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1
Zhang, Shuang, et Shi Xiong Zhang. « Improved Top-k Query Processing on Uncertain Data ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (août 2013) : 2837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.2837.
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Bottom-up algorithm, which is one of the two probabilistic Top-k query algorithms, was improved. The core of the bottomup algorithm is the iteration on the three courses of bounding, pruning,and refining towards the objects and instances. The main contribution is to change the iteration on instances of objects one by one into iterating all the instances of objects from the superior to the inferior;and to transform the condition and sequence of pruning in order to make the pruning more effective. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the algorithm efficiency could be obviously increased by about 20%.
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Gürcan, Efe Can, et Berk Mete. « Emerging Forms of Social-Union Organizing Under the New Conditions of Turkish Capitalism : A Class-Capacity Analysis ». Review of Radical Political Economics 52, no 3 (28 mai 2020) : 523–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0486613419899515.
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How has Turkey’s working-class movement adapted to the new conditions of capitalism? What alternative forms of struggle have emerged to address precarization under neoliberalism? Providing a bottom-up account of social-union activism based on interviews with union activists, we argue that neoliberal capitalism structurally incapacitates working-class organizing in Turkey through a process of precarization, strongly expressed in the flexibilization of labor and further amplified by sociogeographical unevenness and cultural identities. These challenges are addressed through innovatory methods of bottomup organizing such as white-collar forums of exchange, internet activism, the accentuation of the emotional and gendered dynamics of class struggle, solidarity actions with blue collars, and various forms of street activism.
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SHI, HONGBO. « FINITISTIC DIMENSIONS OF TRIVIALLY TWISTED EXTENSIONS OF MONOMIAL ALGEBRAS ». International Journal of Algebra and Computation 19, no 04 (juin 2009) : 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196709005202.
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We use the algorithms Bottomup and Topdown to study the finitistic dimensions of a class of extension algebras: the trivially twisted extensions of monomial algebras. A hybrid algorithm for determination of the finitistic dimension of the aforementioned extension is presented, and in particular, conditions for construction of such extensions that have relatively larger finitistic dimension are investigated.
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Y., Umar, et Rubeena A. « Review on Privacy Preservation by Applying Scalable MapReduce BottomUp Generalization (MRBUG) Technique ». International Journal of Computer Applications 139, no 6 (15 avril 2016) : 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016908432.
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Ghosh, Sanhita, Shubha Verma, Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath et Laurent Menut. « Wintertime direct radiative effects due to black carbon (BC) over the Indo-Gangetic Plain as modelled with new BC emission inventories in CHIMERE ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no 10 (20 mai 2021) : 7671–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7671-2021.
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Abstract. To reduce the uncertainty in climatic impacts induced by black carbon (BC) from global and regional aerosol–climate model simulations, it is a foremost requirement to improve the prediction of modelled BC distribution, specifically over the regions where the atmosphere is loaded with a large amount of BC, e.g. the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) in the Indian subcontinent. Here we examine the wintertime direct radiative perturbation due to BC with an efficiently modelled BC distribution over the IGP in a high-resolution (0.1∘ × 0.1∘) chemical transport model, CHIMERE, implementing new BC emission inventories. The model efficiency in simulating the observed BC distribution was assessed by executing five simulations: Constrained and bottomup (bottomup includes Smog, Cmip, Edgar, and Pku). These simulations respectively implement the recently estimated India-based observationally constrained BC emissions (Constrainedemiss) and the latest bottom-up BC emissions (India-based: Smog-India; global: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 – CMIP6, Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research-V4 – EDGAR-V4, and Peking University BC Inventory – PKU). The mean BC emission flux from the five BC emission inventory databases was found to be considerably high (450–1000 kg km−2 yr−1) over most of the IGP, with this being the highest (> 2500 kg km−2 yr−1) over megacities (Kolkata and Delhi). A low estimated value of the normalised mean bias (NMB) and root mean square error (RMSE) from the Constrained estimated BC concentration (NMB: < 17 %) and aerosol optical depth due to BC (BC-AOD) (NMB: 11 %) indicated that simulations with Constrainedemiss BC emissions in CHIMERE could simulate the distribution of BC pollution over the IGP more efficiently than with bottom-up emissions. The high BC pollution covering the IGP region comprised a wintertime all-day (daytime) mean BC concentration and BC-AOD respectively in the range 14–25 µg m−3 (6–8 µg m−3) and 0.04–0.08 from the Constrained simulation. The simulated BC concentration and BC-AOD were inferred to be primarily sensitive to the change in BC emission strength over most of the IGP (including the megacity of Kolkata), but also to the transport of BC aerosols over megacity Delhi. Five main hotspot locations were identified in and around Delhi (northern IGP), Prayagraj–Allahabad–Varanasi (central IGP), Patna–Palamu (mideastern IGP), and Kolkata (eastern IGP). The wintertime direct radiative perturbation due to BC aerosols from the Constrained simulation estimated the atmospheric radiative warming (+30 to +50 W m−2) to be about 50 %–70 % larger than the surface cooling. A widespread enhancement in atmospheric radiative warming due to BC by 2–3 times and a reduction in surface cooling by 10 %–20 %, with net warming at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) of 10–15 W m−2, were noticed compared to the atmosphere without BC, for which a net cooling at the TOA was exhibited. These perturbations were the strongest around megacities (Kolkata and Delhi), extended to the eastern coast, and were inferred to be 30 %–50% lower from the bottomup than the Constrained simulation.
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Thorpenberg, Stefan. « Alcohol health promotion research and policy in the Nordic countries - a literature review 1986-2008 ». Science & ; Technology Studies 23, no 1 (1 janvier 2010) : 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55258.
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The problem with culture infl uencing research is visible in Nordic alcohol health promotion research. This study includes peer reviewed articles in alcohol health promotion in the Nordic countries and analyses the content of top-down vs. bottomup,and individual vs. community/governmental approaches for health promotion activities. The results shows that Sweden, Finland, Norway and Iceland tend to aim for reducing alcohol use in general, in order to decrease the incidence of alcohol related problems. Swedish articles are more often top-down, and discuss government regulations for the purpose. The Danish approach is more bottom-up and shows trust in the individuals abilities to take care of his/her health issues. The results from the research cannot serve as a guide for ordinary citizens and there is a need for a policy discussion on these issues in health promotion research, as well as policy circles.
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Jeffrey C., Ady, et Choi Taehyon. « Modeling the Role of Culture in Policy Transfer : A Dynamic Policy Transfer Model ». Korean Journal of Policy Studies 34, no 2 (31 août 2019) : 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps34206.
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Anticorruption policy transfer has been discussed for decades, but the influence of culture in target countries has not received comparable attention sufficient to explain the lack of progress in reducing corruption in those countries. The conceptualization of culture so far has provided only a limited tool for developing a dynamic theory of policy transfer. We propose a bottomup model of dynamic policy transfer that takes into account the cultural context in target countries. We first define culture as a set of values that are consistent with each other but that also conflict. We then develop a dynamic policy transfer model that revises the traditional model by considering the proposed concept of culture. Finally, we discuss the practical implications of the model, emphasizing the importance of knowledge of culture at the local level, where a bottom-up implementation of anticorruption policy takes place. We conclude by suggesting strategies for empirical research and specific implications regarding the Korean policy context.
