Articles de revues sur le sujet « Botswana. Ministry of Local Government and Lands »

The purpose of this paper is to help records and information management professionals of organisations for both the public and private sector to understand the role good records keeping brings to the attainment of open government. This paper complements open government through the application of a records management perspective to an analysis of the records management practices. Conversely, the study adopted a mixed methods approach to collect data from the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD) that consisted of purposively sampled respondents. The target population consisted of 54 respondents. Forty-five questionnaires were distributed, with 33 successfully completed and returned to the researcher. Similarly, nine Heads of Departments (HoDs) were scheduled for interviews and only five interviews successfully continued as planned, and the study included appropriate documents for analysis. The study’s findings showed that there is a lack of good records management overall at the MLGRD, which emanated from unskilled records management staff. Similarly, the study identified MLGRD staff manning the records management division to being incapable of managing digital records. Furthermore, the findings revealed that there is no proper infrastructure to manage digital records and that there is no records management policy to be used to guide on good records keeping practices. Based on the findings, the study, among others, it is recommended that the records management staff of the MLGRD should be upskilled to have records management competencies, especially in digital records keeping, and that the MLGRD should acquire ICT infrastructure to support good digital records keeping practices.

The article sets out to examine the concept of customary or traditional land within the context of Zambia’s dual land system that is categorized as: customary/traditional land. In turn, the traditional land is controlled, allocated, and regulated through the Chiefs. Then there is formal land that is owned and controlled by the State through the Commissioner of Lands who works in consultation with the Ministry of Land and Natural Resources, in conjunction with the Ministry of Local Government and its District Councils. The article will thus examine the history of dual land system in Zambia; and will further evaluate the Land Act of 1995, whose purpose was to propose a wave of new land system reforms. The latter was intended to establish a more efficient system of land tenure conversion in Zambia. The article also examines the administration of conversion process of traditional/customary and State land. The article sets out on the premise that without effective tenure conversion policies in administering land, sustainable development in both traditional or customary and State areas will be hampered. To this effect, the issue of boundaries in customary or traditional communities will be discussed as a way of building territorial integrity and land management in customary land, through cadastral surveys that is apparent with the rise in population and demand for market-based activities in rural areas. The article will argue that without clearly defined systems of administration and demarcation of boundaries, between customary/traditional and State/formal lands in Zambia, this process will be prone to more land conflicts hindering socio-economic progress. Hence, the aim of the article is to investigate how the United Church of Zambia’s land has been administered and managed, considering the fact that most of its land is based both in customary/traditional areas that are controlled by the Chiefs and formal or State lands that are largely controlled by the government institutions. The methodology that will be used in or der to examine how the United Church of Zambia manages and administer its land will be qualitative methodology. The article will conclude that there is need for the United Church of Zambia to develop a land management policy that will assist the Church to manage and administer its lands that is both located in the traditional and government areas. Above all, the Church needs to ensure that leasehold conversion that is both customary and traditional authorities through the local Chiefs and the government through its Ministry of Land and Natural Resources, Commissioner of Lands, together with the Ministry of Local Government are legitimately acquired.

A commentary on J. Robert Vastine's article "Services Negotiations in the Doha Round: Promise and Reality." Charles T. Ntwaagae is Ambassador-Permanent Representative to the UN and WTO in Geneva. He has served in the Botswana Public Service over the past 28 years, during which he held several senior policy level positions. These include Executive Director of the National Environment Secretariat, Deputy Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Local Government, Housing and Environment, and Deputy Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. As Ambassador-Permanent Representative, he has served in various capacities, including Chairman of the Africa Group, Co-ordinator of ACP Ambassadors in the WTO and Chairman of Commonwealth Developing countries in the WTO. As of January 2006, he will be serving as Permanent Secretary of Botswana's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.

The road sector in Botswana continues to develop its road network throughout the country at a tremendous rate. When Botswana gained independence in 1966, it had only 10 km (16 mi) of bitumen road. By 1992 the total length of bituminous surfaced road reached 3500 km (2,175 mi) out of a total road network of 18 000 km (11,285 mi). These statistics clearly show that the majority of roads are not yet surfaced; these are low-volume roads that provide access to the rural areas where most of the country’s population is found, though in low density. In spite of the rapid improvement in the quality of the national road network in recent years, much remains to be done. In the early 1970s and early 1980s the rural roads unit was introduced in the Ministry of Works Transport and Communications, which was charged with the responsibility of design and construction of low-volume roads around the country in a bid to integrate the country’s road network. This unit was later disbanded in the 1990s, and all roads are improved through the conventional procurement system using private contractors. For these roads the justification of a surfacing project based on conventional economic return methods does not apply, and worse still, the road improvements have to compete with other amenities for the same limited resources. Three ministries in Botswana are responsible for roads: Ministry of Works Transport and Communications, Ministry of Local Government, and Ministry of Trade, Industry, Wildlife and Tourism. These ministries have different responsibilities for different roads within the country, and earth, sand, and gravel roads are found under the jurisdiction of each of the ministries. The major drawbacks concerning low-volume roads in Botswana are inadequate maintenance, poor road construction materials, and the environmental impacts of the roads. Since the budget and resources are inadequate to keep these roads in good condition, it would be prudent to find technological means that would improve the locally available road construction materials so as to minimize their effects on the environment and vehicle operating costs.

Purpose Technology has influenced the implementation of electronic records management systems (ERMS) in government agencies. The high incidence of poor service delivery in government agencies is a key factor that has put pressure on the government to implement ERMS. Despite the potential benefits of implementing ERMS, the adoption and use of these programs has been slow and some systems have failed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess how Tlokweng land board (TLB) implemented its electronic records management program using Kotter’s model and awareness, desire, knowledge, ability and reinforcement change model. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted a pragmatic paradigm and used a case study research design to collect data at TLB. The research made use of mixed methods approach to collect data using questionnaires, interviews and document reviews. Purposeful sampling was used to solicit data from 53 participants in the land board. Findings The findings of the study revealed that communication has been used as the most effective tool for managing change at TLB. However, TLB has not yet managed to reinforce the change implemented because of the lack of adequate training and motivation of change champions. Moreover, the change management team has little training on the change management framework produced by the Ministry of Lands and Housing. Research limitations/implications The study was limited to one land board in Botswana. Therefore, the findings may not be generalized to all land boards. Originality/value This is the first study to be conducted in Botswana that has assessed change management practices in the implementation of records management systems. This study therefore recommends adoption of the change management lens/framework by a records professional when implementing ERMS.

The stable development of Ukraine as the agricultural state actualizes a complex of economic, organizational and legal issues, which are concerned with an implementation of the land relationship. The maximum usage of rental tools is the most effective among the existing budget filling mechanisms. The aim of the article is to conduct a research of land relationship by mechanisms of improving the agricultural lands rent management. The object of a study is the interaction of state institutions at different levels of land lease management. The basis of the study is a cognitive method in the patterns of development of the land relationship. Therefore, in the article, the alternative version of the organizational and economic mechanism for the implementation of land relations was proposed with the aim to improve the existing practice that will facilitate the additional financing of local self-government authorities. At the state regulation level, it is proposed to create an informational electronic database, which should display cadastral numbers and location of land plots, as well as information about land plot owners. Measures of control should be fulfilled by such state authorities as State Geo Cadastre and Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. In order to follow a principle of openness, it has been proved that this database should be public. As a result, methodological and organizational tools are based on the algorithm of lease relationship management as the main source of budget filling for local self-government authorities and main tasks for implementation of administrative-territorial reform that were declared by the government.

