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Walshaw, Aimee. « Briefing : Understanding housing modernisation from the bottom up ». Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Urban Design and Planning 165, no 1 (mars 2012) : 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/udap.2012.165.1.7.
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Heffernan, Emma, et Pieter de Wilde. « Group self-build housing : A bottom-up approach to environmentally and socially sustainable housing ». Journal of Cleaner Production 243 (janvier 2020) : 118657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118657.
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Wang, Feng, Haitao Yin et Zhiren Zhou. « The Adoption of Bottom-up Governance in China's Homeowner Associations ». Management and Organization Review 8, no 3 (novembre 2012) : 559–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2011.00277.x.
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Since China's marketization-featured housing reform, homeowner associations have played a greater role in neighbourhood governance. Using the theory of social movements and organizations, this article investigates how homeowner associations strategically reorganize themselves to achieve their goals. Our survey in Beijing suggests that about half of the homeowner associations have adopted bottom-up governance structures, which are not specified in governmental regulations. We find that such innovations are more likely to occur when a neighbourhood needs grassroots participation to deal with external grievances, especially developer-related issues, or to overcome its powerlessness due to little access to the polity. We also find that homeowner associations are more likely to adopt bottom-up structures when their leaders believe strongly in resident participation or actively engage in extra-organizational professional activities as a means to overcome infrastructure deficit.
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Howell, Kathryn. « Preservation from the bottom-up : affordable housing, redevelopment, and negotiation in Washington, DC ». Housing Studies 31, no 3 (2 septembre 2015) : 305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2015.1080819.
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Cárdenas-Rangel, Jorge, German Osma-Pinto et Julián Jaramillo-Ibarra. « Improvement Proposal of Bottom-Up Approach for the Energy Characterization of Buildings in the Tropical Climate ». Buildings 11, no 4 (14 avril 2021) : 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11040159.
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The energy characterization of buildings can be done by bottom-up methods such as energy simulation models (samples or archetypes). A sample consists of the selection of real buildings and an archetype is a theoretical building that represents them. Nevertheless, both approaches have shortcomings for the creation of energy models. This work proposes to improve the sampling approach from the validation of input data, and calibration of models by individual adjustment processes. The studied category corresponds to multi-family buildings of median incomes from the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga (Colombia). This study presents the energy model of five existing buildings and an archetype, calibration results, energy characterization, and comparative analysis between both approaches. The sampling approach indicates that housing units and general services demand an average of 76.9% and 23.1% of consumed energy, respectively. The average energy consumption by housing units is 22.38 kWh/m2·year caused by appliances (85.3%), lighting (11.2%), and air conditioning (3.5%). The archetype presents similar results for the energy consumption of housing units (kWh/m2·year), but notable differences concerning a specific behavior of inner spaces, being the sampling approach more accurate to characterize to a building category.
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Djebbar, Khadidja El-Bahdja, Souria Salem et Abderrahmane Mokhtari. « Assessment of energy performance using bottom-up method ». International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 38, no 1 (4 septembre 2019) : 192–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-11-2017-0056.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze energy performance of the multi-storey buildings built in the city of Tlemcen between 1872 and 2016. Design/methodology/approach A diagnosis based on a bottom-up methodology, using statistical techniques and engineering, has been developed and applied. To do this, demand condition analysis was conducted using a data collection survey on a sample of 100 case studies. Physical characteristics of the buildings have been determined through the archetype by period. This serves to define the strengths and weaknesses of buildings as energy consumers. Findings The obtained results showed that dwellings built between 1872 and 1920 offer better energy performance with a consumption index close to 130kWh/m2/year and this compared to the five periods considered. For dwellings built between 1974 and 1989, energy consumption is higher with an index approaching 300kWh/m2/year, thus qualifying the buildings of this period as energy intensive. Originality/value A database is established to collect physical information on the existing housing stock and thus allow their classification vis-à-vis of the energy label. This study is part of a research project aimed at evaluating and determining optimal measures for energy rehabilitation of multi-family buildings in Tlemcen. Thermal rehabilitation solutions are proposed using thermal simulations, in the following studies, to improve thermal performance of existing buildings. This study constitutes the first step of a roadmap applicable to other cities constituting climatic zones in Algeria. This helps to enrich the Algerian thermal regulation in thermal rehabilitation of existing residential buildings and conception of new ones, in urban areas with a similar climate.
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Arvizu-Piña, Victor Alberto, Albert Cuchí-Burgos et Juan Pablo Chargoy Amador. « A bottom-up approach for implementation of Environmental Product Declarations in Mexico’s housing sector ». International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 24, no 9 (30 janvier 2019) : 1553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-019-01587-w.
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Jiang, Na, Andrew Crooks, Wenjing Wang et Yichun Xie. « Simulating Urban Shrinkage in Detroit via Agent-Based Modeling ». Sustainability 13, no 4 (20 février 2021) : 2283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042283.
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While the world’s total urban population continues to grow, not all cities are witnessing such growth—some are actually shrinking. This shrinkage has caused several problems to emerge, including population loss, economic depression, vacant properties and the contraction of housing markets. Such issues challenge efforts to make cities sustainable. While there is a growing body of work on studying shrinking cities, few explore such a phenomenon from the bottom-up using dynamic computational models. To fill this gap, this paper presents a spatially explicit agent-based model stylized on the Detroit Tri-County area, an area witnessing shrinkage. Specifically, the model demonstrates how the buying and selling of houses can lead to urban shrinkage through a bottom-up approach. The results of the model indicate that, along with the lower level housing transactions being captured, the aggregated level market conditions relating to urban shrinkage are also denoted (i.e., the contraction of housing markets). As such, the paper demonstrates the potential of simulation for exploring urban shrinkage and potentially offers a means to test policies to achieve urban sustainability.
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Deffner, Jutta, Jan-Marc Joost, Manuela Weber et Immanuel Stiess. « Bottom-Up Strategies for Shared Mobility and Practices in Urban Housing to Improve Sustainable Planning ». Sustainability 13, no 5 (8 mars 2021) : 2897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052897.
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Recent years have seen the development of numerous innovations in social, constructional, and transportation planning for different forms of communal housing. They illustrate how more sustainable practices in transport and land use can be achieved through the collective provision and use of space and mobility services. The question remains, however, of who needs to be involved in such bottom-up approaches and when in order to ensure their success. What changes are necessary to anchor these approaches in the wider context of urban and transport planning? This paper presents three examples of neighbourhood mobility concepts and the collaborative use of space and land. A research project accompanied the development of these concepts in a real-world laboratory design. The scientists used social-empirical methods and secondary analyses to evaluate social and ecological effects, economic viability and the process of joint development. The results show the high sustainability potential of such neighbourhood concepts: they enable residents to meet their mobility needs, while using fewer vehicles through shared use, reducing the number of journeys and changing their choice of transport. At the same time, promoting and developing community services has been shown to be inhibited by preconditions such as existing planning law. Opportunities and obstacles have been identified and translated into recommendations for action, focusing on municipal urban planning, transport planning, and the housing industry.
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Gish, Todd. « Bungalow Court Housing in Los Angeles, 1900-1930 : Top-down Innovation ? Or Bottom-up Reform ? » Southern California Quarterly 91, no 4 (décembre 2009) : 365–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41172493.
