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1
Bondorf, Linda, Lennart Köhler, Tobias Grein, Fabius Epple, Franz Philipps, Manfred Aigner et Tobias Schripp. « Airborne Brake Wear Emissions from a Battery Electric Vehicle ». Atmosphere 14, no 3 (1 mars 2023) : 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030488.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Although traffic exhaust emissions in Europe have been drastically reduced, airborne particle emissions caused by brakes and tires are still increasing with the number of vehicles. The measurement of non-exhaust emissions is an emerging technological challenge. We present a custom measurement setup to investigate the brake- and tire-wear emissions of an in-use battery electric vehicle. A separate brake housing and HEPA ventilation enabled airborne brake wear emissions to be measured under realistic conditions without external influences. The emission tests on a chassis dynamometer included particle number concentrations and particle size distribution for diameters of 4 nm to 10 μm. Emission indices were determined for three driving cycles: WLTC Class 3b, WLTC Brake Part 10, and a real driving cycle. Further investigations focused on emission control through regenerative braking and brake coating. Driving with regenerative braking reduced emissions by up to 89.9%, which related to the concentration of particles in the ultrafine/fine size range. Hard-metal brake coating led to a further significant reduction in emissions of up to 78.9%. The results point the way to future RDE measurement of non-exhaust emissions and show the potential of regenerative braking and brake coating to reduce airborne brake wear emissions.
2
Mathissen, Marcel, Theodoros Grigoratos, Tero Lahde et Rainer Vogt. « Brake Wear Particle Emissions of a Passenger Car Measured on a Chassis Dynamometer ». Atmosphere 10, no 9 (17 septembre 2019) : 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090556.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Brake wear emissions with a special focus on particle number (PN) concentrations were investigated during a chassis dynamometer measurement campaign. A recently developed, well-characterized, measurement approach was applied to measure brake particles in a semi-closed vehicle setup. Implementation of multiple particle measurement devices allowed for simultaneous measurement of volatile and solid particles. Estimated PN emission factors for volatile and solid particles differed by up to three orders of magnitude with an estimated average solid particle emission factor of 3∙109 # km−1 brake−1 over a representative on-road brake cycle. Unrealistic high brake temperatures may occur and need to be ruled out by comparison with on-road temperature measurements. PN emissions are strongly temperature dependent and this may lead to its overestimation. A high variability for PN emissions was found when volatile particles were not removed. Volatiles were observed under high temperature conditions only which are not representative of normal driving conditions. The coefficient of variation for PN emissions was 1.3 without catalytic stripper and 0.11 with catalytic stripper. Investigation of non-braking sections confirmed that particles may be generated at the brake even if no brakes are applied. These “off-brake-event” emissions contribute up to about 30% to the total brake PM10 emission.
3
Perricone, Guido, Mattia Alemani, Jens Wahlström et Ulf Olofsson. « A proposed driving cycle for brake emissions investigation for test stand ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no 1 (8 avril 2019) : 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019841222.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Particulate matter emission factors from vehicle brakes are difficult to assess directly from the field. Moreover, there is a lack of a standardized cycle and test stand for evaluating brake emissions. For these reasons, a test cycle was developed from real driving data collected from a car. This new test cycle was implemented on an inertia disc brake dynamometer appositely designed for brake particle emission studies. Results reveal that, for the brake system used as an example, the obtained emission factors for the urban driving conditions studied are comparable to EURO 6 regulations in terms of particle number and comparable to EURO 4 levels in terms of mass with brake emission factors equal to 4.37–6.46 × 1011 particles/km and 44–48 mg/km, respectively.
4
Niemann, Hartmut, Hermann Winner, Christof Asbach, Heinz Kaminski, Georg Frentz et Roman Milczarek. « Influence of Disc Temperature on Ultrafine, Fine, and Coarse Particle Emissions of Passenger Car Disc Brakes with Organic and Inorganic Pad Binder Materials ». Atmosphere 11, no 10 (5 octobre 2020) : 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101060.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Passenger car disc brakes are a source of ultrafine, fine, and coarse particles. It is estimated that 21% of total traffic-related PM10 emissions in urban environments originate from airborne brake wear particles. Particle number emission factors are in the magnitude of 1010 km−1 wheel brake during real-world driving conditions. Due to the complexity of the tribological processes and the limited observability of the friction zone between brake disc and pad, the phenomena causing particle emission of disc brakes are only partially understood. To generate a basis for understanding the emission process and, based on this, to clarify which influencing variables have how much potential for reduction measures, one approach consists in the identification and quantification of influencing variables in the form of emission maps. The subject of this publication is the influence of disc brake temperature on ultrafine, fine, and coarse particle emissions, which was investigated with a systematic variation of temperature during single brake events on an enclosed brake dynamometer. The systematic variation of temperature was achieved by increasing or decreasing the disc temperature stepwise which leads to a triangular temperature variation. Two types of brake pads were used with the main distinction in its chemical composition being organic and inorganic binder materials. The critical disc brake temperature for the generation of ultrafine particles based on nucleation is at approximately 180 °C for pads with an organic binder and at approximately 240 °C for pads with inorganic binder materials. Number concentration during those nucleation events decreased for successive events, probably due to aging effects. PM10 emissions increased by factor 2 due to an increase in temperature from 80 °C to 160 °C. The influence of temperature could be only repeatable measured for disc brake temperatures below 180 °C. Above this temperature, the emission behavior was dependent on the temperature history, which indicates also a critical temperature for PM10 relevant emissions but not in an increasing rather than a decreasing manner.
5
Mamakos, Athanasios, Michael Arndt, David Hesse et Klaus Augsburg. « Physical Characterization of Brake-Wear Particles in a PM10 Dilution Tunnel ». Atmosphere 10, no 11 (23 octobre 2019) : 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110639.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A dilution tunnel was designed for the characterization of brake-wear particle emissions up to 10 μm on a brake dyno. The particulate matter emission levels from a single front brake were found to be 4.5 mg/km (1.5 mg/km being smaller than 2.5 μm) over a novel real-world brake cycle, for a commercial Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) pad. Particle Number (PN) emissions as defined in exhaust regulations were in the order of 1.5 to 6 × 109 particles per km per brake (#/km/brake). Concentration levels could exceed the linearity range of full-flow Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) over specific braking events, but remained at background levels for 60% of the cycle. Similar concentrations measured with condensation and optical counters suggesting that the majority of emitted particles were larger the 300 nm. Application of higher braking pressures resulted in elevated PN emissions and the systematic formation of nano-sized particles that were thermally stable at 350 °C. Volatile particles were observed only during successive harsh braking events leading to elevated temperatures. The onset depended on the type of brakes and their prehistory, but always at relatively high disc temperatures (280 to 490 °C).
6
Mathissen, Marcel, Theodoros Grigoratos, Sebastian Gramstat, Athanasios Mamakos, RaviTeja Vedula, Carlos Agudelo, Jaroslaw Grochowicz et Barouch Giechaskiel. « Interlaboratory Study on Brake Particle Emissions Part II : Particle Number Emissions ». Atmosphere 14, no 3 (21 février 2023) : 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030424.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) informal working group co-ordinated a global interlaboratory study (ILS) on brake wear particle emissions with the participation of 16 laboratories in 2021. Two articles present the results of the ILS: (I) particulate matter mass (PM) and (II) particle number (PN) emissions. The test matrix covered different brake systems, including ECE and NAO pad materials with grey cast iron discs and a drum brake. Regarding PN, the study measured the total particle number from approximately 10 nm to 2.5 µm (TPN). Some testing facilities measured solid particle number emissions (SPN) in parallel. The mean TPN concentrations ranged from 9.1 × 108 #/km/brake to 1.1 × 1010 #/km/brake. TPN and SPN emission levels were comparable, except for one lab that measured very high volatile particle emissions for one brake system. The minimum and maximum SPN emissions for a given brake differed by a factor of 2.5 ± 0.5, comparable to data from exhaust SPN ILS measurements. This article provides an overview of lessons learned and subsequent measures incorporated in an upcoming global technical regulation to reduce measurement variability when sampling and measuring brake particle emissions for light-duty vehicles up to 3.5 t.
