Articles de revues : « Brick-facing »

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Taxman, Faye S. « Brick Walls Facing Reentering Offenders ». International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 29, n^o 1 (mars 2005) : 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2005.9678729.

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Datsenko, B. M., N. P. Grebenyuk, O. V. Khromenko et S. I. Krupa. « Improvement of facing brick production ». Glass and Ceramics 57, n^o 5-6 (mai 2000) : 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02681270.

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Wu, Xiao Yan, et Yi Ying Luo. « The Surface Characteristics of Exterior Wall External Insulation System with Foamed Glass in Weathering Resistance Test ». Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (février 2012) : 1596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.1596.

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A weathering resistance test was made to exterior wall external insulation systems with foamed glass decorated with coating and facing brick in this paper. The results show that the change of ambient temperature has large effect on the external insulation systems. Because of the phenomenon of stress concentration, there are many cracks in the windows position. On the other hand, the system decorated with facing brick has much less cracks than the system with coating, and its surface layer has no hollowing. So from the perspective of weathering resistance, the exterior wall external insulation systems with foamed glass decorated with facing brick is better than the system decorated with coating.

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Inchik, V. V. « «Brick style» and facing brick manufacturing in Saint-Petersburg province in the XIX century ». Вестник гражданских инженеров 15, n^o 5 (2018) : 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2018-15-5-117-122.

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Shchikaltsova, D. I., Yu T. Platov, V. A. Rassulov, R. A. Platova et E. Yu Romanova. « Color Assessment of Facing Brick by UV-VIS-NIR Spectroscopy ». Stroitel'nye Materialy 787, n^o 12 (2020) : 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2020-787-12-16-20.

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Diffuse reflection UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy was used to study changes in the color of facing bricks from the content of the additive of manganese tetraoxide (Mn3O4) into the ceramic mass. This investigation was shown that with an increase of the additive content, both the intensity of the absorption bands of colored bricks corresponding to hematite decreases, and the absorption intensity increases with a shift in the maximum of the wide absorption band from the visible to the near-infrared range of the spectrum. By changing the values of the color coordinates in the CIE L*a*b* and Mansell systems: lightness and color, and the values of the indicator-relative color ability, it is fixed that the color of a brick depends on the ratio of two pigments: yellowish-red of hematite and black, probably jacobsite in its composition.

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Kandoria, Vikrant Singh, Ishan Tank, Dr Amit Goyal, Khushwant . et Loveleen Kaur. « Development of Geopolymer Brick Using Fly Ash ». International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, n^o 4 (30 avril 2022) : 2725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41878.

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Abstract: This research looked on the use of geopolymer brick in the construction industry. The need for bricks is rising rapidly. For example, all brick kilns rely on good quality clay from agricultural fields. Another issue facing the brick industry is the creation of high-temperature bricks, which necessitates fossil fuels. This method produces a lot of CO2 and uses a lot of fossil fuels. Due to the high energy consumption and lack of natural resources, geopolymer brick is a more sustainable and greener material. Geopolymer brick is made from waste materials such as fly ash, rice husk, and other similar materials that are high in alumina and silica content. A variety of activators, including sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate, are used to activate these materials. 10 N/mm2 is the compressive strength of the brick that we were able to attain through this research. Keywords: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC); Fly Ash (FA); compressive strength test

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Oelbrandt, B., et K. Allacker. « Residential Brick Buildings in Flanders : materials and techniques in the 19^th century ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1196, n^o 1 (1 juin 2023) : 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1196/1/012066.

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Abstract This paper aims at gaining insight in the various elements and compositions of walls with facing bricks built in the 19th century in Belgium to understand the renovation potential and challenges, with the goal of safeguarding brick architecture. The first step outlines the evolution of building facing brick walls by tracing the technical, territorial, and cultural changes. Timeframes are identified and presented alongside pictures of facades and facade details of reference buildings, using the housing stock in the city centre of Antwerp as an example. In a second step, technical changes and material properties of bricks and mortars will be investigated using literature sources. These insights will offer practical knowledge to recognize and preserve historic characteristics and a starting pointing to predict potential risks of internal insulation.

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Ginchitskaia, Iuliia, Grigory Yakovlev, Olga Kizinievich, Irina Polyanskikh, Grigory Pervushin, Polina Taybakhtina et Iuliia Balobanova. « Damage to Polymer Coating on Facing Brick Surface in Operated Buildings ». Procedia Engineering 195 (2017) : 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.543.

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Dovzhenko, I. G. « Light-tone ceramic facing brick manufacture using ferrous-metallurgy by-products ». Glass and Ceramics 68, n^o 7-8 (novembre 2011) : 247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10717-011-9364-2.

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Wu, Jianfeng, Guanghui Leng, Xiaohong Xu, Yaxiang Zhang, Xinbin Lao et Kun Li. « Preparation and properties of ceramic facing brick from East-lake sediment ». Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 27, n^o 1 (février 2012) : 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-012-0427-1.

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Skripnikova, N. K., O. A. Kunts et A. B. Ulmasov,. « Glass and metallurgical wastes in facing ceramics production ». Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 23, n^o 6 (26 décembre 2021) : 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2021-23-6-165-171.

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Purpose: The aim of this work is facing ceramic brick production using glass and metallurgical wastes. Methodology: Compressive strength, density, water absorption testing. Findings: The facing ceramic specimens are obtained at a 1050 °C baking temperature by using a mixture consisting of 40 % clay and 60 % broken glass. The operating modes for the laboratory specimen fabrication are selected such that they possess 2064 kg/m3 density and 42.24 MPa compressive strength. The specimens are characterized by the formation of close pores.

