Articles de revues : « Boxcar4 »

1

Stine, Peter. « Boxcars, 1974 ». Iowa Review 32, n^o 3 (décembre 2002) : 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.5604.

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Greene, G. J., G. Cutsogeorge et M. Ono. « Boxcar photography ». Review of Scientific Instruments 60, n^o 8 (août 1989) : 2690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140693.

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Kate Flaherty. « Boxcars and Books ». Prairie Schooner 84, n^o 3 (2010) : 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2010.0037.

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Lestari, Anugrah I., Dony Kushardono et Athar A. Bayanuddin. « Burned area detection using convolutional neural network based on spatial information of synthetic aperture radar data in Indonesia ». GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 17, n^o 2 (5 juillet 2024) : 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2024-3109.

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Forest and land fires are disasters that often occur in Indonesia which affects neighbouring countries. The burned area can be observed using remote sensing. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor data is advantageous since it can penetrate clouds and smoke. However, image analysis of SAR data differs from optical data, which is based on properties such as intensity, texture, and polarimetric feature. This research aims to propose a method to detect burned areas from the extracted feature of Sentinel-1 data. The features were classified using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifier. To find the best input features, several classification schemes were tested, including intensity and polarimetric features by applying the Boxcar speckle filter and the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) texture feature without using the Boxcar speckle filter. Additionally, this research investigates the significance of a window size parameter for each scheme. The results show the highest overall accuracy achieved 84% using CNN classification utilizing the GLCM texture features and without conducting the Boxcar speckle filter on the window size of 17×17 pixels when tested on the part region of Pulang Pisau Regency and Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan in 2019. The total burned area was 76,098.6 ha. The use of GLCM texture features without conducting the Boxcar speckle filter as input classification performs better than using intensity and polarimetric features that undergo the Boxcar speckle filter. Combining intensity and polarimetric features with performing the Boxcar speckle filter improves better classification performance over utilizing them separately. Furthermore, the selection of window size also contributes to improve the model performance.

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Fomin, O. V., et A. O. Lovska. « Determination of vertical dynamics for a standard Ukrainian boxcar with Y25 bogies ». Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, n^o 5 (2020) : 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-5/067.

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Purpose. To determine the basic dynamic characteristics of a standard Ukrainian boxcar with the Y25 bogie by means of the mathematic modelling of dynamic loads in the vertical plane and to compare them with the dynamic characteristics obtained for a boxcar with the 18100 bogie. It can be used for substantiation of application of the Y25 bogie as more promising, which can improve the operational efficiency of rail transportation and foster integration of the Ukrainian transport system into the European transportation complex. Methodology. The authors used the mathematical modelling of a boxcar with the Y25 bogie. The research was made in the vertical plane. It was taken into account that an empty car passed over a joint irregularity. The research was made for an 11217boxcar as a predominant type to be used. The authors studied the motion of a car on the 18100 and Y25 bogies. The basic dynamic characteristics were determined for a boxcar with the nominal (design) dimensions of the carrying elements and a boxcar with the actual dimensions (after a long service life) on the basis of the field tests. The differential equations were solved by theRungeKutta method in MathCad software suite. The initial displacements and the speeds were taken equal to zero. The following dynamic characteristics of a boxcar were obtained: acceleration of the body in the center of mass, acceleration of the body in the areas of support on the bogies, forces in the spring suspension of the bogie, and dynamic coefficients of the bogies. Findings. The theoretical research showed that the basic dynamic characteristics of a boxcar with the nominal dimensions were improved by 3851% in comparison to a similar one with the 18100 bogie, and for a boxcar with the actual dimensions the dynamic characteristics were improved by 4350%. Originality. The authors substantiated the application of the Y25 bogie for a standard Ukrainian boxcar with the nominal and actual dimensions of the carrying elements by means of the mathematical modelling of the dynamic loads in the vertical plane. Practical value. Due to lower dynamic loads on the carrying structures of freight cars with the Y25 bogie, it is possible to improve the dynamic characteristics of the structures under the operational modes, to increase the fatigue strength and the operational resource, to decrease the total repair and maintenance costs, to ensure better security and reliability of freight transportation through lower loads on both carrying structures and lashing devices, to increase the speed of freight delivery thanks to better dynamic characteristics of cars, to improve the traffic security, and so on.

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Yang, Pengyuan, David P. Myers, Gangqiang Li et Gary M. Hieftje. « Constant-Fraction Discrimination/Boxcar Integrator for Plasma Source Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry ». Applied Spectroscopy 49, n^o 5 (mai 1995) : 660–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953964057.