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Youssef, Samir, et Pascale Nader. « CORPORATE (TOP-BOTTOM) AND COMMUNITY-BASED (BOTTOM-UP) SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP APPROACHES TO SOLVING THE MYRIAD PROBLEM OF HOUSING FOR THE POOR ». European Journal of Business Research 14, no 1 (1 mars 2014) : 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18374/ejbr-14-1.2.
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Zaid, Suzaini M., et Peter Graham. « Rising residential energy consumption and GHG emissions in Malaysia : A case study of public low-cost housing projects in Kuala Lumpur ». Indoor and Built Environment 26, no 3 (28 juillet 2016) : 375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x15616173.
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Malaysia’s electricity consumption is increasing exponentially as it gears towards becoming a developed nation by year 2020. This paper is aimed at policy development in terms of energy efficiency and building design as Malaysia has yet to establish any mandatory energy efficiency or energy performance building code. The focus on public low-cost housing projects is important as it is administered by government agencies and provides possible streamlining of proposed energy policies for the housing sector. Presented in this paper are findings from fieldwork conducted to investigate the energy performance and green house gas (GHG) emissions from the building operation of two public low-cost housing projects in Kuala Lumpur. The baseline calculations use UNEP–SBCI’s Common Carbon Metric tool to provide project-specific calculations of energy and emissions intensity with its bottom-up approach, while presenting a national-scale projection using its top-down approach. Findings from bottom-up analysis suggest that Malaysian public low-cost housing households consume more than benchmarks set by the World Energy Council and the International Energy Agency, in terms of Building Energy Index (BEI) of kwh/m2/year. This is a reflection of the absence of building energy efficiency legislation in Malaysia, both for residential and non-residential buildings. The importance of this research lies in its focus on a developing country experiencing rapid urbanisation and climate change effects.
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Lytkina, L. I., E. S. Shentsova, D. V. Koptev et N. Yu Sitnikov. « The bioreactor with use of impeller mixers for cultivation of biomass of microalgas ». Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 81, no 1 (18 juillet 2019) : 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2019-1-32-35.
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Cultivation of microalgas gains popularity in the different countries in recent years. As a result of such intensive development of production the extensive experience in constructioning of various types of bioreactors was gained. The bioreactor for cultivation of microalgas having the cylindrical housing divided by horizontal partitions into sections for input and output of cultural liquid and additional section with an internal specular surface, the bubble device and gate stirrers fixed on blades, the rigidly bound to shaft is developed. Planetary rotation of gate stirrers concerning a shaft creates additional turbulization of the environment, provides alignment of concentration of cells of biomass, prevents emergence of hold-up spots, a premature deposition of cages of culture on the bottom of the device and increases efficiency of cultivation of microalgas. In the main section suspension of a microalga is exposed to the uniform light energy by means of coaxially established filament lamp of a daylight and to reflection of light from an internal specular surface of a housing. In the course of irradiating the filament lamp distinguishes warmth which is compensated by supply of the cooling air the Main difference from other bioreactors the impeller mixer fixed to a shaft in the bottom of a housing, preventing stratifying of the biomass pulp leaving more heavy is obespechivashchy full circulation of cultural liquid in the bottom of the device as in the horizontal, and vertical planes, at minimum mechanical energy consumptions. This device allows to create additional turbulization of the environment, to provide the uniform aeration, decrease in a power consumption on supply of steam-and-gas mixture in a collector, to prevent formation of "stagnant" zones in the bottom of the device.
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Quiñónez, Natalia. « The fight of housing cooperatives against gentrification in the Historic Centre of San Salvador ». Radical Housing Journal 1, no 2 (23 septembre 2019) : 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54825/kcrz2899.
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The Historic Centre of San Salvador, in El Salvador’s capital city, hosts a history of disputes regarding access to land, housing, public spaces and basic services. In this article, the struggle of the centre’s inhabitants for more decent housing is an example of how people can change power relations embedded in cities as contested as those of Latin America. Through cooperative organization, precariously housed inhabitants reclaimed their right to be part of urban transformations despite gentrification and turistification pressures. Inhabitants proposed the collectivization of property and bottom-up decision-making through the establishment of housing cooperatives. Although the central government has faced challenges for assimilating and supporting their proposals, joint coordination is providing results. Allowing space for inhabitants’ participation at the policy-making level has enabled cooperatives to become firm opponents of informal rentiership and land underutilization. Results so far constitute an unprecedented attempt of developing adequate housing from a human right’s perspective, not as a commodity. The housing cooperatives in San Salvador’s Centro Histórico, to this end, provide some insightful lessons of resistance.
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Cruz-Martínez, Gibrán. « A Bottom-up picture of intra-national welfare regimes : the case of marginalised communities in Puerto Rico ». Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 36, no 2 (10 juin 2020) : 175–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2018.1526696.
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ABSTRACTThe main purpose of this article is twofold: (1) an examination of welfare regimes using a bottom-up approach, which enables a comprehensive analysis of welfare production based on recipients perceptions; and (2) an examination of more than one type of welfare-mix coexisting inside the national level across policy sectors. A classification of welfare regimes is carried out following a bottom-up approach and relying on the basis of the importance of welfare providers to satisfy social risks and promote well-being. Three traditional (e.g. state, market, family) and one alternative welfare providers (e.g. community) are considered. Data is collected through twenty semi-structured interviews in seven marginalised communities of Puerto Rico. The results show five configurations of intra-national welfare-mixes across the following welfare areas: housing, nourishment, health, education, maternity/paternity, disability, work-unemployment and older-age. This paper contributes to the theoretical proposals of intra-national welfare regimes, and alternatives providers in the welfare-mix.
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de Pacheco Melo, Vanessa. « Top-down low-cost housing supply since the mid-1990s in Maputo : bottom-up responses and spatial consequences ». Transformation : Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa 93, no 1 (2017) : 41–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/trn.2017.0002.
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Rolando, Ludovica. « How Will We Live Together ? A Comparative Analysis of Housing Cooperatives in Zurich and Barcelona ». TECHNE - Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment, no 24 (26 juillet 2022) : 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/techne-12871.
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This article provides a comparative analysis of two models of not-for-profit housing cooperatives with shared ownership and limited equity in Zurich and Barcelona as non-speculative and participatory processes that contribute to the accessibility and adequacy of an architectural project, which arose from a bottom-up debate on alternative housing models. The cases cited are characterised by high architectural quality and typological innovation and follow high energy standards and environmental sustainability criteria. The investigation consists of a theoretical study according to critically selected bibliographic sources and the analysis of the case studies with an action-research method. The aim of the research is to investigate the nature of the model, measure its effectiveness and hypothesise its applicability in other similar contexts.
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Duarte, José P., João M. Rocha et Gonçalo Ducla Soares. « Unveiling the structure of the Marrakech Medina : A shape grammar and an interpreter for generating urban form ». Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 21, no 4 (19 septembre 2007) : 317–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060407000315.
