Articles de revues : « Business enterprises – European Union countries »

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Şchiopu, Ruxandra. « Business Digitization in the European Union ». Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 14, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2020) : 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2020-0037.

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AbstractDigitalization nowadays can stretch in all aspects of the functioning of a business. Therefore, given the available technologies, the speed at which businesses merge with the digital world dictates the comparative advantage a like company can harness over its competition. However, integrating digital means into businesses can come at a considerable cost. Moreover, this creates a dichotomy between digitalizing an already existing and thriving company functioning on traditional channels and the creation of new fully digitalized enterprises. This paper aims at revealing the relevancy of digitalization in the business world by evaluating the cost efficiency of going digital or starting digital across economic sectors for enterprises in the European Union from 2017 onwards.The argument of designing a business from scratch in an automated and smart digitalized style is much more comprehensive in a connected globalized world. The intricacies stretch far beyond the pure digital and business areal since most transactions happen internationally. The borderless approach creates a demand for all aspects of a business to work cohesively. Therefore, business operations such as accounting, legal actions, storage, delivery, and marketing must be corroborated with business operations as they are conducted in an increasingly digitalized manner. Through analyzing secondary data, statistics and case studies about the level of business digitalization across sectors in the European Union, this paper targets to reveal witch are the fast evolving sectors in terms of digitalization for businesses and the most effective way in which digitalization creates increased value for business. The countries of the European Union experience different levels of digital technology integration, it peaks in Denmark while, Romania, Bulgaria and Poland are situated at the other end of the spectrum. Manufacturing is the sector with the least amount of digital updates across the sample while communications, computer programing, travel agencies, and accommodation services surge in the digital arena. There is a direct correlation between the size of the company and its propensity to exploit opportunities in digital transformation. However there is a new aspect of the speed at which small mainly digital companies acquire acumen and therefore profit. This paper synthesis the fastest growing digitalized sectors in the European Union and highlights opportunities for old and new businesses.

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Angheluță, Petrică Sorin, Svetlana Platagea Gombos, Ciprian Rotaru et Anna Kant. « Aspects of globalization of employment in the European Union ». SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021) : 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112908001.

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Research background: The influence exerted by globalization manifests predominantly in field of employment. The challenges generated by this process are amplified by technological developments. Facilities of movement and establishment in various regions, and the new opportunities for conducting professional activities, have led to increased mobility of employment. Globalization has led to a growing interest of businesses to operate outside their own country. Purpose of the article: In the current context, the purpose of the article is to analyze whether in the field of employment there is a tendency to increase the share of persons employed in enterprises controlled from outside the EU in total EU employment. Methods: The article presents the comparative situation of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from outside the EU. The article also presents an analysis of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from inside the European Union. Findings & Value added: Following the analysis, there is an increase in employment in enterprises controlled from inside the EU in total EU employment. Also, depending on the economic activity, there is a higher distribution for the following economic activities: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Information and communication, Transportation and storage. Regarding the comparative situation of the number of employed persons for enterprises controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, a number of over 5 million employed persons was registered in 6 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Netherlands). Regarding the situation of the foreign control of enterprises by economic activity, controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, at the level of the European Union the economic activities in which more than 10 million people are employed are: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Construction, Professional, scientific and technical activities, Accommodation and food service activities and Transportation and storage.

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Stanković, Jelena J., Ivana Marjanović, Sandra Milanović et Milica Jovanović Vujatović. « DETERMINANTS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL DYNAMICS : THE CASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci : časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics : Journal of Economics and Business 40, n^o 2 (30 décembre 2022) : 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18045/zbefri.2022.2.329.

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Since economic theory identifies new enterprises as one of the basic drivers of economic growth, it brings to the forefront the need to understand the existing dynamics of entrepreneurship. Consequently, the identification of the basic entrepreneurship’s determinants is a central issue from both a theoretical and a practical point of view in contemporary literature. A better understanding of the factors influencing the dynamics of entrepreneurship is a basic precondition for creating effective policies aimed at encouraging the creation of new companies, and consequently, the creation of new jobs. Therefore, this paper addresses several important issues. From the theoretical standpoint, the role of entrepreneurial determinants in creating a new business is examined. From a practical standpoint, the basic formal institutional factors influencing the birth rate of new companies are analyzed. The analysis was conducted on a sample of European Union countries for the period from 2010 to 2019 using data from the World Bank’s Doing Business database, as well as data on business dynamics from the Eurostat database. A panel data regression analysis using the fixed-effects estimation procedure with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors was conducted, and the results indicate that the dynamics of new enterprises’ foundation are negatively affected by the total tax burden, as well as the cost of property registration, while the amount of initial capital required to open a business has a positive impact. The results of the research can serve as a basis for fine-tuning policies that will facilitate and encourage the creation of new enterprises.

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Kang, Yangkoo, et Joseph Chunghi. « Soundless Revolution : Comparative Analysis On How To Propel The Global Ubiquitous IT Business Market According To Changes In The World Information Technology Market Environment ». Review of Business Information Systems (RBIS) 11, n^o 2 (1 avril 2007) : 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/rbis.v11i2.4424.

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National policy and paradigm in enterprise management are also changing from "make & sell" to "sense & respond." A country or enterprise that makes and sells with no particular plan should fail. Countries and enterprises should sense what consumers and market demand and should respond to it quickly. Only when countries and enterprises catch the latest information and process it for application, they can expect to succeed. In this research, the researcher analyzed the research and industry trend of leading enterprises and countries such as Japan, among the United States, the European Union (EU) and the Far East Asia. Also the researcher examined trend in policy and propulsion status of enterprises in the United States. Comparative analysis on how to propel Ubiquitous Business Market in advanced enterprises in EU and Japan can be done too.

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Rodríguez-Gulías, María Jesús, Vítor Manuel de Sousa Gabriel et David Rodeiro-Pazos. « Effects of governance on entrepreneurship : European Union vs non-European Union ». Competitiveness Review : An International Business Journal 28, n^o 1 (15 janvier 2018) : 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-06-2016-0035.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies between countries that are members of the European Union (EU) and those that are not. H1 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the immediate creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. H2 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the deferred creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses two types of analyses: firstly, univariate analysis, which is a descriptive statistics of the dependent, independent and control variables, and the results of a t-test; and secondly, multivariate analysis, which estimates using the fixed-effects estimator under the specifications previously raised for the subsample of 28 EU countries and for the subsample of 103 non-EU countries during the period 2004-2014. Findings The results show that the variables of governance are not significantly higher in the EU, although the density of the enterprises is. Within the governance indicators, government effectiveness is significant in the EU. The results obtained for the EU confirmed H1and H2, with a significant positive effect of government effectiveness on entrepreneurship, while the other governance variables were not significant in the EU subsample. The results obtained for non-EU countries suggest no significant immediate effects (H1) and a slightly significant delayed effect of rule of law on the entrepreneurship (H2) concerned. Research limitations/implications Future research in this area could consider introducing another regional division or other types of methodology as variables affect models. Practical implications Governance can be defined as the ability of a government and its public institutions to provide services and design, and implement rules, which is a factor that affects the creation of new companies. However, the effect of governance could differ depending on the country and its economic environment. This paper analyses the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies considering two different geographic regions as countries are presumably heterogeneous. Therefore, these results indicate that the effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship differs according to the region. Social implications The effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship according to the region is also known. Originality/value This study applied panel data analysis to two samples of countries during the period 2004-2014, one formed by 28 countries of the EU and the other by 103 non-EU countries. No other paper considers this number of countries for this period. To assess the impact of governance on the creation of new companies, this paper considered the existence of immediate and deferred effects of governance on entrepreneurship.

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Matuszyk, Anna. « Szanse i zagrożenia sektora małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw wobec przystąpienia Polski do Unii Europejskiej ». Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, n^o 54 (25 novembre 2004) : 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2004.54.31.

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The process of integration with European Union means lots of changes in the functioning conditions of enterprises. They must adjust to norms and standards that are obligatory in EU. Polish market became a part of uniform European market. This situation forced economic entities to start adaptation processes to new conditions. Small and medium enterprises, that are the basis of economy, are particularly sensitive for changes in business environment. Their special needs should be taken into consideration. Majority of Polish entrepreneurs are satisfied with joining European Union. They lead business with countries that are members of EU.

