki dimusnahakan dengan cara : di bakar, di blender, di buang kelaut. Hambatan – hambatan dalam pemusnahan barang bukti narkotika di Kejaksaan Negeri Asahan adalah kurangnya sumber daya manusia, Alat-alat yang kurang memadai dan kurangnya anggaran untuk melakukan pemusnahan Narkotika.

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Sampson, Lorna, Navjot Rai, Audra Vair, Anoush Yaminifar et John Abrahamson. « “We Are Watching” : The effectiveness of implementing novel anti-smoking signage on hospital property ». Journal of Hospital Administration 5, n^o 2 (10 janvier 2016) : 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v5n2p69.

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Objective: Poor adherence to smoke-free policies on hospital property is an ongoing challenge. This study introduced novel anti-smoking signage onto hospital property with the aim of evaluating its effectiveness on reducing the incidence of smoking in designated areas.Methods: This prospective ecological study used cigarette butt count as a proxy to measure smoking prevalence at a single hospital’s three exit sites between October–December 2013. A pre-analysis of cigarette butt count at each site was conducted and the site with the highest count was selected for intervention; the two remaining sites were controls. The intervention signs featured a pair of stern male eyes with a forward gaze with “Don’t Smoke” written in black font and “We Are Watching” in red font below. Pre- and post-intervention cigarette butt counts were collected over 18 days and 14 days respectively. Climate was included in the analysis.Results: The number of cigarette butts decreased at the intervention site across 11 of the 14 post- intervention monitored days (29.8% decrease). Cigarette butt counts increased across both control sites (32.9% and 58.8%). One-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction (p = .000) between location and pre-/post-intervention periods. A two-way ANOVA evaluating location, intervention period, and climate temperature change (± 10 degrees Celsius) revealed statistical significance (p < .05). Interaction between location and climate was not significant.Conclusions: This study demonstrated a decrease in cigarette butts at the hospital exit where the “watching eyes” signs were implemented. Simple, low-cost anti-smoking interventions such as this may assist in creating healthier, smoke-free environments on hospital properties.

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Michael, Maria, Arun Meyyazhagan, Krishnakumar Velayudhannair, Manikantan Pappuswamy, Anu Maria, Vincent Xavier, Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian et al. « The Content of Heavy Metals in Cigarettes and the Impact of Their Leachates on the Aquatic Ecosystem ». Sustainability 14, n^o 8 (15 avril 2022) : 4752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084752.

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Smoked cigarettes and butts are the most common kind of litter around the world. The buildup of these litters has badly polluted local water bodies and their compartments, and the cumulative effect of many cigarette butts scattered in a centralized location may pose a serious hazard to living species. To understand how heavy metals are leached out into the aquatic ecosystem, researchers must analyse the behavior of the materials that make up cigarettes. Using atomic absorption spectrometry, this study evaluated the content of several metals (such as Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn, Zn, and Hg) leached from various brands of unsmoked and smoked cigarettes and cigarette butts. The findings revealed that heavy metal is more prevalent in butte. These findings indicate that cigarette litter is a major source of metal contamination in the aquatic ecosystem and that apparent leaching may increase the risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms.

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SG, Pawar, Harel VS, Mahajan KD, More BP et Kulkarni KV. « “Only Cigarette Butt is Left, DNA Fingerprinting Traps the Theft” ». Journal of Forensic Science & ; Criminology 6, n^o 1 (mars 2018) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15744/2348-9804.6.103.

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The examination of saliva traces left on cigarette butts as evidences are complicated due to the availability of biological material in trace amounts and its rapid degradation due to extreme effects of environmental factors. This study is aimed to assess the DNA purity and quantify the amount of DNA preserved in saliva found on cigarette butts subjected to various temperatures and humidity. Isolation of cell material from biological traces on forensic evidence is often a serious challenge to solving forensic cases. Successful isolation of high-grade DNA from cell material even in critically low quantity could be achieved in examination of traces. The proper collecting and storage of the material is very important for successful DNA typing from saliva traces and epithelial cells from the lips and oral cavity. Meeting these conditions would increase the chances for successful DNA profiling of biological traces on evidence of an earlier date. In the presented forensic cases the opportunity for solving the crime was given by the vices of the suspects. In this case one cigarette butt found at scene of crime was the only evidence to detect the accused. DNA is extracted from salivary epithelial cells adheres to the cigarette butt and profiled successfully. DNA profiles of suspected accused and the cigarette butt are matched in the source.