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Zani, Felipe Barbosa, et Frederico Lustosa da Costa. « Avaliação da implementação do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar - novas perspectivas de análise ». Revista de Administração Pública 48, no 4 (août 2014) : 889–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-76121555.
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Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da avaliação da implementação do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (Pronaf) desenhada a partir dos eixos conteúdo, contexto, capacidade, compromisso e clientes/coalizões. Além de análise documental, foram realizadas entrevistas e grupos focais. Os resultados corroboram a necessidade de convergência entre as vertentes top-down e bottomup para a análise da implementação de políticas públicas e pontuam como entrave mais significativo ao êxito do programa as deficiências do sistema de assistência técnica. Por outro lado, observam-se expressivos avanços quanto à estrutura de governança, que possibilita o equacionamento das demandas portadas pelos diferentes atores e que fomenta atualizações constantes no escopo do programa, podendo assegurar a manutenção da qualidade operacional alcançada.
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Azizah, Biqrotul, et Imam Syafi’i. « Prosedur Pengambilan Keputusan Di Lembaga Pendidikan Tinggi Di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0 ». Jurnal Manajemen dan Inovasi (MANOVA) 3, no 2 (20 août 2020) : 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/manova.v3i2.276.
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This article aims to describe the process of making and effective methods for the dissemination of decision results in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era. This research uses library research taken from scientific journals and relevant literature. The results showed that the most effective decision making process was a combination of top-down and bottomup with formal decision-making mechanisms or decisions. Decision making formally involves leaders and subordinates and adjusted to the output of the meeting. The dominant dissemination mechanism is traditional dissemination through meetings and through social networks. The implications of the results of this study indicate that the formal process of decision making through public meetings or limited meetings is still the choice of the decision making process so that this traditional model provides space for all elements involved to participate and provide constructive advice for effective decision making.
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Pechrová, M., et K. Boukalová. « Differences Among Czech Local Action Groups In Using Selected Principles Of Leader ». Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 46, no 1 (1 mars 2015) : 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sab-2015-0015.
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Abstract Local Action Groups (LAGs) are implementing LEADER principles in rural development. The aim of the paper is to create a typology of LAGs in the Czech Republic according to the factors linked to the individual features of LAG and to its organizational background. Four different groups of LAGs emerged: ‘stabilized’, ‘experienced’, ‘absorbing’, and ‘well-informed’. In the second step, it is assessed how particular groups fullfil selected features of the LEADER: knowledge transfer and bottomup approach. We conclude that ‘stabilized’ and ‘experienced’ LAGs, which are functioning for longer time and LAGs’ manager has longer experiences with LAG operation, have better knowledge transfer than those ‘absorbing’ or ‘well-informed’. This suggests that the rural development is realized by the so-called ‘project class’. On the other hand, the most active people cooperating with LAG management are in ‘experienced’ and ‘absorbing’ groups.
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Markus, Stanislav. « Secure Property as a Bottom-Up Process : Firms, Stakeholders, and Predators in Weak States ». World Politics 64, no 2 (21 mars 2012) : 242–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887112000044.
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How do property rights become secure? How does rule of law take hold in an economy? The author uses an original survey of 516 firms in Russia and Ukraine, as well as interview-based case studies, to reexamine these fundamental issues of political economy. Most states in the developing world lack the requisite time horizons and institutional capacity to make the credible commitments emphasized in the literature. In this context, the author argues that firms can enforce their property rights without resort to mafias by forming alliances with stakeholders such as foreign actors, community residents, and labor. These stakeholders can impose costs on the potential aggressors through diverse political strategies, allowing firms to defend their property rights not only from private predators but also from the state. The article evaluates this “bottomup” theory of secure property rights against existing state-based theorizing.
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Amit, Daniel J. « Empirical and theoretical active memory : The proper context ». Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18, no 4 (décembre 1995) : 645–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00040383.
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AbstractThe context of the target article is delimited again, underlining the intended locationof the argument in the bottomup hierarchy of brain study. The central message is that collective delay activity distributions (reverberations) in cortical modules extend the role of a spike (a potentialinformation carrier across long distances) to an active memory of structured, learned information that can be carried across long time intervals. Moreover, the population code of the reverberations makes them readable down the cortical processing stream. Most of the critical comments are then interpreted and addressed in relation to misreading of the proper context. The price for the limitation of the context (in cognitive, behavioral, and computational terms) is compared with the advantages of a clear, direct contact with experiment on the one hand and with a well controlled body of modeling and analysis on the other.
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Wang, Yingfeng, Xiaoqin Zeng, Daniel So Yeung et Zhihang Peng. « Computation of Madalines' Sensitivity to Input and Weight Perturbations ». Neural Computation 18, no 11 (novembre 2006) : 2854–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2006.18.11.2854.
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The sensitivity of a neural network's output to its input and weight perturbations is an important measure for evaluating the network's performance. In this letter, we propose an approach to quantify the sensitivity of Madalines. The sensitivity is defined as the probability of output deviation due to input and weight perturbations with respect to overall input patterns. Based on the structural characteristics of Madalines, a bottomup strategy is followed, along which the sensitivity of single neurons, that is, Adalines, is considered first and then the sensitivity of the entire Madaline network. Bymeans of probability theory, an analytical formula is derived for the calculation of Adalines' sensitivity, and an algorithm is designed for the computation of Madalines' sensitivity. Computer simulations are run to verify the effectiveness of the formula and algorithm. The simulation results are in good agreement with the theoretical results.
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Agustini, Dian Tristi, et Johan Iskandar. « Overview of participatory water management to overcome drought towards agricultural sector ». E3S Web of Conferences 249 (2021) : 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124901008.
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Drought gives severe impact on agricultural system on fulfilling global food demands. Addressing the root causes of drought related to the community as water users can be done by combating illegal water extraction and controlling water supply. The discussion is based on information obtained from scientific literatures, such as Science Direct, Google Scholar and Scopus. From literature survey, participatory water management engage stakeholders harmonizing water supply and demand to tackle drought through water resources protection and efficient water use. Giving more power of people in the system impacts their better involvement in planning and decision-making processes. Top-down and bottomup participation models have different dynamics in water governance and both can be implemented based on the local contexts. Trade-offs and dilemmas should be considered in order to produce an effective participation. Collaboration and good communication among water users result in a better water management.
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Shi, Jiaxin, Lei Hou, Juanzi Li, Zhiyuan Liu et Hanwang Zhang. « Learning to Embed Sentences Using Attentive Recursive Trees ». Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (17 juillet 2019) : 6991–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016991.
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Sentence embedding is an effective feature representation for most deep learning-based NLP tasks. One prevailing line of methods is using recursive latent tree-structured networks to embed sentences with task-specific structures. However, existing models have no explicit mechanism to emphasize taskinformative words in the tree structure. To this end, we propose an Attentive Recursive Tree model (AR-Tree), where the words are dynamically located according to their importance in the task. Specifically, we construct the latent tree for a sentence in a proposed important-first strategy, and place more attentive words nearer to the root; thus, AR-Tree can inherently emphasize important words during the bottomup composition of the sentence embedding. We propose an end-to-end reinforced training strategy for AR-Tree, which is demonstrated to consistently outperform, or be at least comparable to, the state-of-the-art sentence embedding methods on three sentence understanding tasks.
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Widada, Jaka. « Discovery of novel bioactive natural products from Streptomyces driven by a bottom-up approach ». BIO Web of Conferences 41 (2021) : 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20214102003.