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AbstractThis paper describes research carried out to develop a parametric urban shape grammar for the Zaouiat Lakhdar quarter of the Medina of Marrakech in Morocco. The goal is to create the basis for a system that could capture some features of the existing urban fabric and apply them in contemporary urban planning and architectural design. The methodology used is described, from the initial historical analysis and fieldwork to the identification of three subgrammars necessary to encode the complexity of the urban preexistences: the urban grammar, the negotiation grammar, and the housing grammar. Top-down and bottom-up approaches to grammar design are analyzed and compared. The bottom-up urban grammar developed is then described, and a hand derivation of the existing urban fabric is proposed. Visual, symbolic, and tagged computer implementations of shape grammars are briefly discussed and a novel design generated by the tagged interpreter is presented.
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Dikmen, Nese, Soofia Tahira Elias-Ozkan et Colin Davidson. « Comparison of Post-Disaster Housing Procurement Methods in Rural Areas of Turkey ». Open House International 37, no 1 (1 mars 2012) : 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2012-b0004.
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Earthquakes strike without warning, even though they are known to recur. It is nonetheless difficult to mobilize resources to plan for them in advance, despite the high social and economic costs that can be anticipated, and despite the humanitarian obligation to provide quality and safe housing. This research examines two post-earthquake housing reconstruction projects in rural areas of Turkey, where different procurement strategies were used. A top-down strategy was adopted in Dinar after the October 1995 earthquake; and a bottom-up strategy, was adopted in the Orta district in Cankiri after the June 2000 earthquake in the region. Based on information obtained from government agencies, building contractors and the projects beneficiaries, a comparison has been made between the two procurement methods. While no generalized conclusions can be drawn – as the projects were conducted in the particular circumstances that prevail in rural areas of Turkey – it is possible to highlight key factors that can properly influence future housing procurement processes.
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Pagani, Anna, Rhythima Shinde, Stefanie Hellweg et Claudia R. Binder. « An agent-based model framework for understanding the decisions of households and exploring bottom-up effects on housing sustainability ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 1343 (novembre 2019) : 012142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1343/1/012142.
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Jones, Andrew, et Lisa Stead. « Can people on low incomes access affordable housing loans in urban Africa and Asia ? Examples of innovative housing finance models from Reall’s global network ». Environment and Urbanization 32, no 1 (14 mars 2020) : 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247819899557.
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While delivering decent, affordable housing at scale is essential to global sustainable development, one formidable blockage is a lack of accessible housing finance for end users. People on low incomes have been perceived by lenders as high risk. They are excluded from financial systems and are forced to self-build using informal credit at exorbitant rates. This article engages with this problem, discussing practical examples and potential ways forward. It does so through case studies of models from Reall (a UK-based international development organization and social enterprise that promotes affordable homes) and its partner organizations in India, the Philippines, Nepal, Mozambique and Pakistan. The article evaluates the strengths and limitations of these models, and their potential for scaling up. Reall’s partners demonstrate that decent houses can be delivered at a cost that is accessible for potential low-income homeowners, while proving the viability of lending to borrowers in the bottom of the income pyramid. This is essential for demonstrating the commercial viability and impactful investment opportunity represented by affordable housing in urban Africa and Asia.
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Paidakaki, Angeliki, et Frank Moulaert. « Does the post-disaster resilient city really exist ? » International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 8, no 3 (12 juin 2017) : 275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-10-2015-0052.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to advance the understanding of “resilience” by disentangling the contentious interactions of various parameters that define and guide resilience trajectories, such as the physical infrastructure, socio-spatial inequalities, path dependencies, power relationships, competing discourses and human agency. This socio-political reconstruction of “resilience” is needed for two reasons: the concept of resilience becomes more responsive to the complex realities on the ground, and the discussion moves toward the promotion of more dynamic recovery governance models that can promote socially just allocated redundancy in housing actions, which could be seen as a key to incubating resilience. Design/methodology/approachThis is a conceptual paper that mobilizes theories of urban political ecology, social innovation and housing with the aim to examine the tensions between various discourses that steer housing production during post-disaster recovery processes, and put a spotlight on the heterogeneity in the transformative capacity of the various actors, institutions and visions of housing systems that preexist or emerge in the post-disaster city. This heterogeneity of actors (i.e. growth coalitions, neighborhood associations and housing cooperatives) consequently leads the discussion toward the investigation of “new” roles of the state in formulating relevant disaster governance models and housing (re)construction systems. FindingsThe initial stress produced by a natural event is often extended because of long-term unmet housing needs. The repercussion of this prolonged stress is a loss of social progress partly due to the reiterated oppression of alternative housing production propositions. In this paper, the authors conclude that an asset-based community development approach to recovery can provide an antidote to the vicious cycles of social stress by opening up diverse housing options. This means that the recovery destiny is not predetermined according to pre-set ideas but is molded by the various bottom-up dynamics that democratically sketch the final socially desirable reconstruction outcome(s). Originality/valueThe contribution of this paper is twofold. By using theoretical insights from urban political ecology, housing studies and social innovation, the paper first builds up onto the current reconstruction of the notion of disaster resilience. Second, by identifying a heterogeneity of “social resilience cells”, the paper leads the discussion toward the investigation of the “new” role of the state in formulating relevant recovery governance models. In this respect, the paper builds a narrative of social justice in terms of the redistribution of resources and the cultivation of empowerment across the various housing providers who struggle for their right to the reconstruction experiment.
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Yuan, Dinghuan, Yung Yau, Huiying (Cynthia) Hou et Yongshen Liu. « Factors Influencing the Project Duration of Urban Village Redevelopment in Contemporary China ». Land 10, no 7 (5 juillet 2021) : 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070707.
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Project duration is one of the methods to measure the efficiency of project implementation. This study identifies the factors influencing the project duration of urban village redevelopment projects (UVRPs) in China. Based on the theory of new institutional economics and behavioral economics, this study develops three hypotheses regarding the causal relationship between institutional arrangement and project duration. Statistical analysis of data on 439 UVRPs collected from seven Chinese cities revealed that projects implemented through top-down institutional arrangements were more likely to take a long time than those implemented through bottom-up institutional arrangements. Projects implemented through top-down and government funding were more efficient than those implemented through top-down and villager funding. For bottom-up projects, there was no conclusion about whether village funding or private developer funding led to shorter project duration. Other determinants, including city, project attributes and initiation year, number of households involved, size of temporary relocation fee, and methods of selecting relocated housing, calculating temporary relocation fee and calculating relocation area influenced project duration.
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Cao, Yuting, Ran Liu, Wei Qi et Jin Wen. « Urban Land Regulation and Heterogeneity of Housing Conditions of Inter-Provincial Migrants in China ». Land 9, no 11 (2 novembre 2020) : 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110428.
