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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « BottomUp »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "BottomUp"

Zhang, Shuang, and Shi Xiong Zhang. "Improved Top-k Query Processing on Uncertain Data." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 2837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.2837.

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Bottom-up algorithm, which is one of the two probabilistic Top-k query algorithms, was improved. The core of the bottomup algorithm is the iteration on the three courses of bounding, pruning,and refining towards the objects and instances. The main contribution is to change the iteration on instances of objects one by one into iterating all the instances of objects from the superior to the inferior;and to transform the condition and sequence of pruning in order to make the pruning more effective. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the algorithm efficiency could be obviously increased by about 20%.

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Gürcan, Efe Can, and Berk Mete. "Emerging Forms of Social-Union Organizing Under the New Conditions of Turkish Capitalism: A Class-Capacity Analysis." Review of Radical Political Economics 52, no. 3 (2020): 523–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0486613419899515.

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How has Turkey’s working-class movement adapted to the new conditions of capitalism? What alternative forms of struggle have emerged to address precarization under neoliberalism? Providing a bottom-up account of social-union activism based on interviews with union activists, we argue that neoliberal capitalism structurally incapacitates working-class organizing in Turkey through a process of precarization, strongly expressed in the flexibilization of labor and further amplified by sociogeographical unevenness and cultural identities. These challenges are addressed through innovatory methods of bottomup organizing such as white-collar forums of exchange, internet activism, the accentuation of the emotional and gendered dynamics of class struggle, solidarity actions with blue collars, and various forms of street activism.

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SHI, HONGBO. "FINITISTIC DIMENSIONS OF TRIVIALLY TWISTED EXTENSIONS OF MONOMIAL ALGEBRAS." International Journal of Algebra and Computation 19, no. 04 (2009): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196709005202.

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We use the algorithms Bottomup and Topdown to study the finitistic dimensions of a class of extension algebras: the trivially twisted extensions of monomial algebras. A hybrid algorithm for determination of the finitistic dimension of the aforementioned extension is presented, and in particular, conditions for construction of such extensions that have relatively larger finitistic dimension are investigated.

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Y., Umar, and Rubeena A. "Review on Privacy Preservation by Applying Scalable MapReduce BottomUp Generalization (MRBUG) Technique." International Journal of Computer Applications 139, no. 6 (2016): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016908432.

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Ghosh, Sanhita, Shubha Verma, Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath, and Laurent Menut. "Wintertime direct radiative effects due to black carbon (BC) over the Indo-Gangetic Plain as modelled with new BC emission inventories in CHIMERE." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 10 (2021): 7671–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7671-2021.

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Abstract. To reduce the uncertainty in climatic impacts induced by black carbon (BC) from global and regional aerosol–climate model simulations, it is a foremost requirement to improve the prediction of modelled BC distribution, specifically over the regions where the atmosphere is loaded with a large amount of BC, e.g. the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) in the Indian subcontinent. Here we examine the wintertime direct radiative perturbation due to BC with an efficiently modelled BC distribution over the IGP in a high-resolution (0.1∘ × 0.1∘) chemical transport model, CHIMERE, implementing new BC emission inventories. The model efficiency in simulating the observed BC distribution was assessed by executing five simulations: Constrained and bottomup (bottomup includes Smog, Cmip, Edgar, and Pku). These simulations respectively implement the recently estimated India-based observationally constrained BC emissions (Constrainedemiss) and the latest bottom-up BC emissions (India-based: Smog-India; global: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 – CMIP6, Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research-V4 – EDGAR-V4, and Peking University BC Inventory – PKU). The mean BC emission flux from the five BC emission inventory databases was found to be considerably high (450–1000 kg km−2 yr−1) over most of the IGP, with this being the highest (> 2500 kg km−2 yr−1) over megacities (Kolkata and Delhi). A low estimated value of the normalised mean bias (NMB) and root mean square error (RMSE) from the Constrained estimated BC concentration (NMB: < 17 %) and aerosol optical depth due to BC (BC-AOD) (NMB: 11 %) indicated that simulations with Constrainedemiss BC emissions in CHIMERE could simulate the distribution of BC pollution over the IGP more efficiently than with bottom-up emissions. The high BC pollution covering the IGP region comprised a wintertime all-day (daytime) mean BC concentration and BC-AOD respectively in the range 14–25 µg m−3 (6–8 µg m−3) and 0.04–0.08 from the Constrained simulation. The simulated BC concentration and BC-AOD were inferred to be primarily sensitive to the change in BC emission strength over most of the IGP (including the megacity of Kolkata), but also to the transport of BC aerosols over megacity Delhi. Five main hotspot locations were identified in and around Delhi (northern IGP), Prayagraj–Allahabad–Varanasi (central IGP), Patna–Palamu (mideastern IGP), and Kolkata (eastern IGP). The wintertime direct radiative perturbation due to BC aerosols from the Constrained simulation estimated the atmospheric radiative warming (+30 to +50 W m−2) to be about 50 %–70 % larger than the surface cooling. A widespread enhancement in atmospheric radiative warming due to BC by 2–3 times and a reduction in surface cooling by 10 %–20 %, with net warming at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) of 10–15 W m−2, were noticed compared to the atmosphere without BC, for which a net cooling at the TOA was exhibited. These perturbations were the strongest around megacities (Kolkata and Delhi), extended to the eastern coast, and were inferred to be 30 %–50% lower from the bottomup than the Constrained simulation.