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Yaw Acheampong, Timothy. « Impact of Covid-19 on e-Commerce in the European Union ». ENTRENOVA - ENTerprise REsearch InNOVAtion 7, n^o 1 (7 décembre 2021) : 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54820/vprd4547.

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The advent of the 4th Industrial Revolution has made it inevitable for firms worldwide to modify their business models to integrate ICTs into their operations. The lockdown measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic appear to have accelerated this process as many businesses, particularly in the hospitality industry, had to shut down their operations. Others also had to resort to conducting their businesses solely online. Thus, it has been argued that e-commerce has thrived during the lockdown period. Concentrating on the current 27 European Union (EU) member countries, this paper seeks to answer the following question: To what extent the COVID-19 impacted e-commerce has? Trend analyses and a paired samples t-test are used to compare the mean percentage of enterprises with e-commerce sales before the pandemic and the first year. The study finds a significant increase in the percentage of enterprises that made e-commerce sales during the first year of the pandemic compared to the previous year (t=-2.06; df=25). Except for the western EU member countries, all other regions increased the percentage of enterprises that made e-commerce sales, with the southern EU countries witnessing the highest increase. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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Shchetinina, K. I. « Green Economy in Hotel Business of EU Countries ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, n^o 1(28) (28 février 2013) : 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-1-28-254-259.

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Tourism today is one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world. The article gives a brief review of a new economic paradigm and development model: a green economy. It shows how green investment in European tourism sector can contribute to economically viable and robust growth, decent work creation and poverty alleviation, while improving resource efficiency and minimising environmental degradation. Much of the economic potential for green tourism is found in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which need better access to financing for investing in green tourism. Investments and policies of European Union government can leverage private sector actions on green tourism.

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Otavová, Milena, et Jana Gláserová. « The Impact of Changes in Accounting Regulations on Agricultural Entities and Their Business Accounts Since 2016 ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, n^o 2 (2017) : 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765020689.

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Financial accounting in the European Union is harmonized through directives. In 2013 Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and the Council was issued. It aims to improve the performance of micro and small entities by reducing their administrative burden. The primary requirement of the Directive is to introduce entity size classification. The paper identifies the impact of the transposition of the Directive on the size distribution of agricultural enterprises in the V4 countries and some other countries of the European Union using data from the Amadeus database. In the Czech Republic obligations which are part of financial reporting are determined for agricultural enterprises and their impact on fundamental accounting principles is detected. The implementation of the Directive in the Czech Republic significantly influenced valuation, accounting for and specially reporting of inventories of a company’s own activity and capitalization, which are typical for agricultural enterprises. A comparison of the regulation effective until the end of 2015 with the new regulation showed the impact on the amount of profit and turnover, which are also quantified. The degree of harmonization with IAS/IFRS is also examined.

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Smit, Daniël S. « EU Freedoms, Non-EU Countries and Company Taxation : An Overview and Future Prospect ». EC Tax Review 21, Issue 5 (1 octobre 2012) : 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2012024.

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Practice shows that the Member States of the European Union maintain a diversified range of economic relations with non-EU Member States. A large number of non-EU-based enterprises are carrying on business in the European Union. Conversely, numerous EU-based enterprises are also carrying on business outside the territory of the Union. Accordingly, trade and investment between Member States and non-Member States is nowadays similarly promoted by abolishing or reducing tax or other obstacles to international flows of goods, services and/or investment between the Member States and third countries. One may recall in this regard the large number of economic integration agreements which the Union has concluded over the past decades with countries all around the world, such as countries in Eastern Europe, the Euro-Mediterranean countries and the African, Caribbean and Pacific states and which, to a greater or lesser extent, provide for liberalization of trade and investment between the Union and the respective non-Member State. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union itself also provides for a substantial degree of economic openness vis-à-vis third countries, particularly by means of the Treaty provisions relating to the free movement of capital. It is this unique legal relationship between the EU Member States vis-à-vis the rest of the world that this article takes as a starting point. It examines and assesses the extent to which the impact on Member States' corporate income tax systems of the liberalization provisions included in the above instruments is similar, or should be similar, to the impact that the free movement provisions included in the Treaty have on Member States' corporate income tax systems in an intra-Union context.

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Sieradzka, Katarzyna. « Innovativeness of enterprises in Poland ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, n^o 7 (2013) : 2729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072729.

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At a time of huge economic challenges, innovativeness is perceived as a way of overcoming difficulties, fostering and assuring socio-economic growth of particular countries. It is necessary to improve competitive standing of enterprises both in domestic and international economies. Launching of new or improved products, application of state of the art technologies and of new organisational and management solutions are key to enhanced effectiveness and better competitiveness of enterprises. Innovation standards of Polish enterprises are considerably lower than those of businesses operating in countries of the old European Union, therefore so much attention is paid to these issues.This paper undertakes to analyse innovative activities of enterprises in the Polish economy.Based on the report ‘Innovation Union Scoreboard’, a comparative analysis of Poland’s innovation standards in relation to other member states of the European Union is conducted, levels and structure of financial spending on innovative activities incurred by Polish industrial enterprises are discussed using statistics published by the National Office for Statistics and Ministry of Economy.

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Gruziel, Kinga, et Małgorzata Raczkowska. « The Taxation of Agriculture in the European Union Countries ». Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), n^o 4 (28 décembre 2018) : 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.4.107.

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The paper sets out the key principles for taxation of agriculture in selected European Union countries. The theoretical foundations of tax systems in the context of their functions and features specified as desirable in the literature are discussed. EU agricultural taxation systems are presented in reference to optimisation and tax competitiveness. Some shared features of these agricultural taxation systems were pointed out and their division in two basic models (the British model and the continental model), which was presented taking as example the countries in which these models operate. Taxation of income derived from agricultural business activity is a natural direction of changes in tax systems. The tax policy implemented in the European Union countries in relation to agriculture make use of the principle of tax justice to the highest possible extent. The diversity of the tax rules and structures applied in the EU makes it possible to tax agricultural income without limiting the development potential of agricultural enterprises (farms), and often stimulates them. The form of individual tax systems results from numerous economic, social and political circumstances. Special tax treatment of agriculture is expressed through tax construction elements, e.g. right to deduct the value of generated loss or investment expenditure from taxable income.

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Sergiy, Grytsenko, Savchenko Lidiia et Kryshtal Serhii. « Conceptual principles of the green technologies introduction in the logistics activities of Ukrainian companies in the context of the implementation of European environmental programs ». Electronic Scientific Journal Intellectualization of Logistics and Supply Chain Management #1 2020 1, n^o 13 (août 2022) : 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46783/smart-scm/2022-13-2.

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The article reveals the essence of the conceptual approach to "green" technologies in the logistics activities of enterprises. The concept of "green" technologies has been clarified as technologies that use environmentally safe production processes and supply chains in comparison with the production methods traditionally used at enterprises. The role and opportunities of Ukrainian environmental logistics in the European Green Deal have been studied. It has been established that the European Green Deal is a program of the European Union aimed at protecting the climate and the environment. This program is aimed at making the economies of the European Union countries more resource-efficient, canceling greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and separating economic growth from the use of natural resources. Currently, Ukraine is only planning to join the European Green Deal, declaring in the National Economic Strategy the intention to achieve climate neutrality by 2060. The state and general trends of the development of strategic logistics infrastructure projects of Ukraine in the context of the implementation of the Green Deal and Digital Europe programs are analyzed. The Europian Green Deal is a dynamic instrument that is at the stage of formation. The purpose of the article is the development of theoretical and methodological foundations, applied recommendations regarding the prospects of "green" technologies in the logistics activities of Ukrainian enterprises: their concepts and features of implementation within the framework of the European Green Deal and Digital Europe programs, "European Union for the Environment" (EU4Environment), development of sustainable logistics in Ukraine, features of application in specific logistics processes, problems and prospects, logistics strategy of Ukrainian enterprises. The process of applying "green" technologies in supply chain management is analyzed. In the logistics chain, processes related to supply, production, warehousing, transportation and distribution are involved, therefore, logistics activities are focused not only on the internal business processes of the enterprise, but also have a significant impact on the environment and contribute to the emergence of negative environmental consequences. In connection with the above, the concept of "green" (sustainable) supply chains, which provides for a minimal harmful impact on the environment during the implementation of logistics business processes, has recently become widespread.