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Streptomyces strains are a very potential source for bioactive natural products of great interest in the pharmaceutical industry such as antibiotics, anticancer chemotherapy, immunosuppressants, etc. About two thirds of all known antibiotics are produced by actinomycetes, mostly by Streptomyces. However, in recent years, the chances of discovering new and bioactive natural products from Streptomyces have decreased significantly. In general, the selection of antibioticproducing Streptomyces was done by using an antagonist to test a number of microbial pathogens so that only strains that had the inhibitory ability were forwarded for further investigation, while strains that did not have the ability were discarded. For our research group, it is also interesting to explore furtherStreptomyces strains that do not produce antifungal compounds in producing new bioactive natural products such as anticancer and anti-inflammatory. Our hypothesis is that the bioactive natural products produced from this strain will be safe if the compound is developed as a drug, because of its low cytotoxicity to non-target cells. The bottom-up approach through genome sequencing has provided access to a large number of BGC bioactive natural products embedded in the Streptomyces genome. In addition, metabolomics studies provide a portfolio of the entire metabolite producedfrom the strain of interest. Therefore, in this presentation, we will present a bottomup approach to accelerate the discovery of bioactive natural products especially anticancer from Streptomyces sp. GMY01 isolated from the sediments of the southerncoast of Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta by combining genomic mining and metabolomic approaches.
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Nee, Victor, et Sonja Opper. « Endogenous Institutional Change and Dynamic Capitalism ». SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO, no 118 (juillet 2010) : 15–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sl2010-118002.
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State-centered theory asserts that political institutions and credible commitment by political elite to formal rules securing property rights provides the necessary and sufficient conditions for economic growth to take place. In this approach, the evolution of institutions favorable to economic performance is a top-down process led by politicians who control the state. Hence, in less developed and poor countries, the counterfactual is that if formal institutions secure property rights and check predatory action by the political elite, then sustained economic growth would follow. The limitation of state-centered theory stems from the problem that behavioral prescriptions - formal rules and regulations - that reflect what politicians prefer can be ignored. In contrast, we lay out the bottomup construction of economic institutions that gave rise to capitalist economic development in China. Entrepreneurship in the economically developed regions of the coastal provinces was not fueled by exogenous institutional changes. When the first entrepreneurs decided to decouple from the traditional socialist production system, the government had neither initiated financial reforms inviting a broader societal participation, nor had it provided property rights protection or transparent rules specifying company registration and liabilities. Instead, it was the development and use of innovative informal arrangements within close-knit groups of like-minded actors that provided the necessary funding and reliable business norms. This allowed the first wave of entrepreneurs to survive outside of the state-owned manufacturing system. This bottom-up process resembles earlier accounts of the rise of capitalism in the West.
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Rahakbauw, Dorteus L. « PEMODELAN HYBRID SINTESIS PADA AUTOMATED MANUFACTURING SYSTEM (AMS) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PETRI NET ». BAREKENG : Jurnal Ilmu Matematika dan Terapan 6, no 2 (1 décembre 2012) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol6iss2pp1-6.
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Dalam Jurnal ini dibahas masalah sistem even diskrit yang ada pada Automated Manufacturing System (AMS), khususnya menyangkut model, kedinamikan, danmendesain sistem AMS dengan menggunakan tool matematik Petri net. Selanjutnya dikonstruksikan suatu model AMS yang komponen utamanya terdiri dari dua entry, duaexit, lima mesin, dua buffer, empat robot, dan dua sistem Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) yang ada dalam AMS, dimana masing-masing komponen tersebut memiliki deskripsi kerjaberlainan sesuai tugas masing-masing. Dengan menggunakan metode hybrid, AMS akan ditransformasikan ke dalam tool matematik Petri net dengan menggunakan deskripsisintesis yang didalamnya terdiri atas dua prosedur kerja yaitu top-down design dan bottomup design. Dekomposisi (decomposition) dan penghalusan (refinement) yang meliputipenambahan place shared dan non-shared resource ke dalam Petri net dibutuhkan untuk mendapatkan desain Petri net AMS yang akan mengurangi atau menghilangkan deadlockpada sistem AMS. Dengan demikian, suatu definisi dari hybrid sintesis serta struktur Petri net dapat terjawab. Perilaku mendesain sistem ini akan dibahas untuk mendapatkan suatudesain yang efektif dalam fungsi dan penggunaan AMS tersebut.
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Zhang, Weiwei, Jackie Chi Kit Cheung et Joel Oren. « Generating Character Descriptions for Automatic Summarization of Fiction ». Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (17 juillet 2019) : 7476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33017476.
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Summaries of fictional stories allow readers to quickly decide whether or not a story catches their interest. A major challenge in automatic summarization of fiction is the lack of standardized evaluation methodology or high-quality datasets for experimentation. In this work, we take a bottomup approach to this problem by assuming that story authors are uniquely qualified to inform such decisions. We collect a dataset of one million fiction stories with accompanying author-written summaries from Wattpad, an online story sharing platform. We identify commonly occurring summary components, of which a description of the main characters is the most frequent, and elicit descriptions of main characters directly from the authors for a sample of the stories. We propose two approaches to generate character descriptions, one based on ranking attributes found in the story text, the other based on classifying into a list of pre-defined attributes. We find that the classification-based approach performs the best in predicting character descriptions.
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Fiers, Stefaan. « Carrièrepatronen van Belgische parlementsleden in een multi-level omgeving (1979-99) ». Res Publica 43, no 1 (31 mars 2001) : 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v43i1.18517.
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This article deals with the consequences of an increased number of levels of political decision-making, on the way in which political careers are built. In the traditional bottomup perspective, political careers started at the municipal level. The best were chosen to represent the party in regional assemblies, first, and eventually in the national parliament. In this perspective, a mandate of Member of European Parliament was the highest obtainable office. Evidence from the 1979-99 period shows that the importance of 'local political experience' in recruiting MPs is decreasing. However still, the Belgian figure remains high in comparative perspective : in 1999 no less than 70 % ofthe members of the federal House of Representatives and of the regional Flemish Parliament have previously been local councillor. Moreover, still 60 % combines a mandate as local councillor with their parliamentary mandate. Only a limited number ofpreviously regional Flemish MPs became federal MPs in 1999, so that one could not speak of frequent level-hopping, nor of a hierarchy among these offices.
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Fomin, G. P., I. V. Sukhorukova, D. A. Maksimov et I. F. Aleshina. « FORMATION OF INDICATORS, CRITERIA, MEASURES AND RISK ASSESSMENT SCALES ». SOFT MEASUREMENTS AND COMPUTING 3, no 52 (2022) : 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/2618-9976.2022.03.001.
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The article discusses the architecture of the formation of indicators, criteria, measures and risk assessment scales necessary in risk management systems based on the fundamental axioms of management theory and the principles of risk theory to build a risk management structure. As the most effective modeling method, it is proposed to use a hybrid one using the advantages of both formal and informal methods and models in building an adaptive risk management system in enterprises on a bottomup basis. To remove the emerging contradictions of indicative risk indicators, it is proposed to use a multicriteria method of structuring characteristics in evaluation models according to different criteria of objective functions – minimizing time or costs, maximizing sales revenue or profit, which determines the risk of an unmissed opportunity. The structure of the hybrid adaptive model suggests a radical scheme for changing managerial behavior, which consists in the transition from conventional regulation from above to direct regulation of risk factors at the points of their manifestation.