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Thorpenberg, Stefan. "Alcohol health promotion research and policy in the Nordic countries - a literature review 1986-2008." Science & Technology Studies 23, no. 1 (2010): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55258.

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The problem with culture infl uencing research is visible in Nordic alcohol health promotion research. This study includes peer reviewed articles in alcohol health promotion in the Nordic countries and analyses the content of top-down vs. bottomup,and individual vs. community/governmental approaches for health promotion activities. The results shows that Sweden, Finland, Norway and Iceland tend to aim for reducing alcohol use in general, in order to decrease the incidence of alcohol related problems. Swedish articles are more often top-down, and discuss government regulations for the purpose. The Danish approach is more bottom-up and shows trust in the individuals abilities to take care of his/her health issues. The results from the research cannot serve as a guide for ordinary citizens and there is a need for a policy discussion on these issues in health promotion research, as well as policy circles.

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Jeffrey C., Ady, and Choi Taehyon. "Modeling the Role of Culture in Policy Transfer: A Dynamic Policy Transfer Model." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 34, no. 2 (2019): 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps34206.

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Anticorruption policy transfer has been discussed for decades, but the influence of culture in target countries has not received comparable attention sufficient to explain the lack of progress in reducing corruption in those countries. The conceptualization of culture so far has provided only a limited tool for developing a dynamic theory of policy transfer. We propose a bottomup model of dynamic policy transfer that takes into account the cultural context in target countries. We first define culture as a set of values that are consistent with each other but that also conflict. We then develop a dynamic policy transfer model that revises the traditional model by considering the proposed concept of culture. Finally, we discuss the practical implications of the model, emphasizing the importance of knowledge of culture at the local level, where a bottom-up implementation of anticorruption policy takes place. We conclude by suggesting strategies for empirical research and specific implications regarding the Korean policy context.

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Zani, Felipe Barbosa, and Frederico Lustosa da Costa. "Avaliação da implementação do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar - novas perspectivas de análise." Revista de Administração Pública 48, no. 4 (2014): 889–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-76121555.

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Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da avaliação da implementação do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (Pronaf) desenhada a partir dos eixos conteúdo, contexto, capacidade, compromisso e clientes/coalizões. Além de análise documental, foram realizadas entrevistas e grupos focais. Os resultados corroboram a necessidade de convergência entre as vertentes top-down e bottomup para a análise da implementação de políticas públicas e pontuam como entrave mais significativo ao êxito do programa as deficiências do sistema de assistência técnica. Por outro lado, observam-se expressivos avanços quanto à estrutura de governança, que possibilita o equacionamento das demandas portadas pelos diferentes atores e que fomenta atualizações constantes no escopo do programa, podendo assegurar a manutenção da qualidade operacional alcançada.

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Azizah, Biqrotul, and Imam Syafi’i. "Prosedur Pengambilan Keputusan Di Lembaga Pendidikan Tinggi Di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0." Jurnal Manajemen dan Inovasi (MANOVA) 3, no. 2 (2020): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/manova.v3i2.276.

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This article aims to describe the process of making and effective methods for the dissemination of decision results in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era. This research uses library research taken from scientific journals and relevant literature. The results showed that the most effective decision making process was a combination of top-down and bottomup with formal decision-making mechanisms or decisions. Decision making formally involves leaders and subordinates and adjusted to the output of the meeting. The dominant dissemination mechanism is traditional dissemination through meetings and through social networks. The implications of the results of this study indicate that the formal process of decision making through public meetings or limited meetings is still the choice of the decision making process so that this traditional model provides space for all elements involved to participate and provide constructive advice for effective decision making.

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Pechrová, M., and K. Boukalová. "Differences Among Czech Local Action Groups In Using Selected Principles Of Leader." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 46, no. 1 (2015): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sab-2015-0015.

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Abstract Local Action Groups (LAGs) are implementing LEADER principles in rural development. The aim of the paper is to create a typology of LAGs in the Czech Republic according to the factors linked to the individual features of LAG and to its organizational background. Four different groups of LAGs emerged: ‘stabilized’, ‘experienced’, ‘absorbing’, and ‘well-informed’. In the second step, it is assessed how particular groups fullfil selected features of the LEADER: knowledge transfer and bottomup approach. We conclude that ‘stabilized’ and ‘experienced’ LAGs, which are functioning for longer time and LAGs’ manager has longer experiences with LAG operation, have better knowledge transfer than those ‘absorbing’ or ‘well-informed’. This suggests that the rural development is realized by the so-called ‘project class’. On the other hand, the most active people cooperating with LAG management are in ‘experienced’ and ‘absorbing’ groups.