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A constant-fraction discrimination (CFD) system has been combined with a boxcar integrator for detection in inductively coupled plasma/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The discriminator provides gating logic for the boxcar integrator when an incoming ion signal occurs, but discriminates against electronic or background noise of lower amplitude. As a result, the combination can effectively reject noise and accumulate analyte signal, rather than relying on an averaging process to reduce noise levels. The signal-to-noise ratio is therefore enhanced in this operation compared with the conventional boxcar method. The dynamic range of the detection system is at least five orders of magnitude.

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Fomin, Oleksij, Vatulia Glib et Lovska Alyona. « Determination of loads on the body of a boxcar with elastic elements in the center sill ». Acta Polytechnica 62, n^o 4 (31 août 2022) : 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2022.62.0451.

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The authors suggest elastic elements in the body of a centre sill being the basic carrying element of the frame to decrease the dynamic loads. This solution can transform the dynamic loads on the body into the work of the dry friction forces between the components of the centre sill. The authors substantiated the solution by means of mathematic modelling of the dynamic loads on the body of a boxcar in the vertical plane, including the bouncing oscillations. The differential equations of the motion were solved with the Runge–Kutta method under the zero initial conditions. This solution can decrease the accelerations on the body of a boxcar by about 20 % in comparison to that of the prototype car. The study presents the strength calculations and the design service life for the body of a boxcar. It was calculated that the design service life of a boxcar was longer than that of the prototype car by about 20 %. The research may be used by those who are concerned about higher efficiency of railway transportation.

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Romanov, D., A. Filin, R. Compton et R. Levis. « Phase matching in femtosecond BOXCARS ». Optics Letters 32, n^o 21 (24 octobre 2007) : 3161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.32.003161.

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Bano, S. S., P. N. Reddy, B. P. N. Reddy et N. C. Eswara Reddy. « Microprocessor‐based boxcar signal averager ». Review of Scientific Instruments 58, n^o 10 (octobre 1987) : 1945–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139494.

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Larsen, Jakob Juul, Stine Søgaard Pedersen, Nikolaj Foged et Esben Auken. « Suppression of very low frequency radio noise in transient electromagnetic data with semi-tapered gates ». Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 10, n^o 1 (15 avril 2021) : 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-10-81-2021.

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Abstract. The transient electromagnetic method (TEM) is widely used for mapping subsurface resistivity structures, but data are inevitably contaminated by noise from various sources. It is common practice to gate signals from TEM systems to reduce the amount of data and improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Gating acts as a filter, and optimum gating will pass the TEM signal un-attenuated while suppressing noise. In systems based on analog boxcar integrators, the gating corresponds to filtering with a square window. The frequency response of this window shape has large side lobes, which are often insufficient in attenuating noise, e.g., from radio signals in the very low frequency (VLF) 3–30 kHz band. Tapered gates have better side lobe suppression and attenuate noise better, but tapering with analog boxcar integrators is difficult. We propose using many short boxcar gates, denoted sub-gates, and combine the sub-gates into semi-tapered gates to improve noise rejection at late gates where low signal normally leads to poor SNR. The semi-tapering approach is analyzed and tested experimentally on data from a roving TEM system. We quantify the effect of semi-tapered gates by computing an improvement factor as the ratio between the standard error of data measured with boxcar gates and the standard error of data measured with semi-tapered gates. Data from a test survey in Gedved, Denmark, with 1825 measurements gave mean improvement factors between 1.04 and 2.22 for the 10 late-time gates centered between 78.7 and 978.1 µs. After inversion of the data, we find that semi-tapering increases the depth of investigation by about 20 % for this specific survey. We conclude that the semi-tapered approach is a viable path towards increasing SNR in TEM systems based on analog boxcar integrators.

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Gilbraith, William E., J. Chance Carter, Kristl L. Adams, Karl S. Booksh et Joshua M. Ottaway. « Improving Prediction of Peroxide Value of Edible Oils Using Regularized Regression Models ». Molecules 26, n^o 23 (30 novembre 2021) : 7281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237281.

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We present four unique prediction techniques, combined with multiple data pre-processing methods, utilizing a wide range of both oil types and oil peroxide values (PV) as well as incorporating natural aging for peroxide creation. Samples were PV assayed using a standard starch titration method, AOCS Method Cd 8-53, and used as a verified reference method for PV determination. Near-infrared (NIR) spectra were collected from each sample in two unique optical pathlengths (OPLs), 2 and 24 mm, then fused into a third distinct set. All three sets were used in partial least squares (PLS) regression, ridge regression, LASSO regression, and elastic net regression model calculation. While no individual regression model was established as the best, global models for each regression type and pre-processing method show good agreement between all regression types when performed in their optimal scenarios. Furthermore, small spectral window size boxcar averaging shows prediction accuracy improvements for edible oil PVs. Best-performing models for each regression type are: PLS regression, 25 point boxcar window fused OPL spectral information RMSEP = 2.50; ridge regression, 5 point boxcar window, 24 mm OPL, RMSEP = 2.20; LASSO raw spectral information, 24 mm OPL, RMSEP = 1.80; and elastic net, 10 point boxcar window, 24 mm OPL, RMSEP = 1.91. The results show promising advancements in the development of a full global model for PV determination of edible oils.

