Articles de revues : « Boundaries – Social aspects – Middle East »

1

El Semary, Yasmin M., Hany Attalla et Iman Gawad. « Modern Mashrabiyas with High-tech Daylight Responsive Systems ». Academic Research Community publication 1, n^o 1 (18 septembre 2017) : 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v1i1.113.

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The environmental and social role of closed oriental balconies (Mashrabiyas) remains a significant vernacular aspect of Middle Eastern architecture. However, nowadays this traditional Islamic window element with its characteristic latticework is used to cover entire buildings as an oriental ornament, providing local identity and a sun-shading device for cooling. In fact, designers have reinvented this vernacular Islamic wooden structure into high-tech responsive daylight systems – often on a massive scale and using computer technology – not only to cover tall buildings as an oriental ornament, but also as a major responsive daylight system.It is possible to use the traditional architectural Islamic elements of the Middle East for problem solving design solutions in present-day architecture. The potential for achieving these solutions lies in the effective combination of the design concepts of the traditional elements with new smart materials and technologies. Hence, modern mashrabiyas could be a major responsive daylight system. Contextual information drawn from relevant theory, ethnography and practice is used to form a methodological framework for the modern mashrabiyas with high-tech responsive daylight systems. The main results set boundaries for the viability of computer technology to produce mashrabiyas and promote a sustainable way of reviving their use within Middle Eastern buildings.

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2

Khater, Akram. « “Like a Wolf Who Fell upon Sheep” : Arab Diaspora and Religion in America, 1880–1930 ». Diaspora : A Journal of Transnational Studies 21, n^o 1 (1 mars 2021) : 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.21.1.2020-06-15.

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Historians of migration have extensively studied the economic, social, and political impact of migration and the secular changes amongst diasporic communities, but changes in religious faith, practice and institutions remain opaque. Yet, they form part of the most intimate aspect of the lives transformed in movement and were, in fact, the most active fault line in diasporic communities and at home. However, in relation to religion in the Middle East, historians have hardly paid any attention to movement of people and ideas across and beyond the geographical boundaries of the region. This makes our understanding at best incomplete and, in some instances, incorrect in identifying the sources, dynamics and reasons for change in religious institutions and faith. This article attempts to fill these lacunae by looking at an example of how migration inflected religious institutions and how faith and religion shaped the migratory experience.

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3

Sabet, Amr G. E. « Middle East Studies for the New Millennium : Infrastructures for Knowledge ». American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 35, n^o 3 (1 juillet 2018) : 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v35i3.492.

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Middle East Studies for the New Millennium sheds light on the trials and tribulations of Middle East area studies in the highly charged and politi- cized context of American academia and broader US policy. In this respect, it is an important exposition of how American universities produce knowl- edge about different world regions (ix). The study is the outcome of a research project that spanned a period of nearly fifteen years since 2000. The introductory chapter, by book editors Shami and Miller-Idriss and titled “The Many Crises of Middle East Stud- ies” (MES), refers to the contextual status of the field and relates its ‘crises’ to an American setting in which knowledge and power are intrinsically, even if not always clearly, juxtaposed. Shami and Miller-Idriss point out that three main institutional actors define the politics of the field: univer- sities, federal government, and private philanthropic foundations (8). The role of the US federal government in producing knowledge, the relation- ship between knowledge and power, and ways of knowing about ‘other’ cultures and places has long been a source and subject of numerous debates and controversies (1), but the authors problematize it in terms of the “se- curitization of academic knowledge in the name of ‘national interest,’ the challenges arising out of the possibilities of unbounded, transnational fields of scholarship and the future of the university as an institution” (2). The MES also faced an additional crisis as a growing number of social scientists came to perceive it as too focused on in-depth studying of areas instead of seeking to produce knowledge based on universal theories or explanations. MES, thus, increasingly occupied a diminishing space in social sciences in favor of a humanistic turn toward cultural and linguistic approaches (9). This, according to Shami and Miller-Idriss was not simply a matter of intel- lectual skepticism, but rather a reflection of deliberate attempts at siphon- ing social scientists from universities, narrowing knowledge to specific agenda-settings, and limiting space for alternative perspectives. Due to the perceived ‘anti-Americanism’ of MES, in good measure emanating from claims about Edward Said’s “pernicious influence,” the field has increasingly come under siege through federal monitoring, campus watch, scrutiny of scholars exchanges, and funding restrictions (10). Problematizing the context of MES in such terms helps frame the ap- proach of this study around three main themes that comprise the three parts of the book and its eleven chapters. These include the relationship be- tween MES and other social science disciplines, reconfigurations, and new emphases in MES focusing on university restructuring, language training and scholarly trends, and the politics of knowledge as they relate specifical- ly to the many crises in the Middle East (11). Part I, titled “Disciplines and its Boundaries,” comprises four chap- ters, which highlight the interdisciplinary nature of area studies as a sub- field within the entire “problem-solving” structure of social sciences. This tendency distinguished area studies from earlier Orientalist/civilizational scholarly traditions. The four chapters in Part I cover the relationship be- tween area studies and political science (Lisa Wedeen), sociology (Reshat Kasaba), economics (Karen Pfeifer), and geography (Amy Mills and Timur Hammond). Together, they demonstrate how the privileged discipline or “prestige area” for theorizing reflects a different relationship with area studies depending on the discipline’s definition of the “universal” (11). Wedeen challenges positivist/methodological claims about the separation of fact and value, and the unification of liberalism and science in such a fashion as to render the subfield of American studies a standard universal “nonarea”, reflecting American exceptionalism (12). Kasaba examines the historically cyclical relationship between sociology and area studies “as a push-and-pull reaction to particular political imperatives,” related to how social sciences and American foreign policy have been intertwined since WWII (12). Pfeifer focuses on how international financial institutions have shaped much of western economists’ approaches to the Middle East region, entrenching neoclassical economic ideas associated with stabilization, lib- eralization, and privatization (13). Mills and Hammond examine the “spa- tial turn” in area studies, and how spatial methodologies have provided for a means to understand the broad socio-economic and political dynamics that have served to shape the Middle East. They point also to the interdisci- plinary nature of spatial studies that could very well transform area studies by linking the region to its global context (14-15). Part II, titled “Middle East Studies and the University,” comprises four chapters by Jonathan Z. Friedman and Cynthia Miller-Idriss, Elizabeth An- derson Worden and Jeremy M. Browne, Laura Bier, and Charles Kurzman and Carl W. Ernst. These chapters highlight how knowledge about the Middle East are produced through changing institutional structures and architectures, particularly in relation to the rise of “the global” as a major organizational form within American universities. They also focus on the “capacities” needed to produce a new generation of qualified specialists ca- pable of dealing with profound regional changes that would also require dif- ferent policy and educational approaches (15). Friedman and Miller-Idriss look at the Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies at New York University (NYU) in order to investigate how area studies centers as well as universities are to transform themselves into global institutions. They point to two separate but coexisting logics of internationalization: that of the specialist with deeper knowledge of the area, and the cosmopolitan who emphasizes breadth in global experience in order to produce the ‘global citizen’ (15-16). Worden and Browne focus on reasons why it was difficult for American institutions to produce proficient Arabic language speakers in significant numbers. They offer an explanation in terms of structural and cultural factors related to time constraints that graduate students face in or- der to learn the language, the relative lower status of language instructors, the devaluation of language learning by some social sciences disciplines, and, for all practical purposes, the difficulty of learning Arabic. Bier ana- lyzes PhD dissertations concerned with the Middle East across six social sciences disciplines (political science, sociology, anthropology, economics, history and MES) during the period 2000-2010, focusing on their themes, topics and methods (253). She points out that neoliberalism and what is termed the ‘Washington Consensus’ have come to dominate political sci- ence, sociology and economics, while issues of identity, gender, colonial- ism, the nation, and Islam dominate in anthropology, history, and MES. Kurzman and Ernst go beyond Bier’s thematic approach to highlight the renewed and significant institutional growth of interest in Islamic studies for national security concerns. They point as well to the encouragement offered by a number of universities to promote cross-regional approaches, not constrained by narrower definitions of distinct regions, although they also raise the problem of lack of adequate federal funding for such purpos- es. Part III, titled “the Politics of Knowledge,” comprises three chapters by Seteney Sami and Marcial Godoy-Anativia, Ussama Makdisi, and Irene Gendzier; and an ‘Afterward’ by Lisa Anderson. These chapters examine not only the production of knowledge but also how knowledge is frequently silenced by forces that “structure and restrict freedom of speech, censor- ship and self-censorship”—the so-called “chilling effects” (19). Sami and Godoy-Anativia examine the themes of campus watch or surveillance and public criticism of MES, especially after the 9/11 events of 2001, and their impact on academia and “institutional architectures” as knowledge is secu- ritized and “privatized” (19). Makdisi and Gendzier question how Ameri- can scholarship about the region has changed over time, yet almost always highly charged and politicized in large measure due to the Arab-Zionist/ Israeli conflict (20-21). Despite moves toward more critical and postna- tionalist approaches, Makdisi emphasizes that overall academic freedom has nevertheless been curtailed. Genzier, in turn, points to how “ignorance has [come to have] strategic value,” as “caricatured images” pass for anal- ysis (21-22). Finally, given the securitization and other intimidating mea- sures undertaken around campuses and universities, Anderson concludes that the state of a “beleaguered” (442) MES is deplorable, describing it as “demoralized, lacking academic freedom and reliable research data, and function in a general climate of repression, neglect and isolation” (22, 442). This important book—with extensive bibliographies in each chapter and its detailed exploration of the state of the field of United States MES in the twenty-first century—stands as a reference source for all interested in Middle East studies. “Infrastructures for Knowledge” could have made for a provocative main title of this work, in reference to the production of knowledge on the Middle East and the reproduction of new generations of Middle Eastern specialists. Its most salient aspect is that it highlights and underscores the formal and informal authoritarian and securitization mea- sures adopted by US federal agencies as well as universities to set effective restrictions on what can or cannot be said and/or taught about MES, both in academic institutions and in the media. In addition to the proliferation of both private and public watchdogs monitoring how MES is being taught on campuses, the establishment since 2003 of twelve Homeland Security Centers of Excellence at six universities (with grants totaling about 100 million dollars) is indicative of the scale of intrusive measures (101). The broader problem is that such infringements do not take place only in US universities. Given that county’s totalizing and vested interests in influenc- ing how knowledge is produced and consumed globally, not least in and about the Middle East, the extent of its hegemonic control in that region can only be surmised. Amr G.E. SabetDepartment of Political ScienceDalarna University, Falun, Sweden