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Thèses sur le sujet "BottomUp"

PETILLI, MARCO ALESSANDRO. "Proactive Top-Down Processes in Visual Search." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/199069.

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La letteratura ha indagato il ruolo dei processi top-down e bottom-up nel guidare la ricerca visiva. Recenti studi hanno suggerito un ruolo modulatorio dei processi top-down sulla cattura attentiva. Tuttavia, i risultati sono contraddittori, e il ruolo dei processi top-down non è stato ancora chiaramente stabilito. In questo lavoro, abbiamo studiato se il controllo top-down fosse reclutato proattivamente quando c’è un’aspettativa di distrattori e abbiamo adottato il paradigma di Distraction Context Manipulation (DCM) per caratterizzare il loro reclutamento nella ricerca visiva. Pertanto, abbiamo combinato un compito di feature search e uno di conjunction search con il DCM (Esp 1-4). In linea con il DCM, i blocchi erano di tre tipi: un blocco Puro senza trial con distrattori, e due blocchi contenenti frequenti trial con distrattori (Mixed Feature e Conjunction). Il compito era individuare il target in ogni trial. Il confronto tra trial senza distrattori nei blocchi misti e nel blocco puro ha permesso di rilevare il reclutamento di processi top-down per l'aspettativa di distrattori. Inizialmente abbiamo indagato se i processi top-down fossero reclutati nei contesti distraenti e se il loro potenziale reclutamento fosse modulato dal tipo di ricerca (Exp 1). I risultati hanno mostrato un reclutamento proattivo dei processi top-down in caso di aspettativa di distrattori sia nel feature che nel conjunction search. Tale reclutamento è emerso come costo in termini di tempo di risposta nonché come beneficio della sensibilità di detezione del target quando i distrattori erano attesi ma non presentati. Risultati sovrapponibili sono emersi nelle varianti di ricerca visiva covert (Esp 1,3) e overt (Esp 2,4). Poiché le precedenti esperienze distraenti hanno mostrato di modellare l'aspettativa di distrattori nei trial successivi, abbiamo anche cercato di differenziare il ruolo delle aspettative da quello dell'esperienza nell'attivare i processi top-down. I risultati (Esp 1, 2 e 4) hanno indicato che il costo dovuto all’aspettativa di distrattori si verificava a prescindere che i distrattori fossero o meno presenti nel trial precedente. Tuttavia, l'entità di questo costo era maggiore dopo i trial con distrattori, suggerendo che questi processi non siano basati solo sull'aspettativa, ma siano anche rinforzati dopo un'esperienza distraente. L'esperimento 3 ha cercato di caratterizzare la natura implicita vs esplicita dei processi top-down innescati da esperienze distraenti. I risultati hanno mostrato che i costi e i benefici sui tempi di risposta non cambiano quando l'evento distraente è imprevedibile da quando è predicibile. I processi top-down innescati dalla esperienza distraente non sembrano essere soggetti al controllo esplicito. L'esperimento 4 ha ulteriormente tentato di elucidare i contributi relativi dell'esperienza e delle aspettative. Qui, anche un altro tipo di aspettativa top-down è stata manipolata: la certezza temporale che un evento potenzialmente distraente fosse in arrivo. I risultati hanno indicato un ruolo preponderante delle aspettative top-down mostrando che il costo sui tempi di risposta asseconda il decorso dell'aspettativa temporale di eventi potenzialmente distraenti mentre la prossimità temporale da una precedente esperienza distraente riveste un peso minore. Infine, l’esperimento 4 ha dimostrato che l'aspettativa dei distrattori modula i processi attenzionali. Le analisi EEG hanno indicato che l'aspettativa di distrattori aumenta l'ampiezza della componente occipitale P1 che viene elicitata sia da stimoli di ricerca che neutri, ma questo avviene solo quando viene indotta un'aspettativa temporale di un evento potenzialmente distraente. Nel complesso, i risultati suggeriscono che sia nel feature che nel conjunction search l’attenzione è modulata in maniera proattiva per meglio affrontare le aspettative rispetto alle richieste del compito formate sulle precedenti esperienze. Literature has long investigated the contributions of top-down and bottom-up processes in guiding search behavior. Recent findings suggest a modulatory role of top-down processes on attentional capture. However, results are contradictory, and whether and how top-down processes intervene has not been clearly established yet. Here, we approached the issue from the perspective of proactive top-down processes of distractor expectation and leveraged the Distractor Context Manipulation (DCM) paradigm to help characterizing their recruitment in visual search. Thus, we combined a feature search (i.e., search for a high-contrast target among no-contrast distractors) and a conjunction search (i.e., search for a high-contrast target among high-contrast distractors) with the DCM paradigm (Exp 1-4). Accordingly, blocks of trials were of three types: a Pure block containing no distractor-present trials, and two blocks containing frequent distractor-present trials (i.e., Mixed Feature and Mixed Conjunction). Subjects were instructed to look for the target on each trial. The comparison of distractor-absent trials of Mixed vs Pure blocks allowed detecting proactive top-down processes of distractor expectation. First, we investigated whether proactive top-down processes were recruited in distracting contexts of visual search and whether their potential recruitment was modulated by the type of search (Exp 1). Results attested for a proactive recruitment of top-down processes of distractor expectation in both feature and conjunction search. Such recruitment entailed a response time (RT) cost as well as a beneficial enhancement of the detection sensitivity (d’) to the target when distractors were expected, yet not presented. Overlapping results emerged in covert (Exp 1, 3) and overt (Exp 2, 4) variants of visual search. Since previous distracting experience shaped distractor expectation, we, also, sought to disentangle the role of expectation and experience in the activation of top-down processes. Results (Exp 2, 4) showed that the distractor expectation cost occurred regardless of whether or not distractors occurred in the immediately preceding trial. However, the magnitude of the cost was larger after distracting trials suggesting that these processes do not rely only on tonic expectation-based mechanisms but they are also contingently reinstated after a distracting experience occurred. Experiment 3 tried to characterize the implicit vs explicit nature of top-down mechanisms triggered by distracting experience. Results showed that RT-costs and d'-benefits did not change when distraction occurrence was unpredictable and when it was predictable. Therefore, top-down control setting triggered by recent distracting experience seems to be not subjected to explicit control. Experiment 4 further investigated the role of experience and expectations in order to disentangle their relative contributions. Here, also another type of top-down expectation was manipulated: the temporal certainty of incoming potentially distracting event. Results indicated a preponderant role of top-down expectations by showing that RT-costs followed the time course of temporal expectation of incoming potentially distracting events while temporal recency from a previous distracting experience had a smaller weight. Finally, Experiment 4 explored the EEG correlates of distractor expectation. An enhancement of the occipital P1 amplitude was elicited by both search and neutral stimuli but only when a temporal expectation of a potentially distracting event was induced indicating that distractor expectation modulates visual attentional processes in lower sensory areas. Overall, results suggested that in both feature and conjunction search preparatory top-down processes are proactively enrolled to face with expected task demands based on previous distracting experiences. These results help characterizing how top-down mechanisms intervene in different types of visual search.

