Articles de revues : « Business Network Contract »

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Voronova, Olga. « Development of contract management system for network companies under economy digitalization ». E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020) : 09018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016409018.

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In the context of economy digitalization, special attention is paid to process management by company stakeholders, which cannot be considered without regard to the organization’s contract strategy, since a significant part of the business processes are consistently negotiated, concluded and executed, and the management of various groups of contracts is an integral part of the operating business model of network trading companies. This article discusses the main tasks of building an effective contract management system, and provides a typical classification of contracts for network trading companies. In the course of the study, the life cycle of the contract is considered. As a result of the research, the structure of the contract management system for network trading companies is presented.

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Neves, Marcos Fava. « Marketing and Network Contracts (Agreements) ». Journal on Chain and Network Science 3, n^o 1 (1 juin 2003) : 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2003.x026.

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The literature shows that bounded rationality makes it almost impossible to build complete contracts to manage transactions between companies. Furthermore, incomplete contracts generate opportunism problems from one of the involved parts and undesirable transaction costs that could be reduced if the process of building a contract/agreement were to include more details (exactness), even in unwritten (oral) agreements. In general, businessmen do not have the instruments to facilitate this process of building contracts, and students, who will deal with contracts at various moments in their professional lives, are not trained for this activity. This article provides a model that has been successfully used as a contract analysis tool in business networks focusing on marketing actions.

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Vergani, Marco. « The Tax Treatment of Network Contracts ». EC Tax Review 20, Issue 5 (1 octobre 2011) : 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2011029.

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In April 2009, Italy adopted a law on the 'network contract', under the auspices of the Small Business Act (SBA), aimed at enhancing collaboration among enterprises to increase their potential for innovation, research, and development. This article provides a brief description of the essential elements of the network contract under Italian law as well as the fiscal measures introduced by Article 42 of Law Decree No. 78 of 31 May 2010 in order to support company networks. In conclusion, we will briefly examine the reasons why such fiscal measures were not considered a State aid by the European Commission.

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Rizza, Carmela, Antonio Leotta et Daniela Ruggeri. « The role of the contract in the network governance construction ». Corporate Ownership and Control 16, n^o 3 (2019) : 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv16i3art1.

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Focusing on business networks in which firms from different countries are embedded, the present paper is interested in a better understanding of how the formal and social governance mechanisms are related. In particular, the paper focuses on the construction process of network governance, recognizing the contract as the main coordination and control mechanism for stabilizing the network organizations. This paper aims to examine the process that might lead to the formulation of a contract between firms, comparing two different theories: Actor-Network Theory (ANT) and Pragmatic Constructivism (PC). ANT offers an account of how the difference in the parties’ interests was a key point in problematizing the introduction of the contract as an inscription that mobilizes the actors’ interests. However, ANT does not offer sufficient reasons to explain why the translation fails in a cross-national network where different national values may be relevant. Then, the use of PC points out a missed integration between national values, considering the contract a way of thinking. The case study describes the construction process of a cross-cultural network between an Italian, an Albanian and a Kosovar firm operating in the artistic lightening system business. The evidence showed a negative nexus between informal and formal mechanisms of governance

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Wei, Shanting, Zhuo Zhang et Xintong Chen. « How does business incubator motivate start-ups based on super-network : A dynamic capability perspective ». Journal of Intelligent & ; Fuzzy Systems 40, n^o 6 (21 juin 2021) : 11131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-202279.

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Network-based incubation has undergone rapid developments and the incubation mechanism has begun to change recently. To incentive the start-ups on the basis of ensuring its own interests, the incubator needs to design a feasible contract. According to network theory, a single network cannot adequately describe the heterogeneous alliances of incubated start-ups in the business incubator. Therefore, by constructing super-network structure of incubated start-ups, this paper designs two types of linear incentive contracts and uses numerical simulation to further discuss the model. The results indicate that the business incubator should design the contract according to the different capability levels and risk preference degree of start-ups: linear screening contract (LSC) is more effective to motivate the incubated start-ups to improve the capability, while the incentive effect will be weakened by the increasing proportion of high-capability start-ups; for high risk-preference start-ups, linear pooling contract (LPC) is superior than LSC. The results can serve as a theoretical direction for the business incubator to effectively distinguish different capability levels of start-ups and make better decision on contract design to motivate start-ups on the basis of ensuring the maximization of its own utility.

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Pastore, Patrizia, Antonio Ricciardi et Silvia Tommaso. « Contractual networks : an organizational model to reduce the competitive disadvantage of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Europe’s less developed regions. A survey in southern Italy ». International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 16, n^o 4 (18 décembre 2019) : 1503–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00616-2.

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AbstractLimitations faced by southern Italy’s small enterprises due to their dimensions may be overcome by cooperation strategies and network contracts. The international literature has highlighted that effectively governed business networks appear to more successfully allow partner firms to improve their economic performance and survive over time. This paper combines qualitative and quantitative analyses to test the above hypothesis. It also analyses the performance of southern Italian firms that have joined business network contracts equipped with legal personality — the so called “reti soggetto” or “heavy contractual networks” (HCNs) — compared to firms participating in business networks based only on contractual agreements, devoid of legal personality—the so called “reti contratto” or “light contractual networks” (LCNs). Our findings demonstrate that only 13% of all registered business networks are in fact operative. Among the networks with legal personality, approximately 28% are active networks. A similar trend was observed for network contracts devoid legal personality: only 11% are truly active. Performance measures (including profitability, financial situation indicators, and debt sustainability) also differ for firms belonging to HCN, compared to those belonging to LCN, in the years following the subscription of the network contract. Empirical analysis suggests that HCNs have significant positive effects on the performance of participant firms. We thus propose to verify the conditions that strengthen business networks in the south of Italy. We also recommend promoting the establishment of networks with juridical subjectivity. Such networks can be effective tools to strengthen the competitiveness of SMEs despite external diseconomies, which can markedly improve their creditworthiness.

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Hansson, Lisa, et Frode Longva. « Contracting accountability in network governance structures ». Qualitative Research in Accounting & ; Management 11, n^o 2 (10 juin 2014) : 92–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qram-04-2014-0032.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how accountability is expressed in contractual arrangements found in network governance structures that provide public transport services and to raise discussion of how to understand contracting accountability in network governance contexts. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is rooted in two research traditions: contracting studies and studies of accountability in government/governance contexts. Content analysis is used in examining contracts from two cases. These contracts are of five types: contracts between public organizations, contracts within a public organization, contracts between public organizations and private firms, and contracts between political parties within a municipality and contracts within a network. Various contracting approaches are identified within these types. Findings – The paper concludes that the contracts' functions differ between the cases. The first case did not have an overall contract that defined the network, relying on different two-party contracts instead. In the other case, an incentive-based contract was used to link the organizations. From an accountability perspective, the latter contracting structure clarifies the roles and responsibilities of the actors and increases the possibility of accountability to citizens. Originality/value – The paper brings new insights to the field of contracting and accountability by focusing on the role of contracts in network governance structures, taking account of various accountability relationships. It also contributes new theoretical categories usable when analysing contracting accountability in a network context.

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Kaulio, Matti A. « A Psychological Contract Perspective on Project Networks ». Project Management Journal 49, n^o 4 (17 juillet 2018) : 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756972818781713.

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A current challenge for project network scholars is to explain “how history matters”; in other words, how past experiences of collaboration between actors in a project network are transformed into an (informal) organizational format that is replicable in future collaborations. How are project networks formed in the first place? By examining a collaboration under formation between two organizations, this article proposes that project networks can be conceptualized as psychological contracts. In this formation process, critical incidents play a key role as they define “items” in the psychological contract; in project network terms, these items define routines for collaboration.

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Rassenfoss, Stephen. « Building a Defensible Digital Network Business ». Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, n^o 03 (1 mars 2021) : 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0321-0023-jpt.