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Warning, Nathanial. « Rock wren transport in railroad boxcars ». Southwestern Naturalist 61, n^o 3 (septembre 2016) : 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-61.3.203.

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Muller, Squier, De Lange et Brakenhoff. « CARS microscopy with folded BoxCARS phasematching ». Journal of Microscopy 197, n^o 2 (février 2000) : 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2818.2000.00648.x.

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Talybova, A. P., et N. V. Gryazeva. « Efficacy of autologous plasma microneedling with cells in patients with post-acne atrophic scars ». Medical alphabet, n^o 9 (25 juin 2021) : 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2021-9-97-100.

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Objective: to studythe effectiveness of autologous plasma-cell microneedling in patients with different phenotypes of post-acne atrophic scars. Group 1A (n = 32) included patients with post – acne atrophic scars: ice pick – 12 patients; boxcar – 11; rolling – 9 patients. Group 1B consisted of 34 patients with scars ice pick – 12; boxcar – 12; rolling – 10 patients. In group 1A, patients underwent a microneedling procedure. In group 1B, microneedling was performed with autologous plasma with cells. To evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy methods, we used the IGA (Investigators Global Assessment) scale modified for post-acne scars, adapted for post-acne scars by the Assessment of the Psychological and Social Effects of Acne (APSEA). Special methods included ultrasound examination using an ultrasound scanner IU 22. The end result for different post-acne scar phenotypes showed the advantages of the developed complex for boxcar and rolling AR and slightly lower for ice pick. The recommended course of therapy is three procedures performed once in 4 weeks.

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15

Longoni, A., et G. Ponterini. « Real-Time Acquisition and Preprocessing of Kinetic and Spectroscopic Data in Laser Flash Photolysis ». Applied Spectroscopy 40, n^o 5 (juillet 1986) : 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864508629.

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An automatic flash photolysis system for the measurement of absorption decays and transient difference spectra is described. The apparatus performs a digital measurement of the light transmitted by the sample and a few on-line preprocessing operations on the measured data, such as the digital averaging of the signal and the computation of the change in absorbance. A boxcar averager, used as a gated integrator, constitutes the sampling head of the apparatus. A microprocessor-based acquisition and control unit performs a digital conversion of the value sampled by the boxcar, provides an on-line preprocessing of the data, and supervises every operation required by the measurement process. This unit is interfaced to a personal computer which allows a friendly interaction with the operator as well as the on-line display of the data. The electronic instrumentation features a time resolution of a few nanoseconds, with a boxcar averager as input head, and of a few hundreds of picoseconds, with a sampling oscilloscope as input head.

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Ross, B., et P. G. Parikh. « The Roseville Bomb Disaster Simulated Train Braking System Tests and Boxcar Wood Floor Ignition Experiments ». Journal of Mechanical Design 113, n^o 1 (1 mars 1991) : 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2912756.

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A massive chain of property damaging explosions involving an ammunition train occurred at the railroad yard, Roseville, California. The train had pulled into the yard after a night trip of some 100 miles across Donner Summit and down the extended Norden-Roseville grade. Physical evidence confirmed that first explosions were centered at a DODX type boxcar loaded with 250 lb. bombs. Further, bomb cook-off detonation tests established that the triggering bomb blast was not a result of shock loads but rather derived from an engulfing fire initiated in the boxcar wood plank floor under influence of extended heavy braking action on the mountain grade. It was also suspected that high friction composition brake shoes were fitted on the car as replacements for cast iron shoes but the brake mechanical linkage lever ratios had not been modified as required. Results of a comprehensive research program are presented within context of the explosion event, and include analytical computer simulation of train descent profiles on mountain grades through full scale dynamometer tests with actual rail wheels and ultimately more scientific scaled wood floor ignition experiments in the laboratory. The thermal response of a simulated DODX boxcar wood floor was studied through experiments, full scale at a rail wheel dynamometer test facility, and in the laboratory. Certain input data for the wood floor ignition test program were measured on an actual boxcar joined with a freight train consist in transit down the Norden-Roseville grade. Two series of scaled wood ignition experiments were conducted on simulated DODX boxcar floors. Objectives of these tests were to determine: Influence of a cooling air stream on the ignition behavior of radiantly heated wood surfaces, and effectiveness of DODX (stand-off) and AAR (flush) type spark shields in preventing ignition of wood surfaces under radiant heating. It was found that for radiant heat flux levels representative of high friction composition shoes under severe train braking conditions, low speed airflow (wind) exerts a dramatic influence on the wood ignition time. For example, average ignition time for a simulated boxcar floor at a heat flux level of 0.4 cal/cm2sec was determined to be 15.6 min. with a 5 mph wind as compared to 3.6 min. with no wind. In the spark shield effectiveness tests, conducted at heat flux levels representative of cast iron shoes under severe braking conditions, the DODX (stand-off) type spark shield failed to prevent spontaneous flaming ignition of a wood surface directly above it. Under identical conditions, no flaming ignition was encountered with the AAR (flush) type spark shield.