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Silva, Tainá Gouvêa Galvão. "Integração das estratégias de sustentabilidade: \"top-down\" e \"bottomup\" como ferramentas de aprendizagem para a alfabetização ecológica no Ensino Médio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97138/tde-04122018-145828/.

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O desenvolvimento sustentável no final do século XX surgiu para expressar preocupações com graves problemas que causam riscos a vida no planeta. O uso do planeta de forma sustentável exigirá diferentes estratégias de sustentabilidade. Neste sentido têm-se as estratégias que abordam o nível mais elevado do ecossistema referidas como Top-down e as estratégias que abordam componentes locais ou regionais referidas como bottom-up. A escola traz essa compreensão nos conceitos e fenômenos ecológicos. No entanto, a compreensão dessas abordagens com apoio interdisciplinar faz com que o aluno entenda os fenômenos ecológicos de forma mais crítica. Assim, para um aprendizado motivador, o professor pode utilizar como recurso didático além dos espaços formais de educação também espaços não formais de educação, ou seja, aulas de campo em ambientes naturais. Com o intuito de promover no ensino de ecologia a alfabetização ecológica dos alunos no Ensino Médio, este trabalho elaborou uma proposta didática com apoio interdisciplinar (Biologia, Língua Portuguesa e Geografia) e com ênfase nas estratégias Top-down e bottom-up abordadas tanto em espaços formais quanto não formais de educação. O método de ensino em espaço formal de educação apesar de estar estruturado didaticamente para abranger a ecologia não se apresentou motivadora ao aluno e muitos dos conceitos e fenômenos ecológicos não foram assimilados por eles. Em contrapartida, a integração interdisciplinar em associação com as estratégias de Top-down e bottom-up em espaços não formais de educação foi motivadora para o aluno melhorando o seu desempenho com relação à assimilação dos conceitos e fenômenos biológicos promovendo a alfabetização ecológica dos alunos. Espera-se com esse trabalho ter contribuído para o ensino e aprendizagem do tema sustentabilidade através da promoção da alfabetização ecológica dos alunos de Biologia no Ensino Médio em escolas públicas com a formação de cidadãos mais conscientes e críticos em assuntos ambientais. Sustainable development in the late 20th century has emerged to express concerns about serious life-threatening problems on the planet. The use of the planet in a sustainable way will require different sustainability strategies. In this sense we have the strategies that approach the highest level of the ecosystem referred to as \"top-down\" and the strategies that approach local or regional components referred to as \"bottom-up\". The school brings this understanding into concepts and ecological phenomena. However, understanding these approaches with interdisciplinary support makes the student understand ecological phenomena more critically. Thus, for a motivating learning, the teacher can use as a didactic resource beyond the formal spaces of education also non-formal spaces of education, that is, field lessons in natural environments. In order to promote ecological literacy among students in high school, this work elaborated a didactic proposal with interdisciplinary support (Biology, Portuguese Language and Geography) and with emphasis on top-down and bottom-up strategies addressed in both formal and non-formal education settings. The method of teaching in formal educational space despite being structured to cover ecology did not present itself as motivating to the student and many concepts and ecological phenomena were not assimilated by them. In contrast, interdisciplinary integration in association with top-down and bottom-up strategies in non-formal education spaces was motivating for the student to improve his performance in relation to the assimilation of concepts and biological phenomena by promoting literacy of the students. It is hoped that this work contributed to the teaching and learning of the sustainability theme through the promotion of the ecological literacy of Biology students in High School in public schools with the formation of citizens more conscious and critical in environmental issues.