The purpose of Special Autonomy for Papua is to resolve the source of the problem in Papua, especially concerning the rights of indigenous peoples. Normatively, the background of local autonomy for Papua is affirmed in Act No. 21 of 2001 on Papua Special Autonomy. The results shows that the recognition and protection of the land rights of indigenous peoples have been set clearly in the national legal system, such as Agrarian Law, Forest Law, as well as in Mineral and Coal Mining Law. However, recognition and protection of indigenous peoples’ rights to land in various legal products is still ambivalent. The essence of protection of indigenous peoples’ rights to land is also clearly regulated in Act No. 21 of 2001 and Perdasus No. 23 of 2008 has put customary law community on ownership of communal land is not the object of development, especially in the field of investment. The customary right and indigenous land which is the property and become an authority on indigenous peoples must be recognized by the government and regional and national communities about its presence. Therefore, the government should strive to protect the customary right through regulation of the Ministry of Agrarian and Land Agency and other laws related to the issue of customary rights, customary lands, indigenous peoples and their authority.

Mophane worm is a name given to caterpillars hosted by the Mophane tree. The mophane worm is harvested as food supplement in most of the Southern African countries. For the past few years, there have been some reports indicating that the worm has disappeared in some parts of Botswana. Hence, the aim of this research study has been to investigate from an ethical perspective the impact of mophane worm depletion on the environment. A qualitative approach was used in this study and data was collected from the following target groups of people: villagers, headmen of the stated two villages and the Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism (MEWT) officers both at local and national level. The theoretical framework involved traditional theories (i.e., Value Theory and Utilitarianism) and environmental ethical theories (i.e., Social Ecology, Environmental and Intergenerational Justice). The research instruments employed were individual interview schedules, focus group discussions and observation. A fourfold model of analysis was used focusing on the biological, economical, social and political dimensions. From the findings of the study, it emerged that both natural and anthropogenic factors contributed to mophane worm depletion. The natural factors were drought and predation while the anthropogenic factors included massive usage of the host tree, destructive methods of harvesting and demand for more land for agricultural and residential purposes. It also emerged that mophane worm depletion had both negative and positive impacts on the environment. These included lack of money by the local people to buy their daily needs, lack of relish and poor livelihoods, loss of wildlife that fed on mophane worm and tension between government and local people over the regulation of the resource. Ethical evaluation revealed that the dominant value for the local people was utility value to the almost total lack of explicit awareness of intrinsic and inherent value, and that on utilitarian grounds, the overall evil that depletion of the mophane worm brought about outweighed its overall good effects. With regard to justice issues, the findings revealed that unjust social structures and injustices resulting from the unequal distribution of benefits and burdens as well as from the lack of adequate participation by the local communities in decision-making had a greater negative than positive impact. Finally, recommendations were made emphasising the utmost importance of government intervention to mitigate, if not, stop the depletion of the mophane worm.

Agricultural research as a system of permanent research institutes for agricultural needs during the Second World War on the territory of Ukraine has proved to be a remarkable period in the study of the history of science. Within 6 years it changed its structure several times to meet the needs of the party that captured Ukrainian territories: in Western Ukraine from the Polish model to the Soviet one; under fascist occupation - to meet the needs of the Germans and Romanians; evacuation and re-evacuation, which also required reorganization, re-institutionalization of the institutions to new climatic conditions in the critical situation of the war time. A separate aspect of the research is an analysis of changes in the organizational structure of the agrarian research institutes during the German occupation. This article is aimed at analyzing the organizational structure of agricultural research in the period of the German occupation during World War II on the territory of the Reichskommissariat «Ukraine» on the basis of original sources. The analysis of these issues will allow us to reflect on the events of the World War II more closely, better understand the plans of Nazi Germany on the development of Ukrainian lands meant for the prospective settlement of the Germans, the organizational drawbacks of the Soviet agricultural research and Nazi’s attempts to overcome them. Utilization of the Ukrainian arable farm lands became a major geostrategic and military aspect German invasion plans. For the effective exploitation of this territory, all German scientific forces were united to study the agricultural potential of the occupied lands. With the establishment of new occupation authorities in Ukraine, their primary actions were to collect maximum information from scientific documentation and materials on breeding, to involve the best local scientists to projects aimed at deep study of the occupied territories for the prospective German settlers. The main organization responsible for the collection and export of scientific material from the occupied territories was the Rosenberg Operational Headquarters, which collaborated with the Imperial Ministry of Occupied Eastern Territories. The departments of this ministry belonged to the Central Research Service of the East, under supervision of all German scholars who came for scientific work on the territory of the Reichscommissariat «Ukraine». In order to study the scientific potential of the agricultural sector in the autumn of 1941, the Center for Research of Agriculture and Forestry for Northwestern Ukraine was created. During 1942-1943 agricultural scientific institutions accounted to the Institute of Local Lore and Economic Research, and later to the National Research Center with the allocation of a separate Special Group on Agricultural Research. This structure allowed the occupational authorities to control the institutional, financial, personnel and scientific issues of the institutions and integrate domestic agricultural research with the German science management. Despite the presence of the Ukrainian administration representatives in each agricultural research institute, all issues were resolved solely by the German authorities subordinated to the Imperial Ministry of Occupied Eastern Territories The occupation authorities planned to use the scientific potential of these institutions for better development of the invaded territories. This issue was in the center of attention, both for economic, scientific and ideological benefits of the new government. With approaching military actions, German curators were ordered to export scientific records, elite seed funds and valuable literature. At the beginning of 1945, researchers of agricultural research institutes and scientific documentation were scattered among different German institutions in Poland and Germany. Thus, despite numerous difficulties caused on the territory of Ukrainian lands by the Second World War and German interference into the organizational framework of agricultural science, this situation proved to have a positive turn, because Ukrainian scientists never ceased their work, managed to preserve the agricultural potential of Ukraine.