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Избицкая, Юлия, Yuliya Izbitskaya, Светлана Калошина et Svetlana Kaloshina. « INVESTIGATION OF METHODS FOR REPAIRING THE BRICK FACING LAYER OF MULTILAYER WALLS ». Construction and Architecture 7, n^o 2 (13 février 2019) : 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/article_5d4c0a3c044949.21004615.

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This article discusses the methods of repairing the brick facing layer of multilayer walls: repair and restoration of vertical and horizontal expansion joints; use when strengthening repair connections and anchor connections; injection and re-inforcement of cracks; Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Matrix and direct repair of brickwork. The conclusion is made about the importance of choosing the right method of repair and the factors affecting it.

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NAUMOV, A. A. « Facing and Clinker Brick from Siliceous Raw Material of the Shevchenko Deposit ». Stroitel'nye Materialy 747, n^o 4 (2017) : 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2017-747-4-14-17.

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Carretero-Ayuso, Manuel J., et María Paz Sáez-Pérez. « Construction flaws in facing brick facades and the risk of associated litigation ». Journal of Building Engineering 33 (janvier 2021) : 101633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101633.

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Zakiryo, Buzrukov, et Adkhamjon Abdurahmonov. « Some structural aspects of heat resistant plates from brick fight ». E3S Web of Conferences 401 (2023) : 04065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340104065.

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The article describes some aspects of analyzing structures of heat-resistant reinforced concrete slabs designed to cover the surface of brick ovens. Fragments of crushed stone from bricks were obtained as the main filler in manufacturing heat-resistant facing slabs. The plate is reinforced for strength, and its protective zone is offset to the neutral axis to protect the armature from temperature. Contains analytical data on scientific research over the years, problems, conclusions about the need for research, the results of experimental tests, and the results of studies of porosity and structural aspects of the developed design of heat-resistant plates. This heat-resistant reinforced concrete slab has passed natural tests in brick kilns of brick factories in the Namangan and Andijan regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Conclusions are made about the application of the obtained research results in production.

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Harsandaldeep Kaur. « Digital Transformation in Retail : Strategies for Brick-and-Mortar Stores ». Universal Research Reports 11, n^o 4 (12 juillet 2024) : 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36676/urr.v11.i4.1295.

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Digital transformation has become imperative for brick-and-mortar retail stores facing the challenge of adapting to evolving consumer behaviors and competitive pressures in the digital age. This paper explores strategies and best practices for leveraging digital technologies to enhance customer experience, optimize operations, and drive growth in traditional retail environments. The rapid adoption of online shopping, mobile commerce, and digital platforms has reshaped consumer expectations and shopping habits. Brick-and-mortar retailers must embrace digital transformation initiatives to remain relevant and competitive in a dynamic retail landscape. This study examines successful case studies and empirical research to identify effective strategies for integrating digital technologies into retail operations.

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Rajbhar, Abhishek. « CoolGuru E-Commerce Website using Sentiment Analysis Prediction ». INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, n^o 05 (22 mai 2024) : 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem34320.

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The Cool Guru is a brick-and-mortar establishment that has been repurposed into a fulfillment center. These distribution hubs are not accessible to the general public, allowing for ample inventory space and efficient order fulfillment. Cool Gurus offer an extensive and ever-expanding array of resources, enabling customers to purchase products online with options for same-day delivery or even within hours, as well as in-store pickup. While the concept is not novel, various companies, including Whole Foods, Walmart, Target, Bed Bath & Beyond, and numerous major clothing retailers, have employed similar strategies. However, with brick-and-mortar stores facing challenges during closures, the prevalence of Cool Gurus has surged. Our team is currently developing a Cool Guru utilizing NLP technology to analyze real-time customer feedback and sentiment, enabling us to automate product ranking and enhance customer satisfaction. Keywords: Cool Guru, brick-and-mortar, lockdown, shoppers, Bed Bath & Beyond, Natural Language Processing, Sentiment Analysis.

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Rajbhar, Abhishek. « Cool Guru E-Commerce Website using Sentiment Analysis Prediction ». INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, n^o 05 (24 mai 2024) : 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem34587.

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The Cool Guru is a brick-and-mortar establishment that has been repurposed into a fulfillment center. These distribution hubs are not accessible to the general public, allowing for ample inventory space and efficient order fulfillment. Cool Gurus offer an extensive and ever-expanding array of resources, enabling customers to purchase products online with options for same-day delivery or even within hours, as well as in-store pickup. While the concept is not novel, various companies, including Whole Foods, Walmart, Target, Bed Bath & Beyond, and numerous major clothing retailers, have employed similar strategies. However, with brick-and-mortar stores facing challenges during closures, the prevalence of Cool Gurus has surged. Our team is currently developing a Cool Guru utilizing NLP technology to analyze real-time customer feedback and sentiment, enabling us to automate product ranking and enhance customer satisfaction. Keywords: Cool Guru, brick-and-mortar, lockdown, shoppers, Bed Bath & Beyond, Natural Language Processing, Sentiment Analysis.

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Narer, John W., et Earle S. Freedman. « Aesthetic Enhancement of Highway Bridges in Maryland Utilizing Precast Brick Veneer Facing Panels ». PCI Journal 37, n^o 2 (1 mars 1992) : 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/pcij.03011992.24.29.