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Yamasue, Kohei, et Yasuo Cho. « Boxcar Averaging Scanning Nonlinear Dielectric Microscopy ». Nanomaterials 12, n^o 5 (26 février 2022) : 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12050794.

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Scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy (SNDM) is a near-field microwave-based scanning probe microscopy method with a wide variety of applications, especially in the fields of dielectrics and semiconductors. This microscopy method has often been combined with contact-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) for simultaneous topography imaging and contact force regulation. The combination SNDM with intermittent contact AFM is also beneficial for imaging a sample prone to damage and using a sharp microscopy tip for improving spatial resolution. However, SNDM with intermittent contact AFM can suffer from a lower signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio than that with contact-mode AFM because of the shorter contact time for a given measurement time. In order to improve the S/N ratio, we apply boxcar averaging based signal acquisition suitable for SNDM with intermittent contact AFM. We develop a theory for the S/N ratio of SNDM and experimentally demonstrate the enhancement of the S/N ratio in SNDM combined with peak-force tapping (a trademark of Bruker) AFM. In addition, we apply the proposed method to the carrier concentration distribution imaging of atomically thin van der Waals semiconductors. The proposed method clearly visualizes an anomalous electron doping effect on few-layer Nb-doped MoS2. The proposed method is also applicable to other scanning near-field microwave microscopes combined with peak-force tapping AFM such as scanning microwave impedance microscopy. Our results indicate the possibility of simultaneous nanoscale topographic, electrical, and mechanical imaging even on delicate samples.

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Raimondo, Marc, et Iain M. Johnstone. « Periodic boxcar deconvolution and Diophantine approximation ». Annals of Statistics 32, n^o 5 (octobre 2004) : 1781–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/009053604000000391.

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Perangin-angin, Bisman, Kerista Tarigan et Poltak Sihombing. « Time Resolved Spectroscopy Using Boxcar Integrator ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 1230 (juillet 2019) : 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1230/1/012034.

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Arrabal-Campos, Francisco M., José D. Álvarez, Amador García-Sancho et Ignacio Fernández. « Molecular weight prediction in polystyrene blends. Unprecedented use of a genetic algorithm in pulse field gradient spin echo (PGSE) NMR ». Soft Matter 13, n^o 37 (2017) : 6620–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm01569k.

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Khare, Smith Kashiram, Paul McLachlan, Pradip Kumar Maurya et Jakob Juul Larsen. « An optimized and hybrid gating scheme for the suppression of very low-frequency radios in transient electromagnetic systems ». Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 13, n^o 1 (13 février 2024) : 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-27-2024.

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Abstract. One of the most widely used approaches for measuring the earth's subsurface resistivity is the transient electromagnetic (TEM) method. However, noise and interference from different sources, e.g., radio communication, the instrument, the atmosphere, and power lines, severely taint these types of signals. In particular, radio transmission in the very low-frequency (VLF) range between 3 and 30 kHz is one of the most prominent sources of noise. Transient electromagnetic signals are normally gated to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. A precise selection of gate shapes is required to suppress undesired noise while allowing the TEM signal to pass unaltered. We employ the multi-objective particle swarm optimization technique to choose optimal gate shapes and placements by minimizing an objective function composed of standard error bars, the covariance between gates, and the distortion of the gated signal. The proposed method is applied to both fully sampled synthetic TEM data and to boxcar-gated field data. The best output from the search space of gate shapes was found to be a hybrid combination of boxcar and Hamming gates. The effectiveness of hybrid gating over traditional boxcar and semi-tapered gating is confirmed by an analysis of covariance matrices and error bars. The results show that the developed method effectively suppresses VLF noise in the middle gates, which are gates with center times spanning 30 to 200 µs , and in the late gates, which are gates with center times spanning 200 to 1130 µs. The analysis shows that the average improvement in standard errors obtained for the hybrid gating scheme over boxcar gating is 1.719 and 1.717 for synthetic and field data, respectively.