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Madsen, Ane-Grethe. « RÅDGIVNING OG STØTTE – kapacitetsopbygning i postkonfliktområder ». Psyke & ; Logos 25, no 1 (31 juillet 2004) : 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/pl.v25i1.8668.
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Artiklen indeholder refleksioner vedrørende rådgivning og støtte til mennesker, der har været udsat for svære traumatiske oplevelser i deres hjemland. Det kan dreje sig om borgerkrig, etnisk udrensning, tortur og andre overgreb på menneskerettighederne. Strategier vedrørende den akutte fase er omtalt i artiklen for at pointere vigtigheden af at fokusere på de mentale behov allerede på dette tidspunkt. Artiklens primære fokus ligger på postkonfliktperioden. Artiklen inkluderer afsnit, der belyser strategier ud fra litteraturen og efterrefleksioner over kapacitetsopbygning inden for sundhedsområdet i Kosovo. Ligeledes forholder artiklen sig til det problematiske i anvendelsen af tilgange, der i særlig grad må anses for at være vestlig og den herved knyttede risiko for at være kulturelt ufølsom. I den forbindelse inddrages empowerment-strategier, bottomup-teorier og participatoriske tilgange samt kritiske erfaringer med kapacitetsopbygning med manglende forståelse for lokale mestringsstrategier i Kosovo. Artiklen afsluttes med generelle og specifikke anbefalinger baseret på forfatterens eget masterstudie i International sundhed (MIH) og læring uddraget af psykosocial kapacitetsopbygning i Kosovo.
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Nourzad Haradasht, Pezhman, et Abdollah Baradaran. « The Comparative Effect of Top-down Processing and Bottomup Processing through TBLT on Extrovert and Introvert EFL Learners’ Reading Comprehension ». International Journal of Applied Linguistics & ; English Literature 2, no 5 (1 septembre 2013) : 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.2n.5p.229.
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Biemans, Jan. « Private Law Regulation of Innovations and Creditors Rights : What We Can Learn from Domain Name Rights for Blockchain Rights ». European Review of Private Law 27, Issue 3 (1 juin 2019) : 455–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2019025.
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The most significant innovation in recent years has been blockchain technology. Such innovations demand a response from the law. The most significant innovation of the last twenty-five years has been the internet. The relative lack of government regulation in the domain of public law has been one of the key features of the internet. The private law regulation of domain name rights has been left to private institutions to arrange this through contract law. Contract law, however, has its limitations when it comes to pledging, seizing and the forced sale of domain name rights. Qualification problems with regard to the nature of domain name rights and the prescribed mode of contract renewal have resulted in difficulties with respect to pledging and seizing domain name rights. These cannot be solved by bottom-up selfregulation. I will demonstrate this by discussing the law in the Belgian, Dutch, German and American jurisdictions. In particular, I will address the unique bottomup self-regulation of domain name rights in the Netherlands, which aims to replace statutory rules in the field of property law by contractual provisions. Lastly, I will discuss what we can learn from domain name rights for blockchain rights. I will argue that, learning from domain name rights, we should not try to fit in similar issues with regard to blockchain rights in existing private law or contractual arrangements, but should develop tailor-made statutory private law rules so as to avoid the same legal uncertainty as with domain name rights.
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Zubov, S. A. « The Stop-Loss Start-Gain Strategy Modification With Tilt Deadband Research ». Моделирование и анализ данных 09, no 4 (2019) : 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/mda.2019090403.
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In this article The stop-loss start-gain strategy modification with tilt deadband is studied. The top line of this band is tilted. During the research mathematical model with discrete pricing process was examined. The increments of this process have a normal distribution with a constant nonzero mean and constant dispersion. The article considers the distribution of the number of intersections of a nonrectilinear strip by a discrete Gaussian walk. Formulas that allow to specify the distribution of the number of intersections of the strip in the directions “bottomup” and “top-down” were deduced. An algorithm was developed to calculate the number of these intersections and evaluate the conditional probability of the transition. In addition, the dependence of the average hedger losses while using this strategy on the slope coefficient of the upper boundary of the dead band and the band width was considered. Using the Monte Carlo simulation, an algorithm was developed to find the optimal width and slope of the strip. During the numerical experiments, the dependence was revealed and the optimal slope coefficient was determined for the given parameters. Experimental work confirmed the correctness of the proposed algorithms and proved the effectiveness of this modification in comparison with the use of a strategy with a straight strip.
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Frolov, D. P. « Transplantation of economic institutions : An extended (post-institutional) theory ». Voprosy Ekonomiki, no 9 (7 septembre 2021) : 69–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2021-9-69-108.
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Most of research on institutional transplantation is based on a set of general methodological principles and theoretical positions, which in total might be termed the “classical theory”. Despite its persuasiveness and wide currency (including outside the economic discourse), the classical theory of institutional transplantation has many built-in methodological limitations. It has a pronouncedly one-sided character, is based on reductionist approaches, and has problems with a systemic explanation of transplant processes in the modern economy. The article presents an interdisciplinary research program for the extended theory of institutional transplantation. The extended theory proposes to pay special attention to bottomup transplants, as well as the role of institution-based communities — heterogeneous networks of internal and external actors of transplanted institutions. Adaptation of a transplanted institution to the new environment is viewed more as an active transformation of the environment by actors (institutional niche construction). The deviations from foreign prototypes arising in transplanted institutions are interpreted as adaptive refunctionalizations rather than transplant failures. Special emphasis is placed on the interactive communication field in which transplanted institutions develop. As a result of transplantation, it is proposed to consider not the dichotomy of successful adaptation and rejection of a new institution, but the emergence of institutional assemblage — a complex system of borrowed and local institutions based on irreducible institutional logics.
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Craig, John, Henrik Moller, Denis Saunders et Morgan Williams. « Enhancing our Heritage : Conservation for 21st Century New Zealanders : Ways forward from the Tahi Group of Concerned Scientists ». Pacific Conservation Biology 19, no 4 (2013) : 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130256.
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New Zealanders are constantly reminded of their degraded environment and the threatened status of their unique plants, animals and ecosystems. Instead of presenting these as symptoms of unsustainable living and the socio-economic system that rewards this, there has been a propensity to treat these as independent problems needing individual solutions with insufficient resources allocated to implement the solutions. For example, conservation of native biota and ecosystem protection are viewed as biological problems that are mainly the responsibility of government to be addressed through a government-based reserve system. In contrast, the Tahi Group view a diverse native biota and healthy ecosystems as essential elements of New Zealanders’ heritage that require social engagement and innovative economic reform. Most of all, the New Zealand conservation paradigm needs to be broadened to encourage collaboration of a wider range of stakeholders and land owners and the application of new tools for learning how best to reverse ongoing decline of native biota and degradation of ecosystems. Diversification of conservation strategies has begun in small “bottomup” ways in communities, organizations, businesses and institutions, powered by commitment and energy of many individual citizens. These strategies, where monitored, demonstrate effective and efficient actions that inspires hope for a future that fully integrates conservation as a normal and an essential component of a prosperous economy and healthy South Pacific society with little or no government input. We make a plea to move from the constant reiteration of conservation problems to a focus on developing and implementing solutions to these problems with the engagement of all New Zealanders.
