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Hillison, Joel R. « New Members, New Burdens : Burden-Sharing Within NATO ». Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2009. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/34174.
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Political SciencePh.D.
The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the burden-sharing behavior of new NATO members and the impact of enlargement on NATO burden-sharing. Qualitative and quantitative methods are used to test several hypotheses. The findings suggest that large NATO members are burden-sharing at a greater rate than smaller NATO members when looking at military expenditures and air contributions to NATO missions, in accordance with the logic of collective action. Contribution of troops to NATO missions depends on the mix of private and public benefits received, in accordance to the joint product model. The findings support the hypothesis that new NATO members are burden-sharing at a greater rate than older NATO members. An analysis of the burden-sharing behavior of NATO's new members reveals that new NATO members have demonstrated the willingness to contribute to NATO missions, but are often constrained by their limited capabilities. However, new member contributions to NATO have improved and, in comparison to older NATO members, the new members are doing quite well. Finally, NATO expansion did not lead to greater free-riding behavior in NATO.
Temple University--Theses
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Metcalfe, Leanne N. « Bayesian methods in determining health burdens ». Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31809.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Vidakovic, Brani; Committee Member: Griffin, Paul; Committee Member: Kemp, Charlie; Committee Member: Sprigle, Stephen; Committee Member: Villivalam, Arun. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Atwood, Karen E. « Brevetoxin body burdens in seabirds of Southwest Florida ». [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002341.
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Go, King-fan. « Burdens of the past a study of Chinese-American writings / ». Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37642832.
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Go, King-fan, et 吳景勛. « Burdens of the past : a study of Chinese-American writings ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37642832.
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Depoix, D. J. « Purity : blessing or burden ? » Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53024.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2002ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the history of Israel the concept of "purity" had developed as a way in which God's people could honour his holiness and draw nearer to him, as a sanctified nation. By the time of Jesus, in Second Temple Judaism, the purity system had become restrictive. This had been influenced by political and social developments, including an increased desire to withdraw from Hellenistic and other factors which were seen as contaminating the integrity of Judaism. There were diverse perceptions regarding the achievement of the purity of Israel, including militaristic confrontation and expulsion of alien occupation forces, stricter adherence to the Law and, in some cases, total withdrawal from general society (such as at Qumran). It was, however, particularly the Pharisaic imposition of the supplementary oral tradition, supposed to clarify the written Law, which imposed hardship on those who, through illiteracy or inferior social status, were unable to meet all the minute provisions which would ensure ritual purity. The expansion of the Law of Moses by the commentary of the rabbis, which over time became the entrenched oral "tradition of the fathers", was originally intended to promote access to God by clarifying obscure points of the Law, in the pursuit of purity. However, this oral tradition had, in fact, become an instrument of alienation and separation of the ordinary people not only from the Pharisees, who considered themselves as the religious elite, but also from God. The common people, that is, a large section of the population, felt rejected and on the outside of both religious and social acceptance. On the material level they also suffered under a heavy tax burden, from both Temple and State, which aggravated their poverty. It was this situation which Jesus confronted in his mission to change the ideological climate and to reveal the Kingdom of God as being accessible to all who accepted the true Fatherhood of God, in penitence and humility. He denounced the hypocrisy which professed piety but which ignored the plight of those who were suffering. Hark 7 : 1-23 symbolizes the difference between the teaching and practice of Jesus and that of the Pharisees, and provides metaphorically a pattern of Christian engagement which is relevant in the South African situation today. The Christian challenge is to remove those barriers, both ideological and economic, which impede spiritual and material well-being within society. By active engagement, rather than by retreating to the purely ritualistic and individualistic practice of religion, the realization of the Kingdom of Heaven, as inaugurated by Jesus, will be advanced.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die geskiedenis van Israel het die konsep van reinheid ontwikkel as 'n wyse waarin die die volk van God Sy heiligheid kan eer en tot Hom kan nader, as 'n geheiligde volk. Teen die tyd van Jesus, tydens Tweede Tempel Judaïsme, het die reinheid sisteem beperkend geword. Dit is beïnvloed deur politieke en sosiale ontwikkelinge, insluitende 'n toenemende drang om te onttrek van Hellenistiese en ander faktore, wat beskou is as 'n besoedeling van die integriteit van Judaïsme. Daar was diverse persepsies aangaande die uitvoering van die reinheid van Israel, insluitende militaristiese konfrontasie en die uitwerping van vreemde besettingsmagte, strenger onderhouding van die Wet en in sekere gevalle, totale onttreking van die algemene samelewing (soos by Qumran). Tog was dit in besonder die Fariseërs se oplegging van bykomende mondelinge tradisie, veronderstelom die geskrewe Wet te verhelder, wat ontbering veroorsaak het vir die wat as gevolg van ongeletterdheid of minderwaardige sosiale status nie in staat was om aan elke haarfyn bepaling, wat rituele reinheid sou verseker, te voldoen nie. Die uitbreiding van die wet van Moses deur die kommentaar van die rabbies, wat met verloop van tyd die ingegrawe mondelinge "tradisie van die vaders" geword het, was oorsproklik bedoel om toegang tot God te verseker, deur die verheldering van onduidelike aspekte van die wet, in die nastreef van reinheid. Hierdie mondelinge tradisie het egter 'n instrument van vervreemding geword en skeiding gebring tussen gewone mense en die Fariseers, sowel as die wat hulleself beskou het as die religieuse elite. Dit het egter ook skeiding gebring tussen mense en God. Die gewone mense, dit is die meerderheid van die bevolking, het verwerp gevoel en aan die buitekring van beide religieuse en sosiale aanvaarding. Op materiële vlak het hulle ook gelyonder die juk van swaar belasting, van beide die Tempel en die Staat, wat hulle toestand van armoede vererger het. Dit was hierdie situasie wat Jesus gekonfronteer het in sy strewe om die ideologiese klimaat te verander en om die Koninkryk van God te openbaar as toeganklik vir almal wat die ware Vaderskap van God aanvaar, in berou en in nederigheid. Hy het die skynheiligheid verwerp wat aanspraak maak op vroomheid, maar die toestand van die lydendes ignoreer. Markus 7:1-23 simboliseer die verskil tussen die onderrig en die praktyk van Jesus en dié van die Fariseërs en voorsien metafories 'n patroon van Christelike verbintenis, wat relevant is binne die eietydse Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Die uitdaging aan die Christendom is om die skeidslyne te verwyder, beide ideologies en ekonomies, wat geestelike en materieële welsyn binne die gemeenskap belemmer. Deur aktiewe betrokkenheid, eerder as om bloot te onttrek tot die suiwer ritualistiese en individualistiese beoefening van religie, sal die realisering van die Koninkryk van die Hemel soos ingehuldig deur Jesus, bevorder word.
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Petropoulos, Nikolaos. « Burden Dynamics and Fragmentation ». Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geoteknologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18162.