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Chládková, Helena. « Comparison of the selected conditions of the small and medium-sized enterprise in the Czech Republic and EU ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 57, n^o 3 (2009) : 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200957030055.

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Companies classified as small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) account for a large proportion of Europe’s economic and professional activity. In practice, 99 % of business in the European Union are SMEs, and they provide two–thirds of all private sector jobs. So small firms are, in fact, the real giants of the European economy. Micro–business dominate employment in countries such as Italy 47 % and Poland 41 %, whilst the share of large enterprises in total employment in the United Kingdom is just 46 %.During the recent period of time there have been many researchers from the FBE MUAF in Brno, who focused on the analysis of the small and medium-sized enterprise, e.g. Nerudová (2006); Nerudová and Bohušová (2006); Kubíčková and Presová (2006); Zrůst and Pyšný (2008); Živělová and Zichová (2002).This paper is the part of the Research proposal MSM 6215648904 being solved at the FBE MUAF in Brno.

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Gherghina, Ștefan Cristian, Mihai Alexandru Botezatu et Liliana Nicoleta Simionescu. « Exploring the Impact of Electronic Commerce on Employment Rate : Panel Data Evidence from European Union Countries ». Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 16, n^o 7 (18 novembre 2021) : 3157–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16070172.

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The objective of this study is to explore the impact of electronic commerce on employment rate for a sample covering the whole 27 Member States of the European Union (EU-27), from 2010 to 2019. Moreover, this research explores the clusters of nations with reference to electronic commerce adoption and employment rate dynamics. The outcomes of cluster analysis show that Western Europe reveals the most developed e-commerce marketplace in EU-27, shown by Internet accessibility and high penetration rate of digital tools, and the lowest figures are registered in the Eastern part of Europe. Furthermore, the empirical findings of the panel data fixed-effects and the generalized least squares regressions suggest that electronic commerce influences employment rate positively. By including country-level control variables (real GDP growth rate, research and development expenditure, employed ICT specialists, enterprises with Internet access), the outcomes reveal that one percentage change in enterprises’ total turnover from e-commerce sales, enterprises’ turnover from web sales, and enterprises with e-commerce sales of at least 1% turnover will increase employment rate by 0.205, 0.258, and 0.350 percentage points. Furthermore, the econometric evidence from the method of moments quantile regression models with fixed effects reinforces our findings. Enterprises’ total turnover from e-commerce sales and the percentage of enterprises with e-commerce sales of at least 1% turnover positively influence employment rate for all quintiles, but in the case of enterprises’ turnover from web sales, the effect is positive only for the quintiles ranging from 0.5–0.8.

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Kata, Ryszard, et Justyna Chmiel. « Financialisation Level of Non-Financial Enterprises in European Union Countries : A Comparative Analysis ». EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XXIII, Issue 3 (1 juin 2020) : 378–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1644.

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Staicu, Daniela. « Policy framework and legal forms of social enterprise in Central and Eastern Europe ». Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 11, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2017) : 875–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0093.

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AbstractIn Central and Eastern European countries, the transition to a market economy stimulated civil society initiatives that in the past had been either discouraged or had become part of the Communist state system, and opened new pathways to entrepreneurial initiatives. The 1990s was an open window to the creation of a significant number of non-profit organizations, including the pioneering establishment of the first social enterprises. When these countries became members of the European Union, the process of legal institutionalization of social enterprises started to be discussed and has taken place at various stages. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the policy frameworks and the legal forms and of social enterprises in eight countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. The research seeks to determine the extent to which the development of national policy frameworks influences the development of legal forms under which social enterprises operate. For the purpose of this analysis, data were collected from relevant to this subject country reports, studies, laws released between 2009 and 2016. The research shows that European social enterprises are often ‘hidden’ among existing legal forms either as associations and foundations with commercial activities, cooperatives serving general or collective interests and mainstream enterprises pursuing an explicit and primary social aim. Further research needs to be done to determine the potential for growth of entities operating as associations and foundations with commercial activities. Furthermore, the research concluded that the countries with specific laws on social entrepreneurship generate 61 % of the social economy activity in Central and Eastern European countries. Further research needs to be done to determine if introducing a social enterprise specific legal form, will stimulate the development of the business models under which social enterprises operate and implicitly growth.

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Zioło, Monika, et Lidia Luty. « Disproportions in the level of innovation in European Union countries ». Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2023, n^o 166 (2023) : 903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2022.166.57.

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Purpose: One of the most important areas of reflection on innovation and innovativeness is regional policy and issues related to the development of the economy. The phenomena of globalisation and pressure to create a knowledge-based economy means that not only enterprises, but also countries are forced to optimise the use of their potential on a macro, meso or micro scale. For this reason, the issue of innovativeness is connected with particular economic entities and sectors of the economy, with the activity of state, regional and local authorities and the European Union. In the conditions of deepening European integration, stimulating innovation of territorial socio-economic systems is an important instrument of economic policy at the international, national and regional levels. The aim of the study is to assess the level of innovativeness of the region in spatial and dynamic terms. Multivariate Statistical Analysis will be used to determine the aggregated indicator based on data taken from Eurostat database. Design/methodology/approach: The implementation of the objective will be achieved through the evaluation and comparison of the level of innovativeness of EU countries with the use of a synthetic measure, estimated by using one of the model methods of linear ordering of objects in the years 2015, 2018 and 2021. In the proposed method, the synthetic measure is determined using the distance of the examined objects from the model objects. The dynamic approach will allow to determine the directions of changes. The level of innovation of regions (EU countries) determined by a number of indicators that were adopted in four areas: human capital, finance, business activity and intellectual property protection. Findings: The region's innovativeness is a multidimensional phenomenon, which is directly unmeasurable, hence the need to use statistical methods when measuring it. Obtained results will allow to assess the studied phenomenon, build a ranking and identify countries with a high, medium or low level of innovation. The results of the analyses confirmed that it is advisable to consider innovation by plane, because in this case there is a greater differentiation of countries. Due to the level of innovation, the highest positions in the ranking were taken by Sweden, Germany, Finland and Austria, at the end of the ranking were countries from Central and Eastern Europe, Poland, Latvia, Bulgaria and Romania. In the area of innovative activities, Estonia ranked very high being classified in the group I of the most innovative countries. The country is characterized by high employment in innovative enterprises, significant expenditure on innovation and a large share of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) introducing product innovations. The fact that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are reducing the distance to more innovative EU countries should be assessed positively, as evidenced by lower values of the coefficients of variation in 2021 compared to 2015. Keywords: innovation of regions, dynamics, Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Category of the paper: research paper.

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Arkhipova, M. Yu, et A. A. Cherviakova. « The Role of Small Manufacturing Enterprises in Innovation Development of the Real Sector of Economy : Economic and Statistical Study ». Voprosy statistiki 29, n^o 3 (6 juillet 2022) : 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2022-29-3-26-45.

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The aim of the economic and statistical study presented by the authors is the evaluation of the role of small manufacturing enterprises in innovation development of real sector of Russian economy. Compared to developed countries, Russia is characterized by a relatively low innovative activity of small industrial enterprises, as well as by their smaller contribution to employment and to the increase of living standards of the population. At the same time, small industrial enterprises have the highest potential for innovation growth, especially in high-tech economic activities. The similarity of small enterprises’ definition in Russia and in the European Union, the magnitude of innovative activity of small enterprises in Europe, and the development of instruments to support innovative companies make studying the European experience in stimulating the innovative activity of small enterprises in the real sector of the economy in order to adapt it to domestic practice relevant.The authors reveal the potential areas of innovative activity growth for small manufacturing enterprises on the basis of foreign experience as well as develop recommendations on support for small entrepreneurship in industrial sector. The research is based on Community Innovation Survey (CIS), national reports of European countries on the topic, the federal statistical surveys № 4 and № 2-MP provided by the Federal State Statistics Service.The study revealed key drivers of European small enterprises’ innovative activity: well-developed cooperation with other organizations, substantial investment in R&D, broad coverage of small business enterprises with support measures. Best European practices of small enterprises’ innovative activity and the analysis of the main barriers of Russian small enterprises’ innovative activity allowed to define the promising directions for supporting small business the real sector of economy of Russia: developing modernization programmes for enterprises, extending the access to borrowed financial sources, developing cooperation ties between small business enterprises. The authors highlighted growth points of innovative activity of small manufacturing enterprises that can be taken into account while developing support measures in order to increase small business’ innovative activity, create new jobs and provide population employment.