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Bessmertnyi, V. S., N. I. Min’ko, P. S. Dyumina, O. N. Sokolova, O. N. Bakhmutskaya et A. V. Simachev. « Production of facing brick by plasma treatment using raw material from technogenic deposits ». Glass and Ceramics 65, n^o 1-2 (janvier 2008) : 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10717-008-9013-6.

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Umnyakova, N. P. « DURABILITY OF THREE-LAYERED WALLS WITH BRICK FACING THAT PROVIDES HIGH THERMAL PROTECTION ». Vestnik MGSU, n^o 1 (janvier 2013) : 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2013.1.94-100.

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Lamrani Alaoui, Ali, Abdel-Illah Amrani, Seyed Soheil Mousavi Ajarostaghi, Mohsen Saffari Pour, Jamal-Eddine Salhi, Abdelkarim Daoudia et Mohammed Halimi. « An Investigation towards Optimizing the Construction Materials and Configurations of Buildings for Improving Energy Efficiency and Consumption in Morocco ». Buildings 13, n^o 7 (4 juillet 2023) : 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071705.

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In this paper, a thermal performance assessment of traditional building constructions and configurations in various Moroccan climates is carried out. This research focuses on enhancing conventional energy efficiency of buildings by investigating the thermal behavior of single clay walls, double clay walls, simple brick walls, and double brick walls based on long-term meteorological data using TRNSYS software. The roof pitch, thermal comfort and discomfort index, and building energy consumption are considered while selecting buildings for each temperature zone. It is noticed that the double brick construction is more efficient in all climatic zones of Morocco. Thus, this material reduces the yearly energy requirement of building by 22% to 25% compared to the usual brick building. On the coldest winter days, a 30° south-facing roof raises the internal temperature by 2.5 °C compared to a horizontal roof. Temperature increases could reduce the air conditioning energy usage by 7% to 32% and overcooling hours by 12% to 21% in cities above 30° N. In addition, the findings are interesting enough to inspire individuals to implement the recommended construction design and study energy efficiency and thermal comfort in Moroccan buildings. Consequently, reducing energy consumption, mitigating climate change, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

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Maimagani, Sanusi Sani, Roshida Abdul Majid et Leng Pau Chung. « Evaluation of Thermal Admittance of Compressed Earth Bricks C.E.B Configurations for School Buildings in Hot-dry climate region of North-western Nigeria ». International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability 10, n^o 1 (29 décembre 2022) : 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v10.n1.1069.

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Permeation of heat into the school building enclosure through external walls components of the building resulting into the numerous consequences which causes unhealthy indoor living conditions for teaching and learning activities, which has a negative impacts on the students general academic performance and their productivity, the study carried out a fieldwork experimentation where four experimental models (chambers) were built using four dissimilar compressed earth (C.E.B) configurations; compressed earth horizontal hollow brick (C.E.H.H.B), compressed earth vertical hollow brick (C.E.V.H.B), compressed earth cellular brick (C.E.C.B), and compressed earth solid brick (C.E.S.B) respectively, data were collected from fieldwork experimental chambers using two distinct wall surface temperature measuring devices; an onset UX120-M600 4-channel analogue data logger and Testo 835 Infrared thermometer which were utilized to measure the interior wall surface temperature facing the west direction of each experimental chamber to determine the rate of thermal admittance of the entire chambers built with distinct C.E.B configurations, the extracted data using surface temperature measuring instrument were analyzed using the spss software package for identification of the C.E.B configurations with the least thermal permeation from outdoor environment to indoor space of the school building via external walls of the building. After the statistical analysis, the study's outcome revealed that compressed earth horizontal hollow brick (C.E.H.H.B) has a minimum heat transfer rate of (34.933OC) and (35.7493OC), among other C.E.B configurations. This undoubtedly indicated the appropriate C.E.B configurations for school buildings in hot-dry climate regions of northwestern Nigeria.

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Torlova, A. S., I. A. Vitkalova, E. S. Pikalov et O. G. Selivanov. « Recycling of Ceramic and Polymeric Wastes in the Production of Surfacing Composite Materials ». Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, n^o 7 (19 juillet 2019) : 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-7-36-41.

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Presents the results of research on the development of a method for joint utilization of polystyrene foam and brick waste with obtaining a polymer composite material for the production of wall cladding products. This method consists in grinding the waste polystyrene foam with their subsequent dissolution in carbon tetrachloride and cold mixing the resulting solution with a crushed brick. This method reduces the energy intensity of production, eliminates thermal decomposition of the polymer binder during processing and makes it possible to jointly dispose of two types of large-tonnage waste. Products that can be obtained from the developed material, according to the values of frost resistance and water absorption, meet the requirements for products for external facing of walls and sole plates of facades.

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Serrano, Angel, Ana M. Borreguero, Isabel Iglesias, Anselmo Acosta, Juan F. Rodríguez et Manuel Carmona. « Diffusion of Shape Stabilized PEG-SiO2 as a Driver for Producing Thermoregulating Facing Bricks ». Materials 14, n^o 6 (13 mars 2021) : 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061395.

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A novel form-stable phase-change material (PCM) based on facing bricks was developed by incorporating thermoregulating PEG-SiO2, synthetized by sol-gel method and based on polyethylene glycol as phase-change material and silica as stabilizer compound. The PEG-SiO2 in its liquid form (sol) is firstly adsorbed inside the porous brick and lastly stabilized (gel) by controlling its gelation time, obtaining form-stable PCMs with PEG-SiO2 contents within 15–110 wt.%. Kinetic adsorption curves of the sol into bricks having different porosities as well as maximum adsorption capacities were obtained. The effective diffusion coefficients (Deff) were estimated by means of Fick’s second law, it being possible to predict the adsorption of sol PEG-SiO2 by the brick as function of its porosity and the free diffusion coefficient. Finally, form-stable PCMs demonstrated an improvement in their thermal energy storage capacity (up to 338%), these materials being capable of buffering the indoor temperature during an entire operational day

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Noval, Abdul Razak, Muhammad Adam et Syafruddin Chan. « Marketing Strategy of Red Brick Manufacturers in Facing Great Competition from Alternative Products : Resource-Based View (RBV) Approach ». International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science VIII, n^o XII (2024) : 214–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2023.81220.