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Andrew Bruce’s path to building a digital business offers a map of hazards for those selling digital services to oil companies. When he started Data Gumbo, he was thinking about building a business aimed at solving the data quality issues that were a constant headache when he was working on developing digital control systems at NOV. One option was a fee-for-service business that cleaned up drilling data. While he knew that would make the engineers happy, he wondered if accountants would notice. Clean data ultimately can have a large financial impact by facilitating the digital transformation. But, for those doing financial statements, it is easy to miss because it does not have a direct impact on the bottom line, even though it can facilitate digital changes that do. As he searched for a better idea, he began thinking about building around a blockchain network. At the time, blockchain was only associated with keeping a record of virtual currency ownership. But he could see uses for an immutable record of contracts and transactions in the drilling business, where contract disputes, audits, and wrangling over bills are costly, time-consuming rituals. The plans required only specific bits of operational data, such as the volume of product loaded or the time of delivery, to measure performance based on the contract terms. Building a service that minimizes the customer data needed removed a potential sticking point in negotiations. Years passed as he worked to find users willing to work together to create a blockchain network to see if multiple companies could make this idea work in an oil field. Another thing that kills many startups is time. Investments by the venture arms of Equinor and Saudi Aramco gave Data Gumbo the cash to slowly recruit buyers and sellers to create and test whether the network he envisioned, known as GumboNet, actually could deliver on its promise of faster, argument-free billing that saved money. The most public example was the result of a test by a multicompany consortium in 2019 that showed a paperless system for tracking water or any other oilfield commodity can work accurately and deliver results efficiently. That was the prelude to more testing, until the oil price crash forced the industry to accelerate its search for ways to lower the cost of producing a barrel of oil. The crash sped the transition from testing to field uses and helped expand the company’s customer base. Data Gumbo has added locations in the Middle East and South America. One downside of success: It offers a model for potential competitors. “It is always a concern. It would be naive to say it is not. Anyone can use blockchain tomorrow,” Bruce said. What is harder to do is build a network of users, such as GumboNet. Assembling a group of users who understand the rules and trust the system—like a large group of merchants willing to accept a particular credit card—is a hard thing to replicate. To strengthen those ties, Bruce continues to look for new ways to generate value for users. One idea that he said is on the way this year is a service that uses data associated with logistics contracts, such as water truck traffic data, to generate emissions or water use data to help answer tough questions raised by investors requiring environment, safety, and governance reports.

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Perrigot, Rozenn, Guy Basset, Danièle Briand et Gérard Cliquet. « Network uniformity and risk of reclassification of the franchise contract ». International Journal of Retail & ; Distribution Management 42, n^o 10 (7 octobre 2014) : 884–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-06-2013-0129.

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Purpose – Network uniformity is crucial in franchising, but an excessive number of imposed constraints to maintain this uniformity jeopardizes a franchisee’s independence and too much independence given to franchisees jeopardizes franchise network uniformity. So, how to find an equilibrium and avoid the reclassification of a franchise contract as a branch manager contract or as an employment contract with all its related consequences? The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on a multiple cases approach. The four complementary cases deal with Yves Rocher (cosmetics and body/face care), Bata (shoes), Fiventis (real estate, life insurance and tax-sheltered savings products), and France Acheminement (express transportation), all analyzed in the French context. Findings – A franchise contract can be reclassified as a branch manager contract if there is economic dependence or as an employment contract if there is a legal subordination relationship. These reclassifications have not only financial consequences, but also an impact in terms of image. Research limitations/implications – The research is based on secondary data. Collecting data along with interviews of franchisors and franchisees would be beneficial. Practical implications – The research is of specific interest to franchisors, franchise experts and lawyers in terms of minimizing the possible risks of facing such types of reclassification of franchise contracts. It can also inform franchisees who may be running their businesses under such conditions. Originality/value – This paper uses a business and law approach in order to analyze the paradox of network uniformity and franchisee autonomy and raises the question of “how to find equilibrium?”

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Feng, Chao, Guijun Zhuang, Hui Chen et Daxian Hu. « How does the distributors’ “banding together” affect contract governance in marketing channels ? » Nankai Business Review International 11, n^o 4 (7 mars 2020) : 635–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-12-2019-0075.

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Purpose Based on social network theory and the literature of contract governance, the purpose of this study is to explore how distributors’ “banding together” (network intensity) affects contract governance (detailed contracts), which, in turn, influences channel conflict and simultaneously tests the moderating effect of network centrality. Design/methodology/approach The authors collect the data from the side of 288 manufacturers. Findings This study finds that, first, distributors’ network intensity positively affects detailed contracts between manufacturers and distributors; second, detailed contracts, in turn, declines channel conflict; and third, network centrality will weaken the positive influence of network density on detailed contracts. In addition, an ex post analysis finds that detailed contracts play a negative mediating role between distributors’ network density and channel conflict and this negative mediating effect would be weakened by distributors’ network centrality. Originality/value The current study not only helps to make up for the shortcomings of using the dyadic analysis paradigm to analyze channel behavior but also helps manufacturers to understand and respond to the phenomenon of distributors’ “banding together” comprehensively and deeply.

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Aureli, S., et M. Del Baldo. « The Network Contract and its Influence on Strategic Decision of Internationalization ». International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics 2, n^o 2 (avril 2013) : 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabe.2013040102.

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This paper analyzes a new legislative instrument designed to support inter-firm cooperation (the “network contract” - a tool introduced by the Italian government to sustain corporate competitiveness in 2009) - to see whether this type of formal cooperation represents a relevant driver of change in a firm’s strategic orientation regarding internationalization. Results indicate that the network contract is a flexible instrument used by Italian SMEs to achieve different strategies of growth and long-term objectives. The authors found that internationalization does not represent the main goal of firms participating in network contracts, however there are a few firms that have increased their business activity abroad after joining the network. At the same time, firms with a previous history of internationalization do not seem to have changed their approach regarding the international dimension. Consequently, the network contract does not represent the most suitable tool for promoting internationalization among domestic firms, although internationalization may emerge as a by-product of inter-firm relationships.

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Krichbaum, Daniel, et Alan Rosenthal. « Contract Clinical Research : A Rapidly Changing Marketplace ». Journal of Pharmacy Practice 9, n^o 6 (décembre 1996) : 406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009600900604.

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Drug development in the United States has undergone considerable change over the past decade. The outsourcing of clinical research activities to Contract Research Organizations (CROs) continues to escalate in an attempt to speed drugs to market faster. The increasing use of business strategies at the investigational site level has fostered the emergence of specialty networks and Site Management Organizations (SMOs). SMOs offer pharmaceutical and biotechnology sponsors the ability to work with a tightly managed network of experienced professional multispecialty research centers that can enroll large numbers of patients and provide high quality data. While these organizations have fundamentally changed the way drugs are developed, they have also contributed to an acceleration of the process and an improvement in the scientific integrity and quality of the data.

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Rubino, Michele, Filippo Vitolla et Antonello Garzoni. « Network contract and internationalization : evidence from Italian firms ». Management Decision 57, n^o 11 (12 novembre 2019) : 2911–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-01-2018-0041.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the effect of the network contract (NC) on the internationalization of Italian firms to evaluate whether and how network characteristics, management perceptions and governance influence firms’ degree of internationalization (DOI).Design/methodology/approachBy using the data from a survey of 350 Italian firms that joined a network in 2012, hierarchical regression analyses were applied to test four hypotheses.FindingsNetwork size and diversity as well as management attitudes and perceptions influence firms’ exports. However, only network diversity is positively related to the number of markets in which firms operate. A positive direct effect of network diversity on network managers’ activities and a significantly indirect effect via network managers’ activities also exist.Practical implicationsNetwork diversity is crucial for achieving better results in foreign markets. Interacting with diverse network participants can help firms manage diversity, expressed in terms of information, resources and competencies, helping overcome the barriers that hinder the internationalization process. The presence of an efficient network manager should facilitate the achievement of firms’ internationalization objectives.Originality/valueThis research is one of the first studies to analyze the effects of an Italian NC on firms’ internationalization. From a theoretical standpoint, it adds to the literature a specific analysis that relates primarily to small firms, showing that, in this context, the results are not always consistent with those of prior studies.