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4

Sabet, Amr G. E. « Middle East Studies for the New Millennium : Infrastructures for Knowledge ». American Journal of Islam and Society 35, n^o 3 (1 juillet 2018) : 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v35i3.492.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Middle East Studies for the New Millennium sheds light on the trials and tribulations of Middle East area studies in the highly charged and politi- cized context of American academia and broader US policy. In this respect, it is an important exposition of how American universities produce knowl- edge about different world regions (ix). The study is the outcome of a research project that spanned a period of nearly fifteen years since 2000. The introductory chapter, by book editors Shami and Miller-Idriss and titled “The Many Crises of Middle East Stud- ies” (MES), refers to the contextual status of the field and relates its ‘crises’ to an American setting in which knowledge and power are intrinsically, even if not always clearly, juxtaposed. Shami and Miller-Idriss point out that three main institutional actors define the politics of the field: univer- sities, federal government, and private philanthropic foundations (8). The role of the US federal government in producing knowledge, the relation- ship between knowledge and power, and ways of knowing about ‘other’ cultures and places has long been a source and subject of numerous debates and controversies (1), but the authors problematize it in terms of the “se- curitization of academic knowledge in the name of ‘national interest,’ the challenges arising out of the possibilities of unbounded, transnational fields of scholarship and the future of the university as an institution” (2). The MES also faced an additional crisis as a growing number of social scientists came to perceive it as too focused on in-depth studying of areas instead of seeking to produce knowledge based on universal theories or explanations. MES, thus, increasingly occupied a diminishing space in social sciences in favor of a humanistic turn toward cultural and linguistic approaches (9). This, according to Shami and Miller-Idriss was not simply a matter of intel- lectual skepticism, but rather a reflection of deliberate attempts at siphon- ing social scientists from universities, narrowing knowledge to specific agenda-settings, and limiting space for alternative perspectives. Due to the perceived ‘anti-Americanism’ of MES, in good measure emanating from claims about Edward Said’s “pernicious influence,” the field has increasingly come under siege through federal monitoring, campus watch, scrutiny of scholars exchanges, and funding restrictions (10). Problematizing the context of MES in such terms helps frame the ap- proach of this study around three main themes that comprise the three parts of the book and its eleven chapters. These include the relationship be- tween MES and other social science disciplines, reconfigurations, and new emphases in MES focusing on university restructuring, language training and scholarly trends, and the politics of knowledge as they relate specifical- ly to the many crises in the Middle East (11). Part I, titled “Disciplines and its Boundaries,” comprises four chap- ters, which highlight the interdisciplinary nature of area studies as a sub- field within the entire “problem-solving” structure of social sciences. This tendency distinguished area studies from earlier Orientalist/civilizational scholarly traditions. The four chapters in Part I cover the relationship be- tween area studies and political science (Lisa Wedeen), sociology (Reshat Kasaba), economics (Karen Pfeifer), and geography (Amy Mills and Timur Hammond). Together, they demonstrate how the privileged discipline or “prestige area” for theorizing reflects a different relationship with area studies depending on the discipline’s definition of the “universal” (11). Wedeen challenges positivist/methodological claims about the separation of fact and value, and the unification of liberalism and science in such a fashion as to render the subfield of American studies a standard universal “nonarea”, reflecting American exceptionalism (12). Kasaba examines the historically cyclical relationship between sociology and area studies “as a push-and-pull reaction to particular political imperatives,” related to how social sciences and American foreign policy have been intertwined since WWII (12). Pfeifer focuses on how international financial institutions have shaped much of western economists’ approaches to the Middle East region, entrenching neoclassical economic ideas associated with stabilization, lib- eralization, and privatization (13). Mills and Hammond examine the “spa- tial turn” in area studies, and how spatial methodologies have provided for a means to understand the broad socio-economic and political dynamics that have served to shape the Middle East. They point also to the interdisci- plinary nature of spatial studies that could very well transform area studies by linking the region to its global context (14-15). Part II, titled “Middle East Studies and the University,” comprises four chapters by Jonathan Z. Friedman and Cynthia Miller-Idriss, Elizabeth An- derson Worden and Jeremy M. Browne, Laura Bier, and Charles Kurzman and Carl W. Ernst. These chapters highlight how knowledge about the Middle East are produced through changing institutional structures and architectures, particularly in relation to the rise of “the global” as a major organizational form within American universities. They also focus on the “capacities” needed to produce a new generation of qualified specialists ca- pable of dealing with profound regional changes that would also require dif- ferent policy and educational approaches (15). Friedman and Miller-Idriss look at the Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies at New York University (NYU) in order to investigate how area studies centers as well as universities are to transform themselves into global institutions. They point to two separate but coexisting logics of internationalization: that of the specialist with deeper knowledge of the area, and the cosmopolitan who emphasizes breadth in global experience in order to produce the ‘global citizen’ (15-16). Worden and Browne focus on reasons why it was difficult for American institutions to produce proficient Arabic language speakers in significant numbers. They offer an explanation in terms of structural and cultural factors related to time constraints that graduate students face in or- der to learn the language, the relative lower status of language instructors, the devaluation of language learning by some social sciences disciplines, and, for all practical purposes, the difficulty of learning Arabic. Bier ana- lyzes PhD dissertations concerned with the Middle East across six social sciences disciplines (political science, sociology, anthropology, economics, history and MES) during the period 2000-2010, focusing on their themes, topics and methods (253). She points out that neoliberalism and what is termed the ‘Washington Consensus’ have come to dominate political sci- ence, sociology and economics, while issues of identity, gender, colonial- ism, the nation, and Islam dominate in anthropology, history, and MES. Kurzman and Ernst go beyond Bier’s thematic approach to highlight the renewed and significant institutional growth of interest in Islamic studies for national security concerns. They point as well to the encouragement offered by a number of universities to promote cross-regional approaches, not constrained by narrower definitions of distinct regions, although they also raise the problem of lack of adequate federal funding for such purpos- es. Part III, titled “the Politics of Knowledge,” comprises three chapters by Seteney Sami and Marcial Godoy-Anativia, Ussama Makdisi, and Irene Gendzier; and an ‘Afterward’ by Lisa Anderson. These chapters examine not only the production of knowledge but also how knowledge is frequently silenced by forces that “structure and restrict freedom of speech, censor- ship and self-censorship”—the so-called “chilling effects” (19). Sami and Godoy-Anativia examine the themes of campus watch or surveillance and public criticism of MES, especially after the 9/11 events of 2001, and their impact on academia and “institutional architectures” as knowledge is secu- ritized and “privatized” (19). Makdisi and Gendzier question how Ameri- can scholarship about the region has changed over time, yet almost always highly charged and politicized in large measure due to the Arab-Zionist/ Israeli conflict (20-21). Despite moves toward more critical and postna- tionalist approaches, Makdisi emphasizes that overall academic freedom has nevertheless been curtailed. Genzier, in turn, points to how “ignorance has [come to have] strategic value,” as “caricatured images” pass for anal- ysis (21-22). Finally, given the securitization and other intimidating mea- sures undertaken around campuses and universities, Anderson concludes that the state of a “beleaguered” (442) MES is deplorable, describing it as “demoralized, lacking academic freedom and reliable research data, and function in a general climate of repression, neglect and isolation” (22, 442). This important book—with extensive bibliographies in each chapter and its detailed exploration of the state of the field of United States MES in the twenty-first century—stands as a reference source for all interested in Middle East studies. “Infrastructures for Knowledge” could have made for a provocative main title of this work, in reference to the production of knowledge on the Middle East and the reproduction of new generations of Middle Eastern specialists. Its most salient aspect is that it highlights and underscores the formal and informal authoritarian and securitization mea- sures adopted by US federal agencies as well as universities to set effective restrictions on what can or cannot be said and/or taught about MES, both in academic institutions and in the media. In addition to the proliferation of both private and public watchdogs monitoring how MES is being taught on campuses, the establishment since 2003 of twelve Homeland Security Centers of Excellence at six universities (with grants totaling about 100 million dollars) is indicative of the scale of intrusive measures (101). The broader problem is that such infringements do not take place only in US universities. Given that county’s totalizing and vested interests in influenc- ing how knowledge is produced and consumed globally, not least in and about the Middle East, the extent of its hegemonic control in that region can only be surmised. Amr G.E. SabetDepartment of Political ScienceDalarna University, Falun, Sweden

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-, Muhammad Abdul Halim Sani, Ilham. « GLOBALISASI PEMIKIRAN KEAGAMAAN MUHAMMADIYAH ». Ibtida'iy : Jurnal Prodi PGMI 6, n^o 1 (26 novembre 2021) : 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/ibtidaiy.v6i1.5208.