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The relation between urban land regulation and migrants’ access to decent housing is a fascinating topic in developing countries. Land-use conflicts emerge when entrepreneurial pursuits (for example, the exchange value of land) affect the fortunes of low-wage migrant workers using the destination city to settle down (through the use value of land). Land-use disputes and housing opportunity inequality (between the “land scarcity with migrant explosion” areas and the “land-abundant but migration-inactive” areas) is apparent across different kinds of cities. This article reviews the relationship between China’s urban land supply and regulation system and the migrant housing-condition problem. Our spatial analysis attests to the areal variance of migrant housing conditions (overcrowding and shortages of basic amenities such as toilet and kitchen facilities) across 301 Chinese cities. The analysis results explain the relationship between the inferior housing conditions in the coastal metropolises and the strict management of land uses in China’s first-tier cities. Using micro household data from the national 1% population sampling survey (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2015), this research provides a vivid case study at a large national scale to compare migrant housing amenity across different cities. This empirical study can advance understanding of the land-use disputes (exchange value vs. use value of urban land), which are an important structural root of housing inequality among different kinds of host cities (not merely among migrant workers themselves or across neighborhood scales). This macro-level variance of land demand, supply, and the regulation system proves the key challenge to achieving social harmony. Beyond a top-down land and housing system in China today, some more bottom-up and participatory migrant housing supply means (such as informal housing schemes such as “urban villages”) could be another way to address the above housing challenge. In this sense, we have mapped the migrants’ housing conditions in the Chinese top-down and marketization context, which can be contrasted with the informal and participatory housing supply in some other country contexts.
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Atanacković-Jeličić, Jelena, Milan Rapaić, Igor Maraš et Dejan Ecet. « New comfort : Towards the post-pandemic living ». SAJ - Serbian Architectural Journal 13, no 3 (2021) : 187–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/saj2103187a.
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Recent periods in global history have put some heavy strains on the human condition. Changes in living have subsequently led to spontaneous bottom-up adjustments of housing units. During 2020 and 2021 the definition of spatial features of these changes has been the main objective of three Master's course workshops at the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad. Results of those workshops served as a pool of solutions for the research that followed. Using obtained data, abstract diagrams of architectural functionality are transcribed. They are applied to an algorithm and computer software that implements the algorithm, which has produced a wide range of spatial solutions. Both analytical and numerical approaches to the produced solutions, with additional criteria that have been applied and tested against some well-known theoretical thoughts from recent history, provide an insight into the possible future of multifamily housing.
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Kornienko, Kristen. « Waiting, Hope, Democracy, and Space : How Expectations and Socio-economic Rights Shape Two South African Urban Informal Communities ». Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, no 1 (28 juillet 2016) : 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909614560243.
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This paper draws from two case study informal settlements and their recent Constitutional Court litigation to explore the connection between informal living spaces, democracy, and housing. The temporal element of this development dynamic is examined through the erosion and building of hope resulting from the political actions of the state and the political agency of the poor. This engagement of time as an element of space is considered through residents’ expectations manifested in social processes reflecting either the criticality of hope as a catalyst for bottom-up developmental agency or waiting as a fortification of the top-down status quo.
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Lee, Yung-Jaan. « Hybrid Ecological Footprint of Taipei ». Sustainability 14, no 7 (3 avril 2022) : 4266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074266.
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The Ecological Footprint (EF) has been effectively used at the global, national and regional levels, but the local EF accounting methods are lacking. The hybrid EF has been developed to calculate the local EF. It combines a “top-down” approach to determining national EF (five components other than Carbon Footprint, CF) with a “bottom-up” approach to determining local CF (food, housing, transportation). The use of the hybrid EF is cost-effective. The hybrid EF reflects the local context and can be used to measure the progress of local sustainable development and as a basis for environmental responsibility. This study uses statistical databases for Taiwan and Taipei to calculate the hybrid EF of Taipei in 2018. The hybrid EF of Taipei was 4.797 global hectares (gha) in that year, of which the top-down national EF was 0.613 gha and the bottom-up local CF was 4.184 gha. The hybrid EF is lower than Taiwan’s EF (6.460 gha), but the local CF is higher than Taiwan’s CF (3.890 gha), reflecting the urban nature and characteristics of Taipei, which has a high density, high income and high consumption expenditure. With respect to the local CF of Taipei, food is associated with the largest component of CF (2.806 gha), and transportation is associated with the second largest component thereof (1.133 gha). Housing is associated with the smallest component (0.245 gha). Based on these results, five refinements of hybrid EF accounting and two application dimensions are proposed. First, whether the hybrid EF captures the lifestyle of the real situation in Taipei warrants further investigation. Second, the components of national EF that are associated with food should be used to accommodate regional differences by applying a scaling factor. Third, Taiwan’s CF in 2018 accounted for 60.2% of its national EF, but Taipei’s CF accounted for 87.2% of its hybrid EF. Fourth, Taipei’s CF associated with housing is low (0.245 gha/person), while the values for eastern European cities are high (3.140 gha/person). Fifth, Taipei citizens have a fairly high CF associated with private vehicles, warranting a follow-up review of urban sustainable transportation policies.
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McKenna, Eoghan, Jessica Few, Ellen Webborn, Ben Anderson, Simon Elam, David Shipworth, Adam Cooper, Martin Pullinger et Tadj Oreszczyn. « Explaining daily energy demand in British housing using linked smart meter and socio-technical data in a bottom-up statistical model ». Energy and Buildings 258 (mars 2022) : 111845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.111845.
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Kholid, Mohd Fairus, et Puteri Mayang Bahjah Zaharin. « Micro Housing : Typological study and implementation in Malaysia ». Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 4, no 12 (31 décembre 2019) : 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v4i12.1934.
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The micro-housing project introduced by Kuala Lumpur City Council (DBKL) has received cynical rumours amongst the B40 income group due to its impracticality, thus suggesting that micro-housing standard is misinterpreted and simplified. As such, this paper intends to investigate the potentiality of ideal micro-housing that is suitable for the Malaysian context, specifically for the B40 community. Based on a bottom-up approach, this research divides into the micro and macro study. In the micro-study, the focus is specifically on the typological design of micro-housing. Hence this leads to a macro context, which developed the typological analysis in regards to the regional cultural influence. In thoroughly, from seven (7) international precedents, micro-housing can be formulated into four main typologies that include Box, Mobile, Machine, and Props type. These typologies incline towards two (2) cultural domains, namely Possession Domesticity, which demonstrates Westerners influence through technological advancement and Transience Domesticity that portrays Orientalist influenced by the mixture of practicality and human psychology. These attributes tested in three (3) local micro-housing projects that consist of two prototypes by local architect and a built micro-housing project by DBKL. The result shows that both prototypes are potentially ideal. However, DBKL’s built project demonstrated a minimal standard of appropriate micro-housing living. It founds that the lack of axiological human needs may lead to a degradation of values and behaviour. Thus, it significantly recommends that the projects reconsider of adapting the psychological needs for the betterment of its user’s living.Keywords: micro-living, adaptable housing typology, regional cultural study, psychological needseISSN: 2398-4287 © 2019. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v4i12.1934
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Rowell, Jay. « Knowledge and Power in State Socialism : Statistical Conventions and Housing Policy in the GDR ». Journal of Policy History 19, no 3 (juillet 2007) : 345–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2007.0016.
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Since the late 1970s, the historiography of State socialist regimes in Central Europe has been largely structured by an opposition between a “top-down” political history and a more “bottom-up” social history, leaving the analysis of public policy in a sort of no-man's land between politics and society. Without competitive elections, freedom of expression, or interest-group mobilization or participation, most determinants of policy routinely studied in Western democracies are inoperative. Furthermore, given that State socialist regimes and centralized economic planning appear to be historical dead ends, what can be learned today from the study of this political experiment? In this article on housing policy in the GDR, I will argue that the question of knowledge, its construction, its circulation, and its uses are at least as essential to the intelligibility of these regimes as the study of ideology and repression.