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Tyéri B., Tcheubeu Nana, et Ngomesse Njike Désirée. « Controle Et Performance Des Reseaux De Pme Camerounaises : Une Approche Transactionnelle ». European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, n^o 7 (31 mars 2017) : 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n7p215.

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Nowadays, companies, and especially SMEs, are engaged in fierce competition. One of the solutions to this strong competition is for these companies to reduce the number of potential suppliers and to establish strategic partnership relationships. This is how a networked organization allows them to be more flexible and better able to adapt to this environment. Research, however, reveals a very weak life experience of business networks. The objectives of this work are to present the control in the transactional approach within SME networks, to check whether it can explain the performance of these SMEs. From an observation of 54 Cameroonian SMEs in the manufacturing and logistics sectors, it is clear that among the tools of the transactional control mode, contracts less than six months are the most used and these negatively influence the performance of network SMEs. This important use of contracts of less than six months may be due to non-compliance with the terms of the contract by the partners, legal and judicial insecurity which leads the partners to evaluate first the performance of a contract less than six months, before moving on to another contract.

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Afraz, Nima, Frank Slyne, Harleen Gill et Marco Ruffini. « Evolution of Access Network Sharing and Its Role in 5G Networks ». Applied Sciences 9, n^o 21 (28 octobre 2019) : 4566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9214566.

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This paper details the evolution of access network sharing models from legacy DSL to the most recent fibre-based technology and the main challenges faced from technical and business perspectives. We first give an overview of existing access sharing models, that span physical local loop unbundling and virtual unbundled local access. We then describe different types of optical access technologies and highlight how they support network sharing. Next, we examine how the concept of SDN and network virtualization has been pivotal in enabling the idea of “true multi-tenancy”, through the use of programmability, flexible architecture and resource isolation. We give examples of recent developments of cloud central office and OLT virtualization. Finally, we provide an insight into the role that novel business models, such as blockchain and smart contract technology, could play in 5G networks. We discuss how these might evolve, to provide flexibility and dynamic operations that are needed in the data and control planes.

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White, Robert, et Matt Bradshaw. « Business in Action ». Journal of Sociology 40, n^o 1 (mars 2004) : 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783304040450.

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As market relations become more pervasive, so the classical sociological issue of the tension between ‘economic’ and ‘social’ explanations becomes more salient than ever. Michel Callon has proposed that the Actor-Network Theory (A-NT) developed in science and technology studies provides a useful approach to this tension. In this article we outline his innovatively traditional ‘market test’ of A-NT, and then test and illustrate it through a contract between an Australian company and a transport logistics consortium that it fostered under changing conditions in its market. We exemplify Callon’s case for the co-emergence of calculative and cultural effects, and conclude that business in action is a promising research site for their global reconfiguration.

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Granata, Giuseppe. « The Importance of Network Contract Model for SMEs` Growth. The Case of an Italian Region ». European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, n^o 34 (31 décembre 2017) : 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n34p434.

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Aim: The aim of this paper is to analyze the strategic validity of Italian network contract in order to define a new business model for contemporary enterprises. Methodology: The research method is deductive-inductive with a multimethod approach. The sources are collected through semi-structured interviews and open sources, scientific books and papers, and sectorial database. Findings: The present research is the first step taken in conducting an extended study on a territorial, regional, and national level. Limitations: Research limitations are based on the restricted data used in the present phase of the work. Implications: The paper aim at integrating existing literature for academic community and decision makers. Originality: The research represents essential characteristics of Italian network contract, by emphasizing its framework and validity, in order to recognize an innovative business model in increasing the enterprises competition in the market.

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Napoli, Francesco. « Corporate governance and firm networks : An empirical research based on Italy ». Corporate Ownership and Control 15 (2018) : 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv15i2c1p9.

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We examine problems of strategic change and innovation in Italian firms which develop cooperative relationships with other firms. The inter-firm network phenomenon has taken on such importance in Italy that, in 2009, the State issued a law (Decreto Legge 5/2009) specifically to regulate the concluding of cooperative contracts for the formation of inter-firm networks. This law offers firms that wish to keep their groups of owners separate the possibility to establish a multiplicity of inter-firm relationships through the signing of just one single contract, named “Contratto di rete”, which, in this paper, we will refer to as a “network contract”. For historical reasons, all firms in Italy, even those quoted on the stock market (Milan Stock Exchange), exhibit a high level of ownership concentration. The largest class of blockholders is that of families who are active in the family firm. As regards the size of firms that maintain cooperative relationships, data on network contracts show that 95% of the firms stipulating these contracts are small- or medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), so categorised because they have fewer than 50 employees. Through strategic alliances and collaborative relationships, Italian family firms have been able to develop business ideas that, as a consequence of the companies’ small dimensions, would have been impossible otherwise. On the basis of this premise, we considered it convenient to analyse small- or medium-sized family ﬁrms that developed relationships of cooperation regulated by network contracts in the period between 1/1/2013 and 31/12/2016. With reference to this category of firm, we analysed data on strategic change and innovation for a sample of 391 firms that accepted to be interviewed by us. Some of these firms had opened their top management teams (TMT) and/or their Boards of Directors to the participation of individuals from outside the dominant family, while others had not. The results of this research show that the firm that extends participation in the board or the Top Management Team by involving individuals from outside the dominant family, so as to gain better access to critical resources controlled by partners, creates a more favourable context for strategic change and innovation.

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Ребрилова, Елена Сергеевна. « FEATURES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT OF LABOR SUBJECTS OF NETWORK ORGANIZATIONS ». Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия : Педагогика и психология, n^o 3(56) (18 octobre 2021) : 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtpsyped/2021.3.032.

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Описана актуальность исследования психологического контракта субъектов труда на современном этапе развития рынка, организации трудового процесса и управления в условиях цифровой трансформации общества, перехода многих компаний традиционного типа на интернет-платформы. Рассмотрены подходы к исследованию сетевых форм ведения бизнеса, описаны особенности организаций сетевого типа в сравнении с традиционными компаниями. Представлены результаты пилотажного, эмпирического, сравнительного исследования имплицитного соглашения субъектов труда сетевой и традиционной компаний и результатов ранних исследований компаний традиционного типа (период с 2010-го по 2019 годы) с современными данными. Рассмотрены перспективы исследования психологического контракта в организациях сетевого типа. The article describes the relevance of the study of the psychological contract of labor subjects at the present stage of market development, the organization of the labor process and management in the context of the digital transformation of society, the transition of many traditional companies to Internet platforms. Approaches to the study of network forms of doing business are considered, the features of network-type organizations in comparison with traditional companies are described. The article presents the results of a pilot, empirical, comparative study of the implicit agreement of labor subjects of network and traditional companies, and the results of early studies of companies of the traditional type (from 2010 to 2019) with modern data. The prospects for the study of the psychological contract in organizations of a network type are considered.

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Abdi, Adel, Hans Lind et Björn Birgisson. « Designing appropriate contracts for achieving efficient winter road and railway maintenance with high performance quality ». International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 6, n^o 4 (17 novembre 2014) : 399–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqss-06-2014-0033.