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Lakatos, Elena Simina, Lucian Ionel Cioca, Andrea Szilagyi, Andreea Loredana Bîrgovan et Elena Cristina Rada. « Smokers’ Attitude and Behavior towards Cigarette Littering in Romania : A Survey-Based Approach ». Sustainability 15, n^o 15 (2 août 2023) : 11908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151511908.

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Cigarette butts continue to be a significantly detrimental challenge for both human health and the quality of the environment and life in general. The escalating accumulation of inadequately discarded cigarette butts continues unabated, in spite of the myriad legislative procedures that have been instituted by authorities with the objective of incentivizing diminution of this phenomenon. For decades, the scientific literature has discussed the importance of smokers’ behavior and beliefs in contributing to the problem. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze cigarette butt littering behavior using a survey-based questionnaire. A total of 1643 complete responses were collected from Romanian smokers addressing their knowledge, practices, and views regarding the disposal of cigarette butts. According to the findings, awareness about the impacts and characteristics of cigarette butts is problematic, as are smokers’ self-reported explanations for their conduct. Specifically, more than 30% of the sample stated that cigarette butts are biodegradable, and 31.5% believe that cigarette butts are not toxic to the environment. The results also showed that only 19.7% of the smokers strongly believed that they should be considered accountable for their behavior. Future study directions are provided to advance studies in this area and improve present approaches to lessen the frequency of this behavior.

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Rudenko, P. M., V. S. Gavrish, S. I. Kuchuk-Yatsenko, A. V. Didkovsky et E. V. Antipin. « Influence of flash butt welding process parameters on strength characteristics of railway rail butts ». Автоматическая сварка 2017, n^o 6 (28 juin 2017) : 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/as2017.06.14.

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., Supriyani, et Heryanto Susilo. « Pengaruh Strategi Bauran Pemasaran Terhadap Keputusan Siswa dalam Memilih Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Tuban ». Jurnal Dinamika Manajemen Pendidikan 1, n^o 1 (7 février 2017) : 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jdmp.v1n1.p68-78.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh bauran pemasaran yang terdiri dari produk, harga, lokasi, dan bukti fisik secara parsial terhadap keputusan siswa dalam memilih MAN Tuban, serta mengetahui pengaruh produk, harga, lokasi, dan buti fisik secara bersama-sama terhadap keputusan siswa memilih MAN Tuban. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode analisis linear berganda, dengan menggunakan uji simultan dan uji parsial. Sampel yang diambil sebanyak 81 siswa kelas X MAN Tuban dengan menggunakan teknik simple random sampling.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa produk, harga, lokasi, dan promosi secara bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadap keputusan siswa memilih MAN Tuban sebesar 48,6%. Hasil uji secara parsial diperoleh bahwa produk dan harga tidak berpengaruh terhadap keputusan siswa memilih MAN Tuban, sedangkan lokasi memiliki nilai signifikan 0,001 < 0,05 dan nilai t hitung sebesar 3.463 yang > 1,99. Selain itu variabel bukti fisik memberikan pengaruh dengan nilai signifikan 0,009 < 0,05 dan nilai t hitung 2.690 > 1,99. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa diantara produk, harga, lokasi, dan bukti fisik hanya variabel lokasi dan bukti fisik yang mempengaruhi keputusan siswa memilih MAN Tuban.

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Loureiro, João Diogo. « BUTTI DE LIMA, Paulo, Arqueologia da política. Leitura da República platônica. Tradução pelo autor do original italiano (Archeologia della politica : letture della Repubblica di Platone. Sesto San Giovani : Mimesis), revisto e ampliado, xviii + 172 pp. » Humanitas 68 (29 décembre 2016) : 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-1718_68_12.

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Yusup, Dzakwan Hamzah Dhobit, Muhammad Al-Irsyad et Vivi Novianti. « Efektivitas Metode Ekstraksi Puntung Rokok Sebagai Bioinsektisida Terhadap Mortalitas Kecoa Amerika (Periplaneta americana) ». ASPIRATOR - Journal of Vector-Borne Diseases Studies 15, n^o 1 (25 novembre 2024) : 23–34. https://doi.org/10.58623/aspirator.v15i1.70.