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Burinskienė, Aurelija, et Vita Marytė Janušauskienė. « Innovations in the Practice of Production and Trade Enterprises in EU Countries ». Ekonomia 22, n^o 1 (3 novembre 2016) : 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.22.1.1.

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Innovations in the Practice of Production and Trade Enterprises in EU CountriesModern theories are increasingly focusing on innovations. Scientific literature states that the implementation of innovations causes increase in sales volume: enterprises are improving the organization of production and trade methods, reducing production and trade costs, producing and selling competitive products as a result of technological progress. Technological progress also influences the development of production and trade prospects. Although the implementation of innovations is different, the main aspects are related to the novelty of product, production and service R&D intensity and the qualification of employees. Enterprises without the capacity to innovate may invest time and resources in studies of research results but are unable to transform this knowledge into practice Hult et al., 2004. In such sense it is important to create innovative behaviors and related outcomes on country level Koellinger, Thurik, 2009.Production and trade enterprises have a significant impact on the national economy, but the number of enterprises that have excellent understanding about innovations and their results is not sufficient. Sales of the trade enterprises in the European Union amount to 66%, and 74% of gross domestic product GDP in Lithuania. At the same time sales of the production enterprises in the European Union amount to 15.5% of GDP, and in Lithuania — 21% of GDP. Production and trade enterprises play a significant part among business companies. In corporate structure of the European Union 9.8% of companies are production companies which employ 22.6% of EU workers, while in the structure of the European Union 28.6% of companies are trade companies and these companies employ 24.7% of EU workers. However, in the trade sector there are 90% of companies, and in the production — 84% of companies with up to nine employees Euro-stat, 2010. Nevertheless, the European Commission’s 2013 study shows the declining contribution of production enterprises to GDP. Eurostat 2010 statistics show that small and medium-sized manufacturing companies are very slow to improve their operations and labor productivity. The EU companies are anticipated to increase by only 2.4% compared with the US companies, where growth of labor productivity is 3.5%Therefore, innovations are also important for the EU trade and production companies. To sum up the above set out material, it can be said that the application of innovations must be considered as a very complex cognitive subject.The article consists of three parts to fully examine the implementation of innovations in production and trade enterprises.First, literature analysis is carried out and topic related aspects are identified. In the second part the paper presents empirical research methodology. Herein, practices of production and trade enterprises are presented, comparison of production and trade enterprises is carried out, and effects on the activeness of enterprises regarding the opportunities of innovation implementation in this area are analyzed.In the third part the article presents empirical research results, conclusions and recommendations. Literature analysis reveals that the greatest role innovation plays in international companies, however the number of such enterprises is very small in the EU. The results also show that production and trade companies from Luxembourg have higher competitiveness than the enterprises from other countries. Overall the paper glances into whether, to what extent, how companies innovate, and how this differs between production and trade service industries.

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Piekut, Marlena. « Comparison of R&D Expenditures in Selected Countries ». Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 16, n^o 3 (2 novembre 2013) : 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2013-0021.

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This paper analyzes the level of innovation expenditures and R&D fund sources in selected countries of the world in the period of 2000 – 2010. The issues presented indicate significant differences between the discussed countries with respect to the factors analyzed. The European countries at the top were apparently Finland, Denmark and Sweden. High R&D expenditures, with a significant share in business enterprise sector, and a large number of patent applications reflected on the strong economic growth in these countries. The level of R&D investments in these countries was sometimes greater than in the USA or Japan. Dynamic growth in both R&D and patent activity has also been observed in South Korea. Special attention has been paid in this paper to the new European Union members – Central Eastern European Countries. Among this group of countries Slovenia definitely had the highest position, where R&D expenditures were the largest and the structure of R&D funds by source reflected a businessdominance type. Estonia, Czech Republic and Hungary were the countries ‘catching up’ – where growth in R&D expenditures has been observed as well as better dynamics of growth and higher patent activity. Romania, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Latvia had relatively disadvantageous situations in respect of R&D development and the innovative activity of business enterprises.

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Czerwonka, Leszek, et Jacek Jaworski. « Capital structure and its determinants in companies originating from two opposite sides of the European Union : Poland and Portugal ». Economics and Business Review 8 (22), n^o 1 (2022) : 24–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2022.1.3.

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The aim of the paper is to identify differences in enterprises’ capital structure and its determinants in Poland and Portugal. The research applies statistical methods to the financial data of 22,775 Polish enterprises and 36,625 Portuguese enterprises for the years 2010–2017. The research results show that: (i) despite several years of ongoing economic integration in the EU differences in enterprises’ capital structure in old and new countries of the community still exist, (ii) in Portugal representing the old EU enterprises are more likely to use debt than in Poland being an emerging EU economy, (iii) in Polish enterprises, tangibility, profitability, liquidity and non-debt tax shield exert a negative impact on debt; while growth and size have a positive impact; in Portugal tangibility and a non-debt tax shield show the opposite, (iv) in both countries industry growth decreases indebtedness of enterprises while financial risk results in higher debt; in addition, in Portugal the capital intensity of industry increases the share of debt in capital structure.

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Sobczak, Elżbieta, et Dariusz Głuszczuk. « Diversification of Eco-Innovation and Innovation Activity of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the European Union Countries ». Sustainability 14, n^o 4 (9 février 2022) : 1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14041970.

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The development of eco-innovation activities performed by enterprises remains one of the key challenges of sustainable development. In modern economies, the implementation of innovative technological solutions should also take into account performing eco-innovation activities by enterprises. The aim of the research was to assess the involvement level of small and medium-sized enterprises in eco-innovation activities, regarding the implementation of actions for the effective management of resources and the implementation of sustainable products, against the background of their involvement in innovation activities related to the implementation of product innovations and business processes, as well as the assessment of spatial-temporal diversity and trends for changes in this regard. The spatial scope of the research addresses 27 European Union countries, and the time scope of the research covers the years 2013–2020. The methods of multivariate statistical analysis, with particular emphasis on classification methods, were used in the research. The main finding of the research is the division of the European Union countries into three types of classes, including the countries assessed as: (1) poor eco-innovators and moderate innovators; (2) moderate eco-innovators and poor innovators; and (3) leaders of eco-innovation and innovation. The conducted research shows that SMEs in the European Union countries are much less involved in eco-innovation activities than in innovation ones; the level of involvement in eco-innovation can be divergent from that of involvement in innovation. Moreover, the involvement in eco-innovation does not show an upward trend.

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Thomas, Catherine. « Local Value Chains in European MNEs ». Strategy Science 7, n^o 2 (juin 2022) : 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2022.0167.

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Ghemawat’s work in international business strategy demonstrates that Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) create value both by overcoming and by exploiting the price differences that exist at country borders. This paper evaluates the investment strategies of MNEs with subsidiaries in the 10 Central and Eastern Europe countries (CEEs) that had joined the European Union by 2007 through the lens of this insight. The data show that subsidiaries’ activities vary with the parent MNE’s home location. The CEE subsidiaries of Western European MNEs are more likely to be producing output that can be traded across country borders, particularly when their output differs from the main product of their parent company. The findings suggest Western European MNEs tend to invest in CEE countries to fragment value chains across the region, exploiting factor cost arbitrage opportunity in a semiglobalized world.

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Słowik, Anna. « Management of intellectual property in polish companies ». Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas Zarządzanie 18, n^o 2 (30 juin 2017) : 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.2927.

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The aim of this article is to present the methods of intellectual property management in Polish enterprises. It highlights the strategies of commercialisation of enterprises by using only their own capital and knowledge resources, and by using the capital and knowledge resources of their business partners. It also identifies examples of companies which, in accordance with the introduced system of intellectual property management successfully implement new technologies by which they achieve better financial results. The article shows the low level of innovativeness of Polish entrepreneurs in relation to other member countries of the European Union and indicates its causes.