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Drill and blast is a dominant technique in several surface and underground mines in the world. The purpose of this technique is to break rock mass into fragments, which can be handled by mining equipment. The identified major influencing factors in rock blasting are stress waves and gas pressurization. In underground mines, especially in sublevel caving mines, the blast is performed under confined conditions. Hence, one more category of mechanisms has to be taken into consideration which describes the behavior of granular materials. Several small-scale tests have been conducted in order to define parameters which affect fragmentation by blasting as well as to measure the burden behavior during blasting. The purpose of these tests was to investigate how firing pattern, confinement and inter-hole delay time influence the fragmentation. Additionally, an incremental relative distance sensor was developed to measure the burden movement during blasting. The results showed that the burden moved with a velocity of approximately 29 m/s. The V-shaped firing pattern gave coarser fragmentation compared with sequential firing pattern for both the blasted material and confining material.After the small-scale tests, a zero pillar test was conducted under confined conditions to evaluate and validate a newly developed measuring system. The purpose of this system was to measure the burden dynamics. The system was calibrated in laboratory conditions under dynamic loading. This system was based on a piston-like structure and it was equipped with accelerometers and a potentiometric distance sensor. In addition to the measuring system, several installation and initiation procedures have been developed. The results of the measuring system showed that the burden moved 0.98 m at a velocity of 17-18 m/s. All the procedures performed as well as expected and designed.In addition to the study of blasting related mechanisms, the results of a blast also have to be measured. Sieving is usually not an option for large scale operations due to high costs. The alternative way is to implement digital image analysis. This procedure does not interfere with the production of a mine. Several trials have been conducted at the Aitik open pit mine to investigate the influence of short inter-hole delay time (1 ms, 3 ms and 6 ms or 0.14 ms/m burden, 0.43 ms/m burden and 0.86 ms/m burden) on fragmentation. The examined mechanism was the interaction of stress waves between neighboring blastholes. The fragmentation results showed that the trial with 3 ms inter-hole delay time gave a finer fragmentation by 10 % compared with reference blasts and other trials. However, there was an indication that the large specific charge at the mine overshadows the stress wave interaction mechanisms.An additional set of trials was conducted at the Kiruna mine to investigate the gravity flow of broken material. The fragmentation measurements were done with SplitDesktop®. This is a digital image analysis software which calculates fragmentation based on a delineation process of the particles in an image. The aim of in these trials was to develop a procedure to minimize the image editing time. The application of ‘Unsharp Mask’ filter improved the image quality and enhanced the contrast between the particles combined with a quick rating system (developed by LKAB) so that the image processing time was significantly reduced from 2 hours to 10-15 minutes.Godkänd; 2015; 20150831 (nikpet); Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Nikolaos Petropoulos Ämne: Gruv- och berganläggningsteknik/Mining and Rock Engineering Uppsats: Burden Dynamics and Fragmentation Examinator: Professor Erling Nordlund, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Avd Geoteknologi, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Associate Professor Zongxian Zhang, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, Norge Tid: Fredag 2 oktober 2015 kl 10.00 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Sankauskaitė, Ilona. « Mokečių našta Lietuvoje ir Europos Sąjungoje ». Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20080207_141756-06789.
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Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama mokesčių našta Lietuvoje ir ES. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti, kokia iš tikrųjų yra mokesčių našta Lietuvoje, lyginant su kitomis ES valstybėmis, ar ji gali būti lygiavertiškai vertinama, kas tai riboja. Darbo pradžioje iškelta hipotezė, kad Lietuvoje mokesčių našta, lyginant su kitomis ES valstybėmis, yra didelė. Pirmoje dalyje bendrai apibūdinome mokesčių naštą, apibrėžėme jos sąvoką, išsiaiškinome mokesčių naštos įvertinimą ir tą įtakojančius veiksnius. Antroje dalyje palyginome Lietuvos ir kitų ES valstybių mokesčių naštą, jos dydį (kitimą), mokesčių naštos apskaičiavimą ribojančias sąlygas. Trečioje dalyje, išskirdami, kokie mokesčiai yra didžiausia mokes��ių našta Lietuvos mokesčių mokėtojams, kurie iš jų moka daugiausiai mokesčių, analizavome mokesčių naštos pasiskirstymą Lietuvoje. Paskutinėje dalyje apibendrinome atliktos anketinės apklausos rezultatus. Darbo pabaigoje pateikėme savo išvadas ir pasiūlymus mokesčių naštos vertinimui, mažinimui Lietuvoje.The burden of taxation in Lithuania and EU is analyzed in this final post-graduate work. The main purpose of this research – ascertain what is real the burden of taxation in Lithuania, comparing with others EU countries, how it can be estimated, what restricts it. Hypothesis, bought in the beginning of the work, that the burden of taxation in Lithuania, comparing with others EU countries, is big. In the first part of work we described the burden of taxation, defined it‘s concept, found out the burden‘s of taxation valuation, what influences and restricts it. In the second part we compared the burden of taxation in Lithuania with others EU countries, it‘s size (changes), what restricts it‘s calculation. In the third part, separating, what taxes are the biggest burden for tax payers, which of them pay more taxes, we analyzed the burden of taxation distribution in Lithuania. In the last part we generalized results of made questionnaire inquest. In the end of work we presented our conclusions and propositions of the burden of taxation evaluation, it‘s decreasing in Lithuania.
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Lenart, Joshua Bela. « Burdens and Blessings heuristic pedagogy for the rhetorical endeavor in composition / ». Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/lenart/LenartJ0505.pdf.
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Mashhour, Ahmed M. « Metal burdens in urban and industrial environments of Yanbu, Saudi Arabia ». Thesis, University of Bradford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278782.
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Papadopoulos, Ioannis. « Comparative analysis of electricity generating technologies with regards to environmental burdens ». Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.542077.
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In the last couple of decades, there has been an increased awareness of the effects that electricity generation has on the environment through the emission of greenhouse gases and the depletion of natural resources. This realisation, coupled with an increased drive towards ensuring the sustainability of the energy supply system, has lead many, including the United Kingdom government to investigate the options for moving away from traditional fossil fuel-burning generation methods towards “lowcarbon” generators, such as renewables and nuclear power. Specifically, wind power, the more mature systems (with the exception of hydro power) of the available renewable energy supply, and nuclear power, a technology seen as producing large amounts of electricity with very few associated greenhouse emissions, have been promoted but also pitted against each other by analysts and policy makers. This work aims to provide a balanced analysis of wind power and nuclear power with respect to their effects on the natural environment. As such, modeling has been undertaken of a Generation III+ nuclear reactor, an onshore wind farm located in southern Scotland and an offshore wind farm near the Thames estuary while environmental indicators have been created to permit the comparative assessment of these three electricity generation technologies, in a U.K. context. These indicators thus facilitate an assessment of the energy requirements, the associated greenhouse gas emissions, the natural resource requirements, as well as the displaced carbon dioxide emissions from operation of each power plant. A parametric analysis has also been conducted to show the range of likely variations in each indicator’s values. The results of this research show that all three technologies demonstrate similar performance with respect to their energetic and environmental impacts. More specifically, the wind farms demonstrate better energy gain ratios than the nuclear power plant when they are credited for not depleting non-renewable fuel sources. The wind farms also are shown to pay back their energy investments faster than the nuclear power plant. On the other hand, the nuclear power plant is found to produce slightly lower greenhouse gas emissions than either onshore or offshore wind farms. With respect to the assessment of natural resource depletion, it is estimated that both wind farms need more land per unit of electricity produced than the nuclear power plant, but all three power plants permanently sequester similar amounts of water. The wind farms and the nuclear power plant are found to have similar performance with respect to their material requirements, while the calculation of the avoided emissions factors for all technologies are of similar orders of magnitude. All results are shown to be highly sensitive to the assumptions made about the prospective lifecycles, and as such caution should be exercised when drawing conclusions about any comparative advantages. Nethertheless both technologies are clearly shown to have lower environmental impacts than traditional electricity generation technologies.
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Wilson, John Martin Roy. « The benefits and burdens of living beside the Cederberg Wilderness Area ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20011.