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American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is one of the vectors of disease because there are bacteria and parasites in its body. One way to control them is by using synthetic insecticides. However, synthetic insecticides have active ingredients that are harmful to humans. Bioinsecticides can be used as an alternative, one of which is from cigarette butt waste which has active substances. Cigarette butts are a relatively large waste in Indonesia with 200,000 butts per year. This study aims to find the effectiveness of cigarette butts extract by maceration and drying methods and compare the two methods. This research is experimental using a non-factorial completely randomized design. The research was conducted with 2 methods, maceration and drying with dose of 100, 150, and 200 g/Lwith positive (synthetic insecticide) and negative controls. The treatment was repeated 4 times with a total of 32 experimental units. Each container measuring 26 x 26 x 10 cm3 contained 10 cockroaches totaling 320. Data were analyzed using One Way Anova and Kruskal Wallis with Games Howell and Mann Whitney U tests with a significant level of 5%. The highest average results from each method, maceration and drying, have the same results at a dose of 200 g/L with a mortality percentage of 70% and 55%, respectively. In the comparison of the two methods, the maceration method with a dose of 200 g/L is the most effective dose. These results indicate that cigarette butt waste can be used as an alternative bioinsecticide in controlling American cockroaches (Periplaneta Americana)

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Nasrullah, Abdul Haseeb Ansari et Adis Putri Nelaniken. « THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM FROM CIGARETTE BUTTS POLLUTION IN INDONESIA ». IIUM Law Journal 29, n^o 1 (30 juin 2021) : 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v29i1.558.

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Indonesia is recognized as a country with high potential in maritime resources. However, Indonesia is also known as the second-largest contributor to plastic waste in the ocean. It is estimated that Indonesia contributes around 200,000 tonnes of plastic disposals. The highest pollutant of the plastic product was found to be cigarette butts. The trillions of cigarette butts generate chemical contamination the ocean waters. Chemicals that leach from the cigarette butts are extremely toxic to the aquatic life in the ocean. The marine pollution caused by this contamination was never seriously noticed, even though the huge number of cigarette butts were found in the sea. A grave concern should be shown on the impacts of the cigarette butts to the ocean. The objective of this article is to elaborate on Indonesian law dealing with the issue the cigarette butt pollution contaminating the oceans of Indonesia.This article is the result of normative research which analyzes exiting statutes and cases that aims at protecting the marine ecosystem from the cigarette filter disposal. This research attempts to analyze the existing laws and regulations in Indonesia on the protection of the marine ecosystem from toxic and hazardous wastes, especially from cigarette butts waste disposal. The results of this study show that to date there is no specific regulation dealing with tobacco waste product disposals. Accordingly, the government is suggested to enact a set of specific and effective regulations pertaining to tobacco waste products as done by some developed countries or states such as Singapore and Australia, so that marine pollution caused by cigarette butts could be prevented.

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Ahlawat, Yadvendra, Avdesh Bhardawaj et Raghav Bhardwaj. « Pick the butt up ! Upcycling cigarette butts in road building material for sustainable road construction. » IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1382, n^o 1 (1 août 2024) : 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1382/1/012006.

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Abstract Roads are the lifeline of any nation. They are vital in passenger and freight transportation. Over usage and heavy loads put a lot of stress and strain on the health of the roads. On the other hand, cigarette butts (CB) are discarded unsafely after smoking and persist in nature as the cellulose acetate content in them, which is a microplastic, that does not decompose easily leading to a lot of littering, pollution and toxin dispersal in the environment. This proposed research utilizes the discarded cigarette butts into road construction material increasing its strength, durability and resistance against rutting while reducing costs and thermal conductivity to maintaining better surface temperatures. The utilization of discarded cigarette butts in road construction is a sustainable solution to not only strengthen the roads, but also reduce the negative environmental impact of improper cigarette butt disposal. In contrast to conventional bitumen roads, these roads possess superior toughness along with broad level durability. Multi-pronged approach to research was implemented here that included firstly a thorough literature review, conceiving the research design, conduct of research steps, evaluation of experimental results, and finally drawing conclusions from them. These experiments included retrieval of cellulose acetate from CBs, traditional physical and rheology tests, sieve analysis by Rothfuch’s technique and Marshall stability test. This paper aims to contribute to sustainable development goals by utilizing CBs to strengthen roads and clean the environment by eliminating this litter.

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Zhang, Yunlin, et Lingling Tian. « Ignition of Forest Fires by Cigarette Butts : Using Pinus massoniana Needles as an Example ». Fire 7, n^o 3 (24 février 2024) : 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire7030065.