7
Rahimi, Mostafa, Daniele Bortoluzzi et Jens Wahlström. « Input Parameters for Airborne Brake Wear Emission Simulations : A Comprehensive Review ». Atmosphere 12, no 7 (4 juillet 2021) : 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070871.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Non-exhaust emissions, generated by the wear of brake systems, tires, roads, clutches, and road resuspension, are responsible for a large part of airborne pollutants in urban areas. Brake wear accounts for 55% of non-exhaust emissions and significantly contributes to urban health diseases related to air pollution. A major part of the studies reported in the scientific literature are focused on experimental methods to sample and characterize brake wear particles in a reliable, representative, and repeatable way. In this framework, simulation is an important tool, which makes it possible to give interpretations of the experimental results, formulate new testing approaches, and predict the emission produced by brakes. The present comprehensive literature review aims to introduce the state of the art of the research on the different aspects of airborne wear debris resulting from brake systems which can be used as inputs in future simulation models. In this review, previous studies focusing on airborne emissions produced by brake systems are investigated in three main categories: the subsystem level, system level, and environmental level. As well as all the information provided in the literature, the simulation methodologies are also investigated at all levels. It can be concluded from the present review study that various factors, such as the uncertainty and repeatability of the brake wear experiments, distinguish the results of the subsystem and system levels. This gap should be taken into account in the development of future experimental and simulation methods for the investigation of airborne brake wear emissions.
8
Hesse, David, Christopher Hamatschek, Klaus Augsburg, Thomas Weigelt, Alexander Prahst et Sebastian Gramstat. « Testing of Alternative Disc Brakes and Friction Materials Regarding Brake Wear Particle Emissions and Temperature Behavior ». Atmosphere 12, no 4 (29 mars 2021) : 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040436.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this study, different disc brakes and friction materials are evaluated with respect to particle emission output and characteristic features are derived. The measurements take place on an inertia dynamometer using a constant volume sampling system. Brake wear particle emission factors of different disc concepts in different sizes are determined and compared, using a grey cast iron disc, a tungsten carbide-coated disc and a carbon ceramic disc. The brakes were tested over a section (trip #10) novel test cycle developed from the database of the worldwide harmonized Light-Duty vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). First, brake emission factors were determined along the bedding process using a series of trip-10 tests. The tests were performed starting from unconditioned pads, to characterize the evolution of emissions until their stabilization. In addition to number- and mass-related emission factors (PM2.5–PM10), the particle size distribution was determined. Another focus was the evaluation of temperature ranges and the associated challenges in the use of temperature readings in a potential regulation of brake wear particle emissions. The results illustrate the challenges associated with establishing a universal bedding procedure and using disc temperature measurements for the control of a representative braking procedure. Using tungsten carbide coated discs and carbon ceramic discs, emission reduction potentials of up to 70% (PM10) could be demonstrated along the WLTP brake cycle. The reduction potential is primarily the result of the high wear resistance of the disc, but is additionally influenced by the pad composition and the temperature in the friction contact area.
9
Gramstat, Sebastian, Thilo Mertens, Robert Waninger et Dmytro Lugovyy. « Impacts on Brake Particle Emission Testing ». Atmosphere 11, no 10 (21 octobre 2020) : 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101132.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The presented article picks out brake particle emission testing as a central theme. Those emissions are part of the so-called non-exhaust emissions, which play an increasing role for particle emissions from transportation. The authors propose a laboratory test setup by using a brake dynamometer and a constant volume sampling approach to determine the emissions in regard to the particle number concentration. Several impacts were investigated while the same test cycle (novel worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure (novel-WLTP)) was applied. In a first item, the importance of the bedding process was investigated and it is shown that friction couples without bedding emit much more particles. Furthermore, the efforts for reaching a bedded friction state are discussed. Additionally, the impact of brake lining compositions is investigated and shows that NAO concepts own crucial advantages in terms of brake particle emissions. Another impact, the vehicle weight and inertia, respectively, shows how important lightweight measures and brake cooling improvements are. Finally, the role of the load profile is discussed, which shows the importance of driving parameters like vehicle speed and reservoir dynamics. The authors show that, under urban driving conditions, extreme low particle emissions are detected. Furthermore, it is explained that off-brake emissions can play a relevant role in regard to brake particle emissions.
10
Hulskotte, J. H. J., H. A. C. Denier van der Gon, A. J. H. Visschedijk et M. Schaap. « Brake wear from vehicles as an important source of diffuse copper pollution ». Water Science and Technology 56, no 1 (1 juillet 2007) : 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.456.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this article we show that brake wear from road traffic vehicles is an important source of atmospheric (particulate) copper concentrations in Europe. Consequently, brake wear also contributes significantly to deposition fluxes of copper to surface waters. We estimated the copper emission due to brake wear to be 2.4 kiloton per year. For comparison, the official database for Europe (without brake wear) totals 2.6 kiloton per year. In Western Europe the brake wear emissions dominate the total emission of copper. Using the spatially resolved emission data, copper distributions over Europe were calculated with the LOTOS-EUROS model. Without brake wear the model underestimates observed copper concentrations by a factor of 3, which is in accordance with other studies. Including the brake wear emissions largely removes the bias. We find that 75% of the atmospheric copper input in the North Sea may be due to brake wear. We estimate that about 25% of the total copper input in the Dutch part of the North Sea stems from brake wear. Although the estimated brake wear copper emission is associated with a large uncertainty, it significantly improves our understanding of the copper cycle in the environment.
11
Grigoratos, Theodoros, Athanasios Mamakos, Michael Arndt, Dmytro Lugovyy, Robert Anderson, Christian Hafenmayer, Mikko Moisio et al. « Characterization of Particle Number Setups for Measuring Brake Particle Emissions and Comparison with Exhaust Setups ». Atmosphere 14, no 1 (3 janvier 2023) : 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010103.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The stringency of vehicle exhaust emissions regulations resulted in a significant decrease in exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions over the years. Non-exhaust particles (i.e., from brakes and tyres) account for almost half or more of road transport-induced ambient PM. Even with the internal combustion engine ban in 2035, electrified vehicles will still emit PM from brake and tyre wear. Consequently, non-exhaust PM emissions cannot decrease significantly without any regulatory measures. Because independent research carried out under different methods is not readily comparable, a Global Technical Regulation (GTR), which sets the procedures and boundaries of testing brake wear particle emissions, is currently under development. This overview describes the particle number (PN) measurement setup based on the well-known exhaust emissions PN methodology. We provide the technical requirements and the expected maximum losses. In addition, we estimate the effect of particle losses on the differences between different setups for typical size distributions observed during brake testing. Finally, we compare brake testing PN specifications to those of exhaust PN.
12
Perricone, Guido, Mattia Alemani, Ibrahim Metinöz, Vlastimil Matějka, Jens Wahlström et Ulf Olofsson. « Towards the ranking of airborne particle emissions from car brakes – a system approach ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, no 6 (24 août 2016) : 781–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016662800.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Airborne particulate matter emitted from motor vehicle brakes is a contributor to urban air quality. Therefore, a method to rank brake pairs (pads and rotors) with respect to their particle emission factors in a reliable way is needed to develop a low-emission disc brake. A novel inertial disc brake dynamometer designed for brake particle emission studies, a modified SAE J 2707 cycle, an electrical low-pressure cascade impactor and a filter are used to test five different pad materials against cast-iron rotors. By changing only the pad materials, it is shown that the differences between the mass emission factor and the number emission factor of the the worst brake pair and those of the best brake pair decreases by more than four times and 19 times respectively. Furthermore, the results show that the material combination ranked the best in terms of the mass emission factor is ranked the worst in terms of the number emission factor. The results reveal that this combination of a test stand, a test cycle and particle instruments can discriminate between different brake pair materials in a reliable way in the case of the mass emission factors while more research has to be carried out in the case of the number emission factors.