<p><em>This paper examines the urban planning implications of informal sector activities in Barkin-Ladi Town, a post mining settlement in Plateau State, Nigeria. The objective of the paper is to examine the planning challenges posed by the informal sector activities and to make appropriate recommendations towards integrating and regulating such activities within the settlement. A total of 187 questionnaires were administered on three categories of informal sector activities in the area, while interviews were conducted with the staff of the Area Office of the Ministry of Lands, Survey and Town Planning and of the Works Department of the Barkin Ladi local government council, which is the planning authority. The research revealed that trading was the dominant informal activity being undertaken by 63% of the respondents, followed by cottage industries (14%) and tertiary services (23%). Planning challenges pose by informal activities included: change of use without planning approvals, encroachment on access roads, conflicting land uses, non-compliance with the relevant planning law on zoning. There were no spatial developmental plans or guidelines by the relevant planning authority to regulate the activities of informal sector activities. Environmental management challenges were lack of access to basic infrastructure, degradation of the urban environment, and insecurity of life and property. It is recommended that there is the need for planners to understand the valuable contributions of the informal activities to the local economy by integrating them in the spatial development frameworks through appropriate zoning, location, space management and regulatory policies. Basic infrastructure and services should be provided to enhance their productivity, while government and other stakeholders should improve access to loans, micro-finance, material resources and capacity building of informal participants.</em></p>

Following the implementation of GWP (Global Water Partnership) in 1996 by UN the countries around the world began to implement the principles of IWRM to minimize water waste and maximize its beneficial use. The Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperative in Bangladesh also adapted the idea and created IWRM unit in 2003 through WARPO, CEGIC and IWM. Bangladesh is going through serious shortages of fresh water resources. Major reasons are: diversion of natural river flow in the upstream area; rapid siltation on river beds which have seriously reduced water holding capacity causing regular floods destroying crops, making people homeless and even loosing many lives, destroying economic progress; and change of climate pattern, seawater encroachment due to sea level rise destroying fresh water resources and cropping lands due to climate change impact and greenhouse gas emission. To overcome these issues the country must adapt the following steps: implementation of IWRM practices to its maximum capacity. IWRM will include surface water, groundwater, waste water and sewage water resources to design its maximum utilization. In addition WSUD techniques; urgent dredging of rivers; positive negotiation with the neighbors for surface water sharing and storing excess surface water during monsoon at series of reservoirs built in upstream locations and use them during dry season. The biggest task of Bangladesh IWRM is to educate all stake holders; establish proper coordination among all water management sectors and train up end users to transform them as guardian angels of water conservation.

Penelitian ini mengangkat permasalahan berkaitan dengan pengelolaan tanah negara bekas hak guna usaha di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong.This research raises the issues related to the management of state lands as a former of right to cultivatein Rejang Lebong Regency.Pada tahun 1988, PT.In 1988, PT.Bumi Megah Sentosa memperoleh HakGuna Usaha seluas 6.925 hektar.Bumi Megah Sentosa obtained the right to cultivatefor an area of 6,925 hectares.Proses perolehan Hak Guna Usahanya melalui pembebasan lahan masyarakat, namun PT.The process of obtaining right to cultivate is gotten through community land acquisition, but PT. Megah Bumi Sentosa tidak mampu membebaskan seluruhnya sehingga akhirnya hak guna usaha tersebut dibatalkan.Megah Bumi Sentosa was not able to free it entirely therefore the right to cultivate was canceled.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menjelaskan tentang pengelolaan tanah negara bekas hak guna usaha di kabupaten Rejang Lebong dan hambatan yang dihadapi dalam pengelolaan tanah negara bekas hak guna usaha di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong.This research aims to find out and explain the management of state lands as a former of right to cultivatein Rejang Lebong Regency and the obstacles faced in the management of state lands as a former of right to cultivate in Rejang Lebong Regency.Penelitian ini bersifat yuridis sosiologis dengan pendekatan kualitatif.This research is sociological juridical with a qualitative approach.Analisis yang digunakan dalam pengelolaan data adalah analisis kualitatif, yakni data yang diperoleh diseleksi berdasarkan kualitas dan kebenarannya sesuai relevansinya terhadap materi penelitian.The analysis used in data management is qualitative analysis, namely the data obtained is selected based on the quality and truth according to its relevance to the research material. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong Provinsi Bengkulu.This research was conducted in the Rejang Lebong Regency of Bengkulu Province.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan tanah negara bekas hak guna usaha di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong belum maksimal oleh pemerintah daerah.The results of this research indicate that the management of state lands as a former of right to cultivate in Rejang Lebong Regency has not been maximized by the local government. Di atas tanah bekas hak guna usaha tersebut terdapat pemukiman transmigrasi yang belum ada hak pengelolaannya dan penguasaan oleh masyarakat pemilik tanah semula.On the former land ofright to cultivate, there are transmigration settlements that have no management rights and control of the original landowner community.Hambatan dalam pengelolaan tanah negara bekas hak guna usaha di Kabupaten Rejang Lebongyaituadanya persepsi yang berbeda antara Bupati Kabupaten Rejang Lebong dengan Kantor Kementerian Agraria dan Tata Ruang/ Badan Pertanahan NasionalKabupaten Rejang Lebong.The obstacles in the management of state lands as a former of right to cultivatein Rejang Lebong Regency were the different perceptions between the Regent of Rejang Lebong Regency with the Office of the Ministry of Agrarian and Spatial Planning / National Land Office of RejangLebong Regency.Kajian ini menawarkan skema solusi alternatif kebijakan utamanya : Penguatan Hak Masyarakat dengan Reforma Agraria.This research offers a scheme of alternative solutions to its main policies: Strengthening Community Rights with Agrarian Reform.

This decade can be noted for several distinct approaches to Māori architecture, reflecting a variety of nationalistic impulses. This paper offers a brief overview of the diversity of Māori architecture and ideas in this period. Pākehā, in the search for national identity, and also reflecting the interests of the global Arts and Crafts movement, were enthused by the local example of the carved and decorated whare whakairo, native timbers, Māori adzing techniques and local flora and fauna. This can be seen in the work of architects such as JW Chapman Taylor, as well as the symbolism and trademarks of popular culture, and the pattern of museum acquisitions. By the twentieth century Māori were seen as a culture that could soon become extinct and this is reflected in the images of artists such as Goldie ("The Calm Close of Valour’s Various Days"), Lindauer's interest in preserving ersatz records of tradition and custom, and Dittmer's interest in myth and legend. Parliamentarian Āpirana Ngata, a member of the Young Maori Party, was very influential in the revival of certain customary arts (seen in the later establishment of schools of Māori arts and crafts in Rotorua) but he and his colleagues promoted a form of these arts that while "encouraging national Maori unity" also suppressed the diversity of activity in modern figurative painting and tribal identity for instance. These approaches can be contrasted with the patterns of building by other Māori movements more opposed to the government and actively seeking the restoration of Māori lands, rights and mana. Rua Kēnana's settlement at Maungapōhatu in the 1910s and TW Rātana's hall and church building later in the century (his ministry began in 1918) eschew the use of any meeting house forms or customary motifs – they were turning to new forms and symbols to sustain Māori identity in the new century.

Based on archival materials, legislative acts, and studies of contemporaries, the article attempts to highlight the role of legal regulation in the formation and development of the cooperative movement in the region. The study helps to better understand the complex interaction between political authorities and public initiatives in the context of socio-economic transformations of the interwar period in Eastern Galicia. The problem of legal regulation of the activities of cooperative societies in Eastern Galicia in the early twentieth century, in particular in the interwar period, is relevant and important for understanding the socio-economic processes of that time. A study of this issue will allow us to better understand the role and impact of the cooperative movement on the development of economic sectors and the lives of the local population. This article examines the legal environment in which cooperative societies operated in Eastern Galicia in the interwar period. The article analyses the legal acts regulating the status, rights and obligations of cooperative organisations and assesses their effectiveness and impact on the development of the cooperative movement (the Trade Law, the Law on Companies, the Ministry of Internal Affairs’ Order). However, the legal regulation of the activities of cooperative societies during this period remains poorly understood, especially in terms of their impact on community development and economic well-being of the region. The development of the Ukrainian cooperative movement in the nineteenth century coincided with the beginning of the capitalist industrialisation of Ukrainian lands. The Austrian government took this movement seriously, which was reflected in a large number of legislative initiatives of the Austrian Reichsrat. The government adopted various legal acts aimed at regulating the activities of voluntary associations, organisations and societies. Coverage of this topic will help to understand the mechanisms of functioning of cooperatives in the fields of production, trade and services, as well as their interaction with government agencies and other sectors of the economy. Further research on this topic could serve as a basis for developing recommendations for improving the legal environment for the development of the cooperative sector in modern Ukraine.