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As a cigarette butt falls onto the forest surface fuel, it first smolders the fuel, then ignites into flames, and spreads as forest fire under certain conditions. In this study, the needles under a typical stand of P. massoniana were used as the research object. Needle beds with different moisture content and packing ratios were constructed indoors. Cigarette butt-ignition experiments were conducted under different wind velocities, and 30 experiment cycles were conducted under different conditions. There was a total of 5 (packing ratio) × 4 (moisture content) × 6 (wind velocity) = 120 sets of conditions, and a total of 3600 ignition experiments were conducted. The results showed that (1) the total ignition probability of the cigarette butts was 2.36%, which only occurred when the fuelbed moisture content was <10% and the wind velocity was >1 m/s. The ignition time of cigarette butts ranged from 2.73 to 7.25 min. (2) The fuelbed moisture content and wind velocity significantly influenced the ignition probability and time. With an increase in moisture content, the ignition probability of cigarette butts decreased, while the time required for ignition showed an increasing trend. Wind velocity had a dual effect on ignition. The ignition effect was optimal at a wind velocity of 4 m/s. With an increase in wind velocity, the ignition probability first increased and then decreased, and the ignition time first decreased and then increased. (3) The packing ratio had no significant effect on the ignition probability; however, the ignition time significantly decreased as the packing ratio increased. (4) The logistic regression method (LRM), general linear method (GLM), and nonlinear regression method (NLM) were used to establish a prediction model of ignition probability. The prediction effect of GLM was the worst, followed by LRM, and the NLM had the best prediction effect. The GLM was selected to establish the ignition time model, and the error was also within the allowance range. This study elucidated the underlying mechanism of factors affecting cigarette butt-based fuel ignition. In addition, the established prediction model provides a reference for human-caused forest fires and is highly significant for forest fire prevention.

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Nguyen Huy, Duong, Hien Nguyen Le Thuy, Thai Pham Hong, Manh Nguyen Duc, Anh Luu Mai, Duyen Nguyen Thi, Thao Nguyen Xuan et al. « An overview on analytical methods and the occurrence of organic pollutants in cigarette litter ». Heavy metals and arsenic concentrations in water, agricultural soil, and rice in Ngan Son district, Bac Kan province, Vietnam 7, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2024) : 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47866/2615-9252/vjfc.4354.

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Cigarette litter, such as cigarette ash, cigarette butts, and cigarette butt leachates, can contain organic pollutants similar to those in cigarette smoke, but studies on these waste types are still relatively limited. This review article compiles information from studies published over the past four decades on organic pollutants in cigarette ash, cigarette butts, and leachates from cigarette butts, to provide insights into quantitatively analytical methods and the presence of these toxicants in cigarette litter. The main organic pollutants found in cigarette litter include: volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nicotine, and aromatic amines. Gas chromatography or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection have been the most frequently used methods to characterize organic pollutants in cigarette litter. Toxic substances in improperly disposed cigarette waste can pollute the environment through evaporation into the air or leakage through leachates into the water environment, seepage into soil, accumulate in sediment, and cause negative effects on organisms. Further studies on analytical method development, pollution monitoring, and risk assessment related to organic pollutants in cigarette waste are needed.

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Lamanna, Niccolò, Giovanni Zuccante, Massimiliano Rossetti, Andrea Franzetti, Carlo Santoro et Luca Zoia. « Integrated Process for Ballot Bin Waste Valorization for High-Quality Cellulose Acetate Recovery ». Applied Sciences 14, n^o 23 (26 novembre 2024) : 10955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app142310955.

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Cigarette butt littering poses a significant environmental challenge, with billions of butts discarded each year, fouling ecosystems with slow-to-decompose cellulose acetate filters that absorb and release harmful compounds. In response, an innovative, sustainable approach for valorizing ballot bin waste (BBW) by extracting high-quality cellulose acetate from cigarette butts was investigated. This green approach eliminates the need for hazardous acids and toxic solvents, resulting in a yield of 30% (w/w) and a degree of substitution (DS) of 2.0–2.5, which is comparable to pure cellulose acetate. The following four essential processes are involved in this process: filter separation, water washing to remove impurities, ethanol purification, and acetone precipitation of the cellulose acetate. This approach not only mitigates environmental harm, but also supports circular economy goals by transforming waste into valuable resources.