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This research investigates the challenges faced by the red brick industry, with a focus on competition from alternatives such as Hebel. Using the Resource-Based View (RBV) approach, this analysis analyzes marketing strategy, the impact of internal resources, and responses to market demand. This research aims to examine the competitive advantage of each brick factory that is the respondent in this research, identify competitive advantages and the influence of internal resources, and provide marketing strategy recommendations. The research approach used is qualitative, with a purposive sampling technique. Data collection methods used Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews. Data analysis using SWOT and RBV-VRIO. The results of the SWOT analysis related to the M. Yunus brick company require internal improvements. Meanwhile, Tajir Assawani must overcome external challenges and utilize internal strengths. Zulfadhli has an advantageous position so it requires an aggressive strategy with product innovation. The results of the RBV and VRIO analysis of the brick companies M. Yunus and Tajir Assawani, these two companies have a temporary competitive advantage with a focus on creating the inimitability component. Meanwhile, Zulfadhli has an unused competitive advantage, with a focus on improving organizational aspects for factors VR and I in VRIO

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Verma, Aman, et Tarun Sharma. « Experimental Study of the Strength Aspects of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks using Marble Dust, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Paddy Straw Fiber ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 889, n^o 1 (1 novembre 2021) : 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012025.

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Abstract The world is facing pollution crises and these cries are due to improper disposal of waste material. This materials are Rice husk ash, bagasseash, waste marble powder, remanings of grains like rice starw and many more. Some of the waste materials can easily be disposable in the construction industry by using them in the concrete or in any other construction material. This paper deals with this waste material to be utilized in the compressed earth blocks. To study the mechanical properties of compressed soil blocks prepared by a combination of various ratios of Marble powder, paddy Straw Fiber and Sugarcane bagasse ash, the compression test, and water absorption test was performed. The marble powder is introduced in the manner to replace soil by 25%, 35%% and 45 %. Paddy Starws fibers are introducedby the replacement percentage of.6%,.8%and 1% whereas the bagasse ash is been introduced in the manner of 8%,10% and 12%This various test shows that the Marble powder Waste increase dry density which helps in increasing the compression Capacity of the brick. Whereas Paddy Straw fiber and bagasse ash decrease the dry density of brick which results in decreasingthe optimum water content of the mixof the brick. Bagasse ash and paddy straw fiber increase the water absorption capacity of the brick.

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ISHCHUK, M. K. « New in the Design of Exterior Walls with a Facing Layer of Brick Masonry ». Zhilishchnoe Stroitel'stvo, n^o 1-2 (2019) : 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-1-2-8-13.

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Beskopylny, Alexey N., Evgenii M. Shcherban’, Sergey A. Stel’makh, Levon R. Mailyan, Besarion Meskhi, Irina Razveeva, Alexey Kozhakin, Diana El’shaeva, Nikita Beskopylny et Gleb Onore. « Discovery and Classification of Defects on Facing Brick Specimens Using a Convolutional Neural Network ». Applied Sciences 13, n^o 9 (26 avril 2023) : 5413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13095413.

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In recent years, visual automatic non-destructive testing using machine vision algorithms has been widely used in industry. This approach for detecting, classifying, and segmenting defects in building materials and structures can be effectively implemented using convolutional neural networks. Using intelligent systems in the initial stages of manufacturing can eliminate defective building materials, prevent the spread of defective products, and detect the cause of specific damage. In this article, the solution to the problem of building elements flaw detection using the computer vision method was considered. Using the YOLOv5s convolutional neural network for the detection and classification of various defects of the structure, the appearance of finished products of facing bricks that take place at the production stage is shown during technological processing, packaging, transportation, or storage. The algorithm allows for the detection of foreign inclusions, broken corners, cracks, and color unevenness, including the presence of rust spots. To train the detector, our own empirical database of images of facing brick samples was obtained. The set of training data for the neural network algorithm for discovering defects and classifying images was expanded by using our own augmentation algorithm. The results show that the developed YOLOv5s model has a high accuracy in solving the problems of defect detection: mAP0.50 = 87% and mAP0.50:0.95 = 72%. It should be noted that the use of synthetic data obtained by augmentation makes it possible to achieve a good generalizing ability from the algorithm, it has the potential to expand visual variability and practical applicability in various shooting conditions.

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López-Mesa, Belinda, Marta Monzón-Chavarrías et Almudena Espinosa-Fernández. « Energy Retrofit of Social Housing with Cultural Value in Spain : Analysis of Strategies Conserving the Original Image vs. Coordinating Its Modification ». Sustainability 12, n^o 14 (10 juillet 2020) : 5579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145579.