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Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami globalisasi sebagai media pemikiran keagamaanMuhammadiyah dan untuk menggambarkan bentuk pemikiran keagamaan Muhammadiyah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan ubjek penelitian organisasi persyarikatan Muhammadiyah, menggunakan Intrumen dokumen dan wawancara. Metode analisis data menggunakan pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data bahwa agama merupakan rahmat dan meliputi seluruh aspek kehidupan dan Globalisasi sebagai realitas sosial semakin berkembang pesat didukung dengan teknologi informasi khususnya internet sehingga batas Negara dan waktu terasa pudar. Masyarakat Indonesia sebagai penduduk muslim mayoritas memiliki peranan sosial yang dalam memberikan pandangan baru terhadap tatanan keislaman dunia. Hal ini dikarenakan keislaman Indonesia menarik yakni moderat, dan demokratis yang diwakili oleh ormas keagamaan Muhammadiyah dan NU. Artikel ini ingin mengkaji konsep internalisasi pemikiran keagamaan Muhammadiyah dengan bersinergi dengan globalisasi sebagai wakil ormas yang moderat, respon terhadap wajah islam dunia mainstream di Timur Tengah. dan peengenalaan keislaman kepada dunia The purpose of this study was aim to understand globalization as a medium of Muhammadiyah religious thought and to describe the form of Muhammadiyah religious thought. This research used descriptive qualitative with subject the Muhammadiyah organization and use instruments were documents and interviews. Data analysis methods used data collection, data reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. Based on the results of data analysis, religion is a blessing and covers all aspects of life and globalization as a social reality is growing rapidly, supported by information technology, especially the internet, so that the boundaries of the state and time were felt to be faded. Indonesian society, as the majority Muslim population, indirectly has a social role in providing a new perspective on the world Islamic order. This is because Indonesian Islam is attractive, namely moderate and democratic, represented by the religious mass organizations Muhammadiyah and NU. The writing of this article aims to examine the concept of internalizing Muhammadiyah religious thought by synergizing with globalization as a representative of moderate mass organizations, as a response to the face of Islam in the mainstream world in the Middle East and recognition Islam to the world.Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami globalisasi sebagai media pemikiran keagamaanMuhammadiyah dan untuk menggambarkan bentuk pemikiran keagamaan Muhammadiyah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan ubjek penelitian organisasi persyarikatan Muhammadiyah, menggunakan Intrumen dokumen dan wawancara. Metode analisis data menggunakan pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data bahwa agama merupakan rahmat dan meliputi seluruh aspek kehidupan dan Globalisasi sebagai realitas sosial semakin berkembang pesat didukung dengan teknologi informasi khususnya internet sehingga batas Negara dan waktu terasa pudar. Masyarakat Indonesia sebagai penduduk muslim mayoritas memiliki peranan sosial yang dalam memberikan pandangan baru terhadap tatanan keislaman dunia. Hal ini dikarenakan keislaman Indonesia menarik yakni moderat, dan demokratis yang diwakili oleh ormas keagamaan Muhammadiyah dan NU. Artikel ini ingin mengkaji konsep internalisasi pemikiran keagamaan Muhammadiyah dengan bersinergi dengan globalisasi sebagai wakil ormas yang moderat, respon terhadap wajah islam dunia mainstream di Timur Tengah. dan peengenalaan keislaman kepada dunia Abstract: The purpose of this study was aim to understand globalization as a medium of Muhammadiyah religious thought and to describe the form of Muhammadiyah religious thought. This research used descriptive qualitative with subject the Muhammadiyah organization and use instruments were documents and interviews. Data analysis methods used data collection, data reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. Based on the results of data analysis, religion is a blessing and covers all aspects of life and globalization as a social reality is growing rapidly, supported by information technology, especially the internet, so that the boundaries of the state and time were felt to be faded. Indonesian society, as the majority Muslim population, indirectly has a social role in providing a new perspective on the world Islamic order. This is because Indonesian Islam is attractive, namely moderate and democratic, represented by the religious mass organizations Muhammadiyah and NU. The writing of this article aims to examine the concept of internalizing Muhammadiyah religious thought by synergizing with globalization as a representative of moderate mass organizations, as a response to the face of Islam in the mainstream world in the Middle East and recognition Islam to the world.

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Litova, D. S. « Louvre Abu-Dhabi or the Myth of Westernalism ». Concept : philosophy, religion, culture, n^o 1 (7 juillet 2020) : 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2020-1-13-194-200.

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The study of the phenomenon of the Louvre Abu Dhabi (the Middle East Louvre Museum) from the historical and cultural points of view is relevant in several aspects. Firstly, the very fact of the creation of this museum is of interest. It operates as a kind of «successor» and «interpreter» of the Western tradition, which determines its Kulturträger activity. The history of the acquisition of the Mesopotamian collection by the Louvre Abu Dhabi serves as a case study. Secondly, based on this material it is possible to trace the main characteristics of modern identity-building strategies and the build-up of «soft power». Moreover, it allows to reveal how alternative cultural-centric versions of social development are elaborated. This alternative reconsiders the thesis of the dominance of the «center» not in favor of the West. The analysis of the original way of presenting the «Western» cultural content within the framework of the «nonwestern» cultural code allows us to raise the question of the probable relapse at a symbolic level of cultural imperialism. It has its reflections in the specifics of the organization of the museum space and the features of the exposition of the Louvre Abu Dhabi. The analysis allows to predict more clearly the possible cultural consequences of the museum’s creation. Thirdly, an attempt to model the museum’s cultural practices through appeal to the concepts of «mythology» and «myth» developed by Roland Barthes is of a theoretical value. The modeling comprises culturological interpretation of the museum’s activities through the prism of Roland Barthes’ Mythologies. It allows us to raise the questions regarding the possibilities and boundaries. E.g., whether traditional cultural symbols could be used as elements of «soft power». Furthermore, it becomes possible to describe the limited nature of «soft power» as a means of symbolic authority.

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Sawalha, Aseel. « Gendered Space and Middle East Studies ». International Journal of Middle East Studies 46, n^o 1 (février 2014) : 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743813001359.

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Aspects of space and place shape daily life, social structures, politics, and intimate relations among people. In the late 1980s and 1990s, anthropologists, geographers, and sociologists—influenced by the writings of Michel Foucault and Henri Lefebvre on the meaning of social space—started to highlight the spatial in their analysis of social phenomena. These scholars focused on the production of urban space and asserted that space is dynamic and often shaped by the needs of its users as well as by those who design it. With the exception of Setha Low's work on Latin America, these writings were mostly centered on the United States.

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Oleksiyenko, Anatoly. « Organizational Legitimacy of International Research Collaborations : Crossing Boundaries in the Middle East ». Minerva 51, n^o 1 (13 février 2013) : 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11024-013-9221-2.

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Eum, Ikran. « Family History in the Middle East ». American Journal of Islam and Society 21, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2004) : 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v21i4.1760.

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The study of families and their histories opens up a cross-disciplinary dialogueamong anthropologists, historians, and other social scientists, includingarea specialists. The content of Doumani’s edited book, Family Historyin the Middle East: Household, Property, and Gender, falls convincinglyinto such disciplines as history, anthropology, Middle East studies,women’s/gender studies, and Islamic studies, since the collection of articlesprovides various indepth case studies drawn both from Islam and frompolitical, economic, legal, and social perspectives.The anthology’s main theme suggests that the family is an entity that,along with the progression of history, evolves continuously. By reconstructingthe family histories of elites and ordinary people in the Middle East fromthe seventeenth to the early twentieth century, the book challenges prevailingassumptions about the monolithic “traditional” Middle Eastern familytype. Instead, it argues cogently that the structure and boundaries of thesefamilies have always been flexible and dynamic.The book is divided into four sections that explore issues concerningthe family from the perspective of politics, economics, and law. In the firstsection, “Family and Household,” Philippe Fargues, Tomoki Okawara, andMary Ann Fay analyze the structure of the nineteenth-century family andhousehold and illustrate how its formation was influenced by changes in the ...

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Schayegh, Cyrus. « Small Is Beautiful ». International Journal of Middle East Studies 46, n^o 2 (10 avril 2014) : 373–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743814000154.

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In scholarship on the Middle East, as on other regions of the world, the sort of social history that climaxed from the 1960s through the 1980s, and in Middle East history through the 1990s—that is, studies of categories such as “class” or “peasant”—has been declining for some time. The cultural history that replaced social history has peaked, too. In the 21st century, the trend, set by non-Middle East historians, has been to combine an updated social-historical focus on structure and groups with a cultural–historical focus on meaning making. Defining societyagainstculture and policing their boundaries is out. In is picking a theme—consumption or travel, say—then studying it from distinct yet linked social and cultural or political/economic angles. This trend has spawned new journals likeCultural and Social History, established in 2004, and has been debated in established journals and memoirs by leading historians of the United States and Europe.