This research aimed to analyze the impacts of projects carried out by National NGOs in Surobi district, understanding the specific requirements of the people, and exploring ways in which humanitarian assistance can be effectively delivered through diverse NGO projects. The study examined the impact of agriculture projects implemented by national NGOs on the lives of residents in the Surobi district of Kabul province in 2022. The research, based on primary data gathered through questionnaires distributed to respondents, focuses on how national NGOs empower farmers, enhance agricultural productivity, and improve overall welfare in the region. The analysis revealed that empowering agricultural communities through farmer groups, involving various stakeholders such as the Ministry of Agriculture, irrigation and livestock (MAIL), NGOs, and academia, was crucial for sustainable development. However, challenges faced by farmers in Surobi district include transportation issues, limited market access, and lack of equipment and technical support, low literacy levels, increased labor burden, inadequate financial support, and poor coordination. To address these challenges, the study suggested that creating job opportunities, implementing agricultural schemes, and improving marketing opportunities through collaboration among institutions, government, private sectors, and NGOs. The research indicated that while national NGOs distributed various resources such as cash, food, gardening supplies, livestock, seeds, and de-worming assistance in 2022, the impact on beneficiaries varied. Some respondents reported minimal impact on their lives, while others experienced significant positive changes. Moreover, the study identified key issues such as high yearly consumption compared to income, limited employment opportunities, and challenges related to water availability for cultivation. It highlights the agricultural potential in the region, emphasizing the need for water management solutions, such as solar-powered water pumps for cultivating higher lands. To enhance the effectiveness of NGO interventions, the study recommends clear communication with local communities to prevent misunderstandings, and emphasizes the role of Kabul Department of agriculture, irrigation and livestock (DAIL) and Surobi DAIL as bridges between NGOs and the local population. Additionally, the study proposed inclusive project planning, involving people with disabilities, internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees, and host communities, to ensure equitable distribution of benefits and sustainable development in the Surobi district.

The global practice of the target approach in implementing the innovation policy in industry is analyzed. It is shown that this approach has long been relied upon by the Chinese government in carrying out the certification of high tech enterprises. The criteria by which high tech enterprises in China are identified are revealed. It is found that the companies with the granted certificate have a number of preferences from the government, e. g.: preferential regime for tax on profit; exemption from or reduction of tax on profit of the qualified income from technology transfer; accelerated depreciation of fixed assets; priority in the issuance of permit on office or industrial lands; subsidies for rental payments; prolongation of the period for carrying forward business losses; priority in the assistance from government support funds at all the levels. It is shown that the Chinese government used the targeted approach to stop the spread of COVID-19 epidemic and halt the rapid industry decline, by charging the National Commission on Development and Reforms and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technologies with the responsibility for making the nomenclature of business entities engaged in the manufacturing of medical protective clothing, insulating clothing, medical and protective civil masks, COVID testing, sterilizers; procurement and storage of medical materials; information and communication equipment and service systems for reaction on the epidemic, as well as the companies taking on the assignments on transportation and sales of the materials. Pursuant to this Directive, nomenclatures of key companies were created in China, for implementing measures on prevention and control of epidemics (the national nomenclature and local nomenclatures). This approach allowed public authorities to exchange information about the condition of these companies and financial preferences and preferential loans provided to them. It is shown that the need for implementing the targeted approach in building up high tech industries was substantiated in Ukraine as early as in 2010, but in spite of the arguments and successful analogous practice in China the proposed targeted approach is yet to be launched. The following measures would be expedient in Ukraine in the conditions of crisis caused by COVID-19 epidemic and in view of the growing dependence on imports of certain categories of goods, hence, the increasing threats to the industry development: elaborate a methodology for identification of advanced technology products and create, on its basis, the Ukrainian State Register of High Tech Industrial Goods; identify high tech goods for industrial purposes (intermediate and capital ones), which ensure continuous operation of Ukrainian companies, with making up their Nomenclature; elaborate methodological tools for qualifying business entities – residents of Ukraine as high tech ones, and create, on its basis, the Ukrainian State Register of High Tech Industrial Companies.