13
Charron, Aurélie, Lucie Polo-Rehn, Jean-Luc Besombes, Benjamin Golly, Christine Buisson, Hervé Chanut, Nicolas Marchand, Géraldine Guillaud et Jean-Luc Jaffrezo. « Identification and quantification of particulate tracers of exhaust and non-exhaust vehicle emissions ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no 7 (17 avril 2019) : 5187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5187-2019.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract. In order to identify and quantify key species associated with non-exhaust emissions and exhaust vehicular emissions, a large comprehensive dataset of particulate species has been obtained thanks to simultaneous near-road and urban background measurements coupled with detailed traffic counts and chassis dynamometer measurements of exhaust emissions of a few in-use vehicles well-represented in the French fleet. Elemental carbon, brake-wear metals (Cu, Fe, Sb, Sn, Mn), n-alkanes (C19-C26), light-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; pyrene, fluoranthene, anthracene) and two hopanes (17α21βnorhopane and 17α21βhopane) are strongly associated with the road traffic. Traffic-fleet emission factors have been determined for all of them and are consistent with most recent published equivalent data. When possible, light-duty- and heavy-duty-traffic emission factors are also determined. In the absence of significant non-combustion emissions, light-duty-traffic emissions are in good agreement with emissions from chassis dynamometer measurements. Since recent measurements in Europe including those from this study are consistent, ratios involving copper (Cu∕Fe and Cu∕Sn) could be used as brake-wear emissions tracers as long as brakes with Cu remain in use. Near the Grenoble ring road, where the traffic was largely dominated by diesel vehicles in 2011 (70 %), the OC∕EC ratio estimated for traffic emissions was around 0.4. Although the use of quantitative data for source apportionment studies is not straightforward for the identified organic molecular markers, their presence seems to well-characterize fresh traffic emissions.
14
Xiao, Helin, Pengfei Zeng, Liangrui Zhao, Zhongzhao Li et Xiaowei Fu. « An experimental study of the combusition and emission performances of 2,5-dimethylfuran diesel blends on a diesel engine ». Thermal Science 21, no 1 Part B (2017) : 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160526226x.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Experiments were carried out in a direct injection compression ignition engine fueled with diesel-dimethylfuran blends. The combustion and emission performances of diesel-dimethylfuran blends were investigated under various loads ranging from 0.13 to 1.13 MPa brake mean effective pressure, and a constant speed of 1800 rpm. Results indicate that diesel-dimethylfuran blends have different combustion performance and produce longer ignition delay and shorter combustion duration compared with pure diesel. Moreover, a slight increase of brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency occurs when a Diesel engine operates with blended fuels, rather than diesel fuel. Diesel-dimethylfuran blends could lead to higher NOx emissions at medium and high engine loads. However, there is a significant reduction in soot emission when engines are fueled with diesel-dimethylfuran blends. Soot emissions under each operating conditions are similar and close to zero except for D40 at 0.13 MPa brake mean effective pressure. The total number and mean geometric diameter of emitted particles from diesel-dimethylfuran blends are lower than pure diesel. The tested fuels exhibit no significant difference in either CO or HC emissions at medium and high engine loads. Nevertheless, diesel fuel produces the lowest CO emission and higher HC emission at low loads of 0.13 to 0.38 MPa brake mean effective pressure.
15
Hamatschek, Christopher, Klaus Augsburg, David Schobel, Sebastian Gramstat, Anton Stich, Florian Gulden et David Hesse. « Comparative Study on the Friction Behaviour and the Particle Formation Process between a Laser Cladded Brake Disc and a Conventional Grey Cast Iron Disc ». Metals 13, no 2 (1 février 2023) : 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020300.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Brake-wear particle emissions are the result of the components of a friction brake being in tribological contact, and they are classified as non-exhaust emissions. Since most of the emitted particles belong to the size classes of particulate matter (≤10 μm) and differ significantly in terms of their physico-chemical properties from automotive exhaust emissions, this source is of particular relevance to human health and, therefore, the focus of scientific studies. Previous studies have shown that coated brake discs offer significant wear and emission reduction potential. Nevertheless, no studies are available that describe the specific particle formation process, the contact conditions, the structure of the friction layer and the differences compared to conventional grey cast iron discs. The aim of this study is to describe those differences. For this purpose, the tribological behaviour, the structure of the friction layer and the associated particle dynamics within the friction contact between a laser cladding coated disc and a conventional grey cast iron disc are compared. The required investigations are carried out both ex situ (stationary) and in situ (dynamic). Parallel to the tribological investigations, the particle emission behaviour is determined on an inertia dynamometer using a constant volume sampling system (CVS) and equipment for particle number and particle size distribution measurement. The results show that, for two different brake pads, the laser cladding brake disc has lower wear and less particulate emissions than the grey cast iron brake disc. The wear behaviour of the coating varies significantly for the two brake pads. By contrast, the grey cast iron brake disc shows a significantly lower influence.
16
Zhong, Yunhao, Yanhui Zhang, Chengfang Mao et Ananchai Ukaew. « Performance, Combustion, and Emission Comparisons of a High-Speed Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel with Different Ethanol Addition Ratios Based on a Combined Kinetic Mechanism ». Processes 10, no 9 (25 août 2022) : 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10091689.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this work, different ethanol ratios (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) blended with biodiesel were used to investigate the effects of ethanol addition on engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a high-speed diesel engine in terms of brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, cylinder pressure, cylinder temperature, heat release rate, NOx, CO, and soot emissions. First, a three-dimensional CFD model was established by AVL-Fire combined with the CHEMKIN code. Then, an improved kinetic mechanism with 430 reactions and 122 species was developed by combining a three-component biodiesel combustion mechanism and ethanol mechanism to accurately simulate the blended fuel combustion processes. The results indicated that compared with biodiesel, the maximum brake specific fuel consumption increased by 6.08%, and the maximum brake thermal efficiency increased by 2.09% for the blended fuel. In addition, NOx and CO emissions for EE20 were reduced by 29.32% and 39.57% at full engine load. Overall, the ethanol addition can significantly decrease pollution emissions.
17
Venkatesh, Sai Vijay, et R. Udayakumar. « Performance and emissions of si engine with octane boosters ». MATEC Web of Conferences 249 (2018) : 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824903008.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In today’s world we see that the demand for gasoline and cars keep increasing and one problem which is significantly seen is that we either opt for a fuel which provides higher performance or for a fuel which provides lesser emissions. In this study we aim to provide higher performance and lower emissions by combining two chemicals or octane boosters, namely ethanol and toluene with gasoline and find out its performance and emission characteristics when compared with traditional gasoline and ethanol-gasoline blend. In this study we have made four blends which are PP, E10, E10T5 and E20T5 which are tested against two performance parameters which are Specific Fuel Consumption, Brake Thermal Efficiency with respect to brake power and emissions parameter which are Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Oxides of Nitrogen and Hydrocarbon with respect to brake power as well. In each of these performance and emissions parameters, the blends are compared and we find that E20T5 has the highest performance and E10T5 has the lowest emission.