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Includes bibliographical referencesA great deal is riding on conservation efforts of the twenty-first century. In an era of extinction rates one thousand times faster than ever before, protected areas have emerged as the most widely used tool available to conservationists to curb the loss of species (Child, 2004; Jepson & Ladle, 2010) . The number and extent of protected areas has increased dramatically over the past century, and their future growth is guaranteed by international and national policies (Brockington et al., 2008). The growing prevalence of protected areas on a global landscape has increased contact between communities and conservation, frequently with conflict arising as a consequence (Dowie, 2009). Increasing recognition of the impact of protected areas on local people has given rise to international consensus is that there is a dearth of knowledge surrounding these implications which needs to be addressed (Brockington et al., 2006; Igoe, 2006; West et al., 2006) . It is this gap that this study sets out to ameliorate. The overarching aim of this research was to investigate the benefits and burdens that local communities experience from living beside a protected area. Further, this study also investigated the causes of these benefits and burdens, how they were distributed between communities at a local scale, and how local perception of the protected area was influenced as a result of these experiences. The Cederberg Wilderness Area, which has a history of restricting resource use dating back to the 1890s, was selected as the protected area of interest. Of the nine neighbouring communities, consideration of the origin and similarity between communities resulted in Bosdorp and Heuningvlei adopted as representatives for the study area. Household surveys, key informant interviews, observations and documentary evidence were utilised to obtain data, and triangulation was used across methods to validate findings (Jick, 1979). Household surveys and key informant interviews were conducted over two separate field visits between March and April, 2014. In particular, the findings of this study were considered in terms of the ecosystem services framework, as the dominant theory suggested in literature surrounding the benefits and burdens that people obtain from protected areas (CBD, 1992; Government of South Africa, 2010; MA, 2005). This study found that a total of 14 beneficial uses of natural resources provided directly or indirectly by the Cederberg Wilderness Area were enjoyed by the case study communities at a local scale. The distribution of these beneficial resource uses between the two communities varied widely, with just six of the 14 uses enjoyed in both communities. In addition to income generated directly by the Cederberg Wilderness Area through conservation and indirectly through tourism, participants agreed that they received benefits in terms of aesthetics, recreation, education, and spirituality. Seven burdens were raised by participants, with all but one shared between communities. However, the less economically able of the two communities, Heuningvlei, did experience a greater number and distribution of burdens than Bosdorp, the village from which most employees of the CWA originate, and the community who receive considerably more average monthly household income. Although all participants in Bosdorp disagreed with the statement that life would be better without rules associated with the Cederberg Wilderness Area, a third of Heuningvlei participants agreed therewith. The most noteworthy observation in terms of incongruence with the literature was the extent to which both communities benefited from the protected area. The reason suggested for this observation was twofold. First, the long history of living with resource restrictions in Heuningvlei has allowed the community to adjust its norms, values and practices in order to maximise benefit from the Cederberg Wilderness Area. Second, the establishment of the Bosdorp community in close proximity to the operational offices for the Cederberg Wilderness Area has allowed residents to maximise employment and other opportunities from the protected area. In order to ascertain the causes of the observations mentioned above, the findings were framed in terms of the ecosystem services framework. This framework was subsequently found to be ineffective in identifying these causes. However, all observations left unexplained by the ecosystem services framework were explained by adopting Access Theory (Ribot & Peluso, 2003). This highlighted the important role the communities played in realising ecosystem services, and allowed for an evaluation of the appropriateness of the ecosystem services framework for incorporating social dimensions in conservation approaches. In conclusion, it was ascertained that many of the findings observed in this study were highly contextual and more often determined by the social systems in question as opposed to ecological systems. Therefore, conservation approaches that aim to achieve more resilient systems must take these social systems into consideration. It was also concluded that the current dearth of information about the social implications of protected areas limits the utility of debates surrounding the need to take these implications into consideration in conservation practices, and poses a potential fatal flaw to conservation practices based on false assumptions of social systems. This study ends by calling for further research on this matter in order to achieve management approaches that result in resilient biodiversity conservation.
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OGGIONI, Giorgia. « Average cost power contracts and CO2 burdens for energy intensive industry ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/53.
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Nel 2005 è stato istituito a seguito della Direttiva Europea 2003/87 il mercato di scambio dei permessi di emissione (EU-ETS). Chi opera nell'ETS può produrre gas serra in misura eguale al numero di permessi che detiene. Ogni permesso equivale al diritto di emettere una tonnellata di anidride carbonica ed è liberamente commerciabile. Come si evince dall'analisi di mercato tale creazione dell'EU-ETS
può danneggiare le industrie Europee caratterizzate da un elevato consumo d'elettricità sia in modo diretto che indiretto.
L'impatto diretto dell'ETS è dovuto ai costi di abbattimento delle emissioni delle vecchie tecnologie e dall'acquisto dei permessi di emissione sul mercato. L'effetto indiretto è invece rappresentato dal
trasferimento del costo dei permessi di emissione nel prezzo dell'elettricità. L'azione combinata di questi due effetti può ridurre la competitivita delle grandi industrie Europee sui mercati internazionali.
Alcuni di questo settori industriali minacciano di trasferire le loro attività produttive al di fuori dell'Europa. Questo potrebbe portare al cosiddetto fenomeno di "carbon leakage". Facendo riferimento ad una proposta avanzata dalle grandi industrie francesi, si analizzano politiche contrattuali mediante le quali le grandi imprese possono acquistare elettricità al costo medio. Il prezzo pagato dagli altri consumatori è calcolato in base al costo marginale di produzione dell'elettricità.
Grazie a questi contratti, le compagnie produttrici di energia riservano parte dei loro impianti alle grandi industrie che pagano un prezzo basato sul costo medio della capacità, del combustibile e delle emissioni, relativi alle tecnologie a loro dedicate. Tale prezzo include anche il costo medio di trasmissione. Le industrie possono decidere di essere rifornite ad un unico prezzo medio regionale oppure a dei prezzi medi zonali (assimilabili a prezzi nodali). Il fine ultimo consiste nell'analisi degli effetti provocati dall'applicazione dei prezzi basati sul costo medio (singolo e zonale) considerando i casi in cui le imprese produttrici di energia dispongono di una capacità fissata o sono predisposte per nuove tecnologie. Il sistema di trasmissione è del tipo "flow based market coupling" e il prezzo dei permessi d'emissione è endogeno. I risultati ottenuti dimostrano che i contratti basati sul costo medio possono parzialmente contenere i costi diretti e indiretti dell'EU-ETS e ridurre la tendenza delle grandi industrie Europee a trasferire le loro attività. Tuttavia, gli effetti differiscono su base regionale in corrispondenza delle diverse politiche nazionali applicate in campo energetico. Infine, l'EU-ETS influenza le strategie
d'investimento indirizzandole verso l'impiego di risorse rinnovabili e del nucleare.
I modelli sono formulati come problemi di complementarietà non-monotoni in cui i costi di trasmissione, il prezzo dell'elettricità e dei permessi di emissione sono endogeni. Tali modelli sono implementati
in GAMS e risolti mediante PATH. Le simulazioni sono condotte su un prototipo del mercato elettrico dell'Europea Nord-Occidentale comprendente Francia, Germania, Belgio ed Olanda.Market evidences of the last three years show that the application of the EU-ETS may endanger the European electricity intensive industries both directly and indirectly. The direct ETS burdens come from the costs of both abating emissions from old technologies and buying emission allowances on the market. The pass through of carbon cost in electricity price implies an indirect ETS charge. The combined action of these two carbon burdens may negatively a ect European industries' competitiveness at international level. Some of these industries are threatening to relocate their production activities outside of Europe. This would lead to the so-called "carbon leakage" phenomenon. Taking stock of a French industrial proposal, I consider some special contractual policies whereby electricity intensive industries can buy electricity at average cost. The rest of the market is instead priced at marginal cost. Thanks to these contracts, generators reserve part of their power plants for these industries and apply to them a price depending on the average capacity, fuel and emission costs of these dedicated units. In addition, these contracts account for the average transmission charges. Industries can choose to be supplied either at a single regional average cost price or at zonal (assimilated to nodal) average cost prices (in which case transmission costs are equal to zero). The nal objective consists in analyzing the e ects provoked by the application of the single and the nodal average cost prices in the cases where generators dispose of fi xed capacity or can invest in new technologies. The market for transmission services is of the "flow based market coupling" type and the allowance price is endogenous. The results show that power contracts indeed partially relieve the direct and the indirect carbon costs and mitigate the incentive of European electricity intensive industries to relocate their activities, but with quite diverse regional impacts in correspondence with di erent national policies. Finally, the EU-ETS drives generators' investment choices towards clean and nuclear based technologies. Models are formulated as non-monotone complementarity problems with endogenous electricity, transmission and allowance prices. These are implemented in GAMS and solved by PATH. They are applied to a prototype power system calibrated on four countries of the Central Western Europe represented by France, Germany, Belgium and The Netherlands.
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Arnold, Victoria. « The Reputations of Sir Francis Burdett ». Thesis, University of Kent, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527587.
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Cooper, D. L. « An eco-profile of building materials ». Thesis, Open University, 1996. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57615/.
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This research examines the environmental parameters associated with the production and delivery of building materials in the U.K. in 1991. Using primary data supplied from commercial sources, an eco-profile is produced for each material by calculating the gross inputs of energy and raw materials and gross outputs of solid waste, air and water emissions. The production sequences are traced from raw materials in the ground through to the final product and extend to include transport operations and the production and delivery of fuels and ancillary materials. The results are used to complete eco-profiles for the construction of a three bedroom bungalow house and a four bedroom two storey detached house. It is shown that per square metre of floor space, the construction of the two storey detached house produces considerable reductions in the burdens on the enviromnent. Eco-profiles are used to compare the environmental burdens associated with alternative building materials. The effect of alternative building materials on the eco-profiles of house construction is discussed. It is shown that significant reductions in the gross inputs and outputs maybe made by substituting dense concrete blocks for clay bricks.
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Zhang, Yuqi. « The burden of diabetes-related foot disease : Estimating the existing burden and the impact of implementing guideline-based care on the future burden ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232310/1/Yuqi_Zhang_Thesis.pdf.