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Benavente, María J., María J. Arévalo Caballero, Guadalupe Silvero, Ignacio López-Coca et Valentín Gómez Escobar. « Cellulose Acetate Recovery from Cigarette Butts ». Proceedings 2, n^o 20 (25 février 2019) : 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2201447.

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Cigarette butts are one of the most common types of litter all around the world. This waste when disposed of in the environment pose a major threat to living organisms and ecosystem health. Cigarette butts are mainly made of cellulose acetate (2.45 substitution) that biodegrades slowly and can take up to 18 months to break down under normal litter conditions. Cellulose acetate is a valuable polymer that can be used for a great variety of applications. In this communication, we present the results from an ongoing study addressed to value cigarette butt waste based on the recovery of the cellulose acetate by a methodology that includes several solid-liquid extractions and a chemical precipitation. For that purpose three samples of cigarette butts were prepared and they were extracted with 5% (w/v) NaCl aqueous solution, 5% (w/v) NaAc aqueous solution or 0,02% (w/v) H2SO4 aqueous solution. After that, they were further extracted with absolute ethanol and diethyl ether. The cleaned butts were suspended in acetone and distilled water was added until a white precipitate of cellulose acetate was formed. Cellulose acetate was characterised by FTIR-ATR and its melting point. Extracts were analized by ICP-MS and GC-MS.

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Aminah, Sri Nur, Melina Melina et Adelia Kusuma. « The Potential of Cigarette Butt Extract Against Bemisia Tabaci in Tomato ». BIO Web of Conferences 96 (2024) : 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20249606002.

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Innovation used cigarette butt extract added papaya leaves and banana stem against Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) become alternative reduce synthetic pesticide application in horticultural plant. The liquid do not produce residues on plant or soil. The aim of the research is to determine the effectiveness of cigarette butt, papaya leaves and banana stems in controlling B. tabaci on tomato. The research was conducted at the Basic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University to prepare cigarette butt, nicotine maceration and nutrient content tests. Field trials were conducted at the experimental site of the Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University from September to December 2022. Five types of treatment applied on tomato plants: P0 (control), P1 (cigarette butt extract + papaya leaves), P2 (cigarette butt extract), P3 (banana stem waste) and P4 (cigarette butt extract + banana stem + papaya leaves). The result showed different results of each treatment. The highest B. tabaci attacked intensity at P0 (100%) and P3 (100%) while the lowest at P4 (33.3%). The highest growth height of tomato plant showed in P4 (33.3 cm) and the lowest in P3 (28.8 cm). The highest number of tomato leaves in P4 (49.7 leaves) and the lowest in P3 (36.3 leaves). The result indicated combine extract of cigarette butts, banana stem and papaya leaves increasing plant health and able reduce the attack intensity of B. tabaci.

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Sottile, J. « First Place : Mohamed A. Abou-Khousa, Mohammed Saeed Rashed Al-Shahi, Faisal Saeed Bin Butti, Khalid Mahmoud Alawadhi, and Osama Kamel Abdel-Mannan from the American University of Sharjah ; Advisor : Prof. Nasser Qaddoumi ; Title "Microwave Imaging System (Mouse)" ». IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 10, n^o 1 (janvier 2004) : 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mia.2004.1256261.

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Purnadianti, Mely, Mieke Sylvia MAR et Ahmad Yudianto. « The Effect of Time on Blood Types of ABO Systems on Saliva Spots of Cigarette Butts for Forensic Identification ». Folia Medica Indonesiana 54, n^o 4 (11 décembre 2018) : 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v54i4.10711.

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The identification process is not only carried out on the body of a victim of a crime, but identification can also be carried out on the evidence evidence found at the crime scene. The timing of a crime case and the time interval for collecting evidence of a crime is an obstacle in the process of identifying blood saliva on cigarette butts. Saliva will dry within an hour and forty minutes at room temperature and with the influence of various other factors saliva will dry in less than three hours. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the duration of temperature exposure on the protein levels of cigarette saliva in order to help the identification process of forensic blood groups. The time series design was used in this study where 18 filter cigarette butts were collected from 6 individuals who were subjected to research with blood types A, B and AB then incubated 1.3 and 6 hours. Examination of protein content was carried out using trizol reagent with UV spectrophotometer reading. The data was processed using non-parametric T-test statistics. There was a decrease in salivary levels in a predetermined time of 1, 3 and 6 hours. Cigarette butt saliva protein levels can still be detected within 1, 3 and 6 hours so that they can be used to help identify the forensic blood group from cigarette butt saliva.

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