18
Matějka, Vlastimil, Guido Perricone, Jozef Vlček, Ulf Olofsson et Jens Wahlström. « Airborne Wear Particle Emissions Produced during the Dyno Bench Tests with a Slag Containing Semi-Metallic Brake Pads ». Atmosphere 11, no 11 (12 novembre 2020) : 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111220.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of the present paper is to investigate the level of airborne wear particles released during the dyno-bench tests with the brake pads consisting of alkali-activated slag as an abrasive. Airborne wear particles are generated with a full-scale dyno-bench adapted for airborne wear particles emission studies. The tested disc brake is equipped with two semi-metallic brake pads and a grey cast iron brake disc. A reduced Los Angeles City Traffic (LACT) driving cycle, developed within the LOWBRASYS project (European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme), is used to mimic city driving. The same friction pair is used six times with reduced LACT cycle. The weight loss and thickness of the pads and disc are registered after each test cycle ends. The amount of the airborne wear particles emissions released during each test cycle are characterized using a PM10 impactor and electric low-pressure impactor. The obtained data of wear particle emissions are correlated with the parameters of the brake stops. The maximum disc temperature was indicated as the parameter having the largest influence on the production of particle emissions together with the duration of the brake event
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Li, Su, Xiaowei Wang, Tao Gao, Yongzhan Huo, Yang Lu et Mingda Wang. « Effects of road slope on emission characteristics for a heavy-duty diesel vehicle based on engine-in-the-loop methodology ». E3S Web of Conferences 358 (2022) : 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235801006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A dump truck with a maximum designed total mass of 24500 kg was selected to measure the emission characteristics of pollutants and carbon dioxide (CO2) under fully-loaded and unloaded conditions at the same simulated road with different road slope, same driver and vehicle model by using the engine-inthe- loop methodology. The results show that driving at gradient road will result in an increase in power and total emissions. The brake specific emissions of gaseous pollutant and CO2 are lower at gradient road, while the brake emission of particle number are higher at gradient road. Road slope affects exhaust temperature so as to affect nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Under unloaded conditions, long-slope conditions are more likely to cause an increase in NOx emissions.
20
Grigoratos, Theodoros, Carlos Agudelo, Jaroslaw Grochowicz, Sebastian Gramstat, Matt Robere, Guido Perricone, Agusti Sin et al. « Statistical Assessment and Temperature Study from the Interlaboratory Application of the WLTP–Brake Cycle ». Atmosphere 11, no 12 (2 décembre 2020) : 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121309.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The relative contribution of brake emissions to traffic-induced ambient Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations has increased over the last decade. Nowadays, vehicles’ brakes are recognised as an important source of non-exhaust emissions. Up to now, no standardised method for measuring brake particle emissions exists. For that reason, the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) group has been working on the development of a commonly accepted method for sampling and measuring brake particle emissions. The applied braking cycle is an integral part of the overall methodology. In this article, we present the results of an interlaboratory study exploring the capacity of existing dynamometer setups to accurately execute the novel Worldwide Harmonised Light-Duty Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP)–brake cycle. The measurements took place at eight locations in Europe and the United States. Having several dynamometers available enabled the coordination and execution of the intended exercise, to determine the sources of variability and provide recommendations for the correct application of the WLTP–brake cycle on the dyno. A systematic testing schedule was applied, followed by a thorough statistical analysis of the essential parameters according to the ISO 5725 standards series. The application of different control programmes influenced the correct replication of the cycle. Speed control turned out to be more accurate and precise than deceleration control. A crucial output of this interlaboratory study was the quantification of standard deviations for repeatability (between repeats), sample effect (between tests), laboratory effect (between facilities), and total reproducibility. Three critical aspects of the statistical analysis were: (i) The use of methods for heterogeneous materials; (ii) robust algorithms to reduce the artificial increase in variability from values with significant deviation from the normal distribution; and (iii) the reliance on the graphical representation of results for ease of understanding. Even if the study of brake emissions remained out of the scope of the current exercise, useful conclusions are drawn from the analysis of the temperature profile of the WLTP–brake cycle. Urban braking events are generally correlated to lower disc temperature. Other parameters affecting the brake temperature profile include the correct application of soak times, the temperature measurement method, the proper conditioning of incoming cooling air and the adjustment of the cooling airspeed.
21
Pireh, Meysam Eshaghi, Mohammad Gholami Parashkoohi et Davood Mohammad Zamani. « Evaluation of combustion characteristics performances and emissions of a diesel engine using diesel and biodiesel fuel blends containing graphene oxide nanoparticles ». Open Agriculture 7, no 1 (1 janvier 2022) : 935–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0126.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract In this study, the performance and emissions of a compression combustion diesel engine were investigated. The net diesel and the blends of diesel with waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel (5 and 20%) were considered as control fuel and were blended with graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONPs) (30, 60, and 90 ppm) and were evaluated. The engine was operated at full load at 1,500 rpm and the brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) besides CO, CO2, and NO x emissions appraised in the two sections of engine performance and emission, respectively, were evaluated. According to the results in the D95B5G90 fuel blend, GONPs had a positive effect on BP. BTE also showed a significant improvement in D95B5G60. GONPs increase NO x and CO2 emissions and decrease CO emissions. Overall, it can be concluded that GONPs can be introduced as a suitable alternative additive for diesel and WCOs biodiesel fuel blends.
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Garg, Bhagwan D., Steven H. Cadle, Patricia A. Mulawa, Peter J. Groblicki, Chris Laroo et Graham A. Parr. « Brake Wear Particulate Matter Emissions ». Environmental Science & ; Technology 34, no 21 (novembre 2000) : 4463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es001108h.
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Gu, Haoming, Shenghua Liu, Yanju Wei, Xibin Liu, Xiaodong Zhu et Zheyang Li. « Effects of Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers Addition in Diesel on Real Driving Emission and Fuel Consumption Characteristics of a CHINA VI Heavy-Duty Vehicle ». Energies 15, no 7 (24 mars 2022) : 2379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072379.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE), as the most potential oxygenated alternative fuel for diesel engines, is widely investigated. Considering the importance of research on real driving emissions (RDE) and the few studies focus on the emission characteristics of the PODE/diesel blended fuels under real driving conditions, a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was applied to measure the RDE of a heavy-duty tractor fueled with diesel or PODE/diesel blends. The tests were carried out in accordance with the relevant regulations of the CHINA VI emission standards. The second-by-second data from PEMS and the OBD system were utilized to construct engine transient operating maps. The results indicated that the addition of PODE can still decrease CO and PN emissions significantly under real driving conditions, although the low load conditions are still the areas of high brake specific CO and brake specific PN emissions. The NOx emissions, however, were not reduced as the results of the steady-state experiment of the same model of the engine. Fuel mass consumption raised when PODE was added, while the overall brake thermal efficiency improved, especially for the blending ratio of 30%, up to 40.3%, which is higher than 38.4% of pure diesel operation.
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Varudharajan, Gopinath, et Periyasamy R. « Effect of Corn Oil Methyl Ester and Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Per-formance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine ». Mechanics 29, no 1 (6 février 2023) : 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.mech.30805.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The current research work on the effect of exhaust gas recirculation on the diesel engine for the analysis of performance and emission characteristics with corn oil methyl ester blends. The engine was tested with three fuels are 100diesel, 20B (20%COME + 80% Diesel) and 40B (40%COME + 60% Diesel) with EGR condition of 0% and 20% rate. The engine was evaluated with performance characteristics such as thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature and emissions such as carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen. The analysed results of the brake thermal efficiency was reduced with increased brake specific consumption and the exhaust emissions are decreased with increase of biodiesel blend and increased EGR rate.
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Li, Qiang, Mo Tong, Mian Jia et Jie Yang. « Towards Low Carbon : A Lightweight Design of Automotive Brake Hub ». Sustainability 14, no 22 (15 novembre 2022) : 15122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215122.
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Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality have become important considerations in today’s manufacturing industry. Vehicle lightweight design can reduce carbon emissions and it is an important means to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality. In this study, the lightweight design method of automotive brake hub towards low carbon and the calculation method of low-carbon benefit are presented. A brake hub is the core of a drum brake, working together with a friction plate and brake shoe to complete the braking process. The requirements for the safety performance of brake hub are becoming increasingly more stringent in order to improve the stability and safety of the braking process. The brake hub ZD02-151122A manufactured by Anhui Axle Co., Ltd.(Suzhou, China), was used as the research object. The lightweight optimization of the brake hub was designed under the lightweight drive to reduce the shape variables and stress values of the brake hub and to reduce the mass. The proposed optimization scheme changed the chamfering to 45 × 45 and increased the number of bolt holes to eight. Compared with the original brake hub, the maximum strain, maximum stress value, stress concentration coefficient, and mass were reduced by 15.38%, 17.66%, 1.50%, and 17.40%, respectively, which achieved the specified optimization goal of improving mechanical properties and reducing mass. Towards low carbon, the reduction in carbon emissions from the optimized brake hub manufacturer and the vehicle during operation was calculated. For Anhui Axle Co., Ltd., the carbon emission can be reduced by 4.21 × 106 kg per year. Moreover, vehicle exhaust emissions can be reduced by 8.76 × 108 kg if all trucks produced by a medium-sized vehicle assembly company are driven on the road until being scrapped. This study serves as a reference for design optimization and low-carbon benefit analysis of other major automotive components.