هدف البحث إلى التعرف على التحديات والإشكاليات التي تعاني منها الجامعات اليمنية الحكومية بشكل عام، وجامعة البيضاء على وجه الخصوص، وإلى أي مدى أثرت تلك التحديات والإشكاليات على وضع ومكانة الجامعة من جهة، ومن جهة أخرى التعرف على أهم العوامل والمتطلبات التي يمكن أن تسهم في تحول جامعة البيضاء إلى جامعة منتجة تعتمد على نفسها وتعزز استدامتها، لكي تصبح أنموذجاً تقتدي به الجامعات اليمنية الحكومية الأخرى، واقتصرت عينة البحث في جامعة البيضاء لخصوصية الوضع الذي تعاني منه ولأنها تقع في محافظة نائية تحيط بها الكثير من الظروف والمتغيرات. ولتحقيق أهداف البحث والوصول إلى بناء تصور مقترح لجامعة البيضاء فقد اعتمد الباحث لجمع البيانات والمعلومات على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي والاستدلالي عن المفاهيم المتعددة للجامعة المنتجة للتعرف على أسسها ومبادئها ومتطلباتها (اللاربحية، الاستثمارية، والجامعة المنتجة كمدخل لتعزيز الاستدامة) وغيرها من المفاهيم، كما اعتمد البحث على التقارير والمرجعيات الرسمية للحكومات اليمنية المتعاقبة ووزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي التي تناولت واقع التعليم العالي ومؤسساته الجامعية وتحدياته الداخلية والخارجية. واستخلص الباحث من التقارير الحكومية والوضع السائد أن المصدر الرئيس الذي تعتمد عليه الجامعة في تسيير العملية التعليمية ينحصر في النفقات التشغيلية القائمة على الرسوم الدراسية المحدودة التي تتحصلها من الطلبة، إلى جانب جزء ضئيل من الدعم الحكومي وهو مورد غير مستقر لعدم وجود موازنات للدولة معلنة ومحددة في الوقت الراهن، وأن من أهم أسباب العجز المالي للجامعة احتجاز وزارة المالية لبعض مواردها الذاتية، وعدم وجود تبرعات أو هبات خارجية أو مساهمات من القطاع الخاص، وعدم وجود بدائل مالية أخرى كالاستثمارات والعوائد المالية الذاتية للجامعة، إضافةً إلى ذلك غياب الدعم من السلطة المحلية للمحافظة. ولذلك فإن التوجه إلى الجامعة المنتجة هو الحل السليم والأنسب لتعزيز مواردها، والحفاظ على استدامتها ومكانتها، وتمكنها من النمو والتطور المستمر للتعليم، ويأتي ذلك من خلال الإقدام على اتخاذ عدد من الإجراءات المناسبة ومن أهمها؛ افتتاح البرامج النوعية التي تحتاج إليها المحافظة كالعلوم الطبية والطبية المساعدة كطب الأسنان والصيدلة والمختبرات وفتح معاملها ومختبراتها للمواطنين وتحصيل رسوم محددة مقابل الخدمات المقدمة لهم، وتخصيص نسبة من دخل وإيرادات السلطة المحلية في المحافظة كالضرائب والجمارك لمدة مقدرة خمس سنوات حتى تتمكن الجامعة من الوقوف على قدميها، وتوفير فرص بديلة للموازنة التي تعتمد عليها في السابق وإن كانت محدودة، واستغلال الأراضي التابعة للجامعة للاستثمار التجاري، والعائدات مقابل الأبحاث والاستشارات والدراسات التي تقدمها الجامعة. وأوصى الباحث قيام الحكومة والمجلس الأعلى للتعليم العالي ووزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي وقيادة السلطة المحلية في محافظة البيضاء ورئاسة الجامعة بعدد من التوصيات التي من شأنها تهيئة الظروف لتحول الجامعة من الوضع الحالي إلى الجامعة المنتجة واتخاذ الخطوات الجريئة في هذا الاتجاه بالتنسيق مع الجهات العليا تلك. الكلمات المفتاحية: الجامعة المنتجة ، مؤسسات التعليم العالي اليمنية ، جامعة البيضاء. Abstract The aim of the research is to identify the challenges and problems faced by Yemeni government universities in general, and the University of Albaydha in particular, and to what extent these challenges and problems affected the status and position of the university on the one hand, and on the other hand to identify the most important factors and requirements that can contribute to the transformation of Albaydha University to a productive university that depends on itself and enhances its sustainability, in order to become a model for other Yemeni government universities to emulate, The research sample at Albaydha University was limited to the specificity of the situation it suffers from and because it is located in a remote governorate surrounded by many circumstances and variables In order to achieve the objectives of the research and to reach a proposed conception of the University of Albaydha, the researcher relied to collect data and information on the descriptive, analytical and inferential approach on the multiple concepts of the productive university to identify its foundations, principles and requirements (non-profit, investment, and productive university as an entrance to enhance sustainability) and other concepts, The research also relied on the official reports and references of the successive Yemeni governments and the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research that dealt with the reality of higher education and its university institutions and its internal and external challenges. The researcher concluded from government reports and the prevailing situation that the main source that the university relies on in running the educational process is limited to operating expenses based on the limited tuition fees it collects from students, in addition to a small part of government support, which is an unstable resource due to the absence of state budgets announced and specified in At the present time, and that one of the most important reasons for the financial deficit of the university is the detention of some of its own resources by the Ministry of Finance, and the absence of foreign donations or gifts or contributions from the private sector, The absence of other financial alternatives such as investments and the university's own financial returns, in addition to the absence of support from the local authority of the governorate. Therefore, going to the productive university is the right and most appropriate solution to enhance its resources, maintain its sustainability and position, and enable it to grow and continuously develop education, and this comes by taking a number of appropriate measures, the most important of which are; Opening quality programs that the governorate needs, such as medical and auxiliary medical sciences, such as dentistry, pharmacy, and laboratories, opening their laboratories and laboratories for citizens, and collecting specific fees for the services provided to them, Allocating a percentage of the income and revenues of the local authority in the governorate, such as taxes and customs, for an estimated period of five years, so that the university can stand on its feet, provide alternative opportunities for the budget that it relied on in the past, albeit limited, and exploit the university’s lands for commercial investment, and the proceeds in exchange for research, consultancy and studies that it provides the University The researcher recommended that the government, the Supreme Council for Higher Education, the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, the leadership of the local authority in Albaydha Governorate and the presidency of the university make a number of recommendations that will create the conditions for the university’s transformation from the current situation to a productive university and take bold steps in this direction in coordination with those higher authorities Keywords: productive university, Yemeni higher education institutions, Albaydha University.

This study investigates an episode of penury in 1879–1880 in Borsod and Zemplén Counties which occurred as one of the negative consequences of a short-term weather change which was experienced across Europe in the late 1870s and early 1880s. From the mid-1870s on, due to the wetter and cooler weather, the annual crop yields repeatedly fell below the usual and expected averages in Hungary. After a catastrophic harvest in the autumn of 1879, when the quantity of harvested cereals was sufficient neither for reserves nor for spring sowing, the situation became severe. 1878 had also been a bad year for agriculture: the severe floods in the second half of 1878 not only had washed the crops from the fields but had also covered them with thick sludge that made it impossible to sow in autumn. Since the spring of 1879 was characterized by unfavorable conditions for agriculture (increased rainfall, widespread floods, low average spring temperatures), the local and national authorities continuously kept their eyes on the crops. Thanks to this preliminary attention, the administration was able to respond quickly and in an organized manner to the bad harvest in July and August and could avert catastrophe at national level. The leadership of the two counties responded more or less in the same way to the near-famine conditions. First, they asked the Treasury to suspend tax collection until the next harvest at least so that the farmers who were facing financial difficulties would not have to go into debt. Second, they appealed to the government for financial and crop relief to save the unemployed population from starvation. For those who were able to work, they asked for the approval of public works and major construction projects from the Ministry of Transport and Public Works. For many, such state-funded road construction or river regulation projects were the only way to make a living. Third, the county administrations also gave seeds for spring sowing to the farmers. While Borsod county survived the years of bad harvests without dire problems due to the higher proportion of better quality fields, in the more mountainous region of Zemplén, most landowners had smaller and lower quality lands, and they often chose to emigrate to avoid starvation. These difficult conditions may have provided the initial impetus for mass emigration to Western Europe and America.

The article discusses the dairy industry in the Chuvash Republic, Russia. The Russian Federation is experiencing a shortage of milk. Currently, the per capita milk consumption in the country is by more than a quarter behind the rational intake recommended by the Ministry of Health, which is 325 kg. However, the Chuvash Republic boasts 373 kg of per capita milk production, which is by 71% higher than the average data for the rest of the country, and the high quality of Chuvash milk is unanimously confirmed by leading domestic experts. The authors analyzed the success factors of milk production in the Chuvash Republic to be extrapolated on the entire domestic industry. The research relied on such demographic data as the ratio of urban vs. rural population; dairy herd data, e.g., livestock population, farm types, dairy productivity, etc.; dairy production and processing business data. The methods included systematization, generalization, grouping, statistical data processing, and analysis of temporal dynamics indicators. The Chuvash Republic has a large percentage of rural population and a lot of subsidiary dairy farms: 22 000 farms own more than 60% of dairy cows in the region and provide 55% of milk processing volumes. Subsidies allocated by the local government allow farm owners to ensure the high dairy productivity of cows. Most of the milk in the Chuvash Republic can be classified as near-organic. Leading regional milk producers have their own agricultural lands to provide environmentally friendly feed, as well as specialized premises for herd keeping and milking, retail outlets to sell their products, etc. A third of enterprises maintain the milk productivity at 7800–9200 kg, which is as high as in Denmark, the Netherlands, Great Britain, and Germany. Most Chuvash dairy farmers owe their high results to the state support funds allocated for the purchase of breeding cattle. The twelve largest milk producers in the region provide 100% of the output of drinking milk, so private farms mainly focus on meeting the needs of dairy processing enterprises. The latter also receive seasonal subsidies. The Chuvash milk miracle can be explained by the following factors: big rural population; private subsidiary farms; high-quality breeding dairy livestock; high-quality feed; good milk production and processing equipment. However, the comprehensive system of state support measures remains the most important success factor.