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Purpose – For a long time, the winter maintenance of the Swedish road and railway network had been performed in-house by Swedish Transport Administration, Swedish local authorities i.e. municipalities and Stockholm public transport. During the last 15 years the winter operation and maintenance of these state infrastructures have been performed by public procurement and contracting from independent contractors, where in practice the lowest price is the dominating selection criteria. The aim of this paper is to investigate and identify how these contracts are designed and how satisfied the parties are with the contract and the quality of the performed work during the winter and point our directions for improvement. Design/methodology/approach – The study was conducted by a literature review and followed by semi-structured interviews and electronic questionnaire. Findings – The results of the study which are based on the interviews and the online questionnaire show that there is widespread dissatisfaction with the contracts among both clients and contractors. Practical implications – The article prepares a basis showing how a contract affects the quality of the performed winter road and railway maintenance services. Originality/value – The findings lead to a number of suggestions about how to improve the contracts, e.g. having a separate winter maintenance contract to increase the quality of performed winter maintenance measures, a more partnering-like structure where consultations and adjustment can be made during the contract period. A partnering structure also makes it less important to get all the details right in the contract.

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Mehdipour, Mohammad, et Parviz Bagheri. « The Franchise Agreement in International Trade : its Advantages and Disadvantages ». Cuestiones Políticas 39, n^o 69 (17 juillet 2021) : 296–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3969.17.

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The aim of the article is to analyze the implications of the franchise agreement in international trade. One of the contracts that is usually registered after the appearance and registration of property rights, and especially after the development of trademark rights, is the franchise agreement. A franchise agreement is a contract entered into between the franchisor and the franchisee as the owner of the intellectual property rights. In other words, the franchisee often uses trademark rights and intellectual property rights owned by the franchisor, which have a limited duration. It is concluded that, in franchise agreement, there is a right to enforce the franchisor's business method, which is implemented within the network (this method includes the use of intellectual property rights and know-how). This contract has detailed terms and is closely related to intellectual property rights and competition rights. The franchise must be distinguished from the distribution contract, the concessionaire, and the license. Under this agreement, the franchisee enters the franchise network and agrees to use the franchisor's method of negotiation and pay royalty-free payments instead.

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Belikova, Ksenia Michailovna. « Contractual networks and their Impact upon consumer well-being : legal regulation and prospects ». Право и политика, n^o 8 (août 2021) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2021.8.35998.

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The subject of this research is the contractual (business) networks and their impact upon consumer well-being from the perspective of current legal regulation and prospects. As an example, the author chose an Italian model il contratto di rete. Attention is focused on such questions associated with the activity of contractual networks as the advantages for the companies that are part of the network with or without legal capacity; consumers; the so-called “beneficiary members”, who are not the parties to the network creation agreement, but may have benefits or costs from interaction of its members. The novelty of this research consists in determination of the advantages and disadvantages of the activity if contractual networks. It is also noted that the current trend towards creating business networks on a contractual basis (legal entity or contract) is carried out in terms of complementarity and economic autonomy for the purpose of obtaining competitive advantages by increasing productivity, innovation potential, profitability, etc., and raises issues on the liability with regards to binding results of network cooperation through creating a special form of their secondary impact upon the beneficiary members.

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Pustišek, Matevž, Min Chen, Andrej Kos et Anton Kos. « Decentralized Machine Autonomy for Manufacturing Servitization ». Sensors 22, n^o 1 (3 janvier 2022) : 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010338.

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Blockchain ecosystems are rapidly maturing and meeting the needs of business environments (e.g., industry, manufacturing, and robotics). The decentralized approaches in industries enable novel business concepts, such as machine autonomy and servitization of manufacturing environments. Introducing the distributed ledger technology principles into the machine sharing and servitization economy faces several challenges, and the integration opens new interesting research questions. Our research focuses on data and event models and secure upgradeable smart contract platforms for machine servitization. Our research indicates that with the proposed approaches, we can efficiently separate on- and off-chain data and assure scalability of the DApp without compromising the trust. We demonstrate that the secure upgradeable smart contract platform, which was adapted for machine servitization, supports the business workflow and, at the same time, assures common identification and authorization of all the participants in the system, including people, devices, and legal entities. We present a hybrid decentralized application (DApp) for the servitization of 3D printing. The solution can be used for or easily adapted to other manufacturing domains. It comprises a modular, upgradeable smart contract platform and off-chain machine, customer and web management, and monitoring interfaces. We pay special attention to the data and event models during the design, which are fundamental for the hybrid data storage and DApp architecture and the responsiveness of off-chain interfaces. The smart contract platform uses a proxy contract to control the access of smart contracts and role-based access control in function calls for blockchain users. We deploy and evaluate the DApp in a consortium blockchain network for performance and privacy. All the actors in the solution, including the machines, are identified by their blockchain accounts and are compeers. Our solution thus facilitates integration with the traditional information-communication systems in terms of the hybrid architectures and security standards for smart contract design comparable to those in traditional software engineering.

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He, Jianjia, et Ni Zhang. « Design of a Blockchain-Based Service Platform for Industrial Interconnection Supply and Demand Networks ». Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 17, n^o 2 (3 juin 2022) : 773–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17020040.

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With the continuous cross-border cooperation among industries, the concept of an industrial interconnection supply and demand network is constantly mentioned. As industry interconnectivity continues to grow, collaboration models have changed as companies work more closely with each other, and the synergy model has changed. In order to improve the efficiency of collaboration and to promote the free allocation of resources in the trading process of the industry interconnection supply and demand network, an industry interconnection supply and demand network resource matching platform based on the Alliance blockchain was built, steps for resource trading on the platform were proposed. Using blockchain technology’s smart contract technology to simplify the transaction process, the triggering mechanism and algorithm rules of smart contracts in the trading process of the platform were designed, and the smart contract code was developed, deployed, and tested using Remix IDE, and the test results showed the transaction process between the supply and demand sides. Through blockchain technology, it achieves information security and transparency in the process of resource trading in the industry interconnection supply and demand network, establishes a trust mechanism on both sides of the transaction, reduces redundant steps in the transaction and improves the operational efficiency of the industry interconnection supply and demand network by increasing the efficiency of resource allocation.

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Zhukov, V. A., et A. D. Chudnovskii. « Formation of the hotel business model based on the network management form ». Vestnik Universiteta, n^o 3 (12 avril 2019) : 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-3-54-60.

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The competitive advantages, acquired by hotels using the network form of business organization, have been highlighted. Based on the analysis of the diverse opinions of specialists, the concept of a «hotel chain» has been clarified. Тhe difference between the concepts of «hotel chain» and «hotel brand» has been shown. The features of the formation of hotel chains in Russia have been emphasized. A management contract and its components, that require agreement between the hotel operator and the owner of an independent hotel, have been considered. The prospectivity for an independent hotel to conclude with a hotel operator of a franchise agreement with a view to joining the network has been shown. The data on the amount of franchisee contributions to franchisor from various hotel operators for certain hotel brands in 2018 have been presented.

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Zhu, Xingxiong. « Research on Key Technologies and Applications of Energy Internet Blockchain ». E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019) : 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911801003.

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In view of the challenges facing the current development of energy Internet, the basic theory, architecture implementation and application mode of energy blockchain technology are proposed from the communication layer, data layer and contract layer. In this paper, we analyze the value distribution mode of blockchain in energy internet, integrate business form, information system, Internet of Things and blockchain, and build secure and autonomous peer-to-peer energy Internet environment based on blockchain. The key technologies are constructed from the network layer, system layer and business layer. The problems of network layer equipment and data access authentication, secure and trusted sharing are solved. The system layer blockchain-based power payment, power settlement, power audit and other business support capabilities are improved. The system enhances the security and credibility of business, and drives the future global energy Internet development.

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Armitage, Matthew. « Trust, Confidence, and Automation : The ISDA Master Agreement as a Smart Contract ». Business Law Review 43, Issue 2 (1 avril 2022) : 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2022009.