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Nahas, Maridi. « State-Systems and Revolutionary Challenge : Nasser, Khomeini, and the Middle East ». International Journal of Middle East Studies 17, n^o 4 (novembre 1985) : 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800029457.

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Revolutions are momentous events that shake the foundations of societies, transforming their social and political structures and often signalling the triumph of a new ideology. It has long been noted that the international ramifications of revolutions are no less profound than their domestic impact. This is not only because revolutions often give rise to powerful states, thus potentially undermining the extant balance of power, but also because they sometimes infuse those states with norms and objectives that are antithetical to those subscribed to by other members of the international system. They also exert a demonstration effect beyond the boundaries of their country of origin, with a potential for triggering waves of revolution and counter-revolution both within and between societies.

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Salem, Haya, et Suhad Daher-Nashif. « Psychosocial Aspects of Female Breast Cancer in the Middle East and North Africa ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n^o 18 (18 septembre 2020) : 6802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186802.

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Breast cancer, the most common cancer among women in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, is associated with social and psychological implications deriving from women’s socio-cultural contexts. Examining 74 articles published between 2007 and 2019, this literature/narrative review explores the psychosocial aspects of female breast cancer in the MENA region. It highlights socio-cultural barriers to seeking help and socio-political factors influencing women’s experience with the disease. In 17 of 22 Arab countries, common findings emerge which derive from shared cultural values. Findings indicate that women lack knowledge of breast cancer screening (BCS) and breast cancer self-examination (BSE) benefits/techniques due to a lack of physicians’ recommendations, fear, embarrassment, cultural beliefs, and a lack of formal and informal support systems. Women in rural areas or with low socioeconomic status further lack access to health services. Women with breast cancer, report low self-esteem due to gender dynamics and a tendency towards fatalism. Collaboration between mass media, health and education systems, and leading social-religious figures plays a major role in overcoming psychological and cultural barriers, including beliefs surrounding pain, fear, embarrassment, and modesty, particularly for women of lower socioeconomic status and women living in crises and conflict zones.

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Vinogradova, Yana, Svetlana Gurieva, Ludmila Pochebut et Vera Chiker. « Social aspects of resources management through process of understanding the social representations ». E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021) : 11035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124411035.

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The main use of our study is to highlight the concept of resource management through process of deep understanding the social representations in our society in different situation. The study traced the main differences in the concept and social representation of the phenomenon of betrayal in two age samples. Methodology: Projective methods are the main: semi-structured interviews, modification of the Sentence Completion Test. To obtain information on the actual attitude to the phenomenon we conduct the survey. The texts processed content analysis method. Selected differences in social perceptions in the studied groups of different ages reflect the boundaries of the concept. The analysis of structural components shows the dynamics of social representations. Emotional and rational styles of behaviour in a social situation, typical for a middle-age group, have been singled out. Behavioural styles differ in average values of “possibility of betray”. Applications of this study: the results of the research are applicable both in training courses on the psychology of communication and in educational programs on forming a metacognitive assessment of the social situation. The show features of the actual attitude toward to social representations and possibility to analyse the main aspects of resources management.

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Wien, Peter. « Tribes and Tribalism in the Modern Middle East : Introduction ». International Journal of Middle East Studies 53, n^o 3 (août 2021) : 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074382100074x.

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This roundtable is the product of a conference on tribalism in the Modern Middle East held at the University of Maryland in College Park in early May 2019. In two days of scholarly exchange, the participants addressed questions on the reality of tribal life in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, and its impact on politics and society. Most of the specialists who participated in the conference are also contributors in this forum. To keep the discussion concise, the case studies focus on the Arab East – Syria, Jordan, and Iraq – as well as Yemen and Saudi Arabia. Building on the findings and reflections shared in College Park, the contributors responded to the following prompt as a point of departure for their essays: For cultural, intellectual, political, and arguably even most social historians, tribes remain an enigma. As an ideal-type, the tribe seems to be all that the modern state is not: it defies positive law, rational administrative structures, equal citizenship based on individual rights and duties, and, still, in some cases, sovereignty based on fixed territorial boundaries. As a non-state, the tribe seems to be, on the other hand, the most enduring socio-political structure of human history. It is a kind of substrate, or a hetero-stratum of social organization at least in Middle Eastern societies. Its position as such seems even more pronounced in today's period of state disintegration and instability. What is the place of tribes in modern society, how do they relate to the modern state? How can what is seemingly an atavism of pre-modern times still have currency in today's world?The responses share the perception that tribes are not the antithesis of the modern state or of progress in the region. Researchers and politicians alike should take them into account in their analyses of modernization processes. They offer meaningful identities and forms of organization across the region and enjoy influence and power.

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Korotich,, Andrei V. « Artistic Features of the Middle East Modern Tall Architecture. United Arab Emirates. Dubai ». Scientific journal “ACADEMIA. ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION”, n^o 2 (28 juin 2018) : 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2077-9038-2018-2-57-65.

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In article are considered some actual social aspects of artistic development of tall buildings architecture of Dubai (UAE); also showed the main problems and perspective directions/trends of their movement. Showed some new tall objects of Dubai which depend modern image of it's high-rise buildings architecture. Also considered some characteristic regional/national features of the modern tall imagine/symbolic architecture of the capital of emirate Dubai

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Aksa, Aksa. « Gerakan Islam Transnasional : Sebuah Nomenklatur, Sejarah dan Pengaruhnya di Indonesia ». Yupa : Historical Studies Journal 1, n^o 1 (31 janvier 2017) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/yupa.v1i1.86.

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Transnational Islamic movement is a terminology that belongs in the new academic study. The term has become a ' nomenclature ' is generally understood as an ideology that crosses state boundaries (nation state). The emergence of transnational Islamic movement's lively lately is part of an Islamic revival and renewal of an era that grew in the Middle East since the 18th century. The post-war collapse of the Caliphate based in Ottoman Turkey in 1924, the movement has found the right momentum by forming new forces in conducting resistance against colonialism and imperialism of the West. Presence of transnational Islamic movement in Indonesia is part of the revivalism Islamic movement in the Middle East that directly make effect against the pattern of Islam in Indonesia. Transmission lines the ideas of this movement through the social movements, education and publications

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Choi, Jeong-Sil, et Ji-Soo Kim. « Factors influencing emergency nurses’ ethical problems during the outbreak of MERS-CoV ». Nursing Ethics 25, n^o 3 (23 mai 2016) : 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733016648205.

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Background: Whenever there has been a worldwide contagious disease outbreak, there have been reports of infection and death of healthcare workers. Particularly because emergency nurses have contact with patients on the front line, they experience ethical problems in nursing while struggling with infectious diseases in an unfavorable environment. Objective: The objective of this study was to explore emergency nurses’ ethical problems and to identify factors influencing these problems during the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome–coronavirus in Korea. Design and sample: For this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire survey was conducted with emergency nurses working in six hospitals selected through convenience sampling from the hospitals designated for Middle East respiratory syndrome–coronavirus patients in the capital area. Methods: Data were collected from 169 emergency nurses in Korea during August 2015. Ethical considerations: This research was approved by the Institutional Review Board of G University in Korea. Results: The findings of this study suggest that during the Middle East respiratory syndrome–coronavirus outbreak, emergency nurses experienced ethical problems tied to a mind-set of avoiding patients. Three factors were found to influence emergency nurses’ ethical problems (in order of influence): cognition of social stigmatization, level of agreement with infection control measures, and perceived risk. Conclusion: Through this study, we obtained information on emergency nurses’ ethical problems during the Middle East respiratory syndrome–coronavirus outbreak and identified the factors that influence them. As found in this study, nurses’ ethical problems were influenced most by cognitions of social stigmatization. Accordingly, to support nurses confidently care for people during future health disasters, it is most urgent to promote appropriate public consciousness that encourages healthcare workers.

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Çelik, Zeynep. « Introduction ». International Journal of Middle East Studies 45, n^o 3 (30 juillet 2013) : 561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743813000470.

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The study of the visual culture of the Middle East covers a wealth of topics from the birth of Islam to the present day and has long been marked by rigorous theoretical and methodological inquiries. Nevertheless, it has remained largely at the margins of Middle East studies, as measured by the limited space it occupies in interdisciplinary publications and conferences. This may perhaps be explained by a misconception that its reliance on “pictures” makes it a lighter, albeit pleasurable, complement to the more “serious” disciplines. Yet, due in part to the blurring of disciplinary boundaries and in part to the new wave of technological innovations, visual references now appear more frequently in the work of social and political historians, anthropologists, and even political scientists. In the process, some methodological tools for using visual material as primary documents risk being lost, as images are relegated to “decorative” backgrounds.

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Muhrim Djakat, Misbahuddin Misbahuddin et Kurniati Kurniati. « CHANGING THE PARADIGM OF STATES IN THE RABIC MIDDLE EAST REGION BRINGS AUTHORITARIANISM TOWARDS DEMOCRACY ». International Journal of Social Science 2, n^o 5 (28 janvier 2023) : 2115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53625/ijss.v2i5.4819.