ABSTRAK: Praktik perwakafan tanah masyarakat pada umunya ditujukan untuk pembangunan sarana ibadah seperti Masjid, Langgar, dan Mushollah. Sarana pendidikan seperti Madrasah, Raudhatul Atfhal, dan sarana sosial seperti Pekuburan Islam sarana sosial lainnya. Pelaksanaannya dapat berlangsung di bawah tangan atau hanya diatas suatu surat bermaterai yang bukan dibuat oleh dan dihadapkan Pejabat Pembuat Akta Ikrar Wakaf atau yang berwenang, sehingga sulit untuk mendapatkan kepastian hukum dan status haknya. Jumlah tanah wakaf di kabupaten Majene mempunyai angka yang cukup besar yang tergolong dalam tanah wakaf namun tidak semua tanah wakaf tersebut memiliki sertifikat dalam artian bahwa masih banyak yang belum terdaftar di Badan Pertanahan Nasional Kabupaten Majene. Metode pengumpulan data yang dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah wawancara langsung dengan responden dan pengisian daftar pertanyaan tertutup (kuesioner) oleh 35 (tiga puluh lima) responden.Untuk data sekunder, digunakan melalui cara kajian yang mendalam peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang Pendaftaran Tanah Wakaf, jurnal ilmiah hukum dan dokumen-dokumen resmi yang diperoleh dari beberapa instansi terkait berkenaan pelaksanaan pendaftaran tanah wakafa di Kabupaten Majene. Adapun hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah pemerintah harus secara terus menerus, berkesinambungan dan teratur, meliputi pengumpulan, pengelolaan, pembukuan dan penyajian serta pemeliharaan data fisik dan data yuridis. Apdapun beberapa faktor yang yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan pendaftaran tanah wakaf di Kabupaten Majene adalah kurangnya pengetahun hukum masyarakat, belum maksimalnya peran yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah setempat serta kurangnya kesadaran hukum masyarakat terkait dengan pendaftaran tanah wakaf di Kabupaten Majene. Diharapkan Pemerintah Kabupaten Majene leih bepean aktif dengan membedayakan instansi dan lembaga yang terkait, agar Pejabat Pembuat Akta Ikrar Wakaf (PPAIW) aktif mencari dan mendaftar tanah-tanah wakaf, serta Untuk mengatasi biaya pendaftaran dan penyeytifikatan tanah wakaf, diharapkan Pemerintah Kabupaten Majene dan Kementrian Agama dapat mengalokasikan dana melalui APBD dan mengusulkan melalui APBD Tk. I, APBN, dan PTSL. Kata kunci: Analisis Yuridis, Tanah Wakaf, Pendafaran Tanah Wakaf. ABSTRACT: Community land endowment practices are generally intended for the construction of places of worship such as mosques, langgars and mushollah. Educational facilities such as Madrasas, Raudhatul Atfhal, and social facilities such as the Islamic Cemetery are other social facilities. Its implementation can take place under the hand or only on a stamped letter that is not made by and confronted by the Waqf Pledge Deed Making Officer or an authorized person, making it difficult to obtain legal certainty and the status of their rights. The number of waqf land in Majene district is quite large which is classified as waqf land, but not all of the waqf land has a certificate, meaning that there are still many that have not been registered with the Majene District National Land Agency. The data collection method used in this study was direct interviews with respondents and filling out a closed questionnaire (questionnaire) by 35 (thirty five) respondents. For secondary data, it was used through an in-depth study of laws and regulations in the field of Waqf Land Registration, legal scientific journals and official documents obtained from several related agencies regarding the implementation of wakafa land registration in Majene Regency. The results obtained from this research are that the government must continuously, continuously and regularly include the collection, management, bookkeeping and presentation and maintenance of physical data and juridical data. However, several factors that influence the implementation of registration of waqf land in Majene Regency are the lack of knowledge of community law, the not optimal role played by the local government and the lack of public legal awareness related to the registration of waqf land in Majene Regency.It is hoped that the Majene Regency Government will be more active by empowering related agencies and institutions, so that the Official for Making Waqf Pledge Deeds (PPAIW) actively seeks and registers waqf lands, and To overcome the cost of registering and certifying waqf land, it is hoped that the Majene Regency Government and the Ministry of Religion can allocate funds through APBD and propose through APBD Tk. I, APBN, and PTSL. KEYWORDS: Juridical analysis, waqf land, registration of waqf land.