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The International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) Master Agreement (MA) is the prevailing contract in the Over-the-Counter (OTC) derivatives market. Its efficacy derives from, inter alia, the network effect. As the OTC derivatives market expanded so did users of the MA. During and after the MA’s creation, the market underwent extensive deregulation and the standard-form agreement soon filled the lacuna left by retreating regulation. Its ubiquity in the market has created a level of trust and confidence, not only in the terms of the MA itself but between parties which may not have otherwise entered into a business relationship. With the impending introduction by ISDA of a smart contract version, this article investigates whether automation will harmonize or disrupt trust and confidence in the MA. ISDA, derivatives, standard-form, trust, confidence, smart legal contracts

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Rubino, Michele, et Filippo Vitolla. « The Effects of Network Agreements on Firms’ Performance ». Journal of Corporate Governance, Insurance, and Risk Management 3, s1 (25 juillet 2016) : 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.56578/jcgirm03s102.

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In the current economic environment characterized by globalization, technological innovation, financial crisis, firms are facing a sharp drop in sales, production and number of employees. These changes require firms to formulate viable business responses to prevent market exit. One of the ways to strengthen the production system is represented by network agreement, according to which firms work together to achieve a common goal to be more competitive and to achieve what they themselves could not do because of the limitations inherent in the lack flexibility, expertise and lack of financial resources. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of the network agreements implemented by firms operating in the industrial sector. The analysis is conducted on the Italian firms that, from 2009, have started collaborative relationships through the network contract introduced by the Italian law n. 33 of 9th April 2009. The paper is structured as follows. The first part examines the main contributions in the literature concerning the topics related to networks and the firms' competitiveness and also the reasons influencing the formation and development of alliances between firms. The second part, instead, is focused on the evaluation of the effectiveness of the network contracts by observing the performance of firms before and after their join the network. In terms of competitiveness has been observed sales while, with regard to profitability was observed the return on investment (ROI). The findings show significant results in relation to both the turnover and profitability.

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Szalkai, Zsuzsanna, et Mária Magyar. « Strategy from the perspective of contract manufacturers ». IMP Journal 11, n^o 1 (13 mars 2017) : 150–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imp-06-2015-0028.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the strategy of contract manufacturers (CMs). The research question is the following: how can the strategy of CMs be explained? The purpose is to better understand this activity though using different theoretical approaches and analyzing two customer relationships of a Hungarian CM, Videoton Holding. Design/methodology/approach The primary theoretical background is the relational view of strategy, and the concept of the business model is used for the analysis. The authors confront the literature about this topic in strategic management using the industrial marketing and purchasing approach to strategy; namely, strategizing. Through the case study of Videoton the authors explore how the company became a highly developed CM from its origins as an original equipment manufacturer company. Findings Through comparing theory the authors have created a research framework which is adapted to the empirical findings. In the CM’s strategy it is crucial to understand how partners are able to synchronize key propositions, key resources and key actors while taking the network of the firms into consideration. Originality/value The paper is novel in that the authors investigate the strategy of a supplier from their own perspective, not that of a customer. Applying and contrasting different theoretical approaches to this particular topic may considered to be valuable as well.

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Chen, Xiang, Gaoxi Hu, Ping Luo et Guang Zhang. « Analysis on the Influence Mechanism of Employees’ Active Behavior Based on Data Mining and Mobile Edge Computing Technology ». Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (14 avril 2022) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6434179.

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High-level comprehensive talents are an indispensable key factor for enterprises to achieve sustainable development in a modern society with global integration, highly developed computer network technology, and information technology. Organizations must set new standards for employee job performance in the current environment, which necessitates active participation on the part of employees. The impact mechanism of employees’ active behavior is examined using data mining and mobile edge computing technology in this study. Collect data using mobile computing nodes, build a data analysis model based on data mining theory, and change the traditional data processing method of businesses by optimizing their existing business data processing processes. We can grasp the influence mechanism of employees’ active behavior and discover potential information relationships using multidimensional data analysis. The true cause of employee active behavior influence mechanism data was determined. In addition, the mediating effect of responsibility and the moderating effect of contract type are investigated, as well as the impact of psychological contract satisfaction on proactive behavior among employees.

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Truntsevsky, Yuriy, et Vyacheslav Sevalnev. « Smart contract : from definition to certainty ». Legal Issues in the Digital Age 1, n^o 1 (4 mai 2021) : 100–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2713-2749.2021.1.100.122.

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The purpose of the present article is to gain an understanding of the opportunities and difficulties created by the introduction and development of the practice of network (smart) contracts. Our research methodology is based on a holistic set of principles and methods of scholarly analysis employed by modern legal science. It uses a dialectical method involving both general approaches (structural system method, formal logical method, analysis and synthesis of individual elements, individual features of concepts, abstraction, generalization, etc.) and particular methods (legal technical, systematic, comparative, historical, and grammatical methods, method of the unity of theory and practice, etc.). We analyze the views of lawyers and other specialists from Russia and abroad, legislative innovations in the field of digital technologies, the practice of blockchain-based smart contracts, and the main risks (whether legal, technological, operational, or criminogenic) of smart contracts for economic activities with a study of their causes. In the present-day situation, it is necessary to move from the legal definition of the smart contract and its legal and technological characteristics, advantages and disadvantages to the implementation of startups in a wide range of areas, especially business, public regulation, and social relations. Scholarly and information support for such processes will contribute to the development of industry, public administration and digital technology applications to improve the life of individual citizens and society as a whole. The introduction of smart contracts does not require the adoption of new laws or regulations. Instead, one should adapt and, possibly, modify existing legal principles at the legislative and judicial levels to pave the way for the use of smart contracts and other new technologies. The system of contract law provides a sufficient framework for regulating transactions without the introduction of any new legal categories. We propose approaches to the legal definition of the smart contract and identify a set of problems that must be solved at the legislative and technical legal levels in order to implement smart contracts effectively in different spheres of life.

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Kekez, Ivan, Maja Ćukušić et Mario Jadrić. « Data mining approach for business value analysis in basketball ». Zbornik Veleučilišta u Rijeci 9, n^o 1 (2021) : 227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31784/zvr.9.1.14.

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With the rapidly increasing volume of data, novel methods and technologies for their analysis, and opportunities to support decision-making processes emerge in the domain of sports analytics. This, in particular, applies to analysing athletes’ performance and calculating related business added value in major sports leagues such as the National Basketball Association (NBA). Specifically, the financial success of a team/franchise depends not only on the results of the games but also on the success of attracting marketable individuals who bring higher business value. In that regard, this paper aims to demonstrate the potential and importance of data mining methods to uncover the factors influencing the decisions related to the player selection based on individual results, physical characteristics, and professional contract salaries in the NBA. For the study, 22 datasets were integrated into three large datasets. The data covers the period from 1946 (when the league was founded) to 2017. Data mining models were developed in RapidMiner, enabling correlation, cluster and regression analysis. Change in the factors affecting the selection of new players in recent years was uncovered, while the classification revealed, for example, that more than 50% of players have below-average coefficients of efficiency and individual result contribution. An artificial neural network algorithm was used to identify discrepancies for players with high-salary contracts as many do not meet high-performance standards. The study demonstrates how classification and prediction models can serve sports analysts and managers in making decisions related to future professional contracts and predict future salaries for active players, among other contributions.

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Wuyts, Stefan, et Inge Geyskens. « The Formation of Buyer–Supplier Relationships : Detailed Contract Drafting and Close Partner Selection ». Journal of Marketing 69, n^o 4 (octobre 2005) : 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.2005.69.4.103.

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Firms face two strategic decisions when engaging in a new purchase transaction: the decision whether to draft a detailed contract and the decision whether to select a partner with which they share a close tie. The authors study how organizational culture affects these decisions and the effectiveness of these decisions in curtailing the partner's opportunistic behavior. The results suggest that organizational culture exerts an important but different influence on both decisions. Selecting a close partner shows a marked ability to hedge against partner opportunism, but beyond a certain point, it encourages the opportunism it is designed to discourage. Contracting becomes effective only when a nonclose partner is selected and when the focal relationship is embedded in a network of close mutual contacts.