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This doctoral program of research systematically estimated the global disease burden of diabetes-related foot disease (DFD), investigated factors contributing to the burden, and explored cost-effective ways to reduce the burden. Through four studies, this thesis identified DFD as a comparatively large and growing cause of global and national disease burden, identified several modifiable factors that reduce ulcer healing time in a real-world cohort, and provided novel economic evidence on the cost-effectiveness of implementing guideline-based care in clinical practice to potentially reduce future burdens globally. This research provides important new evidence, and a solid foundation for future research to reduce the burden.
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O'Donovan, Simon Terence. « Dementia caregiving : burden and breakdown ». Thesis, University of South Wales, 2004. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/dementia-caregiving(34088905-f406-4d82-bc09-aeed052f5e3c).html.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study was an investigation of the phenomenon of dementia caregiving burden and breakdown in community caregiving situations. 109 carer subjects participated in the study, with 91 current carers - 17 via face-to-face interview and 74 via the internet, and 18 past carers - two via face-to-face interview and 16 via the internet, contributing their experiences of dementia caregiving. Two new carers' assessment tools were devised to meet more fully the requirements of the 'Carers (Recognition and Services) Act 1995' (DoH, 1995), namely the 'Dementia Caregiving Problems Questionnaire (DCPQ)' and 'Dementia Caregiving Burden Questionnaire (DCBQ)'. These new assessments were tested and demonstrated to be reliable, with Cronbach Alpha scores of 0.7029 and 0.8430 respectively, and are recommended for implementation in clinical practice. The key predictive risk factors for high caregiving burden in this study were perceived stress; omission of caregiving satisfactions; carer depression; perceived impact on quality of life; perceived helpfulness of community care services; behaviour problems - especially shouting, swearing and screaming, irritability and night disturbance; poor quality carer/dependant relationship; mood problems; perceived helpfulness of informal support; perceived impact of caregiving on dependant emotional well-being and, to a lesser extent, hours spent in caregiving. The key predictive risk factors for expected relinquishment of home caregiving were DCBQ score; perceived impact on quality of life; perceived stress; carer depression and, to a lesser extent, geographical distance in caregiving; perceived helpfulness of community care services and omission of positive feelings in the carer. Based on the above risk factors, a new 'Dementia Caregiving Breakdown Risk Assessment Tool (DCBRAT)' is proposed for use by community care managers to identify 'at risk' caregiving situations so that service interventions can be targetted more towards carers who are highly burdened in their role, who are at risk of developing psychological health problems or who may be nearing breakdown in their caregiving situation. Thus the effectiveness of service interventions may be maximised and optimal health gain for carers achieved, resulting in improved outcomes for people with dementia. The DCBRAT and the similarly proposed 'Conceptual Model of Dementia Caregiving, Burden and Breakdown' will need to be further tested in post-doctoral research.
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Kolomiiec, U. V. « The excess burden of taxation ». Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26075.
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Hokin, Catherine. « Balancing burdens : redistributing responsibilities : the future of I.L.O. Convention 156 in Australia / ». Title page, contents, and introduction only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arh718.pdf.
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Gose, Brian K. « Foreign Corrupt Bribery Act : Long-term Benefits Should Outweigh Short-term Burdens ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/297.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of this thesis is to examine the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Specifically, do long-term benefits from the FCPA outweigh short-term burdens? The paper begins with a short Introduction that provides a roadmap for the overall thesis. Chapter I discusses the business and economic environment of America during the 1970s. Specifically, the focus is on the Watergate scandal and how it played a crucial role in the enactment of the FCPA. Chapter II explains and analyzes specific provisions of the FCPA. It also demonstrates the FCPA‟s relationship to the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Chapter III provides a cost/benefit analysis of the FCPA, particularly by looking at the short-term burdens and the long-term benefits of the act. Chapter IV provides two case studies. My conclusion is that with proper adjustments, long-term benefits from the FCPA can outweigh short-term burdens.
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Wolf-Hegerbekermeier, Thomas R. « Municipal management of administrative burdens : standard cost model as method of change ». Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2015. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/2453/.
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This thesis investigates the legal conditions, the methodological framework and the sufficient conditions for the application and implementation of the standard cost model (SCM) in German municipalities. Based on the background of the severe financial crisis of German municipalities this thesis examines the potential of using the SCM to assist in requesting the necessary financial funding for transferred public obligations by the federal legislation in Germany. The first step of the research methodology was based on a number of expert interviews conducted with stakeholders of German institutions. Those that are relevant for the SCM implementation into German legislation. Additionally, this thesis analyzes existing projects that utilize the SCM application in public administration, particularly municipalities. Together with a reflective presentation of the author in front of an audience of experts about bureaucracy decrease, the author developed a hermeneutic prejudice as starting point for a hermeneutic text analysis. First, the thesis analyzes the relevant constitutional jurisdiction and literature about the municipal finance equalization and the principle of connectivity in the federal states and proposes the transfer of essential parameters to the level of federal legislation. Concerning the methodological framework as the second issue, the thesis examines existing methods to measure municipal efforts and proposes a coherent system of public finance equalization within the constitutional conditions. The third issue is a proposal for the possible integration of the municipal cost estimation into the federal legislation regarding existing rules of legislative procedures. The thesis reveals a lack of municipal cost estimation that is necessary for the impact assessment of federal legislation in Germany. Regarding the constitutional jurisdiction in particular, the text analysis shows that such a municipal cost estimation is not only legally permissible, but is necessary for federal legislation. The analysis of the dualistic system of municipal finances requires an appropriate financial equalization for transferred administrative obligations including administrative and purposes costs. This estimation is based on a representative investigation in “average economic municipalities.” The consideration of such financial municipal demands must be implemented by the responsible federal ministry as early as possible within the legislative procedures, ideally during the investigation of municipal interests (§ 41 GGO). This thesis describes legal, methodological, and organizational proposals for a SCM application in municipalities; however, additional research is needed about the concrete process of information exchange between the different administrative levels in Germany and the resultant political consequences on federal legislative discussions.
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Giovanoulis, Georgios. « What contributes to human body burdens of phthalate esters ? : An experimental approach ». Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för miljövetenskap och analytisk kemi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-143147.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Phthalate esters (PEs) and alternative plasticizers used as additives in numerous consumer products are continuously released into the environment leading to subsequent human exposure. The ubiquitous presence and potential adverse health effects (e.g. endocrine disruption and reproductive toxicity) of some PEs are responsible for their bans or restrictions. This has led to increasing use of alternative plasticizers, especially cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH). Human exposure data on alternative plasticizers are lacking and clear evidence for human exposure has previously only been found for di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) and DINCH, with increasing trends in body burdens. In this thesis, a study population of 61 adults (age: 20–66; gender: 16 males and 45 females) living in the Oslo area (Norway) was studied for their exposure to plasticizers. Information on sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics that potentially affect the concentrations of PE and DINCH metabolites in adults was collected by questionnaires. Using the human biomonitoring approach, we evaluated the internal exposure to PEs and DINCH by measuring concentrations of their metabolites in urine (where metabolism and excretion are well understood) and using these data to back-calculate daily intakes. Metabolite levels in finger nails were also determined. Since reference standards of human metabolites for other important alternative plasticizers apart from DINCH (e.g. DEHTP, di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC)) are not commercially available, we further investigated the urine and finger nail samples by Q Exactive Orbitrap LC-MS to identify specific metabolites, which can be used as appropriate biomarkers of human exposure. Many metabolites of alternative plasticizers that were present in in vitro extracts were further identified in vivo in urine and finger nail samples. Hence, we concluded that in vitro assays can reliably mimic the in vivo processes. Also, finger nails may be a useful non-invasive matrix for human biomonitoring of specific organic contaminants, but further validation is needed. Concentrations of PEs and DINCH were also measured in duplicate diet, air, dust and hand wipes. External exposure, estimated based on dietary intake, air inhalation, dust ingestion and dermal uptake, was higher or equal to the back-calculated internal intake. By comparing these, we were able to explain the relative importance of different exposure pathways for the Norwegian study population. Dietary intake was the predominant exposure route for all analyzed substances. Inhalation was important only for lower molecular weight PEs, while dust ingestion was important for higher molecular weight PEs and DINCH. Dermal uptake based on hand wipes was much lower than the total dermal uptake calculated via air, dust and personal care products, but still several research gaps remain for this exposure pathway. Based on calculated intakes, the exposure risk for the Norwegian participants to the PEs and DINCH did not exceed the established tolerable daily intake and reference doses, and the cumulative risk assessment for combined exposure to plasticizers with similar toxic endpoints indicated no health concerns for the selected population. Nevertheless, exposure to alternative plasticizers, such as DPHP and DINCH, is expected to increase in the future and continuous monitoring is required. Findings through uni- and multivariate analysis suggested that age, smoking, use of personal care products and many other everyday habits, such as washing hands or eating food from plastic packages are possible contributors to plasticizer exposure.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.