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Two renovation strategies were considered and compared in this paper for the energy renovation of social housing in condo buildings built in 1945–1969, situated in residential estates that have been declared urban areas of interest. One of the strategies, named here the image conservation approach, consists of renovating the building with very efficient solutions, except for the brick-facing walls, which will only have insulation in the existing cavities. The other strategy, the image coordination approach, consists of renovating the whole building with efficient solutions, including external insulation for existing brick-facing walls, and drawing up coordination plans for each of the residential estates in order to guarantee a coordinated new image of the residential estates. By means of three case studies in the city of Zaragoza and four scenarios of improvement, the two strategies are compared regarding the regulation compliance, the energy use, the emissions reduction, the thermal comfort, and the cost-effectiveness of the measures. The results show that the image coordination approach is the best strategy in regard to the studied aspects, achieving a 69%–79% reduction of CO2 emissions and a 75%–97% reduction of heating use, as well as being the only one capable of transforming these buildings into nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs).

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Linß, Elske, Jurij Walz et Carsten Könke. « Image analysis for the sorting of brick and masonry waste using machine learning methods ». Acta IMEKO 12, n^o 2 (1 juin 2023) : 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/actaimeko.v12i2.1325.

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This paper describes different machine learning methods for recognizing and distinguishing brick types in masonry debris. Certain types of bricks, such as roof tiles, facing bricks and vertically perforated bricks can be reused and recycled in different ways if it is possible to separate them by optical sorting. The aim of the research was to test different classification methods from machine learning for this task based on high-resolution images. For this purpose, image captures of different bricks were made with an image acquisition system, the data was pre-processed, segmented, significant features selected and different AI methods were applied. A support vector machine (SVM), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classifier were used to classify the images. As a result, a recognition rate of 98 % and higher was achieved for the classification into the three investigated brick classes

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Lu, Xue Song, et Peng Zhang. « Research on Architecture Technology and its Aesthetic Features of Traditional Residential Buildings in Edong ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (août 2013) : 392–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.392.

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The traditional dwelling is an important milestone in the architectural history of China and it has been proved to be adopting of natural environment. In this work, Edong of Hubei Province was selected as research area to investigate the building technology and its aesthetic characteristics of the traditional dwellings. This study has been conducted using the methodologies such as data collection, field investigation and comparative analysis. Main findings of this work are include: the construction site of the traditional dwellings is in accordance with the traditional Chinese feng-shui, which most of the houses built in mountain with facing water as well as located in north with facing south; the structure of the dwellings mainly consists of carrying beam, puncture bucket,Carrying beam and puncture bucket structure hybrid, brick-wood structure; for building materials, stone, wood and brick are the common stuffs. In general, wood pillars with stone foundation which shaped as drum, square, melon, bottle, octagonal-pier and so on. The foundation of the column is formed often related to the pattern of column: square columns are commonly based on a foundation with square top and cylindrical column uses generally a foundation with drum top. This research indicates that the aesthetics of traditional dwellings in eastern Hubei Province are mainly reflected in the natural beauty and sense of form.

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MALAKHOVA, A. N. « BEARING CAPACITY AND DURABILITY OF EXTERNAL BRICK WALLS OF BUILDINGS ». Building and reconstruction 99, n^o 1 (2022) : 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2022-99-1-29-39.

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For buildings of historical development of cities, as well as architectural dominants of urban and rural settlements, the architectural attractiveness of buildings is often created by erecting external load-bearing brick walls, including multilayer ones, as well as curtain external walls with a finishing layer of facing bricks. When designing building envelopes, as well as in the process of researching and assessing the technical condition of building envelopes, it becomes necessary to calculate (assess) the bearing capacity of external walls, to assess their durability. The object of research is the bearing capacity and durability of the outer walls of buildings. A review of domestic and foreign scientific and technical literature has been carried out. He showed that the overwhelming majority of scientific publications concern the choice of constructive solutions for walls, the purpose and use of new building technologies and materials, their technical characteristics, as well as the assessment of the energy efficiency of the proposed constructive solutions for external walls. Examples of defects in the outer layer of multilayer bearing walls of brick buildings and recommendations for ensuring the durability of the front layer of a brick wall are given. The requirements of the current building codes for calculating the bearing capacity of multilayer brick walls are considered. An example of calculating an eccentrically compressed multilayer brick wall with equivalent calculated cross-section is given. In order to simplify the calculation of the bearing capacity, it is proposed to use computer programs to determine the geometric characteristics of the equivalent calculated cross-section. In particular, for a short-term application of loads to determine the stresses and analyze the stress state of the equivalent calculated cross-section of the wall, an example of using the program, the constructor of sections PK LIRA-SAPR, is given. It is shown that it is necessary to consider the distribution of stresses over the section under short-term and long-term loading in the design of multilayer brick walls.

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Manni, Mattia, Fabiana Frota de Albuquerque Landi, Tommaso Giannoni, Alessandro Petrozzi, Andrea Nicolini et Franco Cotana. « A Comparative Study on Opto-Thermal Properties of Natural Clay Bricks Incorporating Dredged Sediments ». Energies 14, n^o 15 (28 juillet 2021) : 4575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154575.

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The brick industry is currently facing a shortage of natural resources. Despite this, the demand for construction bricks is progressively increasing. Alternative materials, such as dredged sediments and solid organic waste, have been recently proposed as options to replace natural clay in brick manufacturing. Potential exploitation of dredged sediments in clay bricks is evaluated in this study. The chemical composition of the mixtures and the opto-thermal properties of brick samples, which differed for the dredged sediment content (from 10% to 50% of the clay weight), were investigated. Chemical analyses detected lower concentrations of heavy metals in bricks incorporating dredged sediments (DS). Negligible variations in thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat were observed by increasing the amount of DS in the mixture. In particular, the thermal conductivity values ranged between 0.45 ± 0.03 W m−1 K−1 (DS-50) and 0.50 ± 0.03 W m−1 K−1 (DS-30). Conversely, the color shift value and spectral reflectance in the infrared field were found directly proportional to the concentration of DS. Using dredged sediments as building material demonstrated to be a solution to the problem of their disposal and the scarcity of raw materials, reducing the global warming score by up to 2.8%.