Relevance of research topic. The number of Ukrainian holding-type organizations and their land bankcontinues to grow, "displacing" small and medium-sized producers from the agricultural economy.Since 2019, state policy has been refocusing on forced support for small and small-scale farms, and after the Ukrainian decentralization reform the leadership of the united territorial communities of the new tools they received depends on the development of small and medium-sized businesses. Formulation of the problem. Today, the actualization of local economic development requires significant financial resources from the united territorial communities. And the formation of their budget depends on the effectiveagricultural sector operation. After the Ukrainian reform of local self-government and decentralization, the economic development of the territories and of Ukraine as a whole, depends on the using of new tools and resources by the community leadership. The solution of theagrarian sphere problems of the united territorial communities is in the plane ofsmall agrarian entrepreneurship state support, strengthening of the state control over the activity of large agro-traders, as well as their social and financial responsibility to the united territorial communities. Analysis of recent research and publications. Theoretical questions on the study of small agrarian entrepreneurship in the development of united territorial communities were engaged in such scientists of the Institute of Economics of NASU, Institute of Agrarian Economics of NAAS of Ukraine, as Shemyakin D., Finagina O. V., Lysetsky A. S., Onishchenko O. M., and other national and foreign scientists. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The issue of the impact of decentralization on theagricultural sector development of the united territorial communities needs to be detailed and further researched. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The article aim is to investigate the theoretical aspect of organizational and legal foundations of the formation of united territorial communities in Ukraine, assess thesmall agricultural business current state and trace its relationship with the activities of united territorial communities for economic development. Method or methodology for conducting research. The set of general scientific methods of cognition and special methods of economic research are used in the work. Among them: analysis and synthesis, generalization and comparison, system-structural and comparative analysis, systematic method of cognition of economic processes and phenomena, index method and method of statistical groupings for analysis of united territorial communities activity development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The article considers the theoretical aspect of organizational and legal foundations of the united territorial communities formation in Ukraine, assesses the current state of small agricultural business and reveals it’s main relationships with the united territorial communities activities for region economic development. Territorial communities are voluntary associations of residents of city, village and settlement councils, which directly receive funding from the state budget for the development of education, medicine, sports, culture, and social protection. Financial support from the state gives more opportunities to local communities to implement their own projects. The more active the territorial community, the more projects will be implemented and theterritorial communityprofitability level will be higher, which it will spend on the development of territories. This is the main incentive to attract additional investment to improve people's living standards. In 2020, theUkrainian Cabinet of Ministers adopted 24 orders on the definition of administrative centers and approval ofregional community’s territories. There are 1469 territorial communities in our country. After the launch of the decentralization process in Ukraine – the transfer of powers and resources to places from which the community itself determines the direction of funding, small communities require forresource lack for rural development. The solution has beena decision to consolidate several councils by merging, which allowed communities to use common resources for territorial development. Ukraine owns 60.3 million hectares, which is about 6% of Europe's territory.There are 32.7 millionarable land hectares of land in the structure ofUkrainian agricultural territory, of which almost 9 million are used as pastures, hayfields and other agricultural lands. The quarter of agricultural land was never distributed, remaining on the balance of the state. Thus, state and the communal property include 10.5 million hectares of agricultural land, which is 26% of the total area, of which 3.2 million hectares – in the permanent use of state enterprises, 2.5 million hectares – in stock, and the rest – for rent. Almost 40% of the total number of Ukrainian enterprises in the agricultural sector and 38% of the area of agricultural land cultivated by agricultural enterprises are absorbed by agricultural holdings and large agricultural traders. On June 1, 2019, there were more than 160 large agricultural holdings in the country, they cultivate more than 3.6 million hectares of agricultural land. Thus, today in Ukraine the number of holding-type organizations and their land bank continues to grow, "displacing" small and medium-sized producers from the agricultural economy. Thecommunity agrarian branch is a complex multi-sectoral system, the individual subsystems of which are unevenly represented in different territorial formations, but are in close interaction with each other. The role of small agrarian businesses in the development of united territorial community’sagriculture is constantly growing. In recent years, the share of farms has increased by 30%. With the development of farming in the agricultural regions of Ukraine, the opportunities to solve the problem of employment in rural areas and the revival of territories in general are increasing. Therefore, state support for agricultural producers is an important step in order to obtain funds for small business development in the agro-industrial sector. If earlier the preference of vectors of state support was in large agro-traders, then from 2019 the policy of the state was reoriented to the strengthened support of small and small-scale farms. Such support is confirmed by financial preferences for small agribusiness through regional branches of the Ukrainian State Farm Support Fund. Agricultural cooperatives will receive state support through cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture of Ukraine with the assistance of the Department. Thus, today the promissory note form of payment has been abolished, and 70% of the cost of their equipment has been reimbursed for cooperatives. As a result of the crisis of 2014-2016, many Ukrainians started doing business and many successful cases of micro and small agricultural enterprises operating in the regions appeared in the country. However, barriers to rural development are a lack of financial resources and a lack of economic knowledge. Therefore, in order to maximally support farms and agro-industrial entrepreneurship in rural areas by the state, high-quality interaction and communication on the ground is needed. Thus, in addition to financial support, the state program also includes advising agricultural producers. Experienced specialists will help to structure the business, calculate the financial and create a business plan. In 2020, the budget of financial support for the agro-industrial sector of Ukraine is set at 4 billion UAH, which is only 43% of the limit – does not meet 1% of GDP. the real need for financial state support of a key sector of Ukraine's economy. The implementation of the program of financing micro and small agribusiness has great potential not only in the country, but also within each united territorial community. Each of them, which participates in the program of state support of small agrarian business, annually receives about 75 thousand UAH of taxes to its budget. On a national scale, this is an additional UAH 75 million ($ 3.06 million) in taxes to local budgets over 5 years. The possibility of organizational and legal forms of micro and small agribusiness, according to the current legislation of Ukraine, to hire labor – partially solves the problem of unemployment in rural areas. A significant contribution is also made by micro and small agribusiness in increasing the volume of gross domestic product in Ukraine. Small and medium business in Ukraine brings 55% of gross domestic product to the country's economy, and micro and small business 16%, while in Europe the figure is twice as high, and their efficiency is 10 times higher than in our country. It is the subjects of small and medium-sized businesses in the field of agriculture that are powerful catalysts and stimulators of business activity, determine the unification of all participants in economic relations in the country. Therefore, state support and effective development of united territorial community’sagribusiness create the basis for the emergence and functioning of the institutional environment. Thus, giving 12% of Ukraine's GDP and providing jobs for members of the local community, small agribusiness entities need the development of agricultural equipment suppliers, agricultural processors, research institutions that conduct breeding work and develop modern technologies, logistics infrastructure, market structures, as well as institutions of agricultural education. The agro-industrial sphere of the community is the main means of ensuring the socio-economic development of territorial united territorial communitiesand the effective functioning of rural areas. However, the distribution of agricultural land and land ownership remains an urgent problem for united territorial communities, as in addition to the territorial base, the land is a means of agricultural production. The population of the united territorial community is the main consumer of agricultural products produced by small agricultural enterprises. So, it provides a reproduction of labor for the industry. The vector of development of united territorial community’sagricultural production depends on the availability of natural, productive and labor resources of the community. The most energy-intensive are the production of vegetable crops, sugar beets, potatoes, industrial crops, as well as certain livestock industries, which are more often engaged in by farms and small agricultural enterprises. The study found that in Ukraine, government measures are the main obstacle to the development of agro-industrial entrepreneurship in united territorial communities, because it creates an extremely unfavorable climate for the development of small and medium enterprises or prohibits it altogether. For many years in a row, the sources of budget formation, which are generally local taxes, remain a significant problem in the development of agriculturally oriented united territorial communities. The limitation of incomes of agricultural enterprises and the population is the low efficiency of agricultural enterprises, the main reason for which is the low wages of peasants. The reason for this problem in the agricultural sector is low productivity, which forms the added value of agricultural products. Examining the structure of Ukrainian small agrarian business, its players in general education were classified into two large groups: 1. Farmers and agricultural producers living and working in rural areas. They live in a society within the lands of which they rent shares, pay all the necessary taxes, provide residents of general education with jobs, finished agricultural products at affordable prices. 2. Farmers who are registered in Ukrainian cities, however, use the land of the community, paying only the rent of agricultural land, depleting them due to non-compliance with crop rotations. Such agro-traders enjoy state support, soft loans and other preferences, receive super-profits and in no way contribute to the development of agricultural areas and society. These are the activities of large agro-industrial holdings, the form of interaction with rural general education and the mechanisms of social responsibility which need to be worked out with the help of the following measures by the government and agricultural producers: 1) development and restoration of the infrastructure of the united territorial communities and its elements used by agricultural holdings; 2) use of modern ecologically safe agrotechnologies. 3) training of qualified specialists in the field of agro-industrial complex, their employment in modern agro-industrial companies; 4) state support, restoration and preservation of recreational and health facilities of the united territorial communities, including agricultural lands, which are leased by large agricultural holdings; 5) involvement in the economic activity of the agricultural holding of farms on a partnership basis. Thus, partnerships and cooperation between large agricultural holdings and small agricultural producers of united territorial communities can contribute not only to the development of small agricultural businesses in Ukraine, but also to the socio-economic development of society and rural areas in general. The field of application of results. Thescientific research results on the problems of small agricultural entrepreneurship in the development of united territorial communities can be used in the field of state regulation of agribusiness and united territorial communities to support local agricultural producers. Conclusions according to the article. The agro-industrial sphere of the communities is the main means of ensuring the socio-economic development of territorial communities and the effective functioning of rural areas, because the development of farming opportunities increases the problem of rural employment and the revival of territories in general. That is why state support for agricultural producers is an important step to obtain funds for small business development in the agro-industrial sector.