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Wang, Zhiqiang, et Lijun Li. « Effects of Different Ethanol/Diesel Blending Ratios on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Medium-Speed Diesel Engine ». Processes 10, no 1 (17 janvier 2022) : 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10010173.
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In order to better evaluate the effects of ethanol/diesel blends on engine combustion and emission characteristics, we developed an engine cylinder model using the software CONVERGE combined with the program CHEMKIN. The model was validated experimentally. A modified chemical kinetic mechanism was used to calculate the combustion process of diesel fuel and ethanol for the diesel engine, including 154 reactions and 68 species. Furthermore, the influence of different ethanol proportions on diesel engine combustion and emission characteristics, including power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, cylinder pressure, cylinder temperature, nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and soot emissions, was also investigated. Our results showed that cylinder pressure and temperature increased with increased ethanol content. When the ethanol content increased to 20% at 100% load, the cylinder pressure increased by 0.46%, and the thermal efficiency increased by 3.63%. However, due to the lower calorific value of ethanol, the power decreased by 4.12%, and the brake specific fuel consumption increased by 4.23%. In addition, the ethanol/diesel blends significantly reduced CO and soot emissions. Compared with diesel, soot and CO emissions from the D80E20 at 100% load reduced by 63.25% and 17.24%, respectively. However, NOx emission increased by 1.39%.
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Wahlström, Jens, Mara Leonardi, Minghui Tu, Yezhe Lyu, Guido Perricone, Stefano Gialanella et Ulf Olofsson. « A Study of the Effect of Brake Pad Scorching on Tribology and Airborne Particle Emissions ». Atmosphere 11, no 5 (10 mai 2020) : 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050488.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Non-exhaust wear emissions from disc brakes affect the air quality in cities throughout the world. These emissions come from the wear of the contact surfaces of both the pads and disc. The tribological and emissions performance of disc brakes strongly depend on the contact surface characteristics of the pads and discs. The surfaces of conventional pads are scorched by heating it to several hundred degrees to make the resin carbonize down to a few millimetres deep into the pad. This is done to have a shorter run-in period for new pads. It is not known how scorching will affect the amount of airborne particle emissions. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate how pad scorching influence the airborne particle emissions. This is done by comparing the pin-on-disc tribometer and inertia dyno bench emission results from a Cu-free friction material run against a grey cast iron disc. Three types of modified friction material surfaces have been tested: scorched, extra-scorched and rectified. The results show that the level of scorching strongly affects the airborne particle emissions in the initial phase of the tests. Even if the scorched layer is removed (rectified) before testing, it seems like it still has a measurable influence on the airborne particle emissions. The results from the tribometer tests are qualitatively in line with the inertia dyno bench test for about the first forty brake events; thereafter, the airborne particle emissions are higher for the scorched pads. It can be concluded that it seems that the level of scorching has an adverse influence on both the tribological performance and level of particle emissions.
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Attar, Hassan M., Dawei Wu et Adam P. Harvey. « Performance, Emissions and Durability Studies on Diesel Engine Fuelled with a Preheated Raw Microalgal Oil ». Proceedings 58, no 1 (11 septembre 2020) : 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wef-06906.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Preheated Schizochytrium sp. raw microalgae oil (MAO) was evaluated as a fuel in a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine to produce a comparative study of MAO and diesel oil (DO) critical parameters. In particular, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), in-cylinder pressure (CP), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), both nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were investigated. Additionally, an engine durability test for longevity was undertaken over a 30-h period, using raw MAO as the fuel. The study demonstrated that the preheated MAO could be successfully used in a diesel engine smoothly. The use of MAO reduced the engine brake power by 26% and increased brake-specific fuel consumption by 20%. The most significant finding from this research study is that there was a significant reduction in NOx and CO emission by 42% and 60% when using raw MAO, respectively. Therefore, these findings demonstrate that algae oil is a highly credible fuel for use in diesel engines and offers a promising solution to diesel engine emissions.
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Lazzari, Alessandro, Davide Tonazzi, Giovanni Conidi, Cristian Malmassari, Andrea Cerutti et Francesco Massi. « Experimental Evaluation of Brake Pad Material Propensity to Stick-Slip and Groan Noise Emission ». Lubricants 6, no 4 (11 décembre 2018) : 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants6040107.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Frictional and dynamic responses of brake pad materials, when sliding on brake disc counterfaces, are at the origin of noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) issues such as brake noise emissions. In more detail, groan is a low frequency noise emission often associated to the stick-slip frictional response of the brake system. The instability of such contact is the result of the coupling between the system dynamics and the frictional response of the materials in contact. In this work, an experimental approach is proposed for measuring the frictional response and the propensity to generate stick-slip of different lining materials, coming from commercial brake pads, when sliding on a worn surface of a brake disc, under the same controlled boundary conditions. The proposed methodology allowed for comparing the propensity of the tested pad materials to stick-slip vibrations, which is in agreement with feedback from automotive industry on groan emission.
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Bunyan, Sadiq T., et Abed AL-Khadim M. Hassan. « Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Adding Alumina to Diesel Fuel on the Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics ». Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no 4A (25 avril 2020) : 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i4a.498.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The present experimental work is conducted to examine the influence of adding Alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles to diesel fuel on the characteristic of the emissions and engine performance. The size of nanoparticles which have been added to diesel fuel to obtain nano-fuel is 20 nm. Three doses of Aluminum oxide were prepared (25, 50 and 100) ppm. The nanoparticles mixed with fuel by mechanical homogenous (manual electrical mixer) and ultrasonic processor. The study reveals that the adding of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) to gas oil (Al2O3+DF) enhances the physical properties of fuel. Also, the adding of (Al2O3) reduce CO emissions by 20.5%, decrease NOx emission by 12.2%, increasing CO2 emissions by about 2.27% and decrease UHC emission about 13.5%. Furthermore, reduces the brake specific fuel consumption by 14.3%, decreasing the equivalence ratio by14.87% and improving the brake thermal efficiency by about 10.89%.
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Nair, Jayashri N., Thokchom Subhaschandra Singh et Vallapudi Dhana Raju. « Effect of addition of bio-additive clove oil to ternary fuel blends (Diesel-Biodiesel-Ethanol) on compression ignition engine ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2070, no 1 (1 novembre 2021) : 012212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012212.
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Abstract The use of biodiesel reduces emissions like hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM); but increases nitrogen oxide emissions. Additives inculcated in diesel and biodiesel has served as one of the means to decrease NOx emissions. An attempt is made to investigate the effect of the addition of ethanol and clove oil, to Pongamia biodiesel, on performance and emission characteristics. Pongamia biodiesel was extracted by transesterification using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. 5% Ethanol and 0.5 and 1 ml clove oil were added to the esters produced. B20 (20% biodiesel + 80% diesel), B20E5 (20% biodiesel + 75% diesel +5% ethanol), B20E5CL0.5 ( 20% biodiesel +75% diesel+5% ethanol +0.5 ml Clove oil) and B20E5CL1 (20% biodiesel + 75% diesel+5% ethanol +1 ml Clove oil) were analysed. The test was performed on a single-cylinder, four-stroke engine connected to an eddy current type dynamometer for loading. The addition of 1ml of antioxidant (clove oil) resulted in an increase in brake thermal efficiency by 8.9% and brake specific fuel consumption marginally by 1.53 %. At higher loads, the B20E5CL1 blend showed a 13% reduction in NOx emission. B20E5CL1 blend also resulted in a reduction in CO emission at higher loads. Ethanol addition to the biodiesel (B20E5 blend) resulted in the highest brake thermal efficiency but at the cost of NOx emissions. Blends with ethanol and clove oil reported good results at higher loads.