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Sassine, Emilio, Zohir Younsi, Yassine Chérif et Emmanuel Antczak. « Understanding the Dynamic and Static Thermal Transfer in Brick Walls ». Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (mai 2012) : 2834–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2834.

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The aim of this paper is to study the thermal heat transfer through a 33 cm brick wall, typical of old houses in Lille, a northern French town. First, the wall was studied in a steady state case in order to determine its equivalent resistance using the electrical analogy. Then, the wall is replaced by an equivalent homogeneous wall in order to compare the 1D and the 3D thermal transfer. The results show a perfect consistency between the two models, representing a big advantage when other layers are added to the model like thermal insulation and facing.

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Ansari, Vira, Eddy Prianto et Agung Dwiyanto. « FIELD EXPERIMENTATION ON WALL SURFACE TEMPERATURE WITH FABA BRICK IN HOT CONDITIONS ». Logic : Jurnal Rancang Bangun dan Teknologi 22, n^o 2 (30 juillet 2022) : 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/logic.v22i2.198-208.

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The processing of coal waste into building materials from fly ash bottom ash has been stipulated in Regulation number 22 of 2021 as Non-Hazardous material, with a note that the management requirements must still meet the standards and technical requirements set out and listed in the environmental document approval. Previous studiesstated that one of the physical characteristics of the use of this waste (fly ash bottom ash) can be in improving the quality of construction materials and environmental quality. The research questions of this study are: Does the facing east orientation quantitatively receiving more heat of the morning sun than other orientations? Does FABA brick walls affect the indoor thermal performance? The wall surface temperature measurement is carried out by the field experimentation with extreme climatic conditions, both sunny and rainy weather in 2021. The results of this study found that the surface temperature profile of the brick wall oriented to the east in sunny rainy/cold weather is cooler 2 % compared to the temperature on the western side. The wall surface temperature profile in the morning is 25% warmer than the ambient air temperature in sunny weather and 9% cooler in rainy weather. wall material with FABA brick proves that the orientation, location and character of the microclimate are significant to the thermal value.

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Mileto, Camilla, Fernando Vegas, Francisco Javier Alejandre, Juan Jesús Martín et Lidia García Soriano. « Lime-Crusted Rammed Earth : Materials Study ». Advanced Materials Research 831 (décembre 2013) : 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.831.9.

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This study analyses the durability of rammed-earth wall construction techniques. The analysis focuses on three medieval masonry types from the Castle of Villavieja (Castellón, Spain) using two variations of lime-reinforced rammed earth in its walls: lime-crusted rammed earth and brick-reinforced rammed earth. Materials analysis reveals the good properties of the materials used in the outer wall facing despite its age. It also clearly shows how deterioration depends more on the construction technique (construction of the wall with a base, cornice, facings, core; on-site installation, bonds, etc.) than on the material itself. These two types of lime-reinforced rammed earth (lime-crusted rammed earth and brick-reinforced rammed earth) are the most common kinds of fortified architecture in the Iberian Peninsula as well as in northern Africa and the Middle East. The case presented herein is therefore highly relevant as it advances our knowledge of the behaviour of the materials comprising these walls and lays the foundations for suitable future conservation works of a vast array of architectural heritage.

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Johansson, Pär, et Paula Wahlgren. « Deterioration in brick buildings : hygrothermal performance and measures to save them ». E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020) : 23005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017223005.

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Many former industrial building sites in Sweden have been abandoned and left to deteriorate. Nowadays, there is a large interest to refurbish and retrofit these buildings for other purposes. Commercial and housing developers are attracted to these areas which are often in the outskirts of the city centers. There are several challenges facing architects and engineers to preserve these buildings, also connected to cultural heritage demands. The aim of this study is to propose measures to preserve cultural heritage buildings. A brick building in Gothenburg, on the Swedish west coast, is used as a case study. The building was used for paper production until 2005. After that, it deteriorated quickly after the heating was turned off. The rapid decay affected the hygrothermal performance as well as the load-bearing capacity of the structure. Small scale laboratory investigations of the building materials show a high degree of decay. Measurements of temperature and relative humidity is used to monitor the hygrothermal performance. Observations show that the brick masonry has heavy salt efflorescence and is in need of further protective measures.

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Han, Lim Chung, Abdul Karim Bin Mirasa, Ismail Saad, Nurmin Bt. Bolong, Nurul Shahadahtul Afizah Bt. Asman, Hidayati Bte Asrah et Eddy Syaizul Rizam Bin Abdullah. « Use of Compressed Earth Bricks/Blocks in Load-Bearing Masonry Structural Systems : A Review ». Materials Science Forum 997 (juin 2020) : 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.997.9.