The Western Ghats, a range of ancient hills extends between 8° N and 21° N latitude, and 73° E and 77° E longitude(from the tip of peninsular India at Kanyakumari to Gujarat). The Western Ghats runs parallel to the west coast of India, covering approximately 160,000 sq. km, which constitutes less than 5% of India's geographical extent. Numerous streams originate in the Western Ghats, which drain millions of hectares, ensuring water and food security for 245 million people and hence are aptly known as the water tower of peninsular India(Ramachandra and Bharath, 2019; Bharath et al., 2021). The region is endowed with diverse ecological regions depending on altitude, latitude, rainfall, and soil characteristics. The Western Ghats are among the eight hottest hotspots of biodiversity and 36 global biodiversity hotspots with exceptional endemic flora and fauna. Natural forests of Western Ghats have been providing various goods and services and are endowed with species of 4,600+ flowering plants (38% endemics), 330 butterflies (11% endemics), 156 reptiles (62% endemics), 508 birds (4% endemics), 120 mammals (12% endemics), 289 fishes (41% endemics) and 135 amphibians (75% endemics). The Western Ghats, gifted with enormous natural resource potential, and the mandate of sustainable development based on the foundation of prudent management of ecosystems, is yet a reality. Various unplanned developmental programs, which are proclaimed to be functioning on sustainability principles, have only been disrupting the complex web of life, impacting ecosystems, and causing a decline in overall productivity, including four major sectors: forestry, fisheries, agriculture, and water (Ramachandra and Bharath, 2019).The prevalence of barren hilltops, conversion of perennial streams to intermittent or seasonal streams, frequent floods and droughts, changes in water quality, soil erosion and sedimentation, the decline of endemic flora, and fauna, etc. highlights the consequences of unplanned developmental activities with a huge loss to the regional economy during the last century. The development goals need to be ecologically, economically, and socially sustainable, which can be achieved through the conservation and prudent management of ecosystems. Sustainability implies the equilibrium between society, ecosystem integrity, and sustenance of natural resources. Water sustenance in streams and rivers depends on the integrity of the catchment (watershed), as vegetation helps in retarding the velocity of water by allowing impoundment and recharging of groundwater through infiltration (Ramachandra et al., 2020). As water moves in the terrestrial ecosystem, part of it is percolated (recharging groundwater resources and contributing to sub-surface flow during post-monsoon seasons), while another fraction gets back to the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration. Forests with native vegetation act as a sponge by retaining and regulating water transfer between land and the atmosphere. The mechanism by which vegetation controls flow regime is dependent on various bio-physiographic characteristics, namely, type of vegetation, species composition, maturity, density, root density and depth, hydro-climatic condition, etc. Roots of vegetation help (i) in binding soil, ii) improve soil structure by enhancing the stability of aggregates, which provide habitat for diverse microfauna and flora, leading to higher porosity of the soil, thereby creating the conduit for infiltration through the soil. An undisturbed native forest has a consistent hydrologic regime with sustained flows during lean seasons. Native species of vegetation with the assemblage of diverse native species help in recharging the groundwater, mitigating floods, and other hydro-ecological processes (Ramachandra et al., 2020; Bharath et al., 2021). Hence, it necessitates safeguarding and maintaining native forest patches and restoring existing degraded lands to sustain the hydrological regime, which caters to biotic (ecological and societal) demands. A comparative assessment of people's livelihood with soil water properties and water availability in sub-catchments of four major river basins in the Western Ghats reveals that streams in catchments with > 60% vegetation of native species are perennial with higher soil moisture (Ramachandra et al., 2020). The higher soil moisture due to water availability during all seasons facilitates farming of commercial crops with higher economic returns to the farmers, unlike the farmers who face water crises during the lean season. In contrast, streams are intermittent (6-8 months of water) in catchments dominated by monoculture plantations and seasonal (4 months, monsoon period) in catchments with vegetation cover lower than 30%. The study highlights the need to maintain ecosystem integrity to sustain water. Also, lower instances of COVID 19 in villages with native forests emphasize ecosystems' role in maintaining the health of biota. The need to maintain native vegetation in the catchment and its potential to support people's livelihood with water availability at local and regional levels is evident from the revenue of Rs. Rs.2,74,658 ha-1 yr-1 (in villages with perennial streams and farmers growing cash crops or three crops a year due to water availability), Rs. 1,50,679 ha-1 yr-1 (in villages with intermittent streams) and Rs. 80000 ha-1 yr-1 (in villages with seasonal streams). Also, the crop yield (at least 1.5 to 1.8 times) is higher in agriculture fields due to efficient pollination with the prevalence of diverse pollinators in the vicinity of native forests. The study emphasizes the need for maintaining the natural flow regime and prudent management of watershed to i) sustain higher faunal diversity, ii) maintain the health of water body, and iii) sustain people's livelihood with higher revenues. Hence, the premium should be on conserving the forests with native species to sustain water and biotic diversity in the water bodies, vital for food security. There still exists a chance to restore the lost natural ecosystems through appropriate ecological restoration approaches, with location-specific conservation and management practices to ensure adequate and clean water for all. GDP (Gross Domestic Product), a measure of the current economic well-being of a population, based on the market exchange of material well-being, will indicate resource depletion/degradation only through a positive gain in the economy and will not represent the decline in these assets (wealth) at all. Thus, the existing GDP growth percentages used as yardsticks to measure the development and well-being of citizens in decision-making processes are substantially misleading, yet they are being used. The traditional national accounts need to include resource depletion or degradation due to developmental activities and climate change. The country should move toward adopting Green GDP by accounting for the environmental consequences of the growth in the conventional GDP, which entails monetizing the services provided by ecosystems, the degradation cost of ecosystems, and accounts for costs caused by climate change. The forest ecosystems are under severe threat due to anthropogenic pressures, which are mostly related to the GDP.The appraisal of forest ecosystem services and biodiversity can help clarify trade­-offs among conflicting environmental, social, and economic goals in the development and implementation of policies and to improve the management in order biodiversity.Natural capital accounting and valuation of ecosystem services reveal that forest ecosystems provide (i) provisioning services (timber, fuelwood, food, NTFP, medicines, genetic materials) of Rs 2,19,494 ha-1 yr-1, (ii) regulating services (global climate regulation - carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and soil fertility, water regulation and groundwater recharge, water purification, pollination, waste treatment, air filtration, local climate regulation) of Rs 3,31,216 ha-1 yr-1 and (iii) cultural services (aesthetic, spiritual, tourism and recreation, education and scientific research) of Rs.1,04,561 ha-1 yr-1. Total ecosystem supply value (TESV), an aggregation of provisioning, regulating, and cultural services, amounts to Rs. 6,56,172 ha-1 yr-1, and the Net Present Value (NPV) of one hectare of forests amounts