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Novo, João B. Marques, et Francisco B. T. Pessine. « Time-Resolved Luminescence Spectroscopy : Computer Interfacing and Software Development for a Boxcar-Based Laser-Luminescence Spectrometer ». Applied Spectroscopy 47, n^o 12 (décembre 1993) : 2044–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934066280.

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The undesirable resistance-capacitance (RC) distortion coming from the exponential moving averaging process of a boxcar integrator/averager acquisition system in kinetic and spectral luminescence measurements could be effectively eliminated by interfacing it to a microcomputer. Accurate acquisition of luminescence decay curves and time-resolved spectra was provided by a developed software that allows synchronous scan control of the gate delay time in the boxcar integrator with the emission wavelength in the monochromator. Some simple mathematical calculation routines, including excited-state lifetime extraction from luminescence decay curves and normalization of time-resolved spectra, were added. The main characteristics of both the software and the interfacing hardware are reported.

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Collier, J. L., B. J. Goddard, D. C. Goode, S. Marka et H. H. Telle. « A low-cost gated integrator boxcar averager ». Measurement Science and Technology 7, n^o 9 (1 septembre 1996) : 1204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/7/9/003.

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Barabanschikov, V. A., O. A. Korolkova et E. A. Lobodinskaya. « Recognition of facial expressions during step-function stroboscopic presentation ». Experimental Psychology (Russia) 11, n^o 4 (2018) : 50–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2018110405.

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We studied the perception of human facial emotional expressions during step-function stroboscopic presentation of changing mimics. Consecutive stages of each of the six basic facial expressions were pre sented to the participants: neutral face (300 ms) — expression of medium intensity (10—40 ms) — intense expression (30—120 ms) — expression of medium intensity (10—40 ms) — neutral face (100 ms). Alternative forced choice task was used to categorize the facial expressions. The results were compared to previous studies (Barabanschikov, Korolkova, Lobodinskaya, 2015; 2016), conducted using the same paradigm but with boxcar-function change of the expression: neutral face — intense expression — neutral face. We found that the dynamics of facial expression recognition, as well as errors and recognition time are almost identical in conditions of boxcar- and step-function presentation. One factor influencing the recognition rate is the proportion of presentation time of static (neutral) and changing (facial expression) aspects of the stimulus. In suboptimal conditions of facial expression perception (minimal presentation time of 10+30+10 ms and reduced intensity of expressions) we revealed stroboscopic sensibilization — a previously described phenomenon of enhanced recognition rate of low-attractive expressions (disgust, sadness, fear and anger), which has been previously found in conditions of boxcar-function presentation of expressions. We confirmed the similarity of influence of real and apparent motion on the recognition of basic facial emotional expressions.

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Mohseninia, Razieh, Jing Yang, Irfan Siddiqi, Andrew N. Jordan et Justin Dressel. « Always-On Quantum Error Tracking with Continuous Parity Measurements ». Quantum 4 (4 novembre 2020) : 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-11-04-358.

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We investigate quantum error correction using continuous parity measurements to correct bit-flip errors with the three-qubit code. Continuous monitoring of errors brings the benefit of a continuous stream of information, which facilitates passive error tracking in real time. It reduces overhead from the standard gate-based approach that periodically entangles and measures additional ancilla qubits. However, the noisy analog signals from continuous parity measurements mandate more complicated signal processing to interpret syndromes accurately. We analyze the performance of several practical filtering methods for continuous error correction and demonstrate that they are viable alternatives to the standard ancilla-based approach. As an optimal filter, we discuss an unnormalized (linear) Bayesian filter, with improved computational efficiency compared to the related Wonham filter introduced by Mabuchi [New J. Phys. 11, 105044 (2009)]. We compare this optimal continuous filter to two practical variations of the simplest periodic boxcar-averaging-and-thresholding filter, targeting real-time hardware implementations with low-latency circuitry. As variations, we introduce a non-Markovian ``half-boxcar'' filter and a Markovian filter with a second adjustable threshold; these filters eliminate the dominant source of error in the boxcar filter, and compare favorably to the optimal filter. For each filter, we derive analytic results for the decay in average fidelity and verify them with numerical simulations.

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Roland, Thomas, Vincent Kemlin, Julien Nillon, Jean-Sébastien Pellé, Olivier Crégutt, Johanna Brazard, Jérémie Léonard et Stefan Haacke. « BOXCARS-geometry 2DES setup in the 300-340nm range with pulse-to-pulse phase correction at 50kHz ». EPJ Web of Conferences 205 (2019) : 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920501009.

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A 40-nm broad pulse centred at 320nm is produced from an amplified Yb-doped fiber laser operated at 50kHz, and used in a BOXCARS geometry setup for 2DES, with shot-to-shot monitoring of the relative optical phase stability.