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Reddy, Sridhara, Maheswar Dutta et K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy. « EFFECT OF COMPRESSION RATIO ON PERFORMANCE OF A HYDROGEN BLENDED CNG-DIESEL DUAL FUEL ENGINE ». Journal of Mechanical Engineering 44, no 2 (2 janvier 2015) : 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v44i2.21431.
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Compression ratios of the engine considerably affect the performance and emission behavior of an engine.The paper discusses about effect of compression ratios on the operating parameters such as brake specific fuelconsumption (BSFC), brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and volumetricefficiency on a stationary diesel-CNG dual fuel engine by adding hydrogen fraction as a combustion booster. Theexhaust emission behavior of the engine is also presented. Addition of hydrogen in CNG has given better resultsthan diesel-CNG dual fuel operation of the engine. The volumetric efficiency and emissions like NOx are theparameters which needed attention towards this study. The paper presents experimental results and analyzes them.
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Rashed D Alnazal et M Abu-Zaid. « Experimental study of the performance of and emissions of low-speed diesel engine using various bio diesel blends at variable speed conditions : (Part I) ». Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 12, no 2 (30 août 2022) : 021–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2022.12.2.0124.
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The production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil to partially substitute diesel fuel to solver two problems: environmental pollution and energy shortage. The purpose of this study is to experimentally investigate the performance and emission of compression ignition engine using biodiesel extracted from waste cooking oils (WCO), such as (falafel frying oil, origin from palm oil. chicken frying oil; origin from soybean oil), and fresh soybean oil, and olive oil). After prepare biodiesel from WCO and fresh oils, was blended with pure diesel in two percentage are B20 (20% biodiesel from each type, 80% pure diesel), B10 (10% biodiesel from each type, 90% pure diesel). The biodiesel blends were used as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. After that, they were compared to pure diesel B00 (0% biodiesel, 100%pure diesel). The study investigates engine performance and emissions at constant load (2 kW) variable speed from (400-900 rpm). For engine performance, (brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency) were analyzed. In addition, (CO2, O2, exhaust gas temperatures to indicate NOx) were analyzed. The results, shows that pure diesel produces higher brake power (BP) than all biodiesel blends. The highest value for brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is for pure diesel. The highest value for brake thermal efficiency BTE is for B10-S (10% biodiesel from soybeans oil, 90% pure diesel) is equal 27.6%. The B10-S produce highest value from NOx. Also, pure diesel produces higher CO2 emissions than all biodiesel blends. All biodiesel blends produce higher O2 emissions than pure diesel.
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Bhat, Shrivathsa Nelly, Shreyas Shenoy et P. Dinesha. « Effect of bio-ethanol on the performance and emission of a biodiesel fueled compression ignition engine ». MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018) : 04017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814404017.
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In the present study investigates the effect of bio-ethanol on the performance and emissions of a biodiesel blend fueled compression ignition engine. The experiments are conducted using pongamia biodiesel blend B20 (20% pongamia biodiesel +80% diesel) with 5, 7.5 and 10% (v/v) of bio-ethanol on a four stroke single cylinder diesel engine. The tests are conducted at different load conditions. Performance and emissions characteristics are investigated for different bio-ethanol compositions. The results show that the brake thermal efficiency is maximum for B20E7.5 blend with a minimum brake specific fuel consumption. Carbon monoxide emission is minimum for B20E7.5 blend and NOx emission decreases as the bio-ethanol percentage is increased from 5 to 7.5%. The study reveals that 7.5% bio-ethanol with B20 pongamia biodiesel blend results better performance and emission characteristics.
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Ramuhaheli, Shumani, Vasudevarao Veeredhi et Christopher Enweremadu. « The Performance and Emission Characteristics Assessment of Hybrid Biodiesel/Ethanol Blends in a Diesel Engine ». Environmental and Climate Technologies 26, no 1 (1 janvier 2022) : 670–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0051.
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Abstract In this study, a biodiesel blend was developed from the waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME) and soya bean oil methyl ester (SBME), namely, the optimum blend of WCOME-SBME (BM100) biodiesel. This biodiesel-biodiesel mixture (hybrid biodiesel) was in turn blended with 15 % of ethanol to give a biodiesel mixture-ethanol blend (BME15). The biodiesel-biodiesel mixture has a better density than the individual biodiesels, SBME had lower viscosity compared to BM100 and WCOME. The presence of ethanol in the hybrid biodiesel blend reduced both kinematic viscosity and the high density of the blend. BM100 also exhibited a better heating value compared to the individual biodiesels. Engine performance and emissions were tested using diesel (D100), WCOME, SBME, BM100, and BME15, and experimental results obtained compared with predicted using Diesel-RK software. The results indicated that at the maximum speed of 2500 rpm, BM100 performed better in terms of brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and brake mean effective pressure compared to the individual biodiesels (WCOME and SBME) but marginally poorer to D100. The BTE of BME15 is comparable to BM100. On the other hand, BME15 exhibited better emission characteristics having the lowest NO, particulate matter (PM), and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions compared to D100, WCOME, SBME, and BM100. Overall, when both engine performance and emission are considered BM100 increased engine performance compared to WCOME and SBME while BME15 is more effective in decreasing NO, PM, and HC emissions.
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Philippe, Florian, Martin Morgeneyer, Maiqi Xiang, Maheandar Manokaran, Brice Berthelot, Yan-ming Chen, Pierre Charles, Frédéric Guingand et Christophe Bressot. « Representativeness of airborne brake wear emission for the automotive industry : A review ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no 10-11 (6 avril 2021) : 2651–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407021993011.
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Brake wear gives 16%–55% by mass to total non-exhaust traffic related PM10 emissions in urban environments. While engines have become cleaner in the past decades, few improvements were made to lower non-exhaust emission until recently. Researchers have developed several experimental methods over the past years to assess brake emissions. However, observations tend to differ from a method to another with respect to many disciplines, ranging from particle system characterization to brake cycles, and it remains difficult to compare results of different research groups. It is so crucial to get a consensus on the standard experimental method. The following article lists limits which influence measurements and has to be taken into account when comparing works from different laboratories. This article also discusses how to design tests to get a relevant braking particle system characterization.
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LABECKAS, Gvidonas, Stasys SLAVINSKAS et Tomas MACKEVIČIUS. « PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS OF A DIESEL ENGINE OPERATING WITH RENEWABLE BINARY BIODIESEL-N-BUTANOL BIOFUEL BLENDS ». СУЧАСНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ В МАШИНОБУДУВАННІ ТА ТРАНСПОРТІ 1, no 14 (28 août 2020) : 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36910/automash.v1i14.342.
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This paper presents a comparative analysis of the diesel engine performance and emission characteristics, when operating on rapeseed methyl ester (B) and rapeseed methyl ester -butanol (Bu5, Bu10, Bu15) blends, at various loads and 2000 rpm engine speeds. The experimental tests were performed on a four-stroke, single-cylinder, air-cooled diesel engine FL511. The bench test results showed that the brake specific fuel consumption increased, when operating on biodiesel-butanol fuel blends compared to neat biodiesel. The maximum brake thermal efficiency sustained at the levels from 7.3% to 12.9% lower in comparison with neat biodiesel operating at low engine load. When the engine was running at maximum torque mode using biodiesel-butanol fuel blend Bu15 the total emissions of nitrogen oxides decreased. Thus, the greatest fossil fuel challenge related with the simultaneous reduction of both the NOx emissions and the smoke opacity (PM) could be reasonably solved by switching a diesel engine on totally renewable biodiesel-n-butanol biofuel blends.Keywords: diesel engine, rapeseed oil derived biodiesel, n-butanol, engine efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, emissions, smoke opacity.
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Mendis, K. J. S., C. R. Stone, N. Ladommatos et M. Daragheh. « A Lean Burn Low Emissions Gas Engine for Co-Generation ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A : Journal of Power and Energy 210, no 3 (juin 1996) : 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_033_02.