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Hodlin, Caroline Sarah. « The political career of Sir Francis Burdett ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5207492c-0afe-49d6-b24f-d741ac92c6e8.
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This thesis focusses upon the political career of one of the most popular radicals of the early nineteenth century, and yet a politician whose significance has been vastly underestimated. The thesis argues that Sir Francis Burdett's position inside the established political world, he was M.P. for Westminster from 1807 to 1837, made him absolutely vital to grassroots political radicalism. His willingness to champion the cause of parliamentary reform enabled a national rejuvenation of the radical cause to take place after the success of Pitt's repressive legislation in the 1790s. Following a chronological pattern, this thesis therefore traces Burdett's early campaigns for Middlesex in 1802 and 1804; his election for Westminster in 1807; his protest against the government in 1810; his leadership of the reform cause up to 1815; his break with other radical leaders in 1817; his subsequent role as an independent politician, and his part in the passing of the Reform Bill. The thesis argues that Burdett was not a wildly inconsistent politician, a view shared by contemporaries and historians, but was the very model of an early eighteenth century country gentleman. He was obsessed with independence, both as a political creed and code, and espoused an essentially moderate, and intrinsically English reform programme. Burdett's career is therefore a striking illustration of the immense longevity and popularity of early eighteenth century values right up to 1832. This thesis hopes to reveal the vital importance of the aristocratic politician to popular politics in the period, and to emphasise the eccentric, insular and retrospective character of English radicalism in these years.
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Péran, Thomas. « La théorie de l'État de Georges Burdeau ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCB048.
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L'objet de cet ouvrage est, à titre principal, de se prononcer sur la qualité d'auteur d'une théorie de l'État de Georges Burdeau. Rédiger une théorie de l'État, c'est aller bien au-delà de la simple énonciation de termes explicatifs, aussi pertinents soient-ils. Ce qui compte, c'est leur agencement cohérent, et celui-ci ne s'obtient que par l'identification d'un concept de ramification. C'est l'idée de droit qui joue ce rôle dans le Traité de science politique de Georges Burdeau. Faisant partie de ceux que l'on pourrait désigner par l'expression de « juristes constitutionnalistes ouverts », Georges Burdeau enrichit sa définition de l'État et la fait commencer bien en amont de la pratique classique de la doctrine. Sociologiques, polémologiques et spiritualistes, les vues de Burdeau sur le droit et sur l'État s'apparentent à un nouveau réalisme institutionnel qui contribue assurément à apporter une profondeur supplémentaire à la science du droit. Empruntant beaucoup aux économistes néo-classiques étudiant les structures concurrentielles de marché, l'auteur en transpose magistralement les mécanismes dans ses analyses de la lutte politique. Il dresse ainsi une géopolitique des forces et n'hésite pas à établir que l'État est de la dialectique organiséeThe main purpose of this work is to establish whether Georges Burdeau has the quality of a State Theory's author. Writing a State Theory is to go beyond the mere enunciation of explanatory terms, however relevant they may be. What counts is their coherent arrangement, and this can only be achieved through the identification of a branching out concept. The "Idea of Law" plays this role in Georges Burdeau's Political Science Treaty. Georges Burdeau is a part of the so-called "open constitutional lawyers", he enriches his definition of the State, and makes it begin very upstream of the classical doctrine practice. Sociological, polemological and spiritualist, Burdeau's views on the Law and on the State are similar to a new institutional realism which certainly contributes to bring a greater depth to the Science of Law. Borrowing much from neo-classical economists studying competitive market structures, the author masterfully transposes the mechanisms in his analyses of the political struggle. He thus sets up a new geopolitics of forces and does not hesitate to establish that the State can be defined as an organized dialectic
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Sloan, Tyler E. « The Abortion Burden : Examining Abortion Access, Undue Burden and Supreme Court Rulings in the United States ». Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1494418153379172.
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Jones, Craig I. « Life cycle energy consumption and environmental burdens associated with energy technologies and buildings ». Thesis, University of Bath, 2011. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532723.
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This portfolio of published research contains nine papers and assesses the life cycle environmental burdens of energy technologies and buildings. Several analytical tools were used but these all fall under the umbrella of environmental life cycle assessment (LCA), and include energy analysis, carbon appraisal and the consideration of other environmental issues. The life cycle of all products starts with an assessment of embodied impacts. The current author has completed significant research on the embodied carbon of materials. This includes the creation of a leading embodied carbon database (the ICE database) for materials which has been downloaded by over 10,000 professionals and has made a significant contribution to knowledge. This portfolio of work includes analysis on methods for recycling in embodied impact assessment and LCA. This is an influential topic and therefore appears in two of the publications. The ICE database was applied by the current author to over 40 domestic building case studies and an embodied carbon model for buildings was created from these. The latter was used to provide benchmark values for six types of new houses in the UK.The portfolio of work then progresses to full LCA of energy systems. LCA is used to assess the embodied impacts versus operational impacts of 11 kV electrical cables. In this case embodied impacts were not significant and preference should be given to reducing electrical losses in the cables. The tool of LCA was then applied to a national electricity network. It revealed that Lebanon had a particularly poor centralised electricity network that was both unreliable and unsustainable with high impacts in all environmental categories. The final paper in this portfolio is on Building Integrated PV (BIPV) and brings together all aspects of the current author’s work and knowledge. It considers embodied burdens, electricity generation and BIPV can replace roofing materials.
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Boynton, Eric Grayson. « The Burdens of History : Problems Invoked by Occidental Travel Writing on the Balkans ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42634.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Works on the Balkans currently face a crisis of representation--from Ivo Andric's fictionalized memory to Joe Sacco's humanitarian witnessing, the occidental reader must examine the Balkans within a historical context of colonialism to avoid misrepresentation. The goal of this study is threefold: to provide a firm historical grounding while observing the instruments of colonialism, to give an overview of Occidental travel writing on the Balkans with a particular focus on the formation and dissolution of Yugoslavia, and to suggest examples of travel texts that strive to read colonized worlds without losing sight of their own Occidental positioning or pretending that it does not exist.
When approaching a contested space that involves a multitude of competing discourses, a hefty responsibility is thrust on both the reader and writer of Balkan representations to retain an awareness of counter and hidden discourses while resisting the urge to define, or even pursue, the definitive "true story" of the Balkans. Thus, an occidental reader of East Europe must be able to contextualize various and often contradicting texts without naturalizing recorded experiences. He or she must also maintain a poignant awareness of how Western imperialism has constructed and reconstructed the region by journalism, memoir, artificial borders, ethnography, classification, historical absolutism, and financial exploitation. If this work simplifies or answers "What is Balkan?" then it has failed utterly. We can only hope to further complicate and challenge the dominant discourse of Balkanism to keep the reader's mind alive and questioning rather than dead and assured.Master of Arts
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Pennock, Jennifer M. « The economic burden of bottle-feeding ». Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6254.
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Bottle-feeding has been associated with excess childhood disease. The costs of managing this burden have not yet been quantified in Canada. This thesis estimated the direct costs of three childhood diseases (diarrhea, otitis media and lower respiratory infection) attributable to bottle-feeding among Ontario infants under the age of one year in 1994. A systematic review identified relative risks among bottle-fed children. The prevalence of bottle-feeding was determined from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, 1994/1995. Impact fractions were calculated for each of the three diseases and applied to the costs of physician visits and hospitalizations which were provided by the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences. The net direct costs of bottle-feeding were estimated as the sum of attributable costs minus cost savings. The cost of health care attributable to bottle-feeding was estimated to be $2.2 million. A sensitivity analysis revealed that bottle-feeding could have yielded cost savings of $88,900 or cost just under $4.0 million. This estimate was conservative as the costs of drugs were not included.
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Wong, Yuen-ting, et 黃婉婷. « Burden and severity of influenza viruses ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207194.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background: The seriousness of human influenza virus infection, in combination with the transmissibility of the virus, determines the impact that the virus will have in a population. However, the uncertainty surrounding the seriousness and changes in seriousness hindered the calibration of the early public health response.