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Coricelli, Federico. « The Co-’s of Co-Living : How the Advertisement of Living Is Taking Over Housing Realities ». Urban Planning 7, no 1 (31 mars 2022) : 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v7i1.4805.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Co-living penetrated the urban realm both as a housing format and a neologism with fluid meaning. The co-living concept was developed by various companies in the early 2010s claiming to provide a valuable alternative to flat living in highly competitive rental markets. As a real estate product, co-living consists of all-inclusive rental plans of furnished rooms connected to fully equipped communal areas, conceived both for short-term and long-term stays. The few realized buildings combine collective spaces as laundries and co-working spaces with rooms as small as nine square meters. This kind of layout explicitly targets the urban middle-classer willing to live simultaneously <em>together and apart</em>. Differently from other housing formats, co-living is promoted through the jargon of sharing economy more than one of real-estate agencies. The <em>co-</em>root is commonly explained in companies’ recurring website section “What’s co-living?” as <em>collective-</em>living, <em>convenient</em>-living, and<em> community</em>-living. The emphasis on<em> </em>communitarian living echoes the semantics of co-housing. However, co-living<em> communities</em> differ radically from co-housing ones, based on a bottom-up initiative of inhabitants subscribing to a contract of cohabitation. In contrast, a co-living community is generated exclusively through economic accessibility. This article gives a critical insight into the mutated meanings of housing in the digital era by analysing co-living companies’ narratives and their spatial counterpart in realized buildings. The evidence collected by co-living promotion contributes to addressing a broader shift in real estate towards emphasizing the experiential dimension of lifestyle over space and shelter as primary housing features.
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Delgado, Guillermo, Anna Muller, Royal Mabakeng et Martin Namupala. « Co-producing land for housing through informal settlement upgrading : lessons from a Namibian municipality ». Environment and Urbanization 32, no 1 (14 mars 2020) : 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247820903981.
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This paper summarizes the informal settlement upgrading processes in the Namibian municipality of Gobabis, which are arguably the most accomplished bottom-up developments in the country so far. As these processes were made possible through a broad coalition of partners, we employ the lens of co-production and engage with the more recent literature on it, which focuses on questions of equity and empowerment. We note how co-production achieves more efficient use of resources and decentralizes power in urban development. We argue that in this case, efficiency and equity are aligned. We also note how despite these achievements, the balance of power remains uneven in favour of central and local governments. The paper also briefly describes the context of urban development in Namibia, and concludes with a set of questions for further research on co-production of land for housing the urban poor.
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Daube, Conner, Stephen Conley, Ian C. Faloona, Claudia Arndt, Tara I. Yacovitch, Joseph R. Roscioli et Scott C. Herndon. « Using the tracer flux ratio method with flight measurements to estimate dairy farm CH<sub>4</sub> ; emissions in central California ». Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no 4 (4 avril 2019) : 2085–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2085-2019.
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Abstract. Tracer flux ratio methodology was applied to airborne measurements to quantify methane (CH4) emissions from two dairy farms in central California during the summer. An aircraft flew around the perimeter of each farm measuring downwind enhancements of CH4 and a tracer species released from the ground at a known rate. Estimates of CH4 emission rates from this analysis were determined for whole sites and major sources within a site (animal housing and liquid manure lagoons). Whole-site CH4 flux rates for each farm, Dairy 1 (6108±821 kg CH4 d−1, 95 % confidence interval) and Dairy 2 (4018±456 kg CH4 d−1, 95 % confidence interval), closely resembled findings by established methods: ground-based tracer flux ratio and mass balance. Individual source emission rates indicate a greater fraction of the whole-site emissions come from liquid manure management than animal housing activity, similar to bottom-up estimates. Despite differences in altitude, we observed that the tracer release method gave consistent results when using ground or air platforms.
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Yang, Myungji. « The rise of ‘Gangnam style’ : Manufacturing the urban middle class in Seoul, 1976–1996 ». Urban Studies 55, no 15 (7 février 2018) : 3404–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017748092.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Focusing on the case of urban development in Gangnam, this article explores how middle-class identity based on residence in apartment complexes was created in South Korea beginning in the late 1970s. I argue that state policy, speculation, and exclusion were key ingredients in the making of the middle class in Gangnam. Many white-collar families became apartment owners through a government-subsidised apartment lottery programme, and subsequently climbed the economic ladder more rapidly than others because of skyrocketing housing prices. Their rise to middle-class status, facilitated by chance and furthered by their willingness to engage in real estate speculation, was seen by many as illegitimate. In the face of scepticism about their status, Gangnam residents strived to cultivate cultured, modernised, and Westernised middle-class lifestyles so as to distinguish themselves from non-Gangnam residents and justify their economic success. This paper emphasises the dialectical process – both top-down and bottom-up – of middle class formation during the Gangnam boom. Based on a year of field research conducted in Korea, I analyse the lives and experiences of the middle class and their strategies for upward social mobility in the housing market.
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Ryszawska, Bożena, Magdalena Rozwadowska, Roksana Ulatowska, Marcin Pierzchała et Piotr Szymański. « The Power of Co-Creation in the Energy Transition—DART Model in Citizen Energy Communities Projects ». Energies 14, no 17 (25 août 2021) : 5266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175266.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Successful energy transformation is interconnected with greater citizenry participation as prosumers. The search for novel solutions to implement the transition to renewable energy that will neutralize the barriers to this process, e.g., the reluctance of citizens to get involved, lack of trust in decision-makers and lack of co-ownership of energy projects, is inevitable as a part of the bottom-up process. Energy communities have vast potential to scale up Renewable Energy projects. Due to the fact that in Poland, establishing citizen energy communities in the cities is not allowed, the key success factor of energy transformation is to engage housing cooperatives and other housing communities in this process. A similar legal framework prevents communities from establishing themselves in the Czech Republic and Hungary. The research problem of this paper is to identify determinants of the co-creation process in Renewable Energy project activation at the housing cooperative level. The aim is to identify key conditions that housing cooperatives should establish in order to successfully undertake Renewable Energy project implementation using a co-creation approach. The literature study shows that the term “co-creation” is not often used in energy transition projects, although many local energy transitions are indeed co-created, unfortunately not in a structured methodical manner. In the research, we apply the DART (Dialogue, Access, Risk, Transparency) model as the framework to conduct the analysis. The study has been carried out using quantitative and qualitative research methods and based on primary and secondary data. Our findings indicate that considering the different areas of the DART model, co-creation was most visible in the area of dialogue-communication between cooperative authorities and its members, while it was least visible in the area of transparency. Based on the results pertaining to the implemented project, the researchers postulate the inclusion of factors beyond the DART model that further shape the co-creation process.
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Kasperczyk, Zuzanna, et Dominika Pazder. « Komercyjne tymczasowe użytkowanie przestrzeni jako narzędzie kreowania współczesnego środowiska mieszkaniowego – szanse i zagrożenia ». Środowisko Mieszkaniowe, no 39 (31 octobre 2022) : 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25438700sm.22.013.16591.