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This paper presents the rationale behind a fast burn high compression ratio (FBHCR) combustion system intended for use in a lean burn natural gas engine. Comparisons are made between the FBHCR combustion system, predictions made by a two-zone combustion model and measurements from the original combustion system, for the brake efficiency, brake mean effective pressure and the brake specific NOx emissions. Experimental measurements of the unburnt hydrocarbon emissions, the burn duration and the cycle-by-cycle variations in combustion are also discussed from the two combustion systems. The results show how the conflicting aims of low emissions and low fuel consumption can be satisfied by using a lean burn combustion system. A comparison is also made between the following ways of expressing the exhaust emissions: volumetric, brake specific, mass per megajoule of fuel and gravimetric referenced to a specified oxygen level.
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Grigoratos, Theodoros, et Giorgio Martini. « Brake wear particle emissions : a review ». Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, no 4 (17 octobre 2014) : 2491–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3696-8.
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Feroskhan, M., Saleel Ismail, Siddhesh Gosavi, Pranil Tankhiwale et Yasir Khan. « Optimization of performance and emissions in a biogas–diesel dual fuel engine with cerium oxide nanoparticle addition ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no 5 (2 avril 2018) : 1178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018764165.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study was carried out on a diesel engine operated in dual fuel mode by introducing biogas in the intake air stream. Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles in varying concentrations were used as diesel additive. Performance and emission tests were carried out to evaluate the effects of five input parameters, namely, CeO2 concentration, torque, biogas flow rate, methane fraction of biogas, and intake temperature. Taguchi’s method was adopted to reduce the number of experimental trials. Signal-to-noise ratio variations were studied and analysis of variance was carried out to obtain the optimum combination of operating parameters and their contributions towards the performance and emission indices. Results showed that low biogas flow rates ensure better thermal and volumetric efficiency and low HC and CO emissions. High biogas flow rates provide significant reduction in diesel consumption and NOx emissions. Increasing the methane content of biogas lowers diesel consumption and emissions of HC and CO. Adding 25 mg/L of CeO2 to diesel improves brake thermal efficiency and lowers all emissions. While manifold heating improves brake thermal efficiency, low intake temperature is preferred from the standpoint of volumetric efficiency and emissions.
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Lyu, Yezhe, Mara Leonardi, Alessandro Mancini, Jens Wahlström et Ulf Olofsson. « Tribology and Airborne Particle Emission of Laser-Cladded Fe-Based Coatings versus Non-Asbestos Organic and Low-Metallic Brake Materials ». Metals 11, no 11 (26 octobre 2021) : 1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11111703.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Laser cladding is a promising surface treatment for refurbishing worn-out cast-iron brake rotors. Previous studies on laser-cladded brake rotors have demonstrated their extensively higher wear and greater airborne particle emissions, compared with traditional cast iron rotors. In order to overcome this, a commercial non-asbestos organic (NAO) brake material is tested against Fe-based laser-cladded and traditional cast-iron brake rotors. Two low-metallic brake pad materials are also tested as references. The materials’ coefficients of friction, specific wear rates and particle number concentrations are evaluated. The results indicate that the NAO brake material showed lower wear and had fewer particle emissions than the low-metallic brake materials when deployed against both cast iron and laser-cladded brake rotors. The NAO/laser-cladding friction pairing showed wear, particle concentration and fraction of fine particles (sub 1 μm) equivalent to those of the low-metallic/cast-iron friction pairing, creating significant potential for application in refurbishing worn-out cast-iron brake rotors.
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Sebayang, Abdi Hanra, Husin Ibrahim, Surya Dharma, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Berta Br Ginting et Natalina Damanik. « Pengaruh Campuran Bahan Bakar Pertalite-Bioetanol Biji Sorghum pada Mesin Bensin ». Jurnal Teknosains 9, no 2 (22 juillet 2020) : 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/teknosains.40502.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The depletion of fossil fuels, rising of earth temperatures and declining of air quality are an unavoidable phenomenon today. Bioethanol fuel is one solution to reduce this problem that comes from renewable raw materials. The purpose of this study is to investigate engine performance and exhaust emissions at gasoline engine by using the sorghum seeds bioethanol-pertalite blends with different mixed ratios (10%, 15%, and 20%). The test is performed on a four-stroke gasoline engine without modification. Engine speeds vary from 1000 to 4000 rpm, and properties of the sorghum seeds bioethanol-pertalite blends are measured and analyzed. In addition, engine torque, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) as well as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions are measured. The results show that BSFC decreased while BTE increased for a fuel blends containing 20% bioethanol at 3500 rpm engine speed, with each maximum value of 246.93 g/kWh and 36.28%. It is also found that CO and HC emissions are lower for the sorghum seeds bioethanol-pertalite blends. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the sorghum seeds bioethanol-pertalite blends can improve engine performance and reduce exhaust gas emissions. Keywords: bioethanol; pertalite; performance engine; exhaust gas emission; alternatif fuel.
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Mamakos, Athanasios, Katharina Kolbeck, Michael Arndt, Thomas Schröder et Matthias Bernhard. « Particle Emissions and Disc Temperature Profiles from a Commercial Brake System Tested on a Dynamometer under Real-World Cycles ». Atmosphere 12, no 3 (13 mars 2021) : 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030377.
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The particle emissions from a commercial brake system utilizing copper-free pads have been characterized on a brake dynamometer under two real-world driving cycles. These included a novel cycle developed from analysis of the database of the World Harmonized Test Procedure (WLTP-Brake) and a short version of the Los Angeles City Traffic cycle (3h-LACT) developed in the framework of the European LowBraSys project. Disc temperature measurements using an array of embedded thermocouples revealed a large temporal and spatial non-uniformity with the radial temperature distribution depending also on the test procedure. Averaging over the duration of the cycle, it effectively reduced the influence of thermocouple positioning, allowing for more reliable quantification of the effectiveness of convective cooling. Particulate Matter (PM) emissions were similar for both cycles with PM2.5 averaging at 2.2 (±0.2) mg/km over the WLTP-Brake and 2.2 (±0.2) mg/km over the 3h-LACT, respectively. The corresponding PM10 emissions were 5.6 (±0.2) mg/km and 8.6 (±0.7) mg/km, respectively. The measurements revealed the formation of nanosized particles peaking at 10 nm, which were thermally stable at 350 °C under both cycles. Volatile nanoparticles were observed over the more demanding 3h-LACT cycle, with their emission rates decreasing with increasing the tunnel flow, suggesting nucleation of organic vapors released during braking as a potential formation process.
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Song, Jiantong, Chunhua Zhang, Guoqing Lin et Quanchang Zhang. « Performance and emissions of an electronic control common-rail diesel engine fuelled with liquefied natural gas-diesel dual-fuel under an optimization control scheme ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D : Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no 6 (5 octobre 2018) : 1380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018801076.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In order to reduce the fuel consumption and hydrocarbon and CO emissions of liquefied natural gas-diesel dual-fuel engines under light loads, an optimization control scheme, in which the dual-fuel engine runs in original diesel mode under light loads, is used in this paper. The performance and exhaust emissions of the dual-fuel engine and the original diesel engine are compared and analyzed by bench tests of an electronic control common-rail diesel engine. Experimental results show that the brake-specific fuel consumption and hydrocarbon and CO emissions of the liquefied natural gas-diesel dual-fuel engine are not deteriorated under light loads. Compared with diesel, the brake power and torque of dual-fuel remain unchanged, the brake-specific fuel consumption decreases, and the smoke density and CO2 emissions of dual-fuel decrease, while the hydrocarbon and CO emissions increase, and there is no significant difference in NOx emissions.
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Acharya, S. K., et S. P. Jena. « Performance and Emission Analysis of a CI Engine in Dual Mode with LPG and Karanja Oil Methyl Ester ». ISRN Renewable Energy 2013 (18 septembre 2013) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/540589.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is experimented with to improve the performance of a dual fuel compression ignition (CI) engine running on Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) blends. Diesel is used as a reference fuel for the dual fuel engine results. During the experimentation, the engine performance is measured in terms of brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and exhaust emission is measured in terms of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (). Dual fuel engine with LPG showed a reduction in and smoke emission; however, it suffers from high HC and CO emission, particularly, at lower loads due to poor ignition. Comparison of performance and emissions is done for diesel and blends of KOME. Results showed that using KOME blends (10% and 20%) has improved the CI engine performance with a reduction in HC and CO emissions.