Methods: I applied statistical models to population-based mortality data and hospitalizations among patients with laboratory-confirmed H1N1pdm09. I estimated the disease burden, retrospectively and prospectively determined seriousness of influenza virus infections including the risk of death on a per-infection basis (IFR) and on a per-hospitalization (HFR) of H1N1pdm09, and investigated changes in seriousness. I used serologic surveillance data to estimate the cumulative incidence of infection in a population, and used it as the denominator of the IFR. I also conducted systematic reviews and meta-analysis to summarize published estimates of the risk of death among cases (CFR) and HFR of the pandemic influenza H1N1pdm09 virus.
Results: I estimated that the first wave of H1N1pdm09 was associated with approximately 232 (95% confidence interval: 136, 328) excess deaths in all ages in Hong Kong, which was around 4 times the observed number of laboratory-confirmed deaths of H1N1pdm09. The point estimates for the IFR and HFR increased substantially with age. I included 77 estimates for the CFR from 50 published studies; whereas I included 187 estimates for the HFR from 184 published studies. The CFR was widely used to assess seriousness but the variation of a ‘case’ varied considerably in the literature. Variability in published estimates of the HFR was much less than variability in the CFR.
Conclusions: Early in the next pandemic, estimation of the HFR, IFR or symptomatic CFR may provide a timely picture of the seriousness of infection, particularly if presented in comparison between two influenza virus infections in the same setting. Ongoing monitoring of mortality and influenza activity could permit identification of changes in seriousness of influenza virus infections.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Kennedy, Owen. « Valuing caregiver burden in palliative care ». Thesis, City University London, 2014. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/valuing-caregiver-burden-in-palliative-care(582190ea-6bbd-4ebf-8e0a-98eee7832753).html.
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There is a clear need to account for caregiver burden in economic evaluations of healthcare interventions, since omitting it has the potential to produce skewed cost-effectiveness estimates. This is particularly important in palliative care, as interventions in this field are often explicitly intended to help patients’ families and informal caregivers as well as the patients themselves. However, caregiver burden is a complex concept with a number of different dimensions, so valuation can be a challenging task. This paper describes the different dimensions of caregiver burden and provides suggestions as to how those dimensions might be valued for inclusion in economic evaluations. Outcomes are found to be far more complex to value than costs, with considerable controversy over the appropriateness of quality adjusted life years (QALYs) as a unit of outcome both for palliative care and for informal care more generally. The results of a cost-effectiveness analysis of a palliative care intervention are also presented. This analysis was conducted both to demonstrate how to apply the valuation techniques discussed in the first section in practice, and to illustrate how accounting for caregiver burden can significantly affect the estimated cost-effectiveness of palliative care interventions. A simple two-state Markov model was used, with results reported both with and without caregiver burden taken into account. The intervention in question was a multidisciplinary service in southeast London for patients prone to breathlessness. Including both caregiver costs and outcomes in cost-effectiveness calculations was found to reduce the estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for the intervention from £103,744 to £26,194 per QALY. Sensitivity analyses revealed substantial uncertainty around these results due to the small sample size in the primary dataset. It is concluded that while accounting for caregiver burden when assessing the cost-effectiveness of palliative care interventions is vital and has the potential to significantly alter ICER estimates, further research on how best to value caregiver outcomes is required, since consensus in this area is necessary to ensure the consistency and comparability of cost-effectiveness estimates.
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Top, Justin Brent. « Isaiah's Burden Prophecies As Spirtual Formulas ». Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2208.pdf.
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Webb, Don. « Adjunct faculty a boon or burden ? / ». Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-06262007-164338.
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Battle, Katherine Elizabeth. « The burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ae06b0cb-14bc-44f7-acbe-e98e6c42867e.
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Plasmodium vivax is the most geographically widespread of the human malarias and is capable of causing severe debilitating disease. The parasiteâs unique biology poses challenges to control of the disease and the understanding of its epidemiology. It is less researched and well understood than the more deadly P. falciparum. In this thesis, spatial relapse patterns and models of endemicity and clinical disease were applied to generate robust estimates of the P. vivax burden to address a key knowledge gap in malaria epidemiology. First, a review of the distribution of the parasite, its vectors and populations at risk found nearly one third of the global population living at risk, and more potential vectors than P. falciparum. In spite of low observed endemicity, the public health impact of P. vivax is likely to have been seriously underestimated in the past. To accurately define the burden of P. vivax it was necessary to improve understanding of one of the parasiteâs most unique and challenging aspects, its ability to relapse. A meta-analysis of individual records of relapse showed that relapse periodicity varied systematically by geographic region and could be categorized by nine global regions. The nine regions were applied to a model to quantify the relationship between prevalence of infection and incidence of clinical disease. As relapse would have an influence on both measures, separate relationships were drawn for each relapse zone. The prevalence-incidence model was used to translate maps of predicted endemicity into measures of clinical burden. The evidence-base of P. vivax prevalence was poor in some regions and therefore a burden estimate based on surveillance reports was also derived. Reported cases must be adjusted for parameters such as under-reporting and treatment-seeking behaviours. A model used to fill gaps in treatment-seeking data available from national household surveys was developed to allow burden to be estimated using both cartographic modelling and surveillance reporting methods. To improve fidelity, the results of the two approaches were combined to enumerate P. vivax burden globally. The results and conclusions of these studies are discussed with recommendations for how these findings influence our understanding of P. vivax epidemiology and implications for future control and elimination efforts.
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Arellanes-Amador, Yvonne. « Caregiver burden in the Latino family ». CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3094.
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The study focused on the attitudes and beliefs regarding perceived and actual burden experienced by Latino caregivers and their use of formal support services. It also looked at the needs of Latino caregivers and explored their beliefs about why they had taken on the caregiver role, the responsibilities the role entailed, and coping skills used by these caregivers. Participants were obtained from two Alzheimer's caregiver support groups in the East Los Angeles area, and an adult day health care center in the high desert area of San Bernardino county. The author used both qualitative interviews and quantitative questionnaires. The findings suggest that high beliefs about responsibility to the family and low levels of service use may contribute to the stress and strain that these caregivers feel. Latino caregivers have been providing a significant amount of care without the help of sufficient formal services. Recommendations for social work practice, policy and further research are provided. Statistics for the study were generated by using SPSS Graduate Pack 13 for Windows.
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Botha, Theunis Christoffel. « Effect of selected physical and production traits on the tick burdens of beef cattle ». Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/91.
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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of selected traits such as age, sex, body weight, body length and height, body condition score (BCS), coatscore (CS), skin thickness and average skin surface temperature on tick burdens in beef cattle. Bonsmara cattle (n= 143) were used to measure visible tick counts, body condition score, coat score, skin thickness, body height and length, body weight, body surface temperature, gender and inter calving period. Measurements were taken from April to December. All animals were managed extensively on natural and cultivated pastures near George in the Southern Cape. Female animals had significantly (p<0.05) greater tick infestation (37.98±2.7) compared to male animals (16.52±1.2). Age was a significant factor (p<0.001) with the younger animals below two years having (46.40±5.26) more ticks than those of two years and older (20.15±2.44). A significant negative correlation (p<0.001; -0.29) was reported between the infestation of ticks on the animals and the age of the animal. Animals with an average body weight below 250kg had 42% (p<0.05) more ticks compared to animals with a body weight above 250kg. Age of the animal and weight were highly correlated (r= 0.70); p<0.001), while the correlation between the number of ticks per cow and the mean weight was negatively correlated (r= -0.37; p<0.001). Skin surface temperature significantly influenced tick infestation on the animals (p<0.001). The degree of infestation increased as body surface temperature exceeded 30º C. Coat score, skin thickness, body condition score and inter calving period did not significantly influence tick infestation on the animals. The infestation of ticks on the animals were significantly influenced by body height (p<0.019) and body length (p<0.001). Animals smaller than a 130cm in height had a significantly (p<0.05) greater tick infestation (36.5±5) compared to animals taller than 130cm (21.2±1.5). This trend was also observed for body length. Animals with a body length shorter than 145cm had a greater (p<0.05) average tick infestation of 41.3±4.5 compared to 23.2±1.3 to animals longer than 145cm, indicating a 44% greater tick infestation in favour of the shorter animals. For increased production and tick resistance animals should have smoother coats and be able to dissipate heat effectively.