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Doerk, T., J. Ehlbeck, P. Jauernik, J. Stańco, J. Uhlenbusch et T. Wottka. « Narrow-band BoxCARS applied to CO2 laser discharges ». Il Nuovo Cimento D 14, n^o 10 (octobre 1992) : 1051–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02455367.

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Scott, Bill. « The Big Boxcar, and : The World Above (review) ». MLN 114, n^o 5 (1999) : 1146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mln.1999.0079.

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Brännström, Åke, Linus Carlsson et Daniel Simpson. « On the Convergence of the Escalator Boxcar Train ». SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 51, n^o 6 (janvier 2013) : 3213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/120893215.

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Boye, D. M., J. E. Rives et R. S. Meltzer. « Phonon dynamics with a photon echo boxcar scheme ». Journal of Luminescence 45, n^o 1-6 (janvier 1990) : 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2313(90)90129-y.

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Pensky, Marianna, et Theofanis Sapatinas. « Multichannel boxcar deconvolution with growing number of channels ». Electronic Journal of Statistics 5 (2011) : 53–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/11-ejs597.

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Pa, I., M. Hepp, R. Philipp, R. Schieder et G. Winnewisser. « Double Modulation Technique in Pulsed Jet Experiments with Tunable Diode Lasers ». Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 49, n^o 10 (1 octobre 1994) : 913–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1994-1001.

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Abstract A double modulation technique was used to achieve higher sensitivity in absorption measure ments with a pulsed supersonic jet. The wavelength of a lead-salt diode laser was modulated at a frequency of 10 kHz and detected at twice the frequency by a lock-in amplifier, reducing significantly the influence of the low frequency excess laser noise. The output of this lock-in amplifier was measured by a boxcar integrator, driven at 80 Hz, the frequency of the pulsed jet. In case the duration of the jet pulse is long enough, a second lock-in amplifier can also be used instead of the boxcar integrator. The optical path of the diode laser radiation through the jet was increased 16 times by using White type multireflection optics. The achieved value for the minimum detectable absorption of Ar - CO complexes in the jet was 2 x 10-5 in relative absorption, limited by the excess noise of the diode laser.

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Farah, Kamal, Jackson E. T. Smith et Erik P. Cook. « ROC-Based Estimates of Neural-Behavioral Covariations Using Matched Filters ». Neural Computation 26, n^o 8 (août 2014) : 1667–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00616.

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Correlations between responses in visual cortex and perceptual performance help draw a functional link between neural activity and visually guided behavior. These correlations are commonly derived with ROC-based neural-behavioral covariances (referred to as choice or detect probability) using boxcar analysis windows. Although boxcar windows capture the covariation between neural activity and behavior during steady-state stimulus presentations, they are not optimized to capture these correlations during short time-varying visual inputs. In this study, we implemented a matched-filter technique, combined with cross-validation, to improve the estimation of ROC-based neural-behavioral covariance under short and dynamic stimulus conditions. We show that this approach maximizes the area under the ROC curve and converges to the true neural-behavioral covariance using a Poisson spiking model. We also demonstrate that the matched filter, combined with cross-validation, reveals the dynamics of the neural-behavioral covariations of individual MT neurons during the detection of a brief motion stimulus.

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Al-aajem, Burooj Mohammed Razooqi, Khudhair Khalaf Alkayally et Aya Khudhair Khalaf Alkayally. « Evaluation of efficacy and safety of platelet rich plasma (PRP) and microneedling (radiofrequency) in the treatment of atrophic acne scars ». Journal of Ideas in Health 2, n^o 2 (27 décembre 2019) : 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47108/jidhealth.vol2.iss2.31.

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Background: Acne Vulgaris is a self-limiting, chronic skin lesion, which may heal with squally of different types of scars (ice pitted, boxcar, rolling, and keloid). Different options used to deal with scars such as laser dermabrasion, surgical excision, and chemical peeling. This study aims to assess the safety and effectiveness of using a combination of radiofrequency (RF) microneedling and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in managing the atrophic acne scars among a sample of Iraqi patients. Method: An interventional study conducted from January 2017 to December 2018 at a private dermatological clinic in Kalar City, Al-Sulaymmania Province, Iraq. Patients with the atrophic scar and willing to participate are adequately assessed and treated by RF and PRP. A different number of sessions of therapy used, and patients followed for three months after the last meeting. Results: Thirty-one patients were involved in the study. The majority of them (27, 87.0%) were females with a mean age of 26.41±8 years. Twenty patients (64.5%) had opened mouth (boxcar and rolling) scars, and eleven (35.5%) had ice pitted scars. Ten patients (32.25%) showed an excellent response to RF and PRP therapy with two grades improvement, fifteen patients (48.38%) showed good response with one-grade improvement and six patients (19.6%) showed poor response without improvement in grades, (all of them of ice pitted scars). There was a direct relationship between the number of sessions and the response to therapy. Three patients developed folliculitis at sits of puncturing with the isolation of staphylococcus auras bacteria, which cleared by topical and systemic antibiotics. Conclusions: Although ice pitted scars showed an inadequate response to therapy, however, the reaction of the boxcar and rolling scars to RF and PRP was excellent, indicating that combination procedure is a safe, efficient and satisfactory option for the treatment of atrophic acne scars.