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Colín-García, Maria, Alejandro Heredia, Carina Dos-Santos-Rodrígues, Etelvina Figueira, Salomé F. P. Almeida, Vladimir A. Basiuk, Andrés Rodríguez-Galván et Engel G. Vrieling. « Sílice de las Algas Diatomeas (Clase Bacillariophyceae) como material complejo y su importancia nanotecnológica ». La Granja 17, no 1 (30 juin 2013) : 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17163/lgr.n17.2013.01.
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<p>La presencia de depósitos minerales es muy común en microorganismos, plantas, hongos y mamíferos. Estos organismos son, por lo tanto, un modelo natural excelente para estudiar la relación entre las principales partes que los componen, es decir la fase biopolímérica y la mineral. La importancia de este tipo de estudios se relaciona directamente con la nanotecnología, una rama científica relativamente reciente, encargada de estudiar los fenómenos químicos y físicos a escalas menores a los 500 nm. Cuando el sistema de estudio tiene importancia biológica, posee estructuras biológicamente activas o procede de un sistema biológico, se llama entonces bionanotecnología. Este es el caso del estudio de la biomineralización en las algas diatomeas. Esta línea de investigación tiene alta relevancia por la dificultad de producir micro y nanoestructuras altamente controladas de dióxido de silicio o sílice (SiO2), un tipo de vidrio que tiene potencialmente aplicaciones tecnológicas en liberación de drogas, celdas solares y materiales cerámicos de alto rendimiento. Los factores que afectan la geometría, las propiedades mecánicas y fisicoquímicas en estas estructuras son pobremente comprendidos, por lo que este tipo de estudios es de suma importancia. Si se logra entender las interacciones y los procesos de formación en estos sistemas que producen vidrio en entes biológicos, podremos acercarnos racionalmente a la síntesis de nuevos y sofisticados materiales nanoestructurados, con aplicaciones en una gran gama de áreas que van desde la nanotecnología (semiconductores híbridos) hasta la biología y biomedicina (biomateriales y estructuras liberadoras de drogas). En el presente trabajo se hace un esbozo “ascendente” (bottomup) de la síntesis de “biosilice” en diatomeas donde se enfatiza la importancia de este fenómeno en la nanotecnología.</p>
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Noviyanti, Rinda, Sugeng Hari Wisudo, Eko Sri Wiyono, Mulyono S. Baskoro et Budi Hascaryo. « PENGEMBANGAN KAPASITAS DIRI NELAYAN DALAM RANGKA PEMBANGUNAN PERIKANAN TANGKAP BERKELANJUTAN DI PPN PALABUHAN RATU ». Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 10, no 2 (20 juin 2016) : 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jsekp.v10i2.1264.
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PPN Palabuhan Ratu terletak di Teluk Palabuhan Ratu yang merupakan kawasan yang memiliki potensi perikanan yang penting di wilayah selatan Jawa Barat serta memiliki arti penting terkait kapasitas diri nelayan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat peran faktor internal, eksternal dan etika diri dalam pengembangan kapasitas diri nelayan. Data primer yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 126 nelayan responden diambil secara sengaja berdasarkan konten penilaian sesuai persyaratan. Metode analisis Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Analisa terkait pengembangan kapasitas diri nelayan di Teluk Palabuhan Ratu, Sukabumi menunjukan bahwa pengetahuan, keterampilan, kompetensi, mental, dan komitmen merupakan indikator-indikator penting. Faktor internal yang berpengaruh terhadap pengembangan kapasitas diri nelayan adalah pendidikan formal dan etos kerja nelayan; sedangkan faktor eksternal adalah pemahaman terhadap peraturan perundangan perikanan, penyuluhan dan keberadaan koperasi. Dasar pembuatan kebijakan (bottomup) pengembangan kapasitas diri nelayan di kawasan Teluk Palabuhan Ratu menuju perikanan tangkap berkelanjutan adalah melalui pengembangn sistem pendidikan dan pelatihan berbasis pengembangan kapasitas diri (capacity development) serta pelayanan penyuluhan dengan materi yang sesuai dengan kondisi, karakteristik dan kebutuhan nelayan lokal. (Capacity Building of Fishers in the Sustainable Fishery Development in PPN Palabuhan Ratu)PPN Palabuhan Ratu is located in the Palabuhan Ratu Bay which is an area that has potential important fishery in the southern region of West Java and has significance related to the capacity of the fishers themselves. This study aimed to analyze the role of internal factors, external and ethics in developing the capacity of self-fishers. Primary data were used in this study based on 126 respondents with appropriate assessment requirements (purposive sampling). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used in this study. Analysis related to the self-capacity development of fishers in the Palabuhan Ratu Bay, Sukabumi shows that the knowledge, skills, competencies, mental, and commitment are important indicators. Internal faktors that influence the self-capacity development of fishers are formal educationand work ethic; whereas the external factors are the understanding of the laws and regulations relating to fisheries, education and the existence of the cooperative. Basis for policy making (bottom-up) on selfcapacity development of fishers in the region of Palabuhan Ratu Bay towards the sustainable capture fisheries is through the progression education and training system based on the development of selfcapacity as well as extension services to the material in accordance with the conditions, characteristics and needs of local fishers.
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Bachtiar, Riza Rahimi, Sari Wiji Utami et Kurniawan Muhammad Nur. « Pemberdayaan Perempuan Melalui Pendampingan Pengolahan Jamur Tiram Putih di Pondok Pesantren Mamba’ussunah Kebaman, Banyuwangi ». E-Dimas : Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 13, no 2 (29 juin 2022) : 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26877/e-dimas.v13i2.4703.
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Pemberdayaan Perempuan (women empowerment) adalah sebuah proses tranformasi relasi kuasa gender yang bersifat dari bawah ke atas (bottomup), baik secara individual maupun kelompok karena berkembangnya kesadaran akan keterlibatan perempuan dalam berbagai sektor. Salah satu kegiatan pemberdayaan perempuan adalah penyelenggaraan pendidikan non formal. Pondok Pesantren Mamba’ussunah merupakan lembaga pendidikan yang juga melakukan kegiatan budidaya jamur tiram putih. Kegiatan budidaya jamur tiram putih dilakukan secara sederhana dan dikerjakan oleh tenaga kerja yang terbatas. Kegiatan usaha budidaya jamur tiram ini belum dapat memberikan keuntungan yang maksimal. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang mengakibatkan rendahnya keuntungan yang didapat dari usaha budidaya jamur tiram putih, yaitu: terbatasnya tenaga kerja yang melakukan kegiatan budidaya, rendahnya pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai teknik budidaya jamur tiram, serta kurangnya pengetahuan mengenai pengolahan produk olahan jamur tiram putih yang dapat meningkatkan harga jual jamur tiram putih. Produk jamur tiram putih sebagian besar langsung dijual seacara segar, tanpa memiliki kemasan yang menarik. Hal ini menyebabkan harga jual jamur tiram putih menjadi tidak maksimal, dan keuntungan yang didapatkan juga tidak dapat maksimal. Solusi yang dapat ditawarkan kepada kelompok mitra, dalam hal ini Pondok Pesantren Mamba’ussunah adalah dengan melakukan kegiatan pemberdayaan khususnya pada kaum perempuan. Sehingga kaum perempuan memiliki tingkat kemandirian, kreatifitas, dapat meningkatkan harga jual produk jamur tiram putih, pemberian pembelajaran mengenai pentingnya kemasan yang menarik dan dapat mendapatkan keuntungan yang maksimal. Solusi ini diharapkan agar kaum perempuan di lingkungan Pondok Pesantren Mamba’ussunah dapat meningkatkan pendapatan dan keuntungannya. Target luaran yang diharapkan dari kegiatan PKM ini adalah: 1) Meningkatnya kemampuan, keterampilan, dan keberhasilan kaum perempuan dalam mengolah jamur tiram putih. 2) Memberikan pelatihan dan pendampingan mengenai pentingnya kemasan yang menarik, sehingga harga jual produk jamur tiram putih dapat meningkat.3) Meningkatnya keterampilan masyarakat untuk berwirausaha dan mengolah produk jamur tiram putih, serta meningkatkan kesejahteraan melalui pemberdayaan kaum perempuan.