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Tymczasowe użytkowanie to strategia aktywizacji pustostanów i nieużytków stanowiąca interesujące jako prefaza docelowej inwestycji, by wzbudzić zainteresowanie mieszkańców i wykreować atrakcyjny dla potencjalnych klientów wizerunek. Pionierskie w kontekście poznańskim i wciąż mało opisane w kontekście polskim komercyjne tymczasowe użytkowanie przestrzeni może skutkować zarówno pozytywnymi, jak i negatywnymi rezultatami. Celem artykułu jest krytyczna analiza przykładu badawczego Koszar Kultury w Poznaniu w odniesieniu do CREAU – jego wiedeńskiego odpowiednika. Metoda analizy porównawczej, wsparta kwerendą bibliograficzną i wizytą studialną pozwoliły na wskazanie szans i zagrożeń związanych z przeprowadzonym procesem oraz wypracowanie rekomendacji służących kreacji przyjaznego, inkluzywnego środowiska mieszkaniowego w ramach działań rewitalizacyjnych. Commercial temporary use of space as a tool of creating modern housing environment – threats and opportunities Temporary use of space is a strategy of activating the space of abandoned buildings or urban wasteland areas via a variety of bottom-up and top-down initiatives proposed by local communities, municipal authorities and developers. Implemented as a preliminary stage of a target investment project, temporary use of space is intended to spark the interest of the inhabitants and create an attractive image for potential clients. In the area of Poznan, it is a pioneering strategy, that has yet not been thoroughly studied in the Polish context. The strategy entails both positive and negative phenomena. It is the intention of this article to critically analyse a case study of Koszary Kultury [Arts & Culture Baraques] in comparison to a similar initiative in Vienna, i.e. CREAU project. Comparative analysis, combined with a bibliographic query of literature and a site visit, has enabled us to identify opportunities and threats of temporary use of space and to work up recommendations how to create friendly and inclusive residential housing via revitalisation activities.
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Wu, Yuzhe, Jia Ao et Yuhang Ren. « Allocation of Land Factors in China Looking Forward to 2035 : Planning and Market ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no 4 (15 février 2023) : 3424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043424.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Land factors are natural resources with fundamental and strategic significance in the achievement of China’s 2035 modernization goals. Dilemmas caused by market-oriented or planning-oriented allocation of land factors urgently call for new theoretical guidance and mode. After conducting a systematic review of the literature, this paper built a new framework from the perspective of production–living–ecological spaces to facilitate a better understanding of China’s land factors allocation looking forward to 2035. Inductive and deductive methods were both used to interpret the applications of planning and market in land factors allocation. Our results show that: (1) The allocation of land factors for production space is truth-oriented and needs the guidance of market efficiency. The essential feature of “production” as the driving force in production space requires that the allocation of land factors in production space must “respect rules, give play to the agglomeration effect, and rationally carry out regional economic layout”. (2) For the allocation of land factors for living space, it is necessary to pursue a kindness-oriented approach and establish a reasonable housing supply system based on people. Among them, the ordinary commercial housing and improving housing should rely on market forces multi-subject supply, while affordable housing should be ensured through government intervention in a multi-channel way. (3) For the allocation of land factors in ecological space, aesthetic-oriented planning should follow the rule of territorial differentiation and realize the transformation of ecological function into ecological value through market mechanisms. Top-down planning and bottom-up market represents the logic of overall and individual rationality, respectively. The effective allocation of land factors requires the utilization of both planning and market forces. However, the intersection needs be guided by boundary selection theory. This research indicates that “middle-around” theory could be a possible theoretical solution for future study.
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Canepari, Eleonora. « Common Places : Sharing Spaces in Early Modern ‘Ordinary’ Houses ». European History Quarterly 51, no 4 (octobre 2021) : 464–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02656914211049687.
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The debate on common spaces inside buildings is linked to twentieth-century forms of popular housing, often devoid of places and opportunities to share a space which is conceived as fragmented and not collective. In recent years, an interest in the appropriation of urban space from the bottom up and the unanimous recognition of the need for places to meet within (or annexed to) buildings, have led to the definition of these ‘intermediate spaces’ as an essential part of living together. Compared to these common spaces, early modern houses pose an essential question: how was proximity within buildings structured, prior to the birth of intimacy? The well-known different perception of promiscuity, in fact, allowed a different structuring of collective housing and a physical proximity that coexisted with the strong social distance sanctioned by inequality by birth. To answer this question, the article examines the types of intermediate spaces, called loci comuni – stairs, landings, passages and courtyards – rather well-known in noble residences, much less in the houses of the popular classes. Through sources such as the fund of the Presidenza delle strade, inventories, land registers, notarial deeds of sale of houses and experts’ estimations, the article will investigate the uses of these spaces made by their inhabitants.
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Calama-González, C. M., R. Escandón, A. Alonso, Á. L. León-Rodríguez et R. Suárez. « Building Assessment and Statistical Characterisation of the Mediterranean Social Housing Stock in Southern Spain ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1050, no 1 (1 juillet 2022) : 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1050/1/012020.
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Abstract Given that the existing residential buildings are expected to become a huge part of the future stock due to their low replacement rate, retrofitting plans are crucial to meet 2030 and 2050 energy efficiency targets. Notwithstanding, an extensive assessment of the current energy and thermal performance of the stock must be conducted prior to the proposal of energy saving measures in order to properly tackle the retrofit process. Thus, the analysis and characterisation of the existing buildings under real variability conditions through statistical techniques is key to provide useful information at the stock level, instead of the most commonly single-building level approach. In the presented study, a statistical analysis on the most predominant variability ranges of the social housing stock of southern Spain (Andalusia) is carried out. Efforts are focused on the building characterisation of the linear block typology. To do so, an extensive database, which contains information on slightly under 39,500 social dwellings, is analysed. The conclusions reported in this study may be implemented into the construction of real case building archetypes through bottom-up building stock modelling techniques with the objective of assessing the real energy and thermal performance of the existing stock, providing useful information for public stakeholders.
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Rosa Jiménez, Carlos J., María José Márquez Ballesteros, Alberto E. García Moreno et Manuel R. García López. « Cooperativas vecinales. Una aproximación a la gestión colaborativa en rehabilitación y conservación de barriadas ». WPS Review International on Sustainable Housing and Urban Renewal, no 3 (1 juin 2016) : 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/wps.vi3.13745.