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Clay fired bricks are commonly encountered in the construction sector as infill between structural frames. This system has been favoured by builders due to familiarity, ease of manufacture, and they also do not require skilled labourers to erect. Produced from moulded clay and hardened by firing in a kiln, brick production is both energy intensive and high in CO2 emission. Fired bricks are typically held together by cement mortar at the bed and perpend joints which provide very minimal resistance against shearing or flexure. This meant brick walls often require additional wind posts or stiffeners to provide stability. Compressed earth masonry offers an alternative to the conventional brick walling system in that, besides having the advantages of conventional bricks, they also confer higher compressive strengths due to the high-pressure compaction manufacturing process. The high strength allows the system to be adapted into load-bearing masonry system for use in low-rise buildings as an alternative to the more expensive reinforced concrete or steel framing system. The high-pressure compaction process along with high quality moulds also give fair-faced finished to the bricks, allowing them to be used as facing bricks and eliminating the need for surface finishing such as plastering. Additionally, compressed bricks featuring interlocking key holes along the bed joints allows for simplified and faster wall erection process. This review paper aims to document the research progress thus far in adopting the compressed interlocking bricks as a sustainable alternative to current building materials.

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Избицкая, Юлия, Yuliya Izbitskaya, Светлана Калошина et Svetlana Kaloshina. « Investigation of the causes of the appearance of defects in multilayer walls with a brick facing layer ». Construction and Architecture 6, n^o 4 (24 janvier 2019) : 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/article_5c35f058ab4d38.41857509.

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With the increase of the volume of construction in Russia, the construction of buildings with external walls of multilayer masonry becomes urgent. The article presents the constructive solutions of multilayer walls. The most common problems of exploiting multilayer walls are indicated: the appearance of cracks on the facades of buildings, the destruction of masonry, etc. The main causes of the formation of mass defects are analyzed.

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Rehman, Abdul, Hengyun Ma, Magdalena Radulescu, Crenguta Ileana Sinisi et Zahid Yousaf. « Energy Crisis in Pakistan and Economic Progress : Decoupling the Impact of Coal Energy Consumption in Power and Brick Kilns ». Mathematics 9, n^o 17 (28 août 2021) : 2083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9172083.

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This study aims to examine the impact of coal energy consumption on the economic progress in Pakistan by using annual time series data during 1972–2019. Three-unit root tests were employed to rectify the variables’ stationarity. The quantile regression approach with the extension of cointegration regression test was utilized to check the variables interaction with the economic progress. The outcomes of the quantile regression uncover that coal energy consumption in power sector and coal energy consumption in brick kilns have adverse influence to the economic progress, while total coal energy consumption has a productive association with the economic progress. Similarly, the findings of cointegration regression analysis uncover that via FMOLS (Fully Modified Least Squares) and DOLS (Dynamic Least Squares) that variables coal energy consumption in power sector and brick kilns have an adverse connection with the economic progress, while total coal energy consumption uncover a productive linkage to the economic progress in Pakistan. Pakistan is still facing a deep energy crisis because of the lack of energy production from cheap sources. New possible policies are required in this direction to improve the energy sector by paying more attention to the alternative energy sources to foster the economic progress.

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Kamskov, Victor. « Recommendations for repairing the facades of the factory building of the “Experienced sports equipment in Moscow” ». MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018) : 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819303008.

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The article presents the results of performed visual and instrumental surveys that allow to clarify and expand information on the structural design of the walls of the building, the nature of the damage and the cause of their origin. In order to obtain a more complete initial information on the surveyed object, visual and instrumental surveys were additionally carried out to clarify and expand information on the structural design of the building walls, the nature of the damage and the cause of their origin. Project-technical, executive and acceptance documentation for construction, as well as acts of survey of hidden works on the site are absent. By instrumental methods it is established that there is a gap between the surface of the main wall and the facing brick layer and the deviation of the facing layer from the vertical surface. As a result of inspection of the opened window slopes, it is established that the mesh protruding from the main masonry does not enter the lining seams but is bent into the gap. Therefore, the facing layer of masonry, which is devoid of connection with the main wall, operates independently as a self-supporting wall. Therefore, it is necessary to fix the facing layer to the laying of the main wall with steel ties. Examination of the facing of the facing layer revealed the presence of damage in the form of cracks having a vertical and horizontal orientation. Based on the results of the survey, recommendations were developed to ensure reliable and safe operation of the building wall structures in close connection with an in-depth analysis of the causes of these damages.

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Ranganathan, C., Analini Shetty et Gayathri Muthukumaran. « E-Business Transformation at the Crossroads : Sears’ Dilemma ». Journal of Information Technology 19, n^o 2 (juin 2004) : 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jit.2000009.

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This teaching case discusses the challenges facing Sears, Reobeck and Co., a leading retailer in United States, in its efforts to transform itself into an effective brick-and-click organization. In face of intense competition from other retailers and online e-tailers, Sears has continually expanded its online efforts in e-business transformation. This case traces the key e-business initiatives taken by Sears and highlights significant managerial challenges that were encountered during the formulation and execution of an effective e-business transformation strategy. The case presents the issues faced by a new CIO who had taken over the technology and e-business affairs at Sears at the end of 2002.

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BESSONOV, I. V., B. I. BULGAKOV, A. V. LANKIN, I. S. GOVRYAKOV et E. A. GORBUNOVA. « THE REASONS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF THE FACE BRICK ». Building and reconstruction 105, n^o 1 (2023) : 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2023-105-1-114-122.

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The main causes of the destruction of the front brick are considered. It is indicated that the properties of ceramic products during their operation in masonry largely depend on the quality of the preparation of the clay mass. Seasonal freezing of clay improves its molding and drying properties. The height of the cone during seasonal storage of clay for the climatic conditions of the Moscow region should be no more than 6 meters. It is confirmed by calculation. A critical analysis of the theory of chemical destruction of ceramic bricks during the interaction of alkalis with oxides of silicon and aluminum of the amorphous phase is presented. Calcium and magnesium ions have a much lesser effect on the corrosion processes of bricks because of the formation of easily soluble silicates and aluminates compared to sodium and potassium ions. It is proposed to separate the requirements for frost resistance of facing bricks is proposed depending on the climatic conditions of the construction.