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The demonstration phenomenon that was launched by the Arab Spring has caused political upheaval in Middle Eastern countries, starting from Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen, and Syria which is still continuing today, is a bridge to change, the fall of authoritarian regimes, and also as a symbol of struggle pro-democratic Arab people who demand a paradigm shift in the Middle East state. The intended change is in the economic, social, open and democratic aspects of the political system. The Arab Spring phenomenon still leaves many problems, Middle Eastern countries are still in a slump, trapped in conflict and civil war. The democratic transition that was aspired to did not go well, being held hostage by the interests of authoritarian and sectarian regimes: ethnicity, religion, sects and political groups. Authoritarianism is one of the causes of instability and has colored the political dynamics of the Middle East. Socio-historically, authoritarianism and sectarianism in the Middle East have multi-layered roots over a long period of time. This paper tries to read the paradigm shift in the Arab region state state against authoritarianism towards democracy

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Özveren, Eyüp. « Turkey, the Middle East, and the Black Sea World : A Scenario within the Confidence Interval of Future Studies ». New Perspectives on Turkey 15 (1996) : 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600002478.

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An otherwise unremarkable author, L.P. Hartley deserves credit for his astute observation that the past is a foreign country where they do things differently. The qualitative difference of the past from the present has intrigued many a methodologically-concerned social scientist such as Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Karl Polanyi. As a matter of fact, the reservation that the categories by way of which we approach the analysis of the modern world are by no means equally applicable to the study of pre-modern historical formations is as old as the modern social sciences. If the past is a foreign country the boundaries of which are well defined and the territory of which has been mapped for good, the future remains as the terra incognita waiting for its Columbus, the courageous discoverer. Moreover, because the relevant geography of the future is not a given but only in the making, the task of the social scientist becomes squarely difficult as s/he does not face before her/him a well defined terrain. It is for this reason that, on the whole, social scientists have shied away from exploring the future in a systematic way until recently.

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Yüceşahin, M. Murat, et A. Yiğitalp Tulga. « Demographic and Social Change in the Middle East and North Africa : Processes, Spatial Patterns, and Outcomes ». Population Horizons 14, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2017) : 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pophzn-2017-0003.

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Abstract The Middle East and North Africa region has been an important player in the swift demographic transition process that happened in many parts of the developing world starting in the mid-twentieth century. This demographic change was not independent from the developmental efforts and political transformations that the region was experiencing. Social and demographic change in the Middle East and North Africa brought with them power struggles, changes in social and political structures, and confusion in all areas of social life, all of which could be seen in the region. This paper focuses on the more general aspects of the demographic and social characteristics in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa in 1950, 1980, and 2015, bearing in mind the relationship between mentalities and events, and dealing with the issue through the lens of social change, demographic change, resistance, and the struggle for political change in an international context. This study has two main approaches. First, it investigates demographic changes and spatial clustering with a qualitative (cluster analysis) approach in Middle Eastern and North Africa countries based on selected demographic indicators for the years 1950, 1980, and 2015. Then it discusses the relationship between the outcomes of these demographic changes and recent socio-political developments in the region. One of the main findings of this study is MENA countries present three different structures in different time-periods in terms of demographics and these structures are responsible for the regional social, economic, and political transformations.

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Al-Jokhadar, Amer, et Wassim Jabi. « APPLYING THE VERNACULAR MODEL TO HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA ». International Journal of Architectural Research : ArchNet-IJAR 11, n^o 2 (18 juillet 2017) : 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v11i2.1254.

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In the age of globalisation and continuous urbanisation, architects have a greater responsibility to design residential buildings with comfortable and sustainable environments. However, sustainable solutions should not concern themselves only with utilising technology, but also with creating synergies amongst a community’s social, cultural, historical, and environmental aspects. This research focuses on the implications of this wider definition of sustainability within the hot-arid climates of the Middle East and North Africa. Most of the current high-rise residential buildings in these regions do not promote social cohesion as they have been constructed without consideration for local identity and lifestyle. In contrast, vernacular courtyard dwellings and neighbourhoods offer good examples of socially cohesive and healthy environments. Yet, vernacular houses might not be compatible with pressures of modern construction. The question then becomes how to maintain the relationship between the spatial, social and environmental aspects while employing the latest technologies and materials. This paper presents the different qualities of vernacular houses and neighbourhoods in the different regions of the Middle East and North Africa. Social and spatial relationships of different cases are assessed, through a typological analysis approach using a developed syntactic-geometric model, to trace the lifestyle and the cultural values of the society. The aim is a parametric exploration of appropriate sustainable solutions that facilitate the synergy of socio-climatic requirements, the well-being qualities of the residents, and the specifics of culture, time and people while designing sustainable high-rise developments.

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Tiryakian, Edward A. « The Missing Religious Factor in Imagined Communities ». American Behavioral Scientist 55, n^o 10 (13 septembre 2011) : 1395–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764211409563.

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Benedict Anderson’s Imagined Communities has redrawn understanding of the loci and agents of modern nationalism. Whereas standard interpretations had privileged the movements of modernity of Western nation-states, Anderson’s analysis gave priority to the role of peripheral elites in “imagining the nation” beyond the boundaries of the everyday world. What Anderson leaves out altogether in his seminal study is the bearing of the religious factor in various peripheral settings in such regions as sub-Sahara Africa and East Asia. This article, extending Max Weber’s notion of charismatic leadership, proposes that in concrete cases of “colonial situations” in Africa and in two East Asian countries of weak states, religio-political figures arose seeking a new social order that had mass appeal. Their successes and failures should be seen as integral comparative aspects of nationalism and modernity

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Khalil, Sandra, et Patrick O’sullivan. « Corporate social responsibility : Internet social and environmental reporting by banks ». Meditari Accountancy Research 25, n^o 3 (14 août 2017) : 414–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-10-2016-0082.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide further insight into internet social and environmental reporting (ISER) in the Middle East by investigating the ISER of Lebanese banks as well as their greenwashing behaviour and identifying its extent, quality and association with different variables such as profitability, size, religion and other variables. Design/methodology/approach This study adopted a mixed methodology. Interviews were conducted to seek the opinions of banks towards corporate social responsibility (CSR). Content analysis of bank’s websites was used to examine the extent, quality and association of ISER with several bank characteristics. Findings The results show the prevalent use of ISER and greenwashing by Lebanese banks. The most disclosed category of ISER is community, whereas the least disclosed is environment. The study found a positive association between ISER and bank profitability, size, leverage and ownership concentration and an insignificant relationship with age and religion. Research limitations/implications The authors recognise that the sample is small and addresses a single context and that it could have been expanded to other Middle Eastern contexts. However, the study is exploratory focusing on the Lebanese banking sector which is one of the most developed in the region. Further longitudinal studies could also be conducted to complement the work. The process used to measure greenwashing could be enhanced by addressing the materiality of CSR disclosures to stakeholders and the purpose of communicating CSR information. Practical implications In light of the empirical findings, banks will gain a better understanding of the status and importance of ISER and will understand the risks of greenwashing leading them towards higher standard ISER and more ethical activities, which will have a positive impact on the Lebanese economy and society. Originality/value This study examines almost all aspects of online social and environmental disclosures including the webpage, CSR sections in addition to online published reports; it is an investigation about ISER with reference to Lebanon which has perhaps the most significant banking sector in the Middle East. It tackles the greenwashing issue in a new context and in a different way by examining its association with several variables. The study also investigates the association between religion and ISER which has seldom been tackled in similar studies.

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Kooli, Chokri, et Hend Al Muftah. « Female labor force participation in the Middle East and North African Countries : constraints and levers ». Brazilian Journal of Policy and Development 2, n^o 1 (3 mars 2020) : 58–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52367/brjpd.2675-102x.2020.2.1.58-90.

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Despite the importance of the subject, few researches have attempted to explain the female labor force participation (FLFP) in MENA region. This research tries to exploring the geopolitical, social, ethnic and economic levers or constraints that facilitate or bloc women’s access to the labor market. A quantitative approach based on data analysis was performed through the review of the World Bank statistics related to women participation in the labor market in MENA region. Data analysis revealed that the studied labor market was marked by an overall positive progress of the presence of female workers. However, this evolution is still considered very low and slow in comparison with world standards. The research also revealed huge disparities in the level of progress of the FLFP among the studied countries. The disparities observed were interpreted in correlation with the religious, economic, political, social and cultural aspects.

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Karami, Nasser. « The Modality of Climate Change in the Middle East : Drought or Drying up ? » Journal of Interrupted Studies 2, n^o 1 (14 juin 2019) : 118–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25430149-00201003.

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Due to its widespread political and social consequences, the relationship between drought and climate change in the Middle East has been widely reported on by the media. Climate change is mainly understood within the paradigm: “prolonged drought is created and intensified by global warming.” The purpose of the study is to review this paradigm and examine aspects of it. Thus, climate trends in the Middle East are studied across three periods: 1900–1970, 1970–2000, and 2000–2017. Due to the importance of studying sequences of drought occurrence based on timescales of climatic patterns, the climatic trends of the Khuzestan Plain, were examined too. The results show that to have a clear understanding of both the modality of climate change in the Middle East and the current dominant paradigm, predominant assumptions of the paradigm should be reconsidered. For example, prolonged droughts are part of the natural pattern of climate in the Middle East, although the current drought has not been recorded for at least 100 years. This claim is based on the fact that prolonged droughts in this region can have natural causes, which can be studied as long-term climate trends, although the impact of global warming on the escalation of the Middle Eastern drought is undeniable. However, the exacerbating effect of non-anthropogenic factors on the impact of drought in the region should be studied, too. Additionally, as an epistemological assumption, the term “drying up” (as a new normal and permanent climatic pattern) should be used instead of “drought” (as a normal and reversible pattern) to determine the current climate change situation in the Middle East. The author concludes that the findings emphasize the need for further research in order to identify the modality of climate change in the Middle East.