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Mol-Gómez-Vázquez, Ana, Ginés Hernández-Cánovas et Johanna Koëter-Kant. « Do foreign banks intensify borrower discouragement ? The role of developed European institutions in ameliorating SME financing constraints ». International Small Business Journal : Researching Entrepreneurship 38, n^o 1 (3 août 2019) : 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242619868231.

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The growing activity of foreign banks in most European countries may increase financing constraints by intensifying the problem of borrower discouragement. We provide new evidence of this association by analysing a sample of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in 25 developed and developing European countries. We find that financing constraints increase with foreign banks for those SMEs operating in countries where the share of banking assets owned by foreign banks is above 34%. Our results also show that borrower discouragement may decrease, or increase less, with the presence of foreign banks for SMEs operating in countries with high income, with cheap debt enforcement mechanisms, or having a private bureau that provides credit information about firms and individuals. These results suggest that unification towards better institutions needs to occur in Europe before the banking union progresses to a more open banking system.

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Jaworski, Jacek, et Leszek Czerwonka. « Determinants of Enterprises’ Capital Structure in Energy Industry : Evidence from European Union ». Energies 14, n^o 7 (28 mars 2021) : 1871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071871.

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The aim of the study is to identify the main determinants of the capital structure of energy industry companies in the European Union. The study was based on a panel of 6122 companies from 25 EU countries, operating between 2011 and 2018. The study used multiple regression analysis. We have obtained strong evidence for a positive relationship between corporate debt and tangibility and size, and a negative relationship for profitability and liquidity. The factors that also affect the share of debt in capital have turned out to be growth (positive relationship) and non-debt tax shield (negative relationship), but the statistical significance of these relationships is ambiguous. We have shown that growth of industry business risk is accompanied by an increase in corporate debt and this is a distinguishing feature of the energy industry. For country-specific capital structure determinants, we have obtained strong evidence for the negative relationship between GDP growth, the level of stakeholder rights protection, the degree of capital markets development, and indebtedness of the companies studied. There has been moderate support for the hypotheses of a positive effect of inflation, taxation, and the degree of financial institutions development. Our study has also shown a negative impact of the volume of energy consumption and the share of renewable sources in its production and a positive impact of market monopolization on the indebtedness of companies from the energy industry in the EU.

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Gogol, Tetyana, et Vadym Kolotok. « THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 EXPANSION ON THE ECONOMY OF COUNTRIES AND ACTIVITIES OF SMALL BUSINESS ENTERPRISES ». Green, Blue & ; Digital Economy Journal 2, n^o 1 (29 mars 2021) : 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5169/2021-1-5.

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The purpose of this research is to study the functioning of small business during the period of implementation of quarantine restrictions. It was found out that more than 70% of small business entities in Ukraine and the European Union have suffered significant losses due to the measures taken. The article has identified the key issues faced by small business during the quarantine period to reduce the spread of coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). A comparison of the problems of Ukrainian and European small business has shown that they are identical. The main ones relate to reducing the financial security of small business entities and increasing their vulnerability to unpredictable situations. The authors of the research have focused on the fact that Ukrainian small agricultural enterprises experienced more negative effects in comparison with others, as the closure of food markets deprived them of the opportunity to sell their own products. The authors have also highlighted the problems that arise in the process of transition of small business to remote work. This issue can be addressed through appropriate employee training. In order to prevent the loss of ties with contractors, the authors of the research have suggested that the management staff of small business entities could develop a plan to restore ties with suppliers and customers to gradually normalize the work in pre-crisis volumes. The current Ukrainian and European regulatory framework adopted in order to overcome the negative impact of the imposed quarantine restrictions on the activities of enterprises has been analyzed. The results of the study showed the need to improve Ukrainian legislation on this issue taking into account the experience of European countries. It was found out that different countries have applied customs, credit, social, tax, information and other types of mitigation measures in order to overcome the negative effects and to support small business affected by the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In order to improve the economic situation of small business entities, the authors of the research have considered the following measures for the quarantine period and after the restrictions expire: to provide a quota for public procurement for small business; not to prohibit the functioning of markets provided that they comply with anti-epidemic sanitary norms; reimbursement of expenses incurred for the purchase of anti-epidemic means of protection; introduce additional subventions from the state to local budgets; compensation for the cost of renting premises, etc.

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Ravšelj, Dejan, Polonca Kovač et Aleksander Aristovnik. « Tax-Related Burden on SMEs in the European Union : The Case of Slovenia ». Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 10, n^o 2 (1 mars 2019) : 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2019-0024.

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Abstract Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are very important for the European economy. However, SMEs often encounter various barriers, whereby tax-related barriers are perceived as the most burdensome that affects their business operations and entrepreneurial activity in general. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it attempts to identify SMEs perception on current state and measures to be carried out in order to reduce respective red tape. Second, it tries to establish the relationship between burdens imposed by tax policy and entrepreneurial activity. Using hierarchical cluster analysis and descriptive statistics two different datasets are analyzed for the European Union (EU) and Slovenia separately. The results provide evidence that tax burden is less influential than tax administrative burden among EU countries by considering their impact on new business density and total early-stage entrepreneurial activity. Additionally, the results for Slovenia reveal that the need for a stable tax system, with IT and procedurally related measures are highlighted.

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Burlacioiu, Cristina. « Online Commerce Pattern in European Union Countries between 2019 and 2020 ». Societies 13, n^o 1 (22 décembre 2022) : 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc13010004.

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The development of information technology, along with the high growth and diversification of consumer needs, has revolutionized the way in which business-to-consumer transactions occur. All this progress was boosted by the COVID-19 pandemic period in a different manner in each EU country, depending on different local aspects. The main goal of this paper is to determine the key characteristics of e-commerce in European Union countries in a pandemic context, based on Eurostat Digital Economy data for 2019–2020. Therefore, for an easier visualization, based on PCA, using 27 analyzed variables, new unique dimensions were revealed: 1. heavy online purchasers, 2. triggers for embracing digital purchasing, 3. perceived barriers against buying online (privacy concerns, security, or not having a card), 4. dynamics of online interaction with public authorities, and 5. enterprise online sharing. Moreover, clustering techniques set four groups of countries with different online commerce patterns that might require attention, according to their specificities, both from a government level and from a business perspective. Special attention is paid to Romania, which has one of the biggest e-commerce industries in Southeastern Europe, but with the share of e-commerce in total retail still quite low, despite this great increase. The models of other countries could be important in helping Romania to catch up with the most successful economies in terms of e-commerce.

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Hamplová, Eva, et Jaroslav Kovárník. « Globalization and Entrepreneurship : Selected Topics in Visegrad Four Countries ». SHS Web of Conferences 74 (2020) : 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207405009.

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Entrepreneurship is a specific and continuous activity of an individual or a group of individuals with the aim to create a profit. It is a very important activity not only in the perspective of national economy, but also in the context of global economy. This activity can create a lot of job opportunities, especially thanks to small and medium-sized enterprises. These companies have a very important role on every market. The aim of this article is to map the development of entrepreneurship in Visegrad Group countries, namely in the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary, thanks to selected indicators between 2009 and 2017. These indicators are especially the increase of newly-established companies, their average growth rate, death rate, survival rate in all selected countries. All selected categories are consequently evaluated through one standardized criterion, which helps to compare all Visegrad Group countries and create the order of all countries with the aim to evaluate the business environment. This article opens the possibility to evaluate entrepreneurship and business environment in other countries as well, because this environment should be evaluated also in the Central European countries, European Union, or even in the OECD.

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Bezrukova, Nataliia, Larysa Huk, Hanna Chmil, Liudmyla Verbivska, Olena Komchatnykh et Yevhen Kozlovskyi. « Digitalization as a Trend of Modern Development of the World Economy ». WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 18 (9 janvier 2022) : 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2022.18.13.