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Rotaru, Silviu, Constantin Pana, Nicolae Negurescu, Alexandru Cernat, Dinu Fuiorescu et Cristian Nikolaos Nuţu. « Effects of CNG quantity on combustion characteristics and emissions of a dual fuelled automotive diesel engine ». E3S Web of Conferences 180 (2020) : 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018001008.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The paper reveals some experimental aspects of compressed natural gas (CNG) use in dual fuel mode at an automotive diesel engine. Brake specific energetic consumption, incylinder pressure, emissions and variability of indicated mean effective pressure are analysed at operating regime of 2000 rpm and 40% load. Using CNG as an alternative fuel reduces brake specific energetic consumption by 50%, the CO2 emission by 10% and sets the in-cylinder maximum pressure 13 bar higher comparative to diesel fuel fuelling. The smoke and hydrocarbons emissions and the variability of indicated mean effective pressure are affected by the injection of compressed natural gas into intake manifold: HC emission grows 24 times, the smoke number and the coefficient of variability of IMEP double their values. The use of compressed natural gas at an automotive diesel engine improves its energetic performances and combustion process, having positive effects on CO2 emission and fuel consumption.
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RAVI, S., A. KARTHIKEYAN et J. JAYAPRABAKAR. « EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF OXYGENATED ADDITIVE IN DIESEL-WASTE PLASTIC OIL-PROPANOL BLEND OPERATED IN A SINGLE-CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE ». Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 15, no 3 (septembre 2020) : 757–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2020.153.757.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Novel fuel blend made of diesel, waste plastic oil, propanol, and di-tert-butyl peroxide (liquid additive) is used in diesel engine thereby diminishing diesel consumption and improving performance and emission characteristics. In this study, diesel was blended with waste plastic oil, propanol, and di-tert-butyl peroxide as liquid additive at different proportions in order to improve its physio-chemical properties. Blend ratios of test fuels used in this work were 100% of Diesel, 80% of Diesel-20% of Waste plastic oil (DW), 70% of Diesel-20% of Waste plastic oil-10% of Propanol (DWP), 60% of Diesel-20% of Waste plastic oil-10% of Propanol-10% of di-tert-butyl peroxide (Additive) (DWPA). On comparing with diesel fuel, average brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency of DWPA blend increased by 11.96% and 8.78% respectively, It was also shown that the average brake specific CO and HC emissions of DWPA blend increased by 3.87% and 15.7% respectively, however brake specific NOx and smoke emissions of DWPA blend reduced by 8.08% and 35.36% respectively due to addition of liquid additive as di-tert-butyl peroxide.
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Krishna, MVS Murali, Kolli Vamsi Krishna, S. Narasimha Kumar et Sreeram Barathula. « Experimental Investigation on SI Engine Emissions via EGR and Catalytic Converter with Air Injection Mechanism ». Journal of Mechanical Engineering 16, no 1 (1 avril 2019) : 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v16i1.6032.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Exhaust emissions emitted from spark ignition engines cause air pollution, human health hazards and ecological imbalance. Hence, effective curtail of these is an essential task. For this, an experimental evaluation was carried out on emissions and performance characteristics of the four-stroke three-cylinder Maruthi engine at varied brake power. Three different techniques, initially the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system was coupled to the test engine and varied from 0 to 10% for estimation of optimal value. Secondly, the provision of the catalytic converter with the copper as a catalyst and finally by the air injection mechanism of 60 l/m into the catalytic converter is executed and evaluated for optimum emission reduction. Also, the combined effect of these techniques on the characteristics was analysed. From the results, it was found that up to an EGR rate of 5%, an enhancement of 2% in brake thermal efficiency and a reduction of 9.5% in brake specific fuel consumption, 21% in carbon monoxide (CO), 19% in un-burnt hydrocarbon (UHC) and 29% in NOx emissions and a further increase in the EGR rate causes performance deterioration. The NOx emissions decreased by 44% at 7% of EGR. The catalytic converter setup alone decreased CO and UHC by 40% and by application of air injection it was 60%. The CO& UHC emissions decreased by 54% &52% respectively at 7% EGR rate combined with the catalytic converter and air injection mechanism.
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Usman, Muhammad, Muhammad Farooq, Muhammad Naqvi, Muhammad Wajid Saleem, Jafar Hussain, Salman Raza Naqvi, Shahzaib Jahangir, Hafiz Muhammad Jazim Usama, Saad Idrees et Anthony Anukam. « Use of Gasoline, LPG and LPG-HHO Blend in SI Engine : A Comparative Performance for Emission Control and Sustainable Environment ». Processes 8, no 1 (6 janvier 2020) : 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010074.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The rising global warming concerns and explosive degradation of the environment requires the mainstream utilization of alternative fuels, such as hydroxy gas (HHO) which presents itself as a viable substitute for extracting the benefits of hydrogen. Therefore, an experimental study of the performance and emission characteristics of alternative fuels in contrast to conventional gasoline was undertaken. For experimentation, a spark ignition engine was run on a multitude of fuels comprising of gasoline, Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and hybrid blend of HHO with LPG. The engine was operated at 60% open throttle with engine speed ranging from 1600 rpm to 3400 rpm. Simultaneously, the corresponding performance parameters including brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and brake thermal efficiency were investigated. Emission levels of CO, CO2, HC and NOx were quantified in the specified speed range. To check the suitability of the acquired experimental data, it was subjected to a Weibull distribution fit. Enhanced performance efficiency and reduced emissions were observed with the combustion of the hybrid mixture of LPG with HHO in comparison to LPG: on average, brake power increased by 7% while the brake specific fuel consumption reduced by 15%. On the other hand, emissions relative to LPG decreased by 21%, 9% and 21.8% in cases of CO, CO2, and unburned hydrocarbons respectively. Incorporating alternative fuels would not only imply reduced dependency on conventional fuels but would also contribute to their sustainability for future generations. Simultaneously, the decrease in harmful environmental pollutants would help to mitigate and combat the threats of climate change.
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Abdullah, Karam Dhafer. « Study the Effect of The Initial Temperature of Diesel Fuel Upon Engine Performance, By Using CI Engine ». Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 7, no 1 (6 mai 2021) : 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v7i1.175.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In my work , I investigates the effect of initial temperature of diesel fuel upon engine performance and emissions by using CI engin , with different diesel fuel cetane number ( 56 , 54 , 53 ) , from the results it showing us that the brake power is increasing with the engine speed and the increasing is (64.66 %) at maximum load with respect with brake power at minimum load ,also measuring the brake torque and it is found from the results the brake torque is increasing with the engine speed at minimum and maximum load and from the results it is found that the brake torque is increasing about (63.902 %) when compare it with brake torque at minimum load ,fuel consumption(kg/hr) is increasing with the engine speed but decreasing when increasing cetane number with the following values (6.631%,7.843%,9.15%) for cetane number ( 53,54,56 ) , and the brake specific fuel consumption also decreasing about (6.065%,6.98%,8.654%) for Cetane number (56,54,53) respectively , the thermal efficiency it is found to be increased with the engine speed and for different fuel cetane number with the following percentage (5.96%,6.837%,8.498%) for Cetane number (53, 54 , 56) respectively, The ( CO2 ) emissions is increased with the engine speed and when the Cetane number increased about (11.35%,9.457%,11.065%) for cetane number (56,54,53) respectively , The (CO) emissions is decreased when the Cetane number increased about (24.165%,20.581%,21.7%) for Cetane number (56,54,53) respectively , The (HC) emissions is decreased by increasing fuel Cetane number about (8.695%,10%,9.586%) for Cetane number (53 , 54 , 56) respectively.