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Serageldin, Ismail. « Mirrors and Windows ». American Journal of Islam and Society 11, n^o 1 (1 avril 1994) : 79–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v11i1.2456.

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On BoundariesFmntiets are an invention of the mind. We set boundaries for ourselvesand others by what we choose to see as reality and by what wechoose to value. But men and women are social creatures, and individualbehavior is subjected to the control of widely shared social values. Theseboundaries that define the limits of acceptable behavior also tend toreflect and reinforce limits on acceptable thinking.How are such social values developed? How do they change overtime? The intelligentsiaartists and intellectuals-create mirrors throughwhich we see outselves and windows through which we perceive reality.It is these mims and windows that define the boundaries of the mind.The intelligentsia's roleboth as makets of a cultual outlook and productof the milieu-is central to my view of what is happening in the worldgenerally and in the Muslim societies of the Middle East particularly.These important questions will appear throughout this essay like a leitmotif.The intelligentsia needs a space offreedom in which it can performits dual tole and shape the boundaries by which we define ourselves.Are such boundaries important? They cettainly are. Shared values reflectedin predictable behavior not only are the basis of all social organizationbut are at the core of "cultural identity"a hackneyed expressionthat nevertheless remains essential to anyone who lives in a group.' Yetindividuals within a group are not clones, interchangeable units within acollectivity. Each petson interacts with others in an expanding series ofcircles starting with high intensity vis-his the immediate family circleand with decreasing intensity to the limit of the group(s) with which theindividual identifies ...

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Mobeireek, A. F., F. Al-Kassimi, K. Al-Zahrani, A. Al-Shimemeri, S. al-Damegh, O. Al-Amoudi, S. Al-Eithan, B. Al-Ghamdi et M. Gamal-Eldin. « Information disclosure and decision-making : the Middle East versus the Far East and the West ». Journal of Medical Ethics 34, n^o 4 (1 avril 2008) : 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2006.019638.

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Sultoni, Yahya, et Khoirul Efendi. « The Existence Of Refugees And Immigrants From Middle East In Southeast Asia ». UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies 7, n^o 3 (4 octobre 2020) : 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/umran2020.7n3.440.

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Refugees and immigrants are the people who move from a region to another region crossing the countries border for surviving purposes. The reason they migrate to another place moslty because of conflict in their own country, also due to welfare and economic problems. The majority of refugees and immigrant in Indonesia go to Christmas Island, Australia as the final destination seeking the asylum or protection. Automatically they passed the area of the countries in Southeast Asia. It takes a long time for the moving process to the destination country until the status of the determination process for asylum or refugee by UNHCR. Because of the long time, there are fears that the immigrants will impact the stability of national security, economy, social, culture and other aspects. It also considered as demographic problems while increasing population in a country which is traversed by refugees and immigrant. It is important to analyze the influence of the existence of refugees and immigrants, as well as their potential in Southeast Asia Countries. Managing the existence of refugees and immigrant also considered for helping the government and other stakeholders to make the right policy for handling refugees and immigrants.

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SILVERMAN, HENRY, BABIKER AHMED, SAMAR AJEILET, SUMAIA AL-FADIL, SUHAIL AL-AMAD, HADIR EL-DESSOUKY, IBRAHIM EL-GENDY et al. « CURRICULUM GUIDE FOR RESEARCH ETHICS WORKSHOPS FOR COUNTRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST ». Developing World Bioethics 10, n^o 2 (18 août 2009) : 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8847.2009.00261.x.

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IOANA, Adrian, Daniela TUFEANU, Dragos Florin MARCU, Bogdan FLOREA, Bianca Cezarina ENE, Daniela Ionela JUGANARU et Roxana Marina SOLEA. « HISTORICAL AND EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS OF DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS THAT REVOLUTIONIZED MANKIND ». European Journal of Materials Science and Engineering 6, n^o 3 (19 septembre 2021) : 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36868/ejmse.2021.06.03.131.

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This article presents discoveries and inventions from different periods of mankind, which played an important role in social and technological evolution. Thus, from the period of the Ancient World (prehistory - 400 AD), we present: the appearance of stone tools (which occurred in East Africa and belongs to the first hominids); pottery (appeared in 10500 BC); the development of metallurgy (began in the Middle East, around 6500 BC); the invention of the ox-drawn plow (which occurred around 4000 BC); the construction of the first pyramid in Egypt (2600 BC); the development of iron processing (as part of the development of metallurgy, it occurred around 1400 BC); modernization of papermaking technology (attributed to Tsai Lun, China, around 105 AD); Another historical period that we analyzed in terms of discoveries and innovations that revolutionized humanity was the Middle Ages (400 - 1500). Thus, from this period we presented the following discoveries and inventions: the discovery of the number zero (occurred in 520 and belongs to Indian mathematicians); woodcut printing (appeared in sixth century China); the first printed newspaper (year 700); the development of algebra (it belongs to the Greek mathematician Diophantos, 3rd century AD); gunpowder (it was discovered around 850); the establishment of the University of Bologna (made in 1088); The last period approached was the current one. From this period we presented the following discoveries: magnetism - a new form of electricity; devices controlled only by hand gestures.

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Abou-Hodeib, Toufoul. « TASTE AND CLASS IN LATE OTTOMAN BEIRUT ». International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, n^o 3 (26 juillet 2011) : 475–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743811000626.

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AbstractThis article deals with the material aspects of the late Ottoman home in Beirut, focusing on the notion of taste (dhawq) and its role in constructing class boundaries. It looks at how intellectuals used taste to articulate a prescriptive middle-class domesticity revolving around the woman as manager of the house and privileging moderation and authenticity in consumption habits. Rather than take such tastes as representative of actual consumption habits of an emerging middle class, and arguing for an approach that goes beyond taste as a construct, the article investigates the potentiality of new objects for subverting the existing social order. Based on a marital-conflict case brought to the Hanafi court, the article explores how one such object, a phonograph, opened interpretive possibilities in the gendered rigidity of court procedures.

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Tarasiuk, Renata. « Geocultural Aspects of the Security Policy of Contemporary Israel ». Security Dimensions 36, n^o 36 (19 juillet 2021) : 138–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0490.

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The article shows how the symbolism contained in the image of the Jewish state influenced, especially recently, the vectors of Israel’s security policy. Attention is paid to these aspects aimed at protecting national identity. The author tries to substantiate the influence of the cultural factor on Israel’s security policy. The research is based on historical analysis, source analysis, and descriptive narrative. The instruments and tools used by the state in the implementation of the aforementioned tasks are presented – from the basic laws and compatible legal acts regulating the social life of Israeli citizens to the policy of cultural and ethnic isolation and separation carried out by the armed forces. In the Middle East emphasizing one’s own individuality is a strategic goal, but the price of internal a conflicts can be high.

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MAZZETTO, SILVIA. « Comparing the Sustainable Reuse of Historical Buildings ». Ekistics and the new habitat 81, n^o 2 (19 février 2022) : 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e2021812540.

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The oil industry in Saudi Arabia and the wider Middle East has generated rapid urban growth and sparked a lively debate over the direction that such growth should take. While the construction of contemporary cities using innovative materials and technologies has been pursued, the need to preserve and maintain the nation's identity, rehabilitate national heritage, and establish new relationships with the local history and culture has also been recognised. This paper examines recently completed adaptive reuse projects and argues for the need to increasingly value local traditions and architecture. Based on data collected using mixed methods, and employing terms derived from reuse proposals, our analysis addresses each project’s environmental, socio- economic, and socio-cultural aspects. Sustainability was identified as one of projects’ common concerns. Broadly considered in terms of unity and harmony, the sustainability of the projects was further analysed in terms of the materials used, respect for the ecosystem, social aspects, and the required investments and costs related to the scale of interventions (urban-architectural). By presenting this assessment of the projects’ innovative practices and overall sustainability, this study aims to promote new solutions for the restoration of architectural heritage in Saudi Arabia and the wider Middle East.

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Alsaeed, Abraheem, Carl Adams et Rich Boakes. « The Need for Policies to Overcome eGov Implementation Challenges ». International Journal of Electronic Government Research 10, n^o 3 (juillet 2014) : 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijegr.2014070105.

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Electronic Government (hereafter eGov) is a transformative agent upon political and civic activity: it involves the provision and use of information and services by citizens, businesses and governments; and thus has the potential to increase civic efficiency and transparency; to facilitate interaction between public, private and government entities; and ultimately to promote democracy and political stability. Academic literature covering transformational eGov activity in times of geopolitical instability (such as that which Syria is currently facing) is uncommon. We selected thirty-five papers for review, each covering aspects of eGov relevant to the Middle-East Arabic Countries and Syria, for the period between 2000 and 2013. This paper exposes five categories of challenge (Syrian Civil war and Instability, Human, Political, Infrastructure and Organisational) faced by eGov implementations in Middle-East Arabic Countries/Syria and proposes further work to investigate these.

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Copuroglu, Ozge. « Behind Hummus Wars : The Role of the Food in National Identity in the Middle East ». Transnational Marketing Journal 6, n^o 2 (31 octobre 2018) : 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/tmj.v6i2.593.