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Wood, James David Gordon. "How are systems of bottom-up consent manufactured in financialised capitalism? : British and Danish residential capitalisms compared." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/how-are-systems-of-bottomup-consent-manufactured-in-financialised-capitalism(a0e68227-7e06-496e-9db7-055ebf428508).html.

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This research project examines why systems of mortgage finance in Britain and Denmark have largely been immune to substantive reform, despite the failures and costs manifested by the 2008 global financial crisis. Neo-Weberian scholars currently dominate this research area, and suggest deregulated mortgage markets are maintained to facilitate access to the social norm and material gains of private housing to foster bottom-up consent to political party rule. However, whether private housing is an independent social norm is highly questionable, and the financial gains from homeownership are highly stratified. Additionally, the emphasis on the home as a financial asset fails to account for the decline in wages as a share of GDP, which is negatively affected by the process of financialisation. This thesis deploys a quantitative analysis to assess whether there is any meaningful relationship between the falling wage share and the vast expansion of mortgage credit, and a qualitative examination of whether there is a deliberate social purpose encoded in public policy formulation to meet such ends. The results from the time-series regression analysis demonstrated that the increased distribution of mortgage credit does have a negative effect on the wage share in Britain between 1979 and 2012, but not in Denmark. The qualitative analysis of the British case demonstrated that mortgage credit was deregulated to establish a mortgage-led financialised accumulation regime that increased the capital share of GDP at the expense of wages. Additionally, the disciplinary mechanisms of mortgage credit were used to integrate deviant trade union members into a functioning social formation. Alternatively, the qualitative analysis of the Danish case revealed how mortgage finance has been restricted and liberalised to regulate the performance of the macro-economy. The Danish government uses mortgage credit to intervene in the economy as the country’s integration into the European and global economy have marginalised their ability to use traditional fiscal and monetary policy interventions. A comparative analysis of British and Danish mortgage systems connected them to the wider political economy of each state, specifically welfare state structures and industrial relations, which explains the necessity of maintaining liberalised mortgage finance markets in Britain and Denmark.

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Jachim, Stephen. "Investigating the balance of bottom-up and top-down processing in autistic perception." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/investigating-the-balance-of-bottomup-and-topdown-processing-in-autistic-perception(e6b4935d-2599-40b1-b0e1-003f7d636500).html.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder emerging in the first few years of life. Currently, three characteristics are required for a diagnosis of ASD, impaired social interactions, impaired verbal communication and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour or interests. This last category can optionally include hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input. Individuals with autism can also display superior performance on visual tasks where it may help to ignore global detail, behaviour sometimes described as ‘not seeing the forest for the trees’. At present, the exact mechanisms underlying the perceptual differences between autistic and neurotypical groups remain unknown, but they may reflect an imbalance in the contributions that bottom-up and top-down processing make in perceptual processing. Visual perception is thought to rely on interactions between the ‘bottom-up’ flow of ambiguous information from the retina and the ‘top-down’ flow of disambiguating information from higher cortical areas, via cortical circuits that have been shaped by a lifetime’s experience. These interactions lead to the activation of internal representations (of objects) which are necessary for the successful navigation of our environment. In order to investigate these perceptual differences, we employed three well-known experimental paradigms with a group of thirteen autistic participants and their matched controls. We investigated visual integration (involving bottom-up and top-down interactions) across low and intermediate stage neural mechanisms. A dim line (target) is easier to detect when flanked by two brighter collinear lines (flankers), an effect known as collinear facilitation, and we used two variations of this task to investigate low-level visual integration. In the first, we varied the orientation of the collinear flankers and found reduced integration for an autistic compared to a neurotypical group, a finding that conflicts with previous research. In a second collinear facilitation experiment with neurotypical participants, in which the target could be presented before, during or after flanker presentation, we were able to isolate facilitation that we believe was due to feedforward and feedback processing. However, in a subsequent study in which we compared autistic and neurotypical performance on this task, we found no significant difference. Moving onto intermediate level visual integration, we used a contour integration task consisting of open (lines) and closed (square) contours and found reduced integration for the autistic compared to the neurotypical groups when integrating closed contours. In our final study, we looked at global motion integration, and made use of a translating diamond. This is a bistable stimulus in which four lines can be perceived as independent line fragments moving vertically, or as a single integrated shape - a diamond moving horizontally. In this experiment, the autistic group showed an unexpected bias to perceiving the stimuli in its integrated form as a diamond. Perceptual processing of shapes based on squares or diamonds reflects visual integration at a global level, and so the differences we have found in shape processing between our experimental groups (reduced integration for the square and increased integration for the diamond in autism) are more likely to be the result of differences in top-down processing.