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Makarova, Elena A. « Teaching Foreign Language Speaking Skills Through Peer-Tutoring ». Integration of Education, no 3 (28 septembre 2018) : 551–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/1991-9468.092.022.201803.551-568.
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Introduction. Teaching foreign language speaking skills to students of the same academic group having different levels of language proficiency within a restricted time period is an urgent problem for non-linguistic universities. Its solution requires an interdisciplinary approach and the integration of modern pedagogical, psychological and linguistic knowledge. The aim of the study is to prove experimentally the effectiveness of peer assisted learning organized within the regular classroom settings. Materials and Methods. The study is concerned with a peer assisted learning strategy aimed at the development of EFL speaking skills of low-skilled students. Unlike international practice of extra-curricular peer tutoring the given strategy is used among well-acquainted students within the regular classroom settings. Peer assisted learning is based on both qualitative and quantitative methods such as data collection of both foreign and Russian teachers, linguists and psychologists, analysis and generalizations along with the communicative language teaching method, experiment and observation . Results. As a result, the criteria for selection of peer tutors were formulated, a new structural component of peer assisted learning was developed and implemented, stages of teaching EFL speaking skills were pointed out, vocabulary and exercises appropriate to students’ knowledge and experience were selected. The researched model of peer assisted learning made it possible to integrate basic principles of the communicative method. Discussion and Conclusions. Through peer assisted learning tutees benefit by developing and practicing communicative skills, increasing motivation. All tutors and tutees are actively engaged in work, develop responsibility and collaboration, and improve academic achievements. The effectiveness is provided by systematic peer assisted learning, coordinated work of students in pairs/threes, taking top-down and bottomup approaches to teaching speaking, proper selection of vocabulary and exercises. The obtained results contribute to the study of problems of teaching speaking and motivate further study of peer tutoring and making additional experiments.
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Chen, Kang, Hui Liu et Cheng Yun Peng. « Research on Algorithm of Forming Limit Height in Semi-Ball Bottom Cylindrical Deep Drawing ». Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (décembre 2012) : 1895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.1895.
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With physical experiments and numerical simulation about semi-ball bottom cylindrical parts and flat-bottomed cylindrical parts, we got the thinning law about spherical bottom of semi-ball bottom cylindrical parts, and got forming limit height difference of semi-ball bottom cylindrical parts and flat-bottomed cylindrical parts under the same conditions. In accordance with the principle of constant volume, the cylindrical ball height of semi-ball bottom cylindrical parts can be converted to draw from the cylindrical part height of the flat-bottomed cylindrical parts, which introduced a method of calculating the forming limit height of semi-ball bottom cylindrical parts. Through practical examples, this algorithm is feasible.
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Sternberg, Stephen S. « Bottoms Up to a Nobel-Worthy Chicken's Bottom ». American Journal of Surgical Pathology 27, no 11 (novembre 2003) : 1471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-200311000-00011.
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Fedorova, Lorina, et Anastasiya Ryabchuk. « Goals, obstacles and focus of heritage preservation activists in Ukrainian cities ». NaUKMA Research Papers. Sociology 4 (8 octobre 2021) : 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-9067.2021.4.60-72.
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Preservation of historic heritage is a prevalent question in urban social movements in Ukraine. This article focuses on heritage preservation activists’ experiences, including both movements to preserve specific historic sites and monuments, and movements against destruction of the historic environment more generally. We begin by conceptualizing key concepts of heritage preservation movement and offering a background of heritage preservation in a post-soviet setting. This overview is followed by a summary of research findings based on eleven semi-structured interviews with heritage protection activists in major Ukrainian cities. Their activity can be classified firstly based on the strategy of impact (top-down or bottomup); secondly, on the type of historic monuments that they want to preserve (classical architecture, modern (Soviet) architecture and small architectural forms); thirdly, on the territorial scale of their activity (local, municipal or regional); and finally, on their activities (cultural and artistic, political, media and awarenessraising, community-building, etc.).Challenges, identified by activists in their work, were classified as external (related to structural and contextual difficulties), and internal (individual challenges and group dynamics, related to lack of time, resources and institutional knowledge). More generally, the heritage preservation movement in Ukraine is identified by activists as fragmented, reactive, and marked by high institutionalization of grassroots activities and their cooptation. Activists are reflexive of their role in historic preservation and present themselves as the voice of the general public. They identify their impact as creating public resonance, a wide network of passive allies, institutional (as well as internal management) experience for activist initiatives. At the same time, however, they have little faith in the possibility of achieving broader strategic goals. Thus, despite their impact and efficiency in defending specific historic sites, activists are unable to preserve historic heritage in Ukrainian cities on their own. Potential future research includes conducting interviews not only with activists of large cities, but also of smaller towns, as well as using a multi-method approach and supplementing interviews with content-analysis of activists’ public statements, as well as taking into consideration the voices of other interested agents in the heritage preservation movement.
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Zhu, Jun, Hanhao Zhu, Jun Tang et Guangxue Zheng. « Researches on very low frequency acoustic signal propagation characteristics in different shallow elastic wedge bottoms ». MATEC Web of Conferences 283 (2019) : 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928302003.
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Targeted at the issue of extremely low-frequency (<100Hz) acoustic propagation in complex shallow elastic bottom environments. The influence law of different complex elastic bottoms on the acoustic signal propagation at very low frequency by acoustic energy flux has been analyzed with the simulation, which is based on the finite element method. The elastic bottoms which have been studied are the shallow horizontal elastic bottom, and the up-sloping and the down-sloping elastic bottom. The results show that the acoustic signal propagating in the up-sloping and down-sloping elastic bottom environments is more complex than that propagating in the horizontal elastic bottom, and the acoustic energy leaking into those elastic bottoms has very different influence on the acoustic signal propagation, especially in the up-sloping bottom.
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Hotala, Eugeniusz, et Rajmund Ignatowicz. « Effect of settlement of foundations on the failure risk of the bottom of cylindrical steel vertical tanks for liquids ». Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 41, no 3 (30 septembre 2019) : 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2019-0017.