Texte intégralRésumé :
El modelo económico y administrativo de la cooperativa de viviendas, desarrollado para la promoción de viviendas con condiciones ventajosas para sus propietarios, haconstituido un modelo de éxito en numerosas experiencias, un sistema capaz de eludir algunos problemas típicos de la promoción convencional. Sin embargo, la mayor partede las cooperativas de promoción se extinguen una vez conseguido el objetivo de la obtención de las viviendas, por lo que el potencial del modelo colaborativo no seprolonga más allá de este hito.Frente a esto, los modelos residenciales basados en el llamado co-housing (covivienda) suponen un paso más en el concepto de cooperativa, extendiendo suactividad al funcionamiento de los colectivos que los habitan. Así, los habitantes de una comunidad co-housing podrán disponer de beneficios como la obtención deservicios con precios y condiciones ventajosas, o la disposición de espacios de esparcimiento o actividad con bajos costes de adquisición y mantenimiento. En otraspalabras, el modelo de co-housing intenta trasladar los aspectos colaborativos del modelo cooperativo al entorno y a la actividad de una comunidad de vecinos,implantando un modo de vida capaz de aprovechar el potencial del grupo frente al individuo.Existen multitud de referentes históricos de estas ideas, desde las propuestas del socialismo utópico (Fourier, Godin) a las conocidas Unités d’habitation de LeCorbusier. Lo novedoso de las iniciativas contemporáneas de co-housing es su carácter bottom-up: modelos en los que el punto de partida es la comunidad, y desdeella surge la necesidad y la idea de la vida colaborativa. Por tanto, uno de los factores determinantes para el éxito de un co-housing es una fuerte cohesión social de grupo yun sentimiento de pertenencia al colectivo. Esto hace pensar, a menudo, que el cohousing está vinculado a determinados sectores ideológicos; en realidad, se trata deun modelo que trasciende esos tópicos y se ha mostrado como una alternativa muy apropiada para determinados grupos sociales.El proyecto I+D+i Cooperativas vecinales. Modelo de gestión colaborativa en rehabilitación y conservación de barriadas intenta, entre otros objetivos, indagar en lasposibilidades del cooperativismo y el co-housing como medio para la recuperación, rehabilitación y conservación de edificios y entornos urbanos.
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Cisek, Ewa, et Anna Jaglarz. « Architectural Education in the Current of Deep Ecology and Sustainability ». Buildings 11, no 8 (17 août 2021) : 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080358.
Texte intégralRésumé :
As a result of the experience and scientific research of the authors on the deep ecology and sustainability process, academic courses were created that are run at two stages of educating architecture students. The authors aimed at demonstrating the effectiveness and quality of the courses as well as the rationality of the assumptions and educational methods adopted for their implementation. One of them was the survey method, as a didactic and scientific experiment and didactic tool. The innovative educational methodology presented in the work may be implemented by other educators at architectural universities in order to improve the quality of teaching design in the spirit of pro-ecological and sustainable development. The result is a long-term action which constitutes a tool to combat the ecological crisis. It consists of bottom-up activities, both in the open landscape (ecovillages) and in the urban context (housing complexes with elements of urban farms and environmental education parks). This is connected with the application of the educational system from the pre-school level in the place of residence up to in-depth academic education.
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Neumann, Hans-Martin, Ali Hainoun, Romana Stollnberger, Ghazal Etminan et Volker Schaffler. « Analysis and Evaluation of the Feasibility of Positive Energy Districts in Selected Urban Typologies in Vienna Using a Bottom-Up District Energy Modelling Approach ». Energies 14, no 15 (23 juillet 2021) : 4449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154449.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article investigates the potential of selected urban typologies in Vienna to reach the state of Positive Energy Districts (PED) by achieving a positive annual energy balance. It follows the EU initiative for implementing at least 100 PED in Europe by 2025. Four urban typologies have been assessed using the bottom-up energy modelling tool MAPED that enables a simplified energy demand-supply analysis at the district scale. Considering relevant urban typologies in different construction periods, the analysis focused on converting the allocated building stocks into PED by employing comprehensive thermal refurbishment and energy efficiency measures, electrification of end-uses and fuel switching, exploitation of local renewable energy potential, and flexible interaction with the regional energy system. The results reveal that a detached housing district can achieve a positive annual energy balance (for heat and power) of 110% due to the fact that there are sufficient surfaces (roofs, facades, open land) available for the production of local renewable energy, whereas the remaining typologies fail to achieve the criteria with an annual balance ranking between 61% and 97%, showing additional margins for improvement to meet the PED conditions. The presented concept offers a practical approach to investigate the PED suitability of urban typologies. It will help the Austrian Ministry for Climate Action and Environment to identify appropriate strategies for the refurbishment of existing urban areas towards the PED standard.
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Kusumastuti, Dyah Pratiwi, Indah Handayasari, Irma Sepriyanna et Hastanto Sm. « Revitalisasi Tempat Pembuangan Sampah Sementara Di Perumahan Buana Gardenia Untuk Peningkatan Kesehatan Lingkungan ». TERANG 2, no 2 (29 juin 2020) : 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/terang.v2i2.987.
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A comfortable and healthy residential area must be supported by the availability of adequate facilities and infrastructure such as the availability of clean water networks, road networks, drainage systems, worship facilities, green open spaces and temporary garbage storage facilities. The available temporary garbage collection sites must be able to accommodate the volume of waste up to the relevant transportation service schedule. However, sometimes transportation delays can occur, so that it can cause problems in residential areas, especially in Buana Gardenia housing such as unpleasant odors and the flow of water that is blocked due to rubbish that falls into the waterways. Waste that falls into the water channel over time can clog the flow of water in it, other than that due to organic rotting in the water channel can cause sedimentation in the bottom of the channel so that the channel becomes shallow. To anticipate the fall of rubbish into the waterways due to the full volume of waste and delays in transportation from related agencies. In the community service activities at the Buana Gardenia housing complex, a temporary garbage shelter will be revitalized. The revitalization results can reduce the waste that falls into the water channel so that the flow of water in the channel flows smoothly, reducing the number of mosquito larvae and puddle when it rains.
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Kim, Jiyoun, et Mihye Cho. « Creating a sewing village in Seoul : towards participatory village-making or post-political urban regeneration ? » Community Development Journal 54, no 3 (10 novembre 2017) : 406–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsx051.
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Abstract This paper examines an urban regeneration project in the Changsin-Sungin Area (CSA), Seoul, by drawing on the current debates on post-political urban policy. Adjacent to Dongdaemun Fashion Market (DFM), the K-fashion hub, the CSA is known for the clustered sewing factories embedded in residential housing. In 2014, the CSA was selected as a test-bed for the implementation of the new policy called the Urban Regeneration Programme (URP). This new scheme is publicly funded seeking continuity and civic participation in urban regeneration. The CSA-URP contrasts with previous schemes in Korea, in which private developers, with state support, were the main drivers of massive demolition and reconstruction. In order to promote participation, the city government has created an intermediary for public–private partnership and adopted the public contest for the distribution of resources. Significantly, this new model has shifted its focus of regeneration from housing to public space, from entitlement to participation, and from proprietorship to cultural capital. This has also raised new queries about whether the new model effectively promotes residents’ bottom-up participation or manages consensual atmosphere. By contemplating Seoul’s latest urban regeneration experience, this paper examines whether the CSA-URP offers corrective forces to capital-led and top-down urbanization or it depoliticizes the political. Thereby, the paper aims to contribute to the critical understanding of post-political urbanism.
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Chatzikonstantinou, E., N. Katsoulakos et F. Vatavali. « Housing and energy consumption in Greece. Households’ experiences and practices in the context of the energy crisis ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1123, no 1 (1 décembre 2022) : 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1123/1/012043.