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Transformation of economies with the application of information and communication technologies not only strengthens the competitiveness of countries in the international market, but also helps optimize and improve business processes in the international business environment. The purpose of the academic paper is to study the impact of digitalization on the development of the world economy on the example of the economies of the European Union member states. The following methods have been used, namely: analysis, description, generalization, induction, deduction, tabular representation, graphical representation, correlation analysis, systematization and grouping. Results: The positions of the European Union member states that are actively implementing the Digital Single Market strategy have been analyzed. It has been established that according to The Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), Finland, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands and Malta have been among the top 5 leaders with the highest level of digitalization of the economy in 2020. Based on the study of The IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking, it has been found that the European Union member states, which are among the top 10 leading countries, such as: Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands, have a high level of ability and readiness to research and implement digital technologies in order to achieve economic transformation and business transformation. The results of the correlation analysis have revealed the interrelationship between the values of Digital single market – promoting e-commerce for individuals and Enterprises that have provided training to develop / upgrade ICT skills of their personnel (%). It has been proved that Sweden, Malta and Estonia show a very high positive correlation, which indicates that these countries are actively implementing digital technologies in the development of economic processes.

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Hadad, Shahrazad. « The geographic distribution of Knowledge Economy (KE) within the European Union (EU) ». Management & ; Marketing 13, n^o 3 (1 septembre 2018) : 1089–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2018-0025.

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Abstract The business environment is reshaped by knowledge economy which has taken both competitiveness and doing business to a whole new level. Because knowledge economy plays a key role in the creation of welfare it has been classified as an important reliable indicator for comparing world’s economies. The present paper highlights the geographic distribution of knowledge economy at the level of the European Union by means of factorial analysis. Factor analysis, a well-known statistical clustering technique, has been applied on the 28 EU countries (seen in our study as random variables) with an a priori fixed number of two factors. On each variable, the realisations are given by the scores (normalized between 0 and 1) registered for year 2012 on 12 key Knowledge Economy (KE) indices. The resulting factor structure is compared to the standard geographical grouping of EU countries (NorthWest-SouthEast) in present KE literature. SPSS software has been used for the statistical analysis. The highest correlations attained were in terms of the Global Competitiveness Index, World Happiness Index, R&D expenses signifying that they could also act as predictors in evaluating the status of the knowledge economy of a particular country, whereas weaker correlations can be spotted for enterprises selling online, electric energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and others. In the future, the same relationship can be tested to see whether the influences have changed, in the light of new available data.

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Mielcova, Elena. « Influence of Main Macroeconomic Factors on the Level of Employment on Different Size Enterprises – The Evidence from the Sector of Transportation and Storage ». Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 64, s1 (1 décembre 2017) : 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/saeb-2017-0034.

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Abstract The main aim of this paper is to verify the hypothesis that the shift in levels of main macroeconomic variables – in this case in levels of GDP and exports – cause shift of employment levels in private sector, and this change is different for smaller enterprises than for “big players”. Calculated estimation will be presented on data from the sector of transportation and storage for four countries – the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Poland and Slovakia for the period 2005-2014, which cover the economic crisis in 2008. Countries were selected such that they cover both highly developed countries (Germany and Austria) and former Eastern Bloc countries (Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia) of the European Union placed in the close geographic area. Expected results would show different trends in employment levels for different types of enterprises in all countries.

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Medrano, Natalia, et Cristina Olarte-Pascual. « The effects of the crisis on marketing innovation : an application for Spain ». Journal of Business & ; Industrial Marketing 31, n^o 3 (4 avril 2016) : 404–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-02-2013-0048.

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Purpose This study aims to identify the structural features of companies that have implemented marketing innovations at two different points, 2008 and 2010 (before and during the crisis). Design/methodology/approach The sample, obtained from the Technological Innovation Panel, consists of two subsamples of 9,415 enterprises each. The information was processed using a binomial logit model, parametric and non-parametric tests for independent samples and a test of structural stability. Findings Differences were found in the results from 2008 and 2010: enterprises in Spain were less likely to implement marketing innovations in 2010 than in 2008; the effect of an enterprise’s size on how likely it was to innovate in marketing decreased by more than half between the two periods; the likelihood of innovating in marketing increased in enterprises that also pursued organizational innovations; and in contrast to 2008, in 2010, the enterprises that were most likely to innovate in marketing were those that exported to countries outside the European Union. These findings show that innovation is part of the business ethos and that public policies that support exports can also foster innovation. Originality/value Marketing innovation has received little attention in the literature. We believe that marketing innovation can help to improve an organization’s results, even in times of economic crisis.

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Werner, R., et R. Zuzák. « Favourable and unfavourable aspects in the process of small enterprise establishment in the Czech Republic ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 11 (1 mars 2012) : 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5356-agricecon.

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Countries associated in the European Union pay great attention to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. At the same time, however, the member states are concerned that following the EU enlargement strong migration flows on the part of new members are likely to occur. Therefore, it is in the interests of the member states to learn whether the citizens of candidate countries are internally motivated to run their own businesses and whether suitable conditions have been created, i. e. whether there are any factors negatively affecting the establishment of small enterprises. To this end, an extensive survey was carried out in the Czech Republic aimed at the above mentioned issues and at identifying favourable and unfavourable factors in the process of small enterprise establishment in transition economies, using the Czech Republic as an example. 

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Halasi, Dániel, Pavol Schwarcz, Ladislav Mura et Oľga Roháčiková. « The impact of eu support resources on business success of family-owned businesses ». Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 13, n^o 1 (28 novembre 2019) : 846–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1167.

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Nowadays, we live in an accelerated, complex, globalized world, where expectations are high for everyone. The child of today has to train a lot to be successful. The enlargement of the European Union and the expansion of the Schengen zone opened gates to society and economy that were not dreamed before by the countries of Central and Easter Europe. Many businesses were able to develop and grow, and they could achieve the goals they set until the end of the ´90s. The situation has changed since the turn of the millennium. The global markets, the easily accessible products and services, the convenience of the World Wide Web, the growing competition, the multinational companies and foreign chains, the high consumer expectations and the requirements and standards of EU have resulted the end of many businesses. The aim of the paper was to evaluate the impact of European Union support funds on the business of family enterprises in the southern districts of the Slovak Republic. The research material was obtained from primary sources. Data were subject of deeper analysis by statistical methods. Subsequently hypotheses were formulated and verified by use quantitative methods. According to results, in a group of businesses not supported by EU programs more than half of the respondents could not develop in the last 3 years, they had negative results. It can be stated that if external support and consultancy are present in family business life, the younger generation will find the family business more dynamic, innovative and attractive and therefore they will continue to run the family business.

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Andrieș, Alin, Nicu Marcu, Florin Oprea et Mihaela Tofan. « Financial Infrastructure and Access to Finance for European SMEs ». Sustainability 10, n^o 10 (25 septembre 2018) : 3400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103400.

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In this article we assess credit rationing across European countries by analyzing the impact of banking competition on the access to finance of firms. The importance of the financial sector in promoting the sustainable economy is recognized by the European Union, that has taken the lead in efforts to build a financial system that supports sustainable growth. However, it should be acknowledged that in highly competitive business environments, it is not easy to challenge the existing paradigms, since companies need to be profitable in addition to improving their environmental performance. Using data from European firms Survey on the Access to Finance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), our results, using Probit regression, support the Market Power Hypothesis, outlining that more concentrated banking markets are characterized by higher levels of credit rationing. Also, our results reveal that small firms are more credit rationed compared to large firms. The analysis shows that financial constraints are stronger in the countries more affected by the financial crisis.

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Pleśniarska, Aleksandra. « The Intensity of University-Business Collaboration in the EU ». Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 6, n^o 339 (13 février 2019) : 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.339.09.

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It seems that collaboration between academia and the private sector represents one of important sources of knowledge transfer, which is a key element for creating the knowledge‑based economy. Moreover, knowledge transfer between universities and businesses is vital for innovation. The ability to create innovations is not only crucial for the development of enterprises but also for the development of a country’s economy. Business is interested in having access to the latest advances in science. On the other hand, activities of university are evolving from the basic functions of teaching and research to commercialisation of research results where the partnership with the private sector is one of the most important elements. Although there are numerous advantages of such collaboration, in reality, there are also constraints that hinder university‑business cooperation. The main purpose of the article is to present selected aspects of the intensity of university‑business collaboration in the Member States of the European Union (EU). In the first section of this article, advantages of and barriers to university‑business cooperation are discussed. In the second part, the discussion addresses the following factors: public‑private co‑publications per million population and the share of enterprises cooperating with academia. The ranking of the top universities that work with the most innovative firms is also presented in the article. The reflections will be based on the study of literature, European reports and documents. The main axis of investigation is a comparative analysis which draws its data from the Eurostat database. It is concluded that significant differences exist among the Member States – in countries such as Denmark, Sweden or Finland science‑business relations are at a good level. Furthermore, it seems that in the Member States of the EU large companies are more likely to engage in collaborations with higher education or public research institutions than small and medium‑sized enterprises (SMEs).