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Food is an essential part of our everyday lives and it is significantly important for international politics as for national identities. The future of food is widely discussed in political and social sciences in the contexts of food security, health, international marketing cultural identities, and migratory issues. Despite the growing importance of food studies, the enduring power of nationalism and the apparent relationship between food culture and national identity, writers on nationalism have made little reference to food in their research. This article aims to explore the connection between food and nationalism and I argue that food plays a central role in performing the nation's culture and expresses the idea of the nation through portraying spiritual, material and commercial aspects of the national identity. Here, the discussion will proceed through a well – known Middle Eastern food, Hummus.

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Petković, Jelena. « Alternative art practices between the power of the state and the boundaries of freedom ». Politeia 11, n^o 22 (2021) : 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/politeia0-34547.

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Starting from Theodore Adorno's point of view that the sociability of art is shown through its anti-social character, the paper deals with a sociological analysis of alternative artistic practices and their social reach and boundaries. Associated with a very specific social context, with a clearly established deviation not only from the mainstream of the official, elite art (artistic formalism) but also from the dominant culture and prevailing social values, alternative artistic practices are considered in the context of critical cultural counter-public, which is positioned between the formal and the symbolic powers of the state, on the one hand, and the personal / creative and social freedom of the artist and recipients, on the other hand. In the first part of the paper, we are presented with a general review of the transformations as regards the spheres of artistic creation, reception, and evaluation, which started establishing themselves within Western societies as of the beginning of 20th century, as well as with questioning their most important social functions. Following the existing research and using secondary data sources, the paper continues with an analysis of the underground music scene and lifestyles of young people in Western societies, as well as of those that emerged under the influence of the spread of Western popular culture and art in authoritarian regimes of some Muslim countries in the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia. Although still sporadic, rather marginalized and regime-controlled, these alternative artistic practices contribute to trans-cultural communication and creative and value synergy, gradually undermining rigid social frameworks and belief systems within different societies (Western and Arab-Islamic) but also between them.

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Omar, Siti Syamimi, Nur Hanim Ilias, Mohd Zulhaili Teh et Ruwaidah Borhan. « Green Mosque : A Living Nexus ». Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 3, n^o 7 (2 mars 2018) : 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v3i7.1281.

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Traditionally, mosques, especially in the Middle East perform more functions than just being a place of worship. A mosque is also a place to generate economy, education and social cohesion of the community. In this paper, it is aimed to explore the potential of a green mosque in a small newly developed neighbourhood which is Masjid as-Siddiq in the State of Perak as a case study to become a living nexus by focusing on three main aspects of sustainability which are environmental, social and economic. Lastly, new recommendations will be suggested for Masjid as-Siddiq to become a greener mosque.

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Kivimäki, Timo. « The Fragility-Grievances-Conflict Triangle in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) : An Exploration of the Correlative Associations ». Social Sciences 10, n^o 4 (27 mars 2021) : 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10040120.

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The intention of this special issue of Social Sciences is to study state fragility and its relationship with conflict and grievances in the post-Cold War Middle East and North Africa (MENA). This article will lay the foundation for such a study by offering a conceptual foundation, data and the identification of the correlative associations that are specific to the MENA region. This article suggests that the relationship between political legitimacy, factionalism of the state, and conflict needs special, MENA-specific emphasis, as this relationship seems more prominently different in the MENA region, compared to the rest of the world. While in the rest of the world, different aspects of state fragility all relate to grievances and conflict dynamics, in the MENA region political factionalism has a disproportionate role in the explanation of conflict grievances and violence. Moreover, the role of oil dependence, and the impact of external intervention requires attention of specialists of the region.

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Kirk, John. « Marking the Moral Boundaries of Class ». Sociological Research Online 11, n^o 1 (avril 2006) : 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1260.

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This article welcomes the recent renewed interest in the topic of class within sociology and cultural studies. This comes after a long period – from around the middle part of the 1980s and into the 1990s – during which social class was dismissed as a mode of understanding socio-economic and cultural conditions on the part of both academics and mainstream political organisations alike. Working-class formations in particular came under scrutiny, increasingly seen to be in terminal decline and fragmentation through the impact of post-industrialisation processes set in train in western economies from the turn of the 1980s onwards. The demise of heavy industry – steel, coal, textiles, for instance – profoundly altered working-class communities, transforming the material world and cultural life of the British working class, powerful developments reinforcing the ‘end of class’ debate. Allied to this, the emergence within the academy of new theoretical frameworks associated with postmodern thought claimed to undermine traditional understandings around class. This article insists on the continuing significance of class and does so by focussing on an important recent response to the class debate, Andrew Sayer's The Moral Significance of Class (2005). This book stakes a lucid claim for the importance of recognising class as a powerful determining factor of subjectivity. While drawing upon aspects of Sayer's theoretical framework and argument to examine class experience, it is also the intention of the article to supplement Sayer's work by developing related theoretical propositions derived from the writing of Raymond Williams and the Russian linguist and cultural critic Volosinov/Bakhtin.

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Batmanghelichi, Kristin Soraya, A. George Bajalia et Sami Al-Daghistani. « Introduction to the Special Issue Pluralism in Emergenc(i)es in the Middle East and North Africa ». Review of Middle East Studies 54, n^o 2 (décembre 2020) : 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2021.11.

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AbstractThe issue “Pluralisms in Emergenc(i)es” is a result of a two-conference series that took place in Amman and Tunis, in December 2017 and October 2018, respectively. Taking these two locations as historical epicenters of human, commodity, and capital mobility, in two connected regions, these conferences set out to interrogate the historical, social, and religious underpinnings of the migrant and refugee crisis in order to position this moment as a state of emergence, rather than a state of emergency. The focus of the essays included here explores pluralism as it has emerged in response to contemporary global crises, and asks a number of questions: What are the variations in how “pluralism” is understood, and how does it function in a time of crisis? What are the material and immaterial modes through which pluralism takes shape? Moreover, how does it change through the circulation of people - as migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers – and capital – whether under the auspices of international development funds, religious aid, or new labor markets? By crossing disciplinary boundaries, this special issue enters into a fundamental discussion about how “pluralism” is conceived across sites and offers new vistas for its conceptualization in North Africa and the Middle East.

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Simadi, Fayez A., et Ibrahim A. Alqaryouti. « Students with disabilities’ satisfaction with their universities’ services ». International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 10, n^o 4 (11 septembre 2017) : 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-11-2016-0021.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the satisfaction aspects among disabled students in some universities in the Middle East and to examine the impact of socio-demographic factors on such satisfaction with regard to the services provided by their universities. Design/methodology/approach The sample consisted of 251 subjects from Oman, Qatar, Jordan and Yemen. Comparative means were used to examine the importance of satisfaction aspects and analysis of variance (ANOVA) as well as multi-analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used to examine the role of the socio-demographic factors in explaining the disabled students’ satisfaction. Satisfaction aspects included: social, psychological, educational, environmental and health, while the socio-demographic variables included were: country, specialization, kind of disability, gender GPA and degree of disability. Findings The findings revealed that social satisfaction was the greatest, followed by psychological, educational, environmental and health satisfaction in order. The results of the ANOVA revealed that all socio-demographic factors impacted significantly on the satisfaction of disabled students, except gender and the degree of disability. While, the MANOVA findings reported that Jordanian and Qatari students had higher educational and psychological satisfaction than Omani and Yemeni students. Research limitations/implications The present findings can be considered as limited and hard to generalize on all regions’ universities because the gap between them in disability services is very large. Some of universities have very good services, while the disability services of other universities are very limited or not existed. Practical implications The findings will be helping the educators and administrative people to offer more services to disabled students. Originality/value This is the first comparative study in the Middle East area.

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Bullock, Katherine. « Development, Change, and Gender in Cairo ». American Journal of Islam and Society 15, n^o 2 (1 juillet 1998) : 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v15i2.2185.

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Since the late 1980s, the literature on women living in the Middle East hasshown an uneven but progressive sophistication in its approach. The view ofbackward, oppressed, submissive women is gradually being replaced by anunderstanding that women in the Middle East, like women anywhere, are "rational"actors, fully cognizant of their environment and situations. Books such asEveryday Life in the Muslim Middle East,1 and Muslim Women's Choices:Religious Belief and Social Reality2 are examples of this welcome ttend.Development, Change, and Gender in Cairo: A View from the Household, editedby Diane Singerman and Homa Hoodfar, is a fine contribution lo this newgenre. The essays in this book not only show that Cairene women are intelligentand comprehending observers of Egyptian society, but that they are also activeparticipants in their society-acting upon it, as well as being acted upon. Wewould hardly need a scholarly book lo tell us this, if it were not for the sttengthand prevalence of the negative stereotype of the "oppressed/silenced/submissiveMuslim woman," contributed lo in no small measure by previous scholarlybooks!Development, Change, and Gender in Cairo: A View from the Householdcontains seven essays detailing various aspects of low-income Cairene women'slives, plus an introduction by the editors which sets the more focused empiricalessays into broader theoretical context The volume is an interdisciplinary work,with contributions from sociologists, anthropologists, communications special ...

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Polunin, Valеriy S., Abdul Majid Ali Al-Sabunchi, V. V. Korolik et G. N. Buslayeva. « A STUDY OF THE MEDICO-SOCIAL ASPECTS OF MORBIDITY AMONG ADULTS AND CHILDREN IN THE ARAB COUNTRIES OF THE MIDDLE EAST ». Medical Journal of the Russian Federation 24, n^o 4 (15 août 2018) : 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2106-2018-24-4-172-175.