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Abstract This paper investigates the challenges households face in Greece in the context of the current energy crisis. “Energy transition” policies, climate adaptation and mitigation goals, geopolitical tensions and COVID-19 pandemic have raised new stakes for the energy sector. Although the ‘big picture’ of the energy crisis is of high importance, it is significant to reflect on the consequences of the rise of energy prices on households. The aim of this paper is to address the impacts of the energy crisis and the crisis management policies on households in Greece. Our intention is to analyze the problems households face with regards to coping with their energy needs at home, investigate how the rise of energy prices has affected living standards and evaluate existing policies. We claim that focusing on households’ experiences and practices could contribute to a deeper understanding of energy poverty; a social problem which is expected to expand in the context of “energy transition.” Understanding energy poverty is also important for developing efficient policies, as well as for supporting bottom-up initiatives. The adopted methodology is based on a survey at national level that was implemented through a structured questionnaire, conducted in May 2022.
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Francetic, Igor, Fabrizio Tediosi, Paola Salari et Don de Savigny. « Going operational with health systems governance : supervision and incentives to health workers for increased quality of care in Tanzania ». Health Policy and Planning 34, Supplement_2 (1 novembre 2019) : ii77—ii92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz104.
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Abstract Improving the quality of care is increasingly recognized as a priority of health systems in low- and middle-income countries. Given the labour-intensive nature of healthcare interventions, quality of care largely depends upon the number, training and management of health workers involved in service delivery. Policies available to boost the performance of health workers—and thus the quality of healthcare—include regulation, incentives and supervision—all of which are typically included in quality improvement frameworks and policies. This was the case in Tanzania, where we assessed the role of selected quality improvement policies. To do so, we analysed data from a representative sample of Tanzanian government-managed health facilities, part of the 2014/15 Service Provision Assessment component of the Demographic and Health Survey. We constructed two healthcare quality indicators from data on patient visits: (1) compliance with Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) guidelines and (2) patient satisfaction. Using multilevel ordered logistic regression models, we estimated the associations between the outcomes and selected indicators of incentives and supervisory activity at health worker and health facility level. We did not identify any association for the different indicators of top-down supervision at facility and individual level, neither with IMCI compliance nor with patients’ satisfaction. Bottom-up supervision, defined as meetings between community and health facility staff, was significantly associated with higher patient satisfaction. Financial incentives in the form of salary top-ups were positively associated with both IMCI compliance and patient satisfaction. Both housing allowances and government-subsidized housing were positively associated with our proxies of quality of care. Good healthcare quality is crucial for promoting health in Tanzania not only through direct outcomes of the process of care but also through increased care-seeking behaviour in the communities. The results of this study highlight the role of community involvement, better salary conditions and housing arrangements for health workers.
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Baghestani, Hamid, et Ajalavat Viriyavipart. « Do factors influencing consumer home-buying attitudes explain output growth ? » Journal of Economic Studies 46, no 5 (29 août 2019) : 1104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-01-2018-0040.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the relationship between attitudinal data from the long-running Michigan Surveys of Consumers and US real GDP growth. One survey question asks, “Generally speaking, do you think now is a good time or a bad time to buy a house?” with the follow-up question “Why do you say so?” There are several factors for consumers to choose as reasons. Given the strong link between US housing market activity and business cycles, the authors ask whether the responses to the follow-up question explain the behavior of output growth. Design/methodology/approach The authors employ an augmented autoregressive model to investigate the relationship between output growth and the responses to the follow-up question for 1986–2007 and for 1986–2018, which includes the 2008 financial crisis. The authors follow the general-to-specific approach to obtain the final model estimates for interpretation. For a deeper analysis, the authors estimate the model using the responses of survey participants in the bottom 33 percent, middle 33 percent and upper 33 percent income categories, separately. While avoiding aggregation bias, this approach helps reveal important information embodied in the cross-sectional distribution of the data. Findings The follow-up question focuses on such factors as home prices, mortgage rates, houses as a good/bad investment, timing, uncertain future and affordability. The authors find that the majority of these factors chosen as reasons by consumers in the middle and upper 33 percent income categories explain the behavior of output growth. Among the factors chosen as reasons by consumers in the bottom 33 percent income category, only the mortgage rate and uncertain future explain output growth. Originality/value This study provides new insights into the usefulness of detailed consumer survey data in explaining the behavior of output growth and further underlines the usefulness of such measures across different income categories for revealing important information contained in the cross-sectional distribution of the data.
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Yi, Fangxin, Dong Deng et Yanjiang Zhang. « Collaboration of top-down and bottom-up approaches in the post-disaster housing reconstruction : Evaluating the cases in Yushu Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China from resilience perspective ». Land Use Policy 99 (décembre 2020) : 104932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104932.
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Yu, Li, et Wei Xu. « Institutional conformity, entrepreneurial governance and local contingency : Problematizing central-local dynamics in localizing China's low-income housing policy ». Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 54, no 3 (7 décembre 2021) : 508–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x211061400.
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Central-local dynamics are crucial to understand the implementation of China’s reform policies and regional economic development. Until recently, the research has focused on either end of the political spectrum, celebrating the top-down channeling of neoliberal-like reforms led by the central government or detailing the bottom-up process of policy innovation and entrepreneurism centred on local states. Knowledge is not substantial about how the central state interacts with local authorities in the localization of central public policies and, to a lesser extent, why some policies are properly implemented at the local level but others not. Through investigating the implementation of major national low-income housing policies in Chengdu and Shanghai, we interrogate three proposed theoretical constructs: political conformity, entrepreneurial governance and local contingency. Results show that institutional conformity manifests in cross-scale consistency in policy goals, political obligation of local states to conform to the central authority, and balance between local incentives and central state sanctions. In the process of balancing local and central interests, the local development priorities are framed along the line of local state entrepreneurism favoring fiscal responsibility, economic efficiency, and economic growth. Finally, locally contingent factors often interact with and mediate external forces and have a significant impact on localizing public policies in China.
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Yang, Hanbing, Meichen Fu, Li Wang et Feng Tang. « Mixed Land Use Evaluation and Its Impact on Housing Prices in Beijing Based on Multi-Source Big Data ». Land 10, no 10 (18 octobre 2021) : 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101103.
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The tense relationship between the supply and demand of land resources and the past spatial expansion of urban development in Beijing have brought many urban problems. Mixed land use is considered to be able to solve these urban problems as well as promote sustainable urban development. In this context, this study uses multi-source big data such as POI, OpenStreetMap and web crawler data to construct current land-use data of the area within the sixth ring road of Beijing, and then uses the entropy index and type number index to analyze the spatial distribution and aggregation characteristics of the mixed land-use level. Finally, a multi-scale geographically weighted regression is applied to explore the impact of the block and life circle scale mixed land use on housing prices. The results show that: (1) the accuracy of land use data obtained by using multi-source big data is high, and the consistency with the real land use situation is as high as 82.67%. (2) the mixed land use level in the study area is higher in the urban center and lower in the periphery of the city. However, it does not show the spatial distribution characteristics gradually decreasing with the increase of the distance from the urban center but shows that the area from the third to the fifth ring road is the highest. (3) the impact of block scale and life circle scale mixed land use on housing price is different. The type number index has a negative effect on the housing price in block scale mixed land use, while the entropy index has a positive effect on the housing price in life circle scale mixed land use. Based on the existing “bottom-up” individual-dominant development mode, the government of Beijing should issue relevant policies and documents to give “top-down” control and guidance in the future, so as to promote the maximization of the benefits of mixed land use. Furthermore, in the practice of mixed land use in Beijing, land use types should be reduced at the block scale and the area of different land use types should be balanced at the life circle scale.