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Palubiak, Holly Christine. « Burdens, risks and responsibilities : the US Senate and the adaptation of NATO, 1996-2000 ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620319.
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Lanefelt, Lily Stroubouli. « Multiculturalism, Liberalism and the Burden of Assimilation ». Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-81978.
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Should a liberal state meet claims for accommodation of cultural difference with a liberal multicultural approach that grants cultural rights to minorities? The present thesis tries to answer this question by investigating if a liberal state may adopt a multicultural approach and still remain liberal. The purpose of the thesis, more specifically, is to study whether the accommodation of multiculturalism through cultural rights can be based on liberal values or not. The inquiry focuses on three influential liberal multicultural approaches which claim that cultural rights are congruent with equality, toleration and autonomy respectively. The coherence of these models is, however, questioned in the thesis. These models may neither be claimed to promote liberal values in a coherent and unambiguous way, nor be described as the adequate response to the type of burden of assimilation that members of minority cultures experience in liberal states. The main conclusion of the study is that liberal multiculturalism does not follow consistently from liberal premises and that the possibility of a normative conjunction between multiculturalism and liberalism therefore should be characterized as an open question in political theory. From liberal premises, a liberal neutralist model of integration based on anti-discrimination and equality of opportunity, in fact, still seems to be the most promising basis for a multicultural policy. It is argued in the thesis that this model can be developed if combined with a liberal scheme for deliberation on multicultural issues based on the principle of equality of opportunity.
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Morrison, Laura C. D. « Understanding subjective family burden in elder care ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62803.pdf.
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Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich, Stephan Mühlig et Lukas Pezawas. « Natural course and burden of bipolar disorders ». Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-117282.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Despite an abundance of older and more recent retrospective and considerably fewer prospective-longitudinal studies in bipolar disorders I and II, there are still remarkable deficits with regard to our knowledge about the natural course and burden. The considerable general and diagnosis-specific challenges posed by the nature of bipolar disorders are specified, highlighting in particular problems in diagnostic and symptom assessment, shifts in diagnostic conventions and the broadening of the diagnostic concept by including bipolar spectrum disorders. As a consequence it still remains difficult to agree on several core features of bipolar disorders, such as when they begin, how many remit spontaneously and how many take a chronic course. On the basis of clinical and epidemiological findings this paper summarizes (i) a significant need to extend the study of the natural course of bipolar disorder in clinical samples beyond the snapshot of acute episodes to the study of the mid-term and long-term symptom course, associated comorbidities and the associated burden of the disease. (ii) In terms of epidemiological studies, that are also of key importance for resolving the critical issues of threshold definitions in the context of the bipolar spectrum concept, there is a clear need for identifying the most relevant risk factors for the first onset and those for the further illness progression in early stages. Since there are some indications that these critical processes might start as early as adolescence, such studies might concentrate on young cohorts and clearly before these prospective patients come to clinical attention. (iii) The value of both types of studies might be enhanced, if beyond the use of standardized diagnostic interview, special attempts are made to use prospective life- and episode-charting methods for bipolar illnesses.
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Parham, Rhian. « Caregiver burden in paediatric chronic kidney disease ». Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2011. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/10347/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Section A provides an overview of the role of family caregivers of individuals with chronic illness, and describes key conceptualisations and theories posited in the caregiver literature. This is followed by an overview of research conducted with caregivers of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD), a summary of the limitations of this research, and suggestions for future research. Section B Despite a recognised need to monitor caregiver burden in caregivers of children with CKD, there is no measurement tool currently available to meet this aim. The present research documents the development of a measure of caregiver burden specific to family caregivers of children with CKD. Methods: Interviews were conducted with 16 caregivers of children with CKD and 10 healthcare professionals in order to generate measure items. A provisional version of the measure was developed and piloted with 18 caregivers of children with CKD and five healthcare professionals. Results: An initial pool of 97 items was generated from the content of interviews, which was reduced to 60 items following review for item redundancy. A piloting exercise provided preliminary evidence for the usability, readability, and relevance of measure items; adaptations further to piloting resulted in the 51-item ‘Paediatric Renal Caregiver Burden Scale’ (PR-CBS). Conclusions: It is hoped that the PR-CBS will serve to identify areas of need amongst caregivers of children with CKD, and in turn improve outcomes for this caregiver population and children with CKD. Section C is a critical appraisal of the conducted research study, and includes an overview of research abilities acquired during its completion, reflections on how the research may have been conducted differently, implications for future clinical practice, and ideas for future research.
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Atkinson, Thomas A. « Marine Corps expeditionary rifle platoon energy burden ». Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/44514.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedIn 2009, the Commandant of the Marine Corps declared energy a top priority and created the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) Expeditionary Energy Office to develop an energy strategy to reduce and optimize energy usage throughout the Marine Corps. This thesis examines the operational tasks and capabilities that drive the current USMC rifle platoon’s energy burdens using an Expeditionary Warrior 2012 war-game scenario. The primary conclusion of the research is that increasing the platoon’s ability to carry supplies and developing standardized, rechargeable batteries offers the USMC opportunities to reduce energy at the platoon level. This thesis recommends that the USMC should investigate the use of robotic transport systems and use of unmanned aerial vehicles to reduce the number of sustainment flights required of large aircraft. It also recommends further research should be conducted to calculate the energy usage at the company level, analyzing robotic solutions and standardized batteries to reduce energy at the platoon level and conducting analysis for water reduction.
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Eckerblad, Jeanette. « Symptom burden among people with chronic disease ». Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Hälsa, Aktivitet, Vård (HAV), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-122742.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Introduction: Chronic diseases tend to increase with old age. Older people with chronic disease are commonly suffering from conditions which produce a multiplicity of symptoms and a decreased health-related quality of life. Nurses have a responsibility to prevent, ease or delay a negative outcome through symptom management, or assist in achieving an acceptable level of symptom relief. Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to describe different aspects of symptom burden from the perspective of community-dwelling people with chronic disease. Methods: This thesis is based upon four papers that used both quantitative and qualitative data to describe different aspects of symptom burden, experienced by people with chronic diseases. Paper (I) is a cross-sectional study with 91 participants diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Papers (II and IV) are based upon secondary outcome data from a randomized controlled trial with 382 community-dwelling older people with multimorbidity. Paper (II) is a cross-sectional study and Paper (IV) has a descriptive and an explorative design reporting on the trajectory of symptom prevalence and symptom burden. Paper (III) is a qualitative study with participants from the AGe-FIT. Results: Among people diagnosed with COPD the most prevalent symptoms with the highest symptom burden scores were shortness of breath, dry mouth, cough, sleep problems, and lack of energy, with just a few differences between participants with moderate and severe airflow limitation (I). For older people with multimorbidity, pain was the symptom with the highest prevalence and burden. Other highly prevalent symptoms were lack of energy and a dry mouth. Poor vision, likelihood of depression, and diagnoses of the digestive system were independently related to the total symptom burden score (II). The symptoms experienced by the older people were persistent and the symptom burden remained high over time (IV). The experience of living with a high symptom burden was described as an endless struggle. The analysis revealed an overall theme, “To adjust and endure” and three sub-themes, “to feel inadequate and limited”, “to feel dependent”, and “to feel dejected” (III). Conclusions: The results of this thesis indicate the importance of early symptom identification. People with chronic diseases have an unmet need for optimized treatment that focuses on the total symptom burden, and not only disease specific symptoms. A large proportion of older people with multimorbidity suffer a high and persistent symptom burden, and the prevalence and trajectory of pain are high. Older people sometimes think their high age is the reason they experience a diversity of symptoms, and they do not always communicate these to their health-care provider.
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Semple, Leanne. « Living with dementia : the burden of guilt ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/76014/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Previous research has identified guilt as a significant emotion for both people with dementia and their caregivers. As guilt has been associated with psychopathology and depression, it is important to explore the nature, prevalence and clinical implications of this self-conscious emotion within the context of the dementia caregiving dyad. Chapter 1 presents a critical review of the quantitative and qualitative literature exploring feelings of guilt and caregiver burden in informal caregivers of people with dementia. The paper particularly focuses on evidence regarding the relationship of guilt to the construct of caregiver burden, the conceptualisation and measurement of guilt and burden in dementia caregivers and the factors associated with caregiver guilt and burden. Methodological limitations are discussed in relation to the clarity of the results. Clinical implications and future research suggestions are identified. Chapter 2 presents a mixed methods research paper on the development and validation of a measure of guilt for people with dementia. The results reveal strong item-total correlation in the new scale. Good reliability and convergent validity of the measure are also demonstrated. Study limitations, clinical implications and future directions are discussed. Chapter 3 offers a reflective account of my experience of the research process as well as my reflective learning, personal and professional development during this process and clinical training.