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Donchatz, Joanna Marie. "Kettle Bottom." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1334950609.

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Watson, Graham Redpath. "Flow patterns in flat-bottomed silos." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14649.

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The work in this thesis is directed towards the measurement and prediction of the shape of the flow channel in granular solids as they discharge from flat-bottomed silos. It is widely believed that the flow pattern affects the pressure distribution against the walls and so also the stresses in the silo structure. Thus, a reliable means of predicting the shape of the flow channel has important design implications. Kinematic analysis is used as the basis for the theoretical work. The governing partial differential equation contains one unknown empirical parameter: the kinematic parameter. Finite element formulations are developed and implemented to solve for the steady-state vertical velocity field in flowing granular solids for a range of conjectured kinematic parameters. The formulations are applied to the analysis of flow from flat-bottomed silos with planar or axisymmetric geometries. Criteria are proposed to define the boundary between flowing and near-stationary solid. The flexibility of the finite element method allows many original kinematic analyses to be carried out e.g the analysis of silos with more than one outlet; the analysis of planar silos with eccentrically-positioned orifices; the analysis of the effect of a spatially-varying kinematic parameter and the modelling of the top surface displacement are all claimed to be original. Experiments are carried out in a half-cylindrical flat-bottomed silo. A rigid transparent sheet is used to form the front wall. The bisection of the flow in this way allows direct observation of flow mechanics to be made and the shape of the flow channel boundary can also be traced. Two solids are tested: a rough, frictional solid (sand) and a smooth, free-flowing solid (polypropylene pellets).

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Kruse, Megan Nicole. "Far Toward the Bottom." The University of Montana, 2010. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05302010-152650/.

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Dougherty, Martin Eugene. "Ocean bottom seismic scattering." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/52938.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1990. GRSN 589503 Includes bibliographical references (p. 299-301). by Martin Eugene Dougherty. Ph.D.

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Kootz, Andreas. "B-Identifikation im Level-2-Trigger des ATLAS-Experiments." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=97677724X.

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Killingsworth, Matthew. "Happiness from the Bottom Up." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10473.

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This dissertation presents three papers organized around a central theme: understanding happiness from the bottom up, in the context of everyday life. The first paper asks whether, in the course of daily activities, people need to choose between two different facets of happiness: momentary happiness and life satisfaction. Results reveal a high degree of convergence: activities associated with momentary happiness are to a large extent also associated with life satisfaction (and related constructs such as feeling that one’s life is meaningful, worthwhile, and fulfilling). Activities that one might expect to be associated mainly with a satisfying life are also associated with greater momentary happiness, and activities that one might expect to be associated mainly with greater momentary happiness are also associated with greater life satisfaction. The second paper quantifies happiness in absolute terms, revealing the percentage of life that is actually “worth living.” Existing research on happiness relies on measures of happiness that have only relative meanings. In this paper, we measure happiness by leveraging a dimension of experience that does have absolute meaning: time. We collect data on the details of people’s everyday experiences, and employ a novel method to categorize episodes of time as absolutely positive or negative. We find that roughly 40% of people’s time is experienced as negative. When we offset the positive and negative utility of these episodes we find that life is a net positive, but only moderately so. The third paper examines the relationship between happiness and a particular domain of everyday experience: mind-wandering. Participants report mind wandering (i.e., engaging in task-unrelated thought) nearly half the time, but are less happy when doing so. Moreover, timelag analyses find that unhappiness tends to follow rather than precede mind-wandering, suggesting that mind-wandering causes unhappiness rather than the other way around. Interestingly, the variance in happiness explained by mind-wandering is largely non-overlapping with variance explained by people’s activities. This suggests that what people do (their activities) and think (whether and where their minds wander) may be two independent determinants of happiness. Psychology

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Livres sur le sujet "BottomUp"

SpongeBob Squarepants bottoms up!: Jokes from bikini bottom. Scholastic Inc., 2003.

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Lansdale, Joe R. The bottoms. Mysterious Press, 2000.

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Robert, Glück, Komater Chris, and Dunphy Didi, eds. Bottoms up! The Lab, 1998.

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Yonezu, Yūsuke. Bottoms up! Independent Publishers Group, 2014.

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Foul bottoms. Sheridan House, 2010.

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Lansdale, Joe R. The Bottoms. Grand Central Publishing, 2001.

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Lansdale, Joe R. The bottoms. Mysterious Press, 2000.

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Singer, Marilyn. Bottoms up! H. Holt, 1997.

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Bottoms up! S. French, 1990.

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Vedral, Joyce L., and Vedral Joyce L. PhD. Bottoms up! Time Warner International, 1996.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "BottomUp"

Gooch, Jan W. "Bottoms." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_1526.