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Górski, Tomasz. « Continuous Delivery of Blockchain Distributed Applications ». Sensors 22, n^o 1 (25 décembre 2021) : 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010128.

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Ensuring a production-ready state of the application under development is the imminent feature of the Continuous Delivery (CD) approach. In a blockchain network, nodes communicate and store data in a distributed manner. Each node executes the same business application but operates in a distinct execution environment. The literature lacks research focusing on continuous practices for blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT). Specifically, it lacks such works with support for both design and deployment. The author has proposed a solution that takes into account the continuous delivery of a business application to diverse deployment environments in the DLT network. As a result, two continuous delivery pipelines have been implemented using the Jenkins automation server. The first pipeline prepares a business application whereas the second one generates complete node deployment packages. As a result, the framework ensures the deployment package in the actual version of the business application with the node-specific up-to-date version of deployment configuration files. The Smart Contract Design Pattern has been used when building a business application. The modeling aspect of blockchain network installation has required using Unified Modeling Language (UML) and the UML Profile for Distributed Ledger Deployment. The refined model-to-code transformation generates deployment configurations for nodes. Both the business application and deployment configurations are stored in the GitHub repositories. For the sake of verification, tests have been conducted for the electricity consumption and supply management system designed for prosumers of renewable energy.

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Kapsoulis, Nikolaos, Alexandros Psychas, Georgios Palaiokrassas, Achilleas Marinakis, Antonios Litke, Theodora Varvarigou, Charalampos Bouchlis, Amaryllis Raouzaiou, Gonçal Calvo et Jordi Escudero Subirana. « Consortium Blockchain Smart Contracts for Musical Rights Governance in a Collective Management Organizations (CMOs) Use Case ». Future Internet 12, n^o 8 (11 août 2020) : 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi12080134.

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Private and permissioned blockchains are conceptualized and mostly assembled for fulfilling corporations’ demands and needs in the context of their own premises. This paper presents a complete and sophisticated end-to-end permissioned blockchain application for governance and management of musical rights endorsed by smart contract development. In a music industry use case, this disclosed solution monitors and regulates conflicting musical rights of diverse entities under a popular permissioned distributed ledger technology network. The proposed implementation couples various and distinct business domains across the music industry organizations and non-profit blockchain associations.

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Tomski, Piotr, et Robert Menderak. « Contract Brewing – Production-Oriented Cooperation in Craft Brewing Industry ». Production Engineering Archives 22, n^o 22 (1 mars 2019) : 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2019.22.04.

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Abstract The objective of the paper is to analyze the cooperation in craft beer manufacturing in Poland and to identify the specificity of this phenomenon from the perspective of enterprise management. The sales of craft beers in Poland are growing rapidly. Craft beers have about a 0.5% share in the total beer sales value in Poland. The popular practice in the industry is contract brewing. It is an interesting phenomenon in the field of cooperation of enterprises which can be classified and analyzed as a form of: economic cooperation (generally), production cooperation, outsourcing, network and virtual organization and also coopetition. It is a specific business model. Contract brewing is a complex problem the specificity of which emerges on several levels. Firstly, there is a special way to emerge in the market of craft beers, even while not possessing significant funds by the entrepreneur. Secondly, it is a form of cooperation in the field of production which unites efforts on the side of both the customer and the contractor since it is not limited to normal outsourcing of production to an external entity but involves physical production capacity of the contractor and technological know-how of both cooperation parties. Thirdly, it is firmly embedded in human relationships. Fourthly, it can generate coopetitive relations since the brewery accepting the order may conduct its own activity related to production and sales of beer under its own brand.

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Pashkov, P. A., et V. V. Gorlov. « USING THE PERT METHOD IN CALCULATING LABOR COSTS AND RATIONING THE WORKING TIME OF CONTRACT SERVICE EMPLOYEES IN PROCUREMENT ACTIVITIES ». Scientific Journal ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 1, n^o 175 (2021) : 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29030/2309-2076-2021-14-3-64-80.

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Today, close attention is mainly paid to the aspects of placing an order, and the calculation of the effectiveness of procurement activities is based on a reduction in the contract price. At the same time, the optimization of the working time of contract service employees and the rationing of their labor are important areas of organizing an effective procurement system. The article presents the results of the calculation of labor costs for the organization of procurement activities and the implementation of accounting policies, based on the generalization of data from expert reports. Representatives of contract services, economists, lawyers, accountants, engineers, business managers, procurement specialists, contract managers were involved as experts. The obtained materials were used to build a network schedule for the process of work execution and delivery of goods using the PERT method. It is revealed that the main task of conducting effective procurement activities is to ensure uninterrupted and high-quality work of all employees of the organization. It is proved that the development of the customer's professionalism in the field of procurement is a key direction for improving the contract system. The conducted research will allow the managers of customers to balance their labor resources, improve procurement activities, avoid inappropriate spending of budget funds, and increase the efficiency of procurement.

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Sotchenko, Yevhen. « BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY INTO STEEL INDUSTRY CURRENT STATE OF FOREIGN PAYMENT ACTIVITY ». Three Seas Economic Journal 2, n^o 1 (26 avril 2021) : 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2021-1-13.

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The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of foreign trade in the industrial blockchain of the steel industry, the existing digital platform has gradually formed a large-scale heterogeneous distributed environment. The problems of further development of the metallurgical complex of Ukraine in the world electronic system of international cooperation are determined. Methodology. The survey is based on a blockchain technology is an interlinked systematic chain of blocks that contains transaction history and other user data. It works under the principle of decentralized distributed digital ledger. Results. Experimental tests prove that production companies, logistics, international payments and consumers can participate in the information certification of steel products via the modern information system. Consumers can understand the real product manufacturing process, effectively avoiding of the incomplete information and low transparency in the traditional information traceability process, and effectively trace the quality of steel products. The system provides an effective payments scheme for promoting the transformation and upgrading of the modern technology steel industry. Practical implications. In view of the low transparency of information traceability of current steel products and the defects of information islands, in this article the blockchain-based steel smart contract payment technology quality traceability system is developed and adopted the alliance chain mode and the new digital blockchain platform. The article describes the use of smart payment technology in a full-fledged financial transaction as a transfer funds in cryptocurrency to electronic bank accounts, as well as the transfer of commercial information, including contracts. To do this, the assets and terms of the contract are encoded and placed in the block chain, then the contract is distributed is saved on a set of network nodes and is executed after the condition is triggered. The fulfillment of the obligations of the parties is checked automatically. It is worth noting that the fact that smart contracts only react to transactions. If the asset or the currency is transferred to the program, it starts monitor compliance with the terms of the contract. How as soon as they are fulfilled, the seller receives money, and the buyer is a shipment goods. Value/originality. Blockchain technologies enable the use of business information systems that are highly resistant to technical failures and malicious attacks. Costs and time of carrying out business operations are significant.

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Mensah, Isaac, Theophilus Adjei-Kumi et Gabriel Nani. « Duration determination for rural roads using the principal component analysis and artificial neural network ». Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 23, n^o 5 (19 septembre 2016) : 638–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-09-2015-0148.