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AbstractDifferent types of foundations are used in steel, above-ground cylindrical storage tanks for liquids. If a sand-gravel foundation is used under the entire bottom of the tank or only in the central part of the tank, settlement can be expected, and it increases after many years of operation. The paper presents the typical kinds and types of soil settlements under the bottoms of the tanks, in which different types of foundations were used. Numerical analyses of the effect of the soil settlement on the state of deformations and stresses in steel sheets of the bottom under one of the real tanks, in which different types of foundations and different cases of settlement were assumed. The results of numerical analyses indicated the possibility of evaluating the state of the soil settlement and bottom sheet deformations on the basis of simple measurements of deformations of the lower part of the tank cylinder. These measurements can be very useful in assessing the possible risk of failure of the tank bottom during each period of its operation, as measurements of settlement of the bottom of a filled tank are not feasible in practice. It has been proposed that in each steel tank, the deformation of the cylinder’s sheets should be measured even before the beginning of exploitation, and that in subsequent periodical measurements, the influence of the soil settlement under the tank on the state of the cylinder deformation and bottom’s strain should be assessed more accurately.
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Wu, Lin. « Potential for Juvenile Sod Production ». HortScience 23, no 1 (février 1988) : 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.1.162.
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Abstract “Juvenile sod” refers to an immature sod produced in pans in a greenhouse, with only 5 to 6 weeks from seeding to harvest. Seeds were planted in peatmoss after adjusting pH to 7 and were watered with nutrient solution. Tensile strength produced in plastic pans having molded ribbed bottoms and drainage holes vs. flat-bottomed pans was compared. Covering the pans with thin plastic sheets vs. leaving them uncovered during the first 4 days of germination was examined for effect on tensile strength. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), seeded at 60 vs. 30, 60 vs. 30, and 30 vs. 15 g·m–2, respectively, were evaluated. Ribbed-bottom, covered pans, and increased seeding rates resulted in greater tensile strength, which was sufficient for marketable handling.
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Lin, Jia, Xiaolin Liu, Shu Zhu, Yongsheng Liu et Xianfeng Chen. « Influence ofIn SituOxide Dissolution on the Bottom Morphologies of Detached TiO2Nanotube Films ». Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/653192.
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Free-standing TiO2nanotube (NT) films with through holes (i.e., open bottoms) are useful for various applications. In this paper, we report the significant influence ofin situchemical etching during the detachment process on the morphological variation of TiO2NT bottoms. Under a high temperature detachment anodization, we noted a high detachment rate with controllable bottom morphologies. Influenced by anodization durations, the bottom opening size could be controlled with morphology transition changing from closed to partially open and then to fully open bottoms. The underlying formation mechanism of variable bottom conditions has been examined through the consideration of field-assisted chemical dissolution of both the barrier layer and the sides of the tubes at the bottom. The production of well-defined through-hole tube membranes in a reliable and controllable way is essential for their practical applications.
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Danovaro, R., et S. Fraschetti. « Meiofaunal vertical zonation on hard-bottoms : comparison with soft-bottom meiofauna ». Marine Ecology Progress Series 230 (2002) : 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps230159.
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Kushnir, V. M. « Structure of the Wave Bottom Boundary Layer over Smooth and Rough Bottoms ». Physical Oceanography 15, no 6 (novembre 2005) : 370–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11110-006-0010-4.
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Zamościński, Krzysztof. « Building cheaply and simply : flat-bottomed boats with cross-planked bottoms around the world ». Archaeonautica, no 21 (1 juillet 2021) : 383–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/archaeonautica.3614.
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Tran, Chang-Thi, Jen-Yi Chang et Chia-Cheng Tsai. « Step Approximation for Water Wave Scattering by Multiple Thin Barriers over Undulated Bottoms ». Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no 6 (5 juin 2021) : 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060629.
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This paper investigates the scattering of oblique water waves by multiple thin barriers over undulation bottoms using the eigenfunction matching method (EMM). In the solution procedures of the EMM, the bottom topographies are sliced into shelves separated by steps. On each step, surface-piercing or/and bottom-standing barriers can be presented or not. For each shelf, the solution is composed of eigenfunctions with unknown coefficients representing the wave amplitudes. Then applying the conservations of mass and momentum, a system of linear equations is resulted and can be solved by a sparse-matrix solver. If no barriers are presented on the steps, the proposed EMM formulation degenerates to the water wave scattering over undulating bottoms. The effects on the barrier lengths, barrier positions and oblique wave incidences by different undulated bottoms are studied. In addition, the EMM is also applied to solve the Bragg reflections of normal and oblique water waves by periodic barrier over sinusoidal bottoms. The accuracy of the solution is demonstrated by comparing it with the results in the literature.
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Tang, Ting, Li Jun Wang et Jin Bo Ma. « Optimal Design of Double Bottom Structure Filled with Liquid Resisting Underwater Explosion ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (septembre 2011) : 907–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.907.
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Liquid filled double bottom structure is a usual type for large surface vessel, so the optimal design of which has important significance for viability of vessels in war. Appling a FEM process of MSC.Dytan, and changing the depth of liquid cabins, the thickness of bottoms and the thickness of stiffening, the response of different double bottom structures to underwater explosion were studied. After comparing and analyzing the deformation, the optimal design method of double bottom structures filled with liquid resisting underwater explosion was achieved. The best depth of water in water cabins is 90%, the best ratio of thickness of inner bottom and outer bottom is 11/9, and the stiffening should be thicker than outer bottom and thinner than inner bottom.
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Son, Su-Uk, Sungho Cho et Jee Woong Choi. « 50 kHz bottom backscattering measurements from two types of artificially roughened sandy bottoms ». Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 55, no 7S1 (15 juin 2016) : 07KG02. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.55.07kg02.
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Marina, Pablo, José L. Rueda, Javier Urra, Carmen Salas, Serge Gofas, J. Enrique García Raso, Francina Moya et al. « Sublittoral soft bottom assemblages within a Marine Protected Area of the northern Alboran Sea ». Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95, no 5 (11 février 2015) : 871–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315414002082.
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The composition and structure of sublittoral faunal assemblages inhabiting soft bottoms (15–72 m depth) within the Marine Protected Area ‘Acantilados y Fondos Marinos de Calahonda-Castell de Ferro’ in southern Spain (North Alboran Sea, Mediterranean) have been studied in relation to sediment and water column variables. Three assemblages were identified and corresponded to mixed bottom, unstable bottom and coastal detritic bottom assemblages, based on Pérès & Picard's (1964) benthic classification. A total of 14,318 individuals were collected and 218 species identified, molluscs being the best represented group (141 species). Species richness displayed significant differences with depth and transect, with the highest values observed in the medium to very fine sand and muddy bottoms with bioclasts located at the shallowest sampling stations. The presence of some rare and poorly known invertebrates that are scarce in other areas of the Mediterranean Sea is remarkable, such as the crustacean decapods Bythocaris cosmetops and Pagurus mbizi, Atlantic species with no records in the Mediterranean Sea, and the bathyal molluscs Poromya granulata and Alvania testae, collected at shallow depths. The spatial distribution of faunal assemblages was mainly related to depth and percentage of gravel and clay according to the canonical correspondence analysis. The geographic location of the area, the heterogeneity of soft bottoms and the presence of upwellings in the area may favour the high biodiversity found in the studied soft bottoms. This study increases the scarce knowledge of the circalittoral fauna of sedimentary habitats of the Alboran Sea, providing a baseline for the management of this interesting SCI and for the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive.
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Han, Yu, Tongshu Li, Shiyu Wang et Jian Chen. « A Flow-Measuring Algorithm of Arc-Bottomed Open Channels through Multiple Characteristic Sensing Points of the Flow-Velocity Sensor in Agricultural Irrigation Areas ». Sensors 20, no 16 (12 août 2020) : 4504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164504.