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Cox, Anna Clare. « eHealth and the burden of cancer survivorship ». Thesis, University of Surrey, 2016. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/812706/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cancer survivorship is increasing year on year due to an aging population and improvements in cancer screening and treatments. The experience of survivorship can be challenging; individuals living with and beyond cancer can face a burden of survivorship. Cancer survivors not only experience symptom burden (the severity and impact of biopsychosocial consequences of disease and its treatment), there is also evidence that individuals living with chronic conditions experience treatment burden (the ‘work’ required of them in managing their condition and its symptoms). Traditional clinic-based approaches to relieving the burden of cancer survivors may not be sustainable or the most beneficial. eHealth interventions are developing exponentially and there is an expectation that they can improve the experience of cancer survivorship. This thesis considers the impact of eHealth supportive care interventions on the burden of those living with and beyond cancer, reporting the experience of adult cancer survivors and the perceptions of health care professionals (HCPs). Five publications form the body of this thesis. The first publication indicates that while most cancer survivors want to be fully informed many do not receive sufficient information in all areas (e.g. psychosocial issues), thus supporting the consideration of alternative approaches to providing cancer survivors with supportive care. Two publications report positive impact of a telephone follow-up intervention on the burden of survivorship. Two publications consider HCP perceptions of remote symptom monitoring and internet care plans. These papers report that HCPs perceive eHealth interventions to increase burden for specific groups of cancer survivors depending on individual patient factors, the context of their care, and the content of the intervention. This body of work supports the potential of eHealth to alleviate the burden of cancer survivors but acknowledges that the complexity of for whom and how these benefits occur warrants exploration through further research. Involving cancer survivors and HCPs in the development of eHealth supportive care interventions is key to creating and implementing sustainable effective solutions to relieving the burden of future cancer survivors.
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Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich, Stephan Mühlig et Lukas Pezawas. « Natural course and burden of bipolar disorders ». Technische Universität Dresden, 2003. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A27010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Despite an abundance of older and more recent retrospective and considerably fewer prospective-longitudinal studies in bipolar disorders I and II, there are still remarkable deficits with regard to our knowledge about the natural course and burden. The considerable general and diagnosis-specific challenges posed by the nature of bipolar disorders are specified, highlighting in particular problems in diagnostic and symptom assessment, shifts in diagnostic conventions and the broadening of the diagnostic concept by including bipolar spectrum disorders. As a consequence it still remains difficult to agree on several core features of bipolar disorders, such as when they begin, how many remit spontaneously and how many take a chronic course. On the basis of clinical and epidemiological findings this paper summarizes (i) a significant need to extend the study of the natural course of bipolar disorder in clinical samples beyond the snapshot of acute episodes to the study of the mid-term and long-term symptom course, associated comorbidities and the associated burden of the disease. (ii) In terms of epidemiological studies, that are also of key importance for resolving the critical issues of threshold definitions in the context of the bipolar spectrum concept, there is a clear need for identifying the most relevant risk factors for the first onset and those for the further illness progression in early stages. Since there are some indications that these critical processes might start as early as adolescence, such studies might concentrate on young cohorts and clearly before these prospective patients come to clinical attention. (iii) The value of both types of studies might be enhanced, if beyond the use of standardized diagnostic interview, special attempts are made to use prospective life- and episode-charting methods for bipolar illnesses.
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Dodd, Julia. « The Medical and Psychological Burden of Infertility ». Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7331.
Texte intégral
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Ryberg, Erik. « Lgr 11's Postcolonial Burden of History ». Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22702.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractIn 2011, the Swedish government created a new curriculum for the compulsory school. This curriculum included stricter guidelines about what was to be taught in a variety of subjects taught in public and many private schools. This policy, entitled Lgr 11, has potential to influence a generation or more of Swedes regarding their understanding of the postcolonial world and future dealings with that part of the world and its peoples. In this paper, elements of postmodern and postcolonial historiography is employed when analyzing Lgr 11’s history syllabus. How the postcolonial world and its histories are represented in Lgr 11‘s narrative(s) is investigated. The importance of this document to Swedes is that, with a significant proportion of the Swedish population recent immigrants from the postcolonial world, the perspectives of that region are important in the development of identity for recent immigrants, Swedes themselves and in understandings of a large portion of the world for less recent immigrant Swedes. Swedish identity now includes postcolonial histories.
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Zhao, Rui. « Integrated Analysis of Longitudinal Tumor Burden Data ». Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:14226076.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The first part of this thesis introduces a new statistical method to estimate parameter values in a mixed population consisting of both single- and bi- phasic longitudinal trajectories. This pro- posed model is capable of categorizing patients according to their longitudinal relationships and estimating the associated parameters of interest, while accounting for between-patient variability. We applied this method to a large phase III randomized trial and found significant differences in patients between different treatment cohorts and within the same treatment cohort, in terms of their longitudinal relationships, with the majority of patients displaying complex bi-phasic trends. In the second part of this thesis, we designed a dynamical system model to explain the observed bi-phasic longitudinal trends and their implications for the underlying cancer biology. We found that a hybrid model encompassing both hierarchical cellular model and clonal expansion model is needed to explain the observed bi-phasic patterns. The third part of this thesis explores the effects of proliferative patterns in colon crypt on crypt stability and rates of somatic evolution.
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Gupta, Sameer. « Gender Disparity and Mutation Burden in Melanoma ». Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27007743.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A female advantage in melanoma incidence and outcome has been consistently observed but remains unexplained. We hypothesized that tumors are genetically distinct between men and women and analyzed the mutation spectra in 266 metastatic melanomas (102 women and 164 men) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We found a statistically significantly greater burden of missense mutations among men (male median 298 vs female median = 211.5; male-to-female ratio [M:F] = 1.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.44 to 2.39). We validated these initial findings using available data from a separate melanoma exome cohort (n = 95) and found a similar increase in missense mutations among men (male median 393 vs female median 259; M:F = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.12 to 2.27). In addition, survival improves with increasing log-transformed missense mutation count (univariate hazard ratio = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.69 to 0.98) for TCGA samples. Our analyses are the first to demonstrate a gender difference in mutation burden in cutaneous melanoma.
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Rachmi, Cut Novianti. « The double burden of malnutrition in Indonesia ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18254.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Introduction The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is characterised by overlapping conditions of under- and over-nutrition within one population, household, or even individual. Indonesia faces this situation. The overall aim of this thesis was to provide a better understanding of DBM in Indonesian children. Methods This thesis used a mixed methods approach, combining a secondary data analysis from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) and a qualitative study. Prevalence data for DBM, from Indonesian children aged 2.0-4.9 years at four different time points -1993, 1997, 2000, and 2007 - were calculated. In addition I undertook a longitudinal analysis of children aged 2.0 to 4.9 years at baseline (1993 and 2000) and their weight and blood pressure status 7 (2000 and 2007) and 14 years (2007) later. In the qualitative study I explored the perceptions of Indonesian mothers and grandmothers of under-five and elementary school-aged children towards child obesity and food choices. I conducted twelve focus group discussions in West Java with 94 carers from three different socioeconomic status groups. Results DBM occurs in Indonesian children, with decreasing secular trends in stunting and underweight; and increasing trends in overweight/obesity. I found an inconsistent trend in the prevalence of concurrent stunting and overweight across 1993 to 2007. Although the cross sectional data showed that stunted children are more likely to be overweight/ obese, my longitudinal evidence showed the opposite. I found no association between stunting in early childhood and thinness, overweight/ obesity, or high blood pressure in the later years. In the qualitative study, primary carers still define overweight subjectively. The “chubbier is healthier” concept may be a contributing factor, and even though some mothers realize that their children are overweight/ obese, denial of the effect of overweight/ obesity on their children’s physical ability is still apparent. There are complex reasons behind primary carers’ decision-making processes around their children’s food choices that may additionally contribute to the increased prevalence of overweight/ obesity. Conclusion These results provide a better understanding of DBM in Indonesia. Such information is likely to reveal potential strategies to tackle this issue both in Indonesia, and potentially in other low- and middle-income countries.