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Purpose Determining the duration for road construction projects represents a problem for construction professionals in Ghana. The purpose of this paper is to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) model for determining the duration for rural bituminous surfaced road projects. Design/methodology/approach Data for 22 completed bituminous surfaced road projects from the Department of Feeder Roads (rural road agency) were collected and analyzed using the principal component analysis (PCA) and ANN techniques. The data collected were final payment certificates which contained payment bill of quantities (BOQ) of work items executed for the selected completed road projects. The executed quantities in the BOQ were the total quantities of work items for site clearance, earthworks, in-situ concrete, reinforcement, formwork, gravel sub-base/base, bitumen, road line markings and furniture, length of road and actual durations for each of the completed projects. The PCA was first employed to reduce the data in order to identify a smaller number of variables (or significant quantities) that constitute 81.58 percent of the total variance of the collected data. The ANN was then used to develop the network using the identified significant quantities as input variables and the actual durations as output variables. Findings The coefficient of correlation (R) and determination (R2) as well as the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) obtained show that construction professionals can use the developed ANN model for determining duration. The study shows that the best neural network is the multi-layer perceptron with a structure 3-38-1 based on a back propagation feed forward algorithm. The developed network produces good results with an MAPE of 17.56 percent or an average accuracy of 82.44 percent. Research limitations/implications Apart from the fact that the sample size was small, the developed model does not incorporate the implications of other likely factors that may affect contract duration. Practical implications The outcome of this study is to help construction professionals to fix realistic contract duration for road construction projects before signing a contract. Such realistic contract duration would help reduce time overruns as well as the payment of liquidated and ascertained damages by contractors for late completion. Originality/value This paper proposes an alternative way of determining the duration for road construction projects using the total quantities of work items in a final payment BOQ. The approach is based on the PCA and ANN model of quantities of work items of completed road projects.

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Konakay, Gönül, et Faik Çelik. « The personality types and psychological contract interaction to corporate reflectionKişilik kuramları ve psikolojik sözleşme etkileşiminin işletmelere yansıması ». Journal of Human Sciences 15, n^o 2 (10 avril 2018) : 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v15i2.5306.

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Psychological contract try to bring light to the bottom of why their behavior and reactions. Those who are employed if examined in this different way can clarify expectations and it can be beneficial to social cohesion as to employment, productivity, trade. Human nature contains diverse and opposing forces. These are our racial heritage, the environmental conditions and the personal world over which one builds on them. These occurrences enter into each other over time and interact with the purposes of the operator.Karen Horney while the pathology of certain characters and character types, alienation, self-realization, true self, is extremely different interpretations of the concepts of traditional psychology ideal image and self-hatred. Karen Horney's path the use of energy and ideas to self-realization of man's and is passion to be perfect imposed that is ilness in our age, the disease is important for businesses. What should want the business running? Always and everywhere, "Is that perfect? Business and human relations are dealt again.This study examines the relationship between psychological contracts and personality types, and investigates the importance and weight of Karen Horney's personality analysis. It is aimed to solve the relation network methodologically.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetPsikolojik sözleşme çalışanların tavır, davranış ve tepkilerindeki dip nedenlere aydınlık getirmeye çalışmaktadır. İstihdam edilenlere bu farklı yaklaşım beklentileri netleştirebilecek ve de istihdama, verime, dış ticarete, toplumsal bütünlüğe fayda sağlayabilecektir. İnsan doğası çeşitli ve birbirine zıt güçleri ihtiva etmektedir. Bunlar ırsi mirasımız, çevresel koşullar ve zaman içinde kişinin bunların üstüne kendisinin oluşturduğu kişisel dünyadır. Bu oluşumlar zaman içinde birbiri ile içiçe girmekte ve işletmenin amaçlarıyla etkileşmektedir.Karen Horney’in insanın içsel enerjisinin kendini gerçekleştirme yolunda kullanılması konusunda ve çağımızda dayatılan mükemmel olma tutkusunu hastalık olarak görme fikirleri işletmeler için önemlidir. İşletmeler çalışanlarından ne istemelidir? Her zaman ve her yerde “mükemmel olmayı mı? İşletme ve insan ilişkisi yeniden ele alınmaktadır.Bu çalışma psikolojik sözleşme ile kişilik tipleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemekte, Karen Horneyin kişilik tahlilinin önemi ve ağırlığını araştırmaktadır. Metodolojik olarak ilişki ağını çözmek amaçlanmıştır.

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Thorat, Madhuri B., et Marmik S. Patil. « Decentralization using Blockchain as a Service ». International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, n^o 11 (30 novembre 2022) : 1672–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47681.

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Abstract: Due to its immutability, traceability, anonymity, and transparency as a decentralised distributed ledger, blockchain has seen significant development in cryptocurrencies and production as a new trend. The emergence of Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) in the interim aids in the mitigation of the Blockchain system complexity and management challenges make it simpler for developers to concentrate on implementing business logic. However, the majority of current BaaS solutions are hosted by cloud providers, increasing the risk of vendor lock-in and undermining blockchain's intrinsic trustlessness. Although current BaaS systems use edge computing or the cloud as their infrastructure, their availability is constrained by the availability of network connections and the data centre itself. Most developers or teams find it challenging and expensive to create, maintain, and watch over a blockchain network that supports their apps due to the intricacy of blockchain technology. The majority of regular developers or teams are unable to guarantee the dependability and security of the blockchain system, which in part lowers the calibre of their programmes. The BaaS platform we create in this study,BaaS, offers blockchain services across cloud computing environments, including network deployment and system monitoring, smart contract analysis, and testing. Based on these services, developers don't have to worry about maintaining and monitoring the system and can instead concentrate on the business code to investigate how to apply blockchain technology to their business scenarios more effectively.

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Gazdecki, Michal. « Factors of business relationships change in agribusiness input distribution channel ». IMP Journal 12, n^o 3 (12 novembre 2018) : 567–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imp-01-2018-0011.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify factors of change in business relationships among companies operating in agribusiness input distribution channel. Design/methodology/approach This study, based on a qualitative approach applying network perspective, is focused on agri-markets for plant protection products. Primary data were collected via individual in-depth interviews with among managers of trade companies operating on agri-inputs products market. Findings Although relation between input producers and trade companies on agri-inputs market is affected by a large number of factors, representatives of trade companies seem to be focused on a limited number of them. In particular two factors need to be underlined as main ones: contract conditions and structural changes on the markets which manifest themselves mainly by consolidation of market entities. The function differentiation of the trade companies results not only in generated sales but also in a larger intensity of interactions with other market operators and in the necessity of creating new relationships. In the long term, it may generate the intensification of competitive structures that occur at the same level in a distribution channel. Research limitations/implications Generalization based on qualitative approach employed in this paper requires further testing and quantitative validation. Originality/value Even though agri-markets appear to be well-suited for studying network systems, such an approach has hardly ever been used. Interactions between different kinds of entities on agri-markets are incredibly strong and complex. The paper contributes to the two fields. First, it provides results related to the business relationship dynamics, especially factors that trigger relation change. Second, paper contributes to the agribusiness markets theory, especially from the structural point of view.

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Viktorova, N. N. « EVOLUTION OF THE LEGAL CONCEPT OF "FOREIGN INVESTMENT" IN A NETWORK SOCIETY ». Lex Russica, n^o 11 (22 novembre 2019) : 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.156.11.088-095.

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The paper deals with the problems of definition of the concept "investment" in multilateral and bilateral investment treaties. The author shows how the approach to the definition of "investment" in international investment agreements has changed over time, how this concept differs in modern agreements from those enshrined in agreements concluded more than ten years ago. It is noted that today we can talk about the trend of a broad definition of the concept of investment in international treaties, that is, investments are understood as any kind of property values; further the author specifies what applies to them.International treaties on the protection and promotion of investment also include the right to engage in business activities. It turns out that investment disputes can arise from ordinary commercial activities, for example from a contract of sale. However, there are documents that do not include monetary claims arising from commercial contracts, such as the 2012 model bilateral investment Treaty of the South African development Community.Generally, investment protection agreements do not distinguish between direct and portfolio investments. Therefore, portfolio investments also enjoy the protection of these investment treaties. However, some of the international investment agreements that are currently being concluded specify that portfolio investments are excluded from their scope, such as the Model bilateral investment Treaty of the South African Development Community.In the literature there are three approaches to the qualification of foreign arbitral awards as a foreign investment. According to one of them, the award is an investment, because it is part of the entire activity of the investor. Some modern international investment agreements contain provisions according to which arbitration, judicial decisions are not investments.