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Sun, Cong, et Davin Lim. « Trichloroacetic Acid Paint for Boxcar and Polymorphic Acne Scars ». Dermatologic Surgery 48, n^o 2 (16 décembre 2021) : 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dss.0000000000003339.

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Voigtman, Edward, et James D. Winefordner. « Basis and Use of Boxcar Detection in Analytical Spectrometry ». Instrumentation Science & ; Technology 15, n^o 4 (janvier 1986) : 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10739148608543619.

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Williams, P., et H. W. Lam. « Simple boxcar integrator covering a large input frequency range ». Journal of Physics E : Scientific Instruments 18, n^o 1 (janvier 1985) : 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/18/1/007.

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Williams, P., et H. W. Lam. « Simple boxcar integrator covering a large input frequency range ». Journal of Physics E : Scientific Instruments 18, n^o 4 (avril 1985) : 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/18/4/501.

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WEBER, MAGDA BLESSMANN, RAQUEL BOZZETTO MACHADO, ISADORA ROSA HOEFEL, ANA PAULA DORNELLES MANZONI et ARIANE DA SILVA BASTOS GELER. « Complication of Cross-Technique on Boxcar Acne Scars : Atrophy ». Dermatologic Surgery 37, n^o 1 (janvier 2011) : 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2010.01820.x.

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Graber, E. « Complication of Cross-Technique on Boxcar Acne Scars : Atrophy ». Yearbook of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery 2012 (janvier 2012) : 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yder.2011.11.036.

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Colombo, Rinaldo M., Piotr Gwiazda et Magdalena Rosińska. « Optimization in structure population models through the Escalator Boxcar Train ». ESAIM : Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations 24, n^o 1 (janvier 2018) : 377–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cocv/2017003.

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The Escalator Boxcar Train (EBT) is a tool widely used in the study of balance laws motivated by structure population dynamics. This paper proves that the approximate solutions defined through the EBT converge to exact solutions. Moreover, this method is rigorously shown to be effective also in computing optimal controls. As preliminary results, the well posedness of classes of PDEs and of ODEs comprising various biological models is also obtained. A specific application to welfare policies illustrates the whole procedure.

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MONHEIT, GARY D. « Commentary : Complication of CROSS Technique on Boxcar Acne Scars : Atrophy ». Dermatologic Surgery 37, n^o 1 (janvier 2011) : 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2010.01824.x.

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James, Douglas R., Aleksander Siemiarczuk et William R. Ware. « Stroboscopic optical boxcar technique for the determination of fluorescence lifetimes ». Review of Scientific Instruments 63, n^o 2 (février 1992) : 1710–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143328.

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de Roos, A. M. « Numerical methods for structured population models : The Escalator Boxcar Train ». Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations 4, n^o 3 (1988) : 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/num.1690040303.

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Singh, J. P., et F. Y. Yueh. « Comparative study of temperature measurement with folded BOXCARS and collinear CARS ». Combustion and Flame 89, n^o 1 (avril 1992) : 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(92)90079-5.

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Sild, Mari, Robert P. Chatelain et Edward S. Ruthazer. « Improved Method for the Quantification of Motility in Glia and Other Morphologically Complex Cells ». Neural Plasticity 2013 (2013) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/853727.

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Cells such as astrocytes and radial glia with many densely ramified, fine processes pose particular challenges for the quantification of structural motility. Here we report the development of a method to calculate a motility index for individual cells with complex, dynamic morphologies. This motility index relies on boxcar averaging of the difference images generated by subtraction of images collected at consecutive time points. An image preprocessing step involving 2D projection, edge detection, and dilation of the raw images is first applied in order to binarize the images. The boxcar averaging of difference images diminishes the impact of artifactual pixel fluctuations while accentuating the group-wise changes in pixel values which are more likely to represent real biological movement. Importantly, this provides a value that correlates with mean process elongation and retraction rates without requiring detailed reconstructions of very complex cells. We also demonstrate that additional increases in the sensitivity of the method can be obtained by denoising images using the temporal frequency power spectra, based on the fact that rapid intensity fluctuations over time are mainly due to imaging artifact. The MATLAB programs implementing these motility analysis methods, complete with user-friendly graphical interfaces, have been made publicly available for download.