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Joughin, John J. "Bottom's secret …" In Spiritual Shakespeares. Routledge, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203625491-7.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Bottom." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_1524.

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De Vos, Alexis, Stijn De Baerdemacker, and Yvan Van Rentergem. "Bottom." In Synthesis of Quantum Circuits vs. Synthesis of Classical Reversible Circuits. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79895-5_2.

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Danielsson, Nils Anders, and Patrik Jansson. "Chasing Bottoms." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27764-4_6.

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"The importance of local institutions: bottomup innovation in Uganda." In Handbook of Innovation & Appropriate Technologies for International Development. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781800887824.00024.

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Vallverdú, Jordi, and David Casacuberta. "Modelling Hardwired Synthetic Emotions." In Handbook of Research on Synthetic Emotions and Sociable Robotics. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-354-8.ch023.

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During the previous stage of our research we developed a computer simulation (called ‘The Panic Room’ or, more simply, ‘TPR’) dealing with synthetic emotions. TPR was developed with Python code and led us to interesting results. With TPR, we were merely trying to design an artificial device able to learn from, and interact with, the world by using two basic information types: positive and negative. We were developing the first steps towards an evolutionary machine, defining the key elements involved in the development of complex actions (that is, creating a physical intuitive ontology, from a bottomup approach). After the successful initial results of TPR, we considered that it would be necessary to develop a new simulation (which we will call “TPR 2.0.”), more complex and with better visualisation characteristics. We have now developed a second version, TPR 2.0., using the programming language Processing, with new improvements such as: a better visual interface, a database which can record and also recall easily the information on all the paths inside the simulation (human and automatically generated ones) and, finally, a small memory capacity which is a next step in the evolution from simple hard-wired activities to self-learning by simple experience.

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Kljajevic, Vanja. "An Integrative Approach to User Interface Design." In Encyclopedia of Information Communication Technology. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-845-1.ch060.

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As we are witnessing an increase in multifunctionality of interactive devices, two problems are taking shape in user interface (UI) design: first, the problem of complexity, and second, the problem of fragmentation (Kljajevic, in press). The former is reflected in the fact that multipurpose interactive devices usually have interfaces that do not allow easy access to new functions and features, rendering the increased functionality useless. The second problem is related to the fragmentation in the current research paradigms and testing trends that inform UI design. These paradigms and trends stem mostly from psychological theories that focus on only some specific aspects of user-interface interaction. While it is important to investigate such topics in detail, it is even more important to look at the totality of the interaction and determine the principles that operate in it. An integrative approach to UI design has the potential to solve both problems. Such an approach has two components: a top-down and a bottomup component. Its top-down component deals with a small set of basic cognitive principles that operate in interactive reality and therefore need to be recognized at the level of UI design. The principles are built into a cognitive architecture—a wide theoretical framework that corresponds to the human cognitive system—whose constraints prevent proliferation of implausible theories, which solves the fragmentation problem.

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"bottomer." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_22756.

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Bradley, Richard. "The Attraction of Opposites." In The Idea of Order. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199608096.003.0015.

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One of the best known accounts of the psychology of perception is Richard Gregory’s book Eye and Brain (Gregory 1998). It is relevant to this chapter because it uses an example from archaeology to illustrate the way in which the mind creates visual patterns. The author considers the methods by which excavators distinguish between the remains of rectangular and circular buildings. He considers the Middle Bronze Age settlement of Thorny Down in southern England, where different scholars have inferred the existence of different types of buildings on the basis of the same field evidence. The original excavator was uncertain of the precise form of the settlement (Stone 1941), but, in later years, Piggott identified the site of a large rectangular house there (1965: Figure 87) and Musson recognized circular structures (1970: 267; Figure 57). Gregory’s summary of their method is as follows:… Science and perception work by knowledge and rules, and by analogy . . . [In the case of Thorny Down] some of the holes in the ground might be ancient post holes; others might be rabbit holes, to be ignored. One group of archaeologists accepted close-together large holes as evidence of a grand entrance. They were altogether rejected by other archaeologists. One group constructed a large rectangular hut; the other, a small rectangular hut, and a circular building. ‘Bottomup’ rules—holes being close together and forming straight lines or smooth curves, and ‘top-down’ knowledge or assumptions of which kinds of buildings were likely—affected the ‘perceptions’. Both could have been wrong (1998: 11–12)…. The identification of a rectangular building at Thorny Down took place at a time when it was believed that the Netherlands had been settled from England during the Bronze Age. The argument was based on pottery styles and the distribution of metalwork (Theunissen 2009). Most likely there were contacts in both directions. As the Low Countries were characterized by a tradition of rectilinear architecture, what could be more natural than the construction of a longhouse at a site on the Wessex chalk? Dutch prehistorians attempted to find similar links between domestic architecture on both sides of the North Sea and soon they identified roundhouses of British type in their excavations.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "BottomUp"

Abel, Pascal, Dennis Miether, Florian Plötzky, and Susanne Robra-Bissantz. "The Shape of Bottom-Up Urbanism Participatory Platforms: A Conceptualisation and Empirical Study." In Digital Support from Crisis to Progressive Change. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-485-9.33.