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Batrancea, Larissa M., Mehmet Ali Balcı, Leontina Chermezan, Ömer Akgüller, Ema Speranta Masca et Lucian Gaban. « Sources of SMEs Financing and Their Impact on Economic Growth across the European Union : Insights from a Panel Data Study Spanning Sixteen Years ». Sustainability 14, n^o 22 (18 novembre 2022) : 15318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215318.

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Getting access to sufficient funding is the keystone for the development of any business, but especially for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). These economic entities are crucial players in the global economy since they include almost 90% of companies, provide jobs for nearly 50% of the global workforce, and enhance long-term economic growth. In this context, our study explores important sources concerning the financing of small and medium enterprises and their impact on economic growth during the period 2005–2020 with data from SMEs covering the 28 countries belonging to the European Union. The set of predictors included Strength of legal rights index, Days sales outstanding, Bad debt loss, Interest rate, Bank support, Business angels, Private lenders, and Public support. The set of dependent variables included Cost of loans, Equity fund, GDP growth rate, and Value added growth rate. Our methodological approach was complex, it considered a panel data analysis with a first-difference generalized method of moments estimator and a multiplex time series analysis. The novelty of the study resides in combining the two methods in order to investigate significant drivers of economic growth across the EU. Empirical results showed that economic growth was mainly triggered by predictors such as Interest rate, Business angels, Bank support, and Public support. Moreover, the valuable mathematical insights elicited by the multiplex time series analysis suggested that European economies cooperated intensively through SME activities. Based on our empirical results, national and regional authorities should enact adequate policies to support business endeavors of small and medium enterprises.

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Lewandowska, Małgorzata Stefania. « Blending Innovation Types in Order to Achieve International Competitiveness. Multi-country Approach ». WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 18 (31 août 2021) : 1223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2021.18.114.

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The relationship between innovation and international competitiveness is the subject of many research studies. The aim of the paper is to examine the association between the introduction of product innovation individually and in pairs with process and marketing innovation and the exporting of enterprises from 13 European Union countries, mainly from Central and Eastern Europe. The study used anonymized micro data from the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) for 2012-2014. Based on the sample of 98 809 enterprises, 14 models were built using path analysis with the Bonferroni correction, one for the whole sample and 13 for each of the country studied. The analysis indicates positive link between the introduction of product innovation on sales activity on foreign markets of the enterprises of the surveyed countries (measured by exporting), but only for Germany and Spain. Surprisingly, adding process or marketing innovation to product innovation in most of the cases has an adverse effect on exporting.

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Baruk, Jerzy. « Financial aspects of research and development policy in the European Union ». Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations 33, n^o 3 (1 septembre 2019) : 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/minib-2019-0041.

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Summary In the article the author has attempted to realise the following goals: 1) identifying and critical assessment of the share of expenditure on research and development (R&D) in the gross domestic product (GDP) borne by business entities concentrated in four sectors (enterprises, government, higher education and private non-profit institutions) and jointly in all sectors. This meter is treated as an indirect measure of the level of managerial activity in shaping the research and development policy, 2) checking the thesis that R&D expenditure are changeable and differ in the particular Member States and does not give a clear positive picture of the systematic and dynamic growth of research and development activity in these countries. The article was developed using the following research methods: critical-cognitive analysis of the literature; statistical and comparative analysis of the “Eurostat” empirical material; the projection. The statistical and comparative analysis of the secondary empirical material “Eurostat” illustrating the share of expenditure on research and development in the gross domestic product was used to check the thesis. The results of the analysis confirm the rightness of the research thesis.

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Mukhoryanova, Oksana, Larisa Kuleshova, Nina Rusakova et Olga Mirgorodskaya. « Sustainability of micro-enterprises in the digital economy ». E3S Web of Conferences 250 (2021) : 06008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125006008.

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This paper aims at investigating the predisposition leading to the sustainability of micro-enterprises in the digital economy, especially the sharing economy. This area represents a new field since the research of the impact of the sharing economy on small enterprises is still in its infancy. We study the role of the entrepreneurial approach and entrepreneurial philosophy of the small business with regard to the digitalization and the sustainable development and growth using examples from the European Union and the United States. Some common features and trends are derived and the outcomes are discussed. Our results point at the fact that by creating an economy for micro-entrepreneurs, the sharing economy thrives on traditional industry disrupted by technology. Since micro-enterprises constitute a backbone of the economy in many developed and developing countries, more research is required to shed the light of the sustainable development of these types of enterprises in the globalized and digitalized world.

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Mahmutćehajić, Fatima, Vedad Silajdžić et Amila Berković. « UTICAJ GLOBALIZACIJE 4.0 I PANDEMIJE COVID-19 NA PRAVNU REGULATIVU I POSLOVANJE MALIH I SREDNJIH PREDUZEĆA UNUTAR ZEMALJA EVROPSKE UNIJE / THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION 4.0 AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE LEGAL REGULATION AND BUSINESS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES WITHIN THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Pregled : časopis za društvena pitanja / Periodical for social issues 63, n^o 2 (30 décembre 2022) : 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.48052/19865244.2022.2.97.

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Globalization 4.0 as well as the global COVID-19 pandemic are two phenomena that have completely changed the world, including the way the business is done. The common assumptions that pandemics are slowing down the improvement of technologies have proven to be incorrect in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic, as it has spurred the growth of technologies to keep business running smoothly. As a percentage, 98% of European companies are small and medium-sized enterprises, which employ more than two thirds of the EU population. Moreover, economic and political processes that benefit from current political systems must improve industrial policies, laws, environmental policies and trade initiatives, by expanding the practice of designing multifunctional policies and integrating these policies. The Better Regulation Guidelines suggest making policies today for a better tomorrow. Evidence-based policy actions lh54 are constantly evaluated and improved if necessary, and are adopted transparently by informing all those concerned. The digital transformation is complex and rapidly evolving. Policy decisions and legal solutions become crucial. While progress has been made in addressing some of the most pressing and difficult political and legal issues facing governments today, more needs to be done to better understand some complex issues and design resilient policy and legal frameworks in response. The aim of this paper is to present the impact of globalization 4.0 and the COVID-19 pandemic on the legal framework for small and medium-sized enterprises within the European Union. In addition, measures and legal responses to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 on the operations of small and medium-sized enterprises within the European Union will be presented.

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Spremo, Tihomir, et Jelena Mićić. « SMALL ENTERPRISES : KEY SOURCE OF EMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH ». ЗБОРНИК РАДОВА ЕКОНОМСКОГ ФАКУЛТЕТА У ИСТОЧНОМ САРАЈЕВУ 1, n^o 11 (4 mai 2016) : 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/zrefis1511063s.