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Dovzhenko, I. G. « Effect of Metallurgical Slags on the Drying Properties of Ceramic Bodies for the Production of Facing Brick Production ». Glass and Ceramics 70, n^o 11-12 (mars 2014) : 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10717-014-9599-9.

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Zheng, Chong Wei, Jing Pan et Chong Yin Li. « Prospect and Suggestions on the Development of Wave Energy Resource in the South China Sea ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (octobre 2014) : 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.459.

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Against the background of many countries and regions in the world facing energy crisis in the modern society, the development of renewable energy is an inevitable choice. As a non-polluting, renewable, large reserve, widely distributed energy, the development and utilization of renewable wave energy will become the focus. In order to cast a brick to attract jade, this article intends to a preliminary research on the advantage of wave energy, the evaluation on wave energy resource. At last, we also assess the characteristic of wave energy resource in the South China Sea. We hope this study can provide reference for the evaluation of developing wave energy, especially the sustainable development of remote islands.

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Tremmel, Patricia, Rachel Myers, David A. Brunow et Brittany L. Hott. « Educating Students With Disabilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic : Lessons Learned From Commerce Independent School District ». Rural Special Education Quarterly 39, n^o 4 (16 septembre 2020) : 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756870520958114.

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As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, many school districts have moved from brick-and-mortar instruction to remote instruction with little planning time and limited resources. Rural localities, already facing barriers and hardships, attempted to provide special education and related services in accordance with rapidly changing state and federal guidelines. Despite funding difficulties and challenges with serving students eligible for special education during a pandemic, there are districts that leveraged the strengths of rural communities to meet student and family needs. Commerce Independent School District is one exemplar. The purpose of this article is to highlight successes and lessons learned to offer guidance to districts as we continue to navigate challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Khomenko, О. S., B. M. Datsenko et G. V. Fomenko. « Determination of approaches to the development of ceramic compositions for the manufacture of facial bricks ». Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, n^o 6 (décembre 2022) : 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2022-145-6-98-107.

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This paper considers the principles of designing a composite mixture for the production of ceramic facing bricks based on clay materials. The complex of conducted researches allows establishing rational technological parameters of molding and firing of ceramic products to achieve high values of operational properties. Composite charges were obtained based on clays from Druzhkovsky and Zalyutinsky deposits, as well as on clay wastes of zircon-ilmenite sand enrichment from Vilnohirsk Mining and Metallurgical Plant. It was established that based on these materials by forming via the method of rigid extrusion and application of firing at temperatures of 1020–10400С, it is possible to fabricate a ceramic brick of grade not lower than M225.

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Anderson, Emma, et Avneet Hira. « Loss of brick-and-mortar schooling : how elementary educators respond ». Information and Learning Sciences 121, n^o 5/6 (25 juin 2020) : 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ils-04-2020-0085.

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Purpose This paper aims to understand how elementary school educators who teach subjects that traditionally require hands-on work in schools are rising to the challenge of losing brick-and-mortar facilities in the wake of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis. Design/methodology/approach The authors interviewed six elementary school educators and developed iterative grounded codes from the interviews to understand how the teachers are rising to the challenge of teaching online, what supports they need, and how they are viewing their roles and student learning in the present landscape. Findings In response to losing brick-and-mortar schools, teachers are rising to the challenge by creating creative assignments and communicating with students and parents via multiple platforms. They are learning to use technology to create meaningful, socially distant learning experiences and, in the process, blurring their own boundaries between work and life. They exercise compassion for their students while providing the best education they can in these circumstances. Practical implications This work provides administrators, educators, policymakers and technology developers insight into the challenges teachers are facing. Originality/value In addition to the timeliness of this study in light of the COVID 19 crisis, the focus on elementary school students, who often need support from parents or guardians to use Web technologies, and subjects traditionally requiring face-to-face interactions and hands-on work contribute to the originality of the study.

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PAVLOVA, M. O., et V. A. ZAKHAROV. « ASSESSMENT OF STRENGTH OF THIN-LAYER BRICKWORK AS PART OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES ». Bulletin of Science and Research Center of Construction 35, n^o 4 (23 janvier 2023) : 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37538/2224-9494-2022-4(35)-88-103.

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Introduction. The evaluation of structure performance on the basis of experimental studies of full-size facade samples exhibits significant advantages over computational models, allowing the deformation scheme in real conditions to be visualized, while taking into account the installation failures of the actual materials.Aim. In this work, the strength characteristics of structures for subsequent use in the calculation and theoretical substantiation of design technical solutions were determined.Materials and methods. The article presents the results of laboratory tests under construction conditions of high-strength brick facing installed on the facades of buildings using metal substructures. Studying life-size facing structures in laboratory conditions using direct destructive methods allowed the strength limits to be determined when constructing niches, along with confirming the necessity to account for chases in thin-layer brickwork.Results. By using characteristic dependencies plotted while processing the obtained data, the structure performance under load was determined, along with the nature of sample destruction and the maximum displacements, at which a loss of the adhesion strength between bricks and mortar in the brickwork joint occurs.Conclusion. Conducting full-scale experimental studies is essential due to the lack of regulatory and technical documents for the design of facing structures for facades considered in the article, as well as the necessity to obtain initial data for calculating the load-bearing capacity of combined facing structures. The test results will be used for assessing the load-bearing capacity of thin-layer brickwork under combined action with metal guides as a part of composite facade structures.

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