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Wang, L., J. R. Xu et W. E. Jones. « A BOXCARS investigation of vibrational relaxation in highly excited 1, 2-trans-dichloroethene ». Canadian Journal of Physics 71, n^o 11-12 (1 novembre 1993) : 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p93-083.

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The BOXCARS technique has been used to study the collisional vibrational energy transfer from 1, 2-trans-dichloroethene excited into a quasicontinuum by a pulsed CO2 laser. The temporal evolution behaviour for vibrational energies in different modes was obtained. It has been shown that both the rate and maximum energy transferral to the ν4 mode are slightly larger than rates and energy transferral to the ν1 and ν2 modes and that this specificity declines with increase in excitation energy. The mechanism for this specificity is discussed.

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Garg, Anu, et Shyam Sundar Chaudhary. « Efficacy of dermaroller on morphology of acne scars : analytical and prospective study ». International Journal of Research in Dermatology 3, n^o 3 (24 août 2017) : 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20173921.

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Background: Atrophic acne scars cause psychological devastation and are difficult to treat. The demand for less invasive but highly effective treatment for scars is growing. Objective is to assess the efficacy of microneedling in the management of atrophic acne scars on the basis of morphology.Methods: Fifty one patients with atrophic acne scars were selected. Each patient was evaluated for types of acne scars. Dermaroller was performed at 4 weeks interval for a total of 3 sessions. Evaluation of type of acne scar and photography were done pre-treatment and 6 months after the end of treatment. Patients own evaluation of improvement was assessed by patient perception scale.Results: At the end of treatment, boxcar scars reduced by 47.06%, rolling scars reduced by 37.25% and 05.88% reduction was seen in ice pick scars. No treatment failure was seen. There was high level of patient satisfaction with patient perception scale of 8.15.Conclusions: Dermaroller has shown good results in treating boxcar and rolling scars with little effect on ice pick scars.

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Ravvin, Norman. « “Were I not here to record it, there would be no trace” : Chava Rosenfarb's “In the Boxcar” and Patrick Modiano's Dora Bruder ». Canadian Jewish Studies / Études juives canadiennes 32 (25 octobre 2021) : 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.40239.

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Patrick Modiano’s Dora Bruder and Chava Rosenfarb’s “In the Boxcar” – an excerpt from the as-yet not fully translated novel Letters to Abrasha – rely on original and creative methods in their responses to events and memory associated with the Holocaust. In contrast with these works, this article also considers the approach taken in Michal Glowinski’s memoir The Black Seasons, as well as in Barbara Engelking and Jacek Leociak’s The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City. These texts convey, in a new light, pre-war and wartime sites: Paris, Auschwitz, Lodz, Warsaw, and the ghettos installed by the Germans in the latter two cities. Dora Bruder de Patrick Modiano et «In the Boxcar» de Chava Rosenfarb - un extrait du roman Letters to Abrasha, qui n’a pas encore été entièrement traduit - s’appuient sur des méthodes originales et créatives dans leurs réponses aux événements et à la mémoire associés à l’Holocauste. En contraste avec ces oeuvres, cet article examine également l’approche adoptée dans les mémoires de Michal Glowinski, The Black Seasons, ainsi que dans The Warsaw Ghetto : A Guide to the Perished City de Barbara Engelking et Jacek Leociak. Ces textes présentent, sous un jour nouveau, des sites d’avant-guerre et de guerre: Paris, Auschwitz, Lodz, Varsovie, et les ghettos installés par les Allemands dans ces deux dernières villes.

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Burrows, Katy, Richard J. Walters, David Milledge et Alexander L. Densmore. « A systematic exploration of satellite radar coherence methods for rapid landslide detection ». Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, n^o 11 (27 novembre 2020) : 3197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3197-2020.

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Abstract. Emergency responders require information on the distribution of triggered landslides within 2 weeks of an earthquake or storm. Useable satellite radar imagery is acquired within days of any such event worldwide. Recently, several landslide detection methods that use these data have been developed, but testing of these methods has been limited in each case to a single event and satellite sensor. Here we systematically test five methods using ALOS-2 and Sentinel-1 data across four triggering earthquakes. The best-performing method was dependent on the satellite sensor. For three of our four case study events, an initial ALOS-2 image was acquired within 2 weeks, and with these data, co-event coherence loss (CECL) is the best-performing method. Using a single post-event Sentinel-1 image, the best-performing method was the boxcar–sibling (Bx–S) method. We also present three new methods which incorporate a second post-event image. While the waiting time for this second post-event image is disadvantageous for emergency response, these methods perform more consistently and on average 10 % better across event and sensor type than the boxcar–sibling and CECL methods. Thus, our results demonstrate that useful landslide density information can be generated on the timescale of emergency response and allow us to make recommendations on the best method based on the availability and latency of post-event radar data.

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