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Small enterprises, within the market economy, are initiators of economic development and an important part of every national economy. Due to the nature of private property, entrepreneurial spirit, flexibility and adaptability, as well as their potential to react to the challenges and turbulences in the environment, small businesses give a special contribution to economic growth and higher employment. Entrepreneurship and small business represent a significant and fundamental source for creation of new jobs and expansion of new business practices by providing a significant contribution to economic growth. This applies both to small businesses in the Republic of Srpska and the ones that are located anywhere in the world. The role of small enterprises is especially important in transition countries. During the global economic crisis, small businesses have, both in developed economies, and in the Republic of Srpska and BiH as a whole, proved to be resilient, although this period was characterized by a very poor business environment. The importance of entrepre-neurship and small firms in developing national economies are often the subject of professional and empirical discussion. However, recent developments have further confirmed the views that small businesses, in dealing with all the negativities of poor business environment in times of crisis, more quickly adapt to changes compared to larger enterprises and companies. This quality of small enterprises gives enough reason to pay special attention to the theoretical and practical aspects of this phenomenon, in order to make appropriate business decisions and implementation of development policy as a more efficient model for faster economic development of the national economy. The subject of this paper is to define the importance of small businesses in the economic growth of developed and developing countries. Through researching analyses, this paper examines the role and importance of small enterprises in economies of the European Union (EU) member states and the Republic of Srpska and BiH, especially regarding its influence on the employment growth and added value in a period of economic crisis and post-crisis years. This paper aims to explore and emphasize the interdependence between growth of small firms and new added values, reviewing economic development and employment in both developed and economies in transition. This paper attempts to present the importance of effects of analyzed economic indicators as a result of small enterprises in two separate periods (the period of global crisis and post-crisis period) and provide guidance and recommendations to policy makers on economic role of small firms in macroeconomic stability of the economy.

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Bochenek, Magdalena. « Analysis of the integrated reporting use in EU countries ». Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, n^o 3 (21 août 2020) : 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(3).2020.09.

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Integrated reporting (IR) is an important element in the development of corporate reporting in the European Union (EU). It turns out that stakeholders need not only financial but also non-financial information about the company. Due to changes in the environment, the role of CSR is growing. Enterprises undertake more and more pro-social and pro-environmental activities. European countries and organizations introduce regulations and recommendations that are to improve and standardize IR. The article aims to present IR within the EU and analyze the relationship between the number of reports prepared and the welfare of individual countries. Research methods used in the article are study by action, statistical technique, and critical analysis of literature. The development of IR in the EU is briefly described. It was also analyzed whether there is a correlation between the popularity of IR in a country and its wealth. A high correlation was found between the wealth of a given country and the number of integrated reports prepared. The wealthier the country, the more integrated reports are made there. There is a big difference in the popularity of IR between the EU countries which joined the EU before 2004 and those in the EU from 2004 or later. More than 200 integrated reports are prepared in the countries that joined the EU before 2004 than in the countries that joined the EU in 2004 or later. Although the popularity of IR is growing steadily, there are still a few EU countries where integrated reports are hardly ever present.

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Sutyrin, Vyacheslav. « EU Policy Towards Small and Medium Enterprises in the Eastern Partnership Countries as an Instrument of Political Influence ». Contemporary Europe 102, n^o 2 (30 avril 2021) : 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope220212839.

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The paper deals with the problem of investigating strategies and experience of the European Union which it employs to strengthen its political influence in the Eastern Partnership countries by means of working with business sector. The author analyses statistical data, official EU position and programme documents, funding data. Institutional and constructivist approaches are employed to study the processes and results of EU policies. The study covers the period between 2009 and 2020, and investigates aims, instruments, funding, KPI of the EU in dealing with business communities of Eastern Partnership countries. The author gives an overview of a range of opinions in expert discussions concerning the humanitarian influence of the EU. The conclusion is drawn that the scale and forms of EU interventions and funding for particular country are conditioned by the level of political relationship with its government. The bulk of funding (more than 60%) is directed not to loans or subsidies to SMEs, but to humanitarian (i.e. “soft power”) projects focusing of particular groups – entrepreneurs, active youth, regions, officials, etc. EU humanitarian penetration into focus countries of EP creates an infrastructure, social organizations and groups, which could be utilized to political ends.

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Safonchyk, Oksana, et Konstiantyn Vitman. « PROSPECTS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE EU IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, n^o 4 (29 octobre 2019) : 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-4-212-220.

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In the world practice, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is recognized an important component of sustainable development strategy, for which reason governments of many countries pay considerable attention to the promotion of CSR ideas at the national level, creating favourable conditions for socially responsible behaviour of national and foreign enterprises. The author aims to analyse the experience of regulation of corporate social responsibility policy in the EU Member States, to show the practice of national governments of the EU Member States in the field of CSR, and to determine prospects of corporate social responsibility at the modern development stage in view of implementing the concept of sustainable development. Summarizing approaches to the definition of CSR, it can be emphasized that CSR should positively influence society, in which the enterprise operates. It is a free choice in favour of increasing the welfare and moral and ethical values of society through appropriate approaches to doing business. Relations between enterprises both in the European Union and in other countries are increasingly based on the principles of CSR. Compliance with these principles becomes an important prerequisite for attracting foreign investment and obtaining government orders. In the international context, CSR is an efficient instrument to develop partnership and cooperation of countries in the context of achieving the Millennium Development Goals, to control the negative influence of the industrial sector on ecology, to prevent social crises, as a consequence, to ensure sustainable development of the world civilisation. Among the European institutions, the European Commission’s committees play a key role in disseminating the idea of CSR. One of the main factors in strengthening the EU economy is considered precisely the stable growth based on the rational use of resources, ecology, and competition. Plans of the Strategy for 2012–2015–2020 clearly show that the European Union intends to strengthen control over economic management and “voluntarily oblige” the business to follow the rules of CSR. The goal of a new CSR Strategy is to create conditions favourable for sustainable development, responsible business conduct, and permanent employment in the medium and long term. Key changes in comparison with the policy for 2010 – definition of corporate social responsibility as “Responsibility of enterprises for their impact on society” and rejection of the principle of voluntariness: “the European Commission recognizes that some regulations stimulate CSR, therefore, public authorities should support the CSR development by applying a mix of voluntary and regulatory policies”. As the study showed, the governments of the EU countries are actively engaged in the development and promotion of corporate social responsibility. The role of the state is manifested in the implementation of the following key functions: the state as a legislator and a controlling authority; the state as an employer; the state as a consumer and a buyer; the state as a partner; the state as an institutional investor; the state as a participant in international relations. The most significant results have been achieved by those EU Member States that use the systemic approach to CSR development. In these countries, responsible state structures have been formed that coordinate work in all areas. The approach to the choice of instruments is individual and is selected taking into account the priorities of the country’s socio-economic development and the importance of economic, environmental, and social aspects. An example of Great Britain, France, Belgium, Estonia, and Spain shows the possibility of successful CSR development.

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Rusu, Valentina Diana, et Angela Roman. « E-Entrepreneurship and Economic Development : the Case of EU Countries ». Open Economics 3, n^o 1 (13 mars 2020) : 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openec-2020-0001.

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AbstractThe aim of our paper is to identify how entrepreneurs from European Union (EU) countries use information and communications technologies (ICTs) in their business activities. We also propose to identify if there are differences in the use of ICTs by entrepreneurs, according to level of economic development of EU countries. In order to achieve these goals, we analyse a sample of EU countries, by including them into two groups, according to the stage of their economic development. For analysing the data, we use several methods (the logical-constructive method, comparative methods and benchmarking). The benchmarking method helps us to estimate indicators at country level and to compare them between countries. Our results indicate that e-entrepreneurship in developed countries is more advanced compared to developing countries. There are also significant differences regarding the use of informational technologies between types of firms by their size. Small enterprises use in a lower proportion ICTs in their activity compared with large firms. Through the content of our research, we emphasize that in order to adapt to the rapid changing environment and also to the changes in the consumer’s behaviour the enterprises should focus on introducing the ICTs in their activity to face the competition. Also, government policies should pay more attention to supporting development of information technology infrastructure.

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Zdráhal, Ivo, et Věra Bečvářová. « The issues how to express the concentration processes in European agriculture ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, n^o 7 (2013) : 2951–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072951.

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The paper deals with one of the current problems of the agrarian economics and policy, and this approaches to the definition, measurement and interpretation of farm size, as one of the key indicators of evaluation the processes shaping the entrepreneurial structure in the current agribusiness. The results of research into causation factors and processes shaping the business structure of modern agriculture are presented there. It evaluates approaches to express the magnitude of company and its explanatory power in the context of the selected evaluation criteria of the processes and phenomena. It deals with the potential risks of a narrow criterion-oriented agricultural policy in terms of strategy and fulfillment of role allocation and distribution in order to support of enterprises in today’s business environment. The basic trends in the farm size structure in the member countries of the European Union are evaluated including their impact of the significance of individual size segments and their share of the output sector. In this context it evaluates and compares the results of the analysis of developments in business structures in the old and new EU Member States.

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