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Zarutskaya, Vera Sergeevna, et Svetlana Vladimirovna Orekhova. « Corporate networking management based on the cost approach ». Финансы и управление, n^o 4 (avril 2021) : 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7802.2021.4.36627.

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The COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant drop in the tourism sector. Precarious existence of the tourism agencies can be based on the development of the corporate business network managed by the formation of the key network resource – social capital. This research is aimed at the development and testing of the original toolset for the assessment of social capital and creation of the universal model of corporate networking management based on it. The subject of this article is the social capital of a company. The object is the operating tourism agency of Sverdlovsk Region “Mellow Season” LLC. The information framework is comprised of the corporate financial data for the period from 2014 to 2020. The expediency of implementation of cost approach on the level of individual companies is determined. The algorithm of corporate networking management based on the analysis of sustainable business ties portfolio is offered and tested. The author establishes that the company practices one-time and repeated transactions mainly with non-specific assets; specific assets are used only in transactions with the customers. Typical precontractual costs are the costs for searching information, negotiating, and concluding the contract. Typical postcontractual costs are the costs for monitoring and enforcing the counteragents to discharge their obligations. The author analyzes the information on the components of the social capital. Sustainable business tie was identified with 12 suppliers, 28 tourism agencies, and 158 customers. The analysis of behavioral practices of tourism agencies and expert assessments establishes the efficiency standards of transaction costs. It is also determined that the cost savings from the use of social capital for the company under reviews amount to 46.8% of their volume without its use. The recommendation is made to maintain the existing network of sustainable business ties; use the accumulated trust in sustainable business ties with the customers to expand the client base; shift priorities from the transactions made due to the established mechanism of business procedures towards seeking for new opportunities on the market. The author develops the universal model of corporate networking management.

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Subathra, G., A. Antonidoss et Bhupesh Kumar Singh. « Decentralized Consensus Blockchain and IPFS-Based Data Aggregation for Efficient Data Storage Scheme ». Security and Communication Networks 2022 (8 juillet 2022) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3167958.

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By the development and advancement of blockchain technique, Internet of Things (IoT) proliferation driven devices and the application of blockchain-enabled IoT alter the view and operating infrastructure of the smart networks. The blockchain is responsible for supporting decentralized systems and offers secured means of authentication, management, and access to IoT system thereby deploying smart contracts offered by Ethereum. The increasing demand and the blockchain expansion generate huge volume of sensitive data. The growing demand and expansion of blockchain-IoT systems is generating large volume of sensitive data. Furthermore, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks are regarded as the most promising threats for smart contracts in the blockchain-based systems. Therefore, there is a need to detect and classify the attack type and the data should be stored in server more securely with the use of blockchain and data aggregation method. For this purpose, this presented technique aims at introducing decentralized consensus blockchain and Interplanetary file system (IPFS) based data aggregation for effective classification and data storage. The attack is detected using meta-hyperparameter random forest (MHP-RF) classifier. Once the attack is detected, the transaction information is stored in server securely by means of smart contract-based blockchain system. The transaction handling stage classifies the transaction type as normal or abnormal one which then followed by execution of business logic by smart contract thereby appending the transaction of blockchain in the network cloud. The consensus blockchain technique is employed with the use of PoW-enabled scheme integrated with Elgamal-based data aggregation. Therefore, the system security is improved and the intrusion is prevented greatly. The performance analysis of the system is analyzed in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, F-score, Encryption time, decryption time, execution time, and space complexity. The attained outcomes are compared with traditional approaches to prove the effectiveness of proposed strategy. The proposed system is said to be effective in time consumption, classifier performance, and in overcoming space complexity issues.

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Yan, Honglin. « Intelligent Analysis of Logistics Information Based on Network Dynamic Data ». Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2022 (30 juillet 2022) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6016072.

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Based on the concept of market sharing, the author has developed Internet technology-based logistics distribution data exchange to control the cost of shipping to benefit the transfer for new types of management and operations. Investigate the needs of export shipments, such as external management responsibilities, requirements of management responsibilities, data recovery, and data recovery requirements, based on the current state of the shared platform model integration, and determine the business model. Based on this, three types of IoT cloud, such as single-center multiterminal, multicenter multiterminal, and data and application layer, can be completed and the Internet of Things can be defined by education. About the use of the cost of distribution, the transportation contract is to identify the needs of Internet technology-based logistics distributions and complete the construction of Internet technology-based logistics distribution information exchange platform. The results of the experiment showed that the results recorded in the test group did not differ from the actual results only twice, the level of difference was small, and the mean error was less than 1%. In terms of logistics distribution exposure, the average level of the assessment group is significantly higher than that of the management group, with a minimum collection rate of 90.07%, while the minimum value of the control group is as low as 76.32%. Compared with blockchain-based integration, Internet of Things technology-enabled sharing platforms can capture real-time data, transfer data, monitor shipping costs, and improve management and operations.

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Iaffaldano, Nicolaia. « Inter-firm cooperation as strategic element to get a sustainable competitive advantage in rural tourism : network contract 'green-road' ». International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business 7, n^o 3/4 (2015) : 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgsb.2015.072688.

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Topaloglu, Umit, et Matvey B. Palchuk. « Using a Federated Network of Real-World Data to Optimize Clinical Trials Operations ». JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, n^o 2 (décembre 2018) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.17.00067.

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Clinical trials, whether industry, cooperative group sponsored, or investigator initiated, have an unacceptable rate of failure as a result of the inability to recruit sufficient numbers of patients. Even those trials that are completed often require time-consuming protocol amendments to achieve accrual goals. These inefficiencies in clinical trial research result in increasing costs and prolong the time needed to bring improved treatments to cancer clinical practice. TriNetX has developed a clinical research collaboration platform—deployed by a federated network of health care organizations (HCOs), pharmaceutical firms (Pharma), and contract research organizations (CROs)—to enable data-driven clinical research study design to reduce accrual failure and protocol amendment. Currently, the network extends to 55 HCOs and covers 84 million patients, mostly within the United States, but with a growing international presence. (Many of the HCOs in United States are Clinical and Translational Science Awardees and/or National Cancer Institute–designated cancer centers.) The TriNetX business model includes Pharma and the CROs as sponsors whose subscriptions financially support the network, including the software and hardware costs of the HCOs. Furthermore, as each HCO network member has their data harmonized with the TriNetX model upon joining, data sharing among them does not require any technical processes to establish connectivity. To date, on the basis of the data on the network, HCOs have been presented approximately 757 studies by Pharma and CROs, and four data-sharing subnetworks have been formed among member HCOs.

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Dewi Pamungkas, Tetria Yunik. « THE ISSUES OF TRACK MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA (BASED ON STUDY OF THE BRITISH RAILWAYS) ». Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum 3, n^o 1 (29 août 2017) : 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jcef.26573.

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It is believed that there is merit in researching how the management of track maintenance is organized in the United Kingdom, in particular by Network Rail, and then evaluating how this can be applied to the benefit of Indonesian Railways. The purpose of this research was expected to provide recommendations for management improvement of track maintenance by researching the track maintenance management system in Network Rail. This research study is based on secondary data. The analysis was conducted by using comparison method which compares the British Railways management and Indonesia railway management related to track maintenance management. The track maintenance management system was studied by using Network Rail. The results were compared with track maintenance management system in Indonesia. The comparison will provide the data differences that evaluated so the problem can be identified. The final result of this analysis was the identification of problems and improvisation that can be done for the development of track maintenance management in Indonesia. Several management issues have been mapped to several groups: finance management, structure organization, and asset management. From the problems that have been mapped, some improvements are recommended as monopolist authority restriction, maintenance system contract extension, re-structuring organization hierarchy, business plan consideration, track monitoring strategy arrangement, and condition based maintenance strategy adoption.

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