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Precise flow measurement in the open channel is a key prerequisite to implementation of modern agricultural efficient water use. The channel with an arc-bottomed shape is the most common channel type in irrigation area at present. The paper has verified the log-law is along the normal line rather than along the vertical line in arc-bottom channel. By conducting the velocity distribution log-law, this paper derives the expression of the multiple characteristic sensing points location of the flow-velocity sensor in the channel section, which is along the normal line. Based on this, a new algorithm to estimate the discharge of the arc-bottomed channel flow is proposed. We have also developed the experiment of the arc-bottomed channels (including semicircular channels, arc-bottom trapezoidal channels and U-shaped channels) and utilize the data to verify the method. The results indicate that the sensing locations expression of the flow velocity measuring sensor such as acoustic doppler velocimetry and propeller is suitable for improving discharge estimation’s accuracy of the arc-bottomed channels. This method could be extensively used in estimating discharge of irrigation and drainage channels in agricultural water conservancy projects. It will enhance the efficiency and accuracy of water resources management departments in irrigation areas, which also meet the strategic requirements of agricultural sustainable development.
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Rhoads, Donald C., et David K. Young. « The influence of deposit-feeding organisms on sediment stability and community trophic structure ». Journal of Marine Research 78, no 3 (1 juillet 2020) : 169–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224020834162167.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Deposit-feeding and suspension-feeding benthos in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, show marked spatial separation; suspension feeders are largely confined to sandy or firm mud bottoms while deposit feeders attain high densities on soft muddy substrata. Food source and bottom stability have been investigated as potential factors effecting this trophic-group separation. Between October 4, 1967 and August 22, 1969, observations were made at 11 stations in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, along two widely separated transects over bottoms ranging in texture from silt to fine and medium sand. Water depths at these stations ranged from 3 m to 20 m. Scuba divers made many of the field observations and collected most of the samples. This study included sampling of benthic macrofauna, taking bottom photographs, analyzing sedimentary structures, texture, organic content and water content of the sediments, and measuring both water currents and suspended sediment above the bottom. Laboratory experiments were also carried out to determine differential resuspension between burrowed and unburrowed muds. Intensive reworking of the upper few centimeters of a mud bottom by deposit feeders produces a fluid fecal-rich surface that is easily resuspended by low-velocity tidal currents. We suggest that the physical instability of this fecal surface tends to: (i) clog the filtering structures of suspension-feeding organisms, (ii) bury newly settled larvae or discourage the settling of suspension-feeding larvae, and (iii) prevent sessile epifauna from attaching to an unstable mud bottom. Thus suspension feeders are unable to successfully populate all areas of the bottom where a suspended food source is available, especially in areas where mud bottoms are intensively reworked by deposit feeders. Modification of the benthic environment by deposit feeders, resulting in the exclusion of many suspension feeders and sessile epifauna, is an example of trophic group amensalism. This biotic relationship appears to be important in shaping trophic-group distributions in embayments and basins on continental shelves.
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Kruglov, Pavel V., Alexey G. Ponarin et Irina A. Bolotina. « Mathematical Simulating of the Process of Friction Stir Welding for the Manufacture of Tank Bottoms in Aerospace Construction ». ITM Web of Conferences 35 (2020) : 04014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20203504014.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In modern aerospace technology, one of the perspective ways of assembly parts of thin metal plates is friction stir welding. The advantage of this method is the higher strength of the welds of aluminum alloy joints, compared with the traditional MIG welding for the assembly of rockets and space constructions. However, the lack of friction stir welding is a necessity of formation of the system “machine –tool - part” significantly more effort, which is caused by the need to stir the material in the weld zone in a plastic state. Friction stir welding is used to connect the individual elements of tanks and bodies, in particular, panels, elements of the bottoms with each other. In this paper, is consider the typical design for rocket and space technology bottoms of large tanks. For industrial robot equipped with a special head for friction welding with mixing, a mathematical model of obtaining a spherical bottom from individual segments is proposed. The paper presents a mathematical model describing the geometry of a spherical bottom with a flap articulation and a working zone of an industrial robot, which allows defining constraints on process operation continuous seam welding for standard designs of bottoms and hulls of rocket and space technology. The dependences allowing determining the initial position of the robot relative to the bottom for performing friction stir welding of the continuous seam are proposed.
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Alexandrov, D. V., J. Jouzel, I. Nizovtseva et L. B. Ryashko. « Review article : the false–bottom ice ». Cryosphere Discussions 7, no 6 (21 novembre 2013) : 5659–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-5659-2013.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract. Nansen from his observations in the Beaufort Sea published in 1897 noted that heat transfer from the fresh water (with a~temperature of 0 °C) to the arctic salt water (with a temperature of −1.6 °C) is the only source of ice accretion during the polar summer. This transfer mechanism, unusual at first sight, is responsible for the initiation and evolution of a false bottom ice, changing ice properties to a great extent and affecting various processes while interacting with the ocean and the atmosphere. The processes of false bottom ice growth from below (i.e. from the ocean to the atmosphere) become of prime importance in the era of global warming and climate change. In this review, we summarize the theoretical approaches, field and laboratory observations, conducted during more than 100 yr, in order to address the problem of false bottoms to a broad community of readers. We also discuss the recent modeling advances to which we have contributed. A "false bottom" is a thin layer of ice which forms in summer underneath the floe, where fresh water lies between the salt water and the ice. Such false bottoms represent the only significant source of ice growth in the Arctic during the spring-summer period. Their evolution influences the mass balance of the Arctic sea-ice cover, which is recognized as an indicator of climate change. However, the quantity, aerial extent and other properties of false bottoms are difficult to measure because coring under the surface melt ponds leads to direct mixing of surface and under-ice water. This explains why their aerial extent and overall volume is still not known despite the fact that the upper limit of the present-day estimate of the false bottom ice coverage is approximately half of the sea ice surface. The growth of false bottoms also leads to other important consequences for various physical, chemical and biological processes associated with their dynamics.
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Mallet, Delphine, Marion Olivry, Sophia Ighiouer, Michel Kulbicki et Laurent Wantiez. « Nondestructive Monitoring of Soft Bottom Fish and Habitats Using a Standardized, Remote and Unbaited 360° Video Sampling Method ». Fishes 6, no 4 (15 octobre 2021) : 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040050.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Lagoon soft-bottoms are key habitats within coral reef seascapes. Coral reef fish use these habitats as nurseries, feeding grounds and transit areas. At present, most soft-bottom sampling methods are destructive (trawling, longlining, hook and line). We developed a remote, unbaited 360° video sampling method (RUV360) to monitor fish species assemblages in soft bottoms. A low-cost, high-definition camera enclosed in a waterproof housing and fixed on a tripod was set on the sea floor in New Caledonia from a boat. Then, 534 videos were recorded to assess the efficiency of the RUV360. The technique was successful in sampling bare soft-bottoms, seagrass beds, macroalgae meadows and mixed soft-bottoms. It is easy to use and particularly efficient, i.e., 88% of the stations were sampled successfully. We observed 10,007 fish belonging to 172 species, including 45 species targeted by fishermen in New Caledonia, as well as many key species. The results are consistent with the known characteristics of the lagoon soft bottom fish assemblages of New Caledonia. We provide future users with general recommendations and reference plots to estimate the proportion of the theoretical total species richness sampled, according to the number of stations or the duration of the footage.