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For morbidity is assessed the health of the population, which influence the socio-economic conditions and lifestyle factors, conditions and external factors Wednesday, biological conditions and factors, conditions and factors of the system and service health care. In Russia regularly examines the details of medico-demographic aspects of population health, but the necessary activities to enhance the health of the population of the countries of the Middle East hampered by various problems. Purpose - a study of the medico-social aspects of morbidity among adults and children in the Arab countries of the Middle East. Materials and methods. The research of health status of the population and the influence of socio-hygienic factors in Yemen, Iraq and Syria during the period of 2005-2010, studied modern informational materials on this issue. Results-the health status of the population of Yemen, Iraq and Syria is under the constant influence of the complex socio-hygienic factors mostly negative for the high morbidity of population, the low availability of medical assistance and health literacy, poor living conditions, material income. The first 5 places in the structure of morbidity of the population occupy: andnfekcionnye and parasitic diseases (28.3%), diseases of bodies of digestion (26.1%), respiratory (13.7%), circulatory (12.3%), injuries ( 3.6%), accounting for 83.5% of pathology. Total morbidity adult and children population of the countries surveyed the first three places are occupied by respiratory diseases, infectious diseases and diseases of the digestive system. Almost half of the urban population have daccess to primary health services in the countries studied, the inhabitants of the village-only every fourth. This process in the period from 2011 to 2017 years worsened in connection with military actions. Correction of the prevailing situation is possible only with the establishment of peace and the use of preventive recommendations.

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DARI, Alfridus Saverius Daniael, Ananias Riyoan Philip JACOB, Frans W. MUSKANAN et Yeftha Y. SABAAT. « Motaain Boundaries : Between State Sovereignty and Indigenous People ». International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability, and Social Science 4, n^o 1 (31 janvier 2023) : 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.38142/ijesss.v4i1.490.

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The border issue has always been a problem that continues to be debated by every country. One of the issues that are important but rarely highlighted is social issues that involve relations and interactions between people in bordering countries. As happened in Motaain, the border between Indonesia and Timor Leste. The separation of the two regions after the 1999 East Timor Popular Consultation resulted in various traditions and indigenous cultures being transformed into cross-border cultures. This transformation occurred because previously the two boundary communities came from the same culture. This can be explored from three aspects: historical, cultural, and genealogical ties. Separation of the country does not eliminate cultural relations and interactions even though they have different citizenship statuses. Cross-border culture creates harmonization of border communities so that horizontal conflicts at the border can be minimized. However, cross-border culture needs state control because it risks territorial sovereignty, as well as having loopholes for certain elements to exploit to create transnational violations and crimes. This issue has become the concern of the two countries in controlling people across the border. State policies that negotiate with culture as well as negate previous opinions that see the state as the sole actor in managing boundaries. The state does not have to control borders with power, but it can also be done by giving space for its citizens to interpret borders with cross-border culture

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Davidaviciene, Vida, et Khaled Al Majzoub. « The Effect of Cultural Intelligence, Conflict, and Transformational Leadership on Decision-Making Processes in Virtual Teams ». Social Sciences 11, n^o 2 (8 février 2022) : 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020064.

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The rapid development of information and communication technology (ICT) has resulted in several improvements in diverse aspects of the organizational structures, including the introduction of virtual teams (VTs). Organizations rely on VTs since they bring a lot of benefits, such as the enhancement of organizational performance. However, effective VTs cannot exist without the proper implementation of decision-making processes. There is a lack of scientific research that attempts to understand the factors affecting decision-making processes in VTs. Studies in this area have only been conducted in the United States and Europe. However, such research has not been conducted in the Middle East, where specific scientific solutions are still required to improve the performance of VTs. Therefore, this study is conducted in the Middle East to gain scientific knowledge on this region’s specificity. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify the factors that affect VT decision-making processes. An online survey was used to collect data (Google forms) from companies in the IT industry in UAE, which are engaged in VTs. A literature review, survey methods, and structural equation modeling were used. The results showed that culture intelligence (CQ), transformational leadership (TL), and task conflict have a positive effect on VT decision-making processes, and relationship conflict has a negative impact on VT decision-making processes, which provides the management teams with a guideline on what to concentrate on in the measuring and enhancement of the effectiveness of VT decision making.

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Ali, Kamran Asdar. « GAIL MINAULT, Secluded Scholars : Women's Education and Muslim Social Reform in Colonial India (Delhi : Oxford University Press, 1998). Pp. 373. $35.00 cloth, $14.95 paper. » International Journal of Middle East Studies 34, n^o 1 (février 2002) : 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743802391062.

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The Urdu novelist and short story writer Intizar Hussayn, in his story “Ihsan Manzil,” describes the anxiety produced in a northern Indian Muslim community when a magazine arrives addressed to the daughter of a respectable household. Set in the early part of the 20th century, the story depicts how the Muslim woman's name on the envelope, exposed as it was to the whole world, became a metaphor for modernity, the public, and the outside penetrating Muslim moral boundaries and domestic ethos. Similar to Hussayn's incisive depiction of changes within Indian Muslim households, Gail Minault gives us a sense of how religious reform, expanding opportunities for education for both genders, and colonial modernization in the first half of the 20th century undermined and challenged traditional aspects of middle-class Muslim life in northern India.

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Lieberman, Robert C. « The “Israel Lobby” and American Politics ». Perspectives on Politics 7, n^o 2 (15 mai 2009) : 235–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153759270909077x.

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In their recent book,The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy,John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt argue that American support for Israel does not serve American interests. Nevertheless, they observe that American foreign policy regarding the Middle East, especially in recent years, has tilted strongly toward support for Israel, and they attribute this support to the influence of the “Israel lobby” in American domestic politics. Their book is principally an attempt to make a causal argument about American politics and policymaking. I examine three aspects of this argument—its causal logic, the use of evidence to support hypotheses, and the argument's connection with the state of knowledge about American politics—and conclude that the case for the Israel lobby as the primary cause of American support for Israel is at best a weak one, although it points to a number of interesting questions about the mechanisms of power in American politics. Mearsheimer and Walt's propositions about the direct influence of the Israel lobby on Congress and the executive branch are generally not supported by theory or evidence. Less conclusive and more suggestive, however, are their arguments about the lobby's apparent influence on the terms and boundaries of legitimate debate and discussion of Israel and the Middle East in American policymaking. These directions point to an alternative approach to investigating the apparent influence of the Israel lobby in American politics, focusing less on direct, overt power over policy outcomes and more on more subtle pathways of influence over policy agendas and the terms of policy discourse.

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Mazied, Rana. « The Repercussions of the Russian Strategy upon the Russian Discourse towards the Middle East, "Content Analysis” ». Dirasat : Human and Social Sciences 49, n^o 6 (30 décembre 2022) : 320–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v49i6:.4013.

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This study analyzes quantitatively and qualitatively the Russian strategy, and implications on the Russian-Putin discourse towards the Middle East, because of its geostrategic and geopolitical importance for all international powers, trying to verify two hypotheses, namely; the attempt to revive the Russian foreign policy and restore Russia to its international position is due to President Putin's strong personality. Also, the greater the size of the powers available to the leader in the political system, the greater the influence of the ideological pattern, accordingly the interpretation of Russian foreign policy in the light of the theories of international relations, linking this to analyzing Russian discourse and the impact of personal, internal and external determinants on the Russian discourse, with an analytical reference to the correlation between Putin’s ideology analyzing the aspects of stability and change in Russian policy. The study concluded a number of results, including transformation of the Russian strategy from being a security strategy to a comprehensive one, a realistic strategy that raises the value of the national interest , it is based on the substitution of geopolitics for the ideology, but at the same time it is a pragmatic based on stability and prediction with mutual benefits, a dynamic strategy in its means to achieve its interests within a framework of flexibility , this makes it a scientific strategy, especially by keeping pace with cyber progress and information war. This was accompanied by a change in the language of President Putin’s Russian discourse to ward off threats to the global order.

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Zarinebaf, Fariba. « Intercommunal Life in Istanbul During the Eighteenth Century ». Review of Middle East Studies 46, n^o 1 (2012) : 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2151348100003025.

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Historians of the Middle East and the Balkans have paid little attention to intercommunal relations in Ottoman cities prior to the onset of nationalism and the spread of communal violence in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Each national and religious community has, therefore, focused on writing and imagining its own history with very little attention to the larger social milieu, economic and social conditions, and interactions outside confessional boundaries in the pre-modern period. The history of the Jewish community has received more attention from scholars, while that of the Greek and Armenian communities has been largely ignored. The literature on Islamic cities also tends to emphasize the homogenous composition of residential neighborhoods in contrast to the diversity of the market place. I will show that in Istanbul, residential quarters remained mixed in their social and religious make-up until Muslim migration from the Balkans during the nineteenth century enhanced the ratio of Muslims. Moreover, the debate among Ottomanists has focused on the existence or absence of themilletsystem (autonomous communal organizations) prior to the nineteenth century. Scholars have argued that themilletsystem was a nineteenth century development and that there was great fluidity and interaction among the minority communities and the Muslim majority in Ottoman cities. In the nineteenth century, Tanzimat reforms also centralized the administration of confessional communities and set legal boundaries between them that used to be more porous. Elsewhere, I have discussed the plural legal system in eighteenth century Istanbul.

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