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Citizens around the world are changing their urban environment through bottom-up projects. They are increasingly using digital platforms to come together. From the perspective of smart city research, this form of participation and interaction with city administrations has not yet been researched and defined. In our study we suggest a conceptualisation of bottomup urbanism participatory platforms and analysed 143 platforms. We identified 23 platforms as our study sample. They vary in their focus from implementation to funding or discussion. Therefor we found a broad range of participation mechanisms. A wide range of employment or voluntary work of staff members was shown. A heterogeneous picture also emerged regarding other characteristics (e.g. funding size, users or number of projects). One thing they have in common is their good cooperation with cities and regional actors.

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Bian, Bo. "The application of micro-regeneration strategy in urban renewal in norther Lima, Perù." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/rwbv2921.

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Lima, the capital city of Peru, is situated within the country's desert region on the Pacific coast and bordered by the Andes Mountains to the East. It is one of the most fast developing city shifting from both formal and informal urban construction. While traditional renewal model and strategy cannot deal with new situation and complex urban problems of this mega city due to its inner and outer contradictions and complexity. This paper analyses the current situation of San Martin de Porres, a typical district in the northern part of the city, which grew towards the Chillon river corridor mainly during the second half of the twentieth century. It conducts investigation and analysis on the current situation related to social, economy and infrastructure system in this district. It shows that from the perspective of planning and design, urban scale top-down interventions have little positive impact on individual realities. On the opposite, much of the society's knowledge and useful space are created by the residents' active behaviour and informal activities, which belong to the bottomup strategy, and they provide the source for urban vitality. Based on the above content, the paper puts forward the micro-regeneration strategy based on the theory of organic renewal and daily life, which mainly includes three aspects: urban catalysts, space design and corporate mechanism construction. The paper investigate different potential urban catalysts based on the feature of different functional space. It includes the most symbolic area that the latter design would applied to the whole province practically. Space design consists of four aspects: riverbank reuse, street renovation, community building and neighbourhood space transformation. The paper introduces community-based organization and governmental structure based on current top-down model and residents' activities in order to push on the practical work that all the other area could follow. It tries to stimulate the improvement of the current situation and hopes to provide a new mode for the development of this mega city and similar practice

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Isakson, Marcia J., and Nicholas P. Chotiros. "The effect of roughness on bottom loss from elastic ocean bottoms." In ADVANCES IN OCEAN ACOUSTICS: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Ocean Acoustics (OA2012). AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4765950.

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Rutherfoord, John P. "Observing ϒ→μμ". У Twenty beautiful years of bottom physics. AIP, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.55108.

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Marlow, Daniel R. "Status of KEKB and BELLE." In Twenty beautiful years of bottom physics. AIP, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.55100.

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Cacciari, Matteo. "Hadronic production of heavy quarks." In Twenty beautiful years of bottom physics. AIP, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.55101.

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Stech, Berthold. "Exclusive hadronic B decays." In Twenty beautiful years of bottom physics. AIP, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.55102.

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Nakada, Tatsuya. "Studies of CP violation in B-meson decays at LHC." In Twenty beautiful years of bottom physics. AIP, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.55104.

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London, David. "New physics and the unitarity triangle." In Twenty beautiful years of bottom physics. AIP, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.55105.

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Sanda, A. I. "20 years of beauty physics and 50 years of search for discoveries." In Twenty beautiful years of bottom physics. AIP, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.55106.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "BottomUp"

Robert M. Satchwell, Vijay K. Sethi, Jr Lyle A. Johnson, and Lee E. Brecher. FIELD TESTING OF THE TABORR (TANK BOTTOM RECOVERY AND REMEDIATION) PROCESS USING THE ASPHALT AND DRY BOTTOMS CONFIGURATIONS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/772389.

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Riedel, M., and G. Standen. Ocean bottom seismometer survey. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/295966.

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Riedel, M., J. K. Hong, K. Conway, et al. Sub-bottom profiler survey. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/295967.

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Langebrake, Lawrence, Robert Weisberg, and Robert Byrne. Bottom Stationed Ocean Profiler. Defense Technical Information Center, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada609788.

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Miklovic, D. High Resolution Bottom Characterization. Defense Technical Information Center, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada286566.

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Weisberg, Robert, Robert Byrne, and Chad Lembke. Bottom Stationed Ocean Profiler. Defense Technical Information Center, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada629084.

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Burstein, Ariel, Vasco Carvalho, and Basile Grassi. Bottom-up Markup Fluctuations. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27958.

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King, E. L., H. J. Kim, S. Kim, and J. H. Jung. Sub-bottom profiler survey. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/308401.

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Weisberg, Robert, Robert Byrne, and Chad Lembke. Bottom Stationed Ocean Profiler. Defense Technical Information Center, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada625219.

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Hong, J. K., H. J. Kim, I. Lee, and C. Kim. Sub-bottom profiler (SBP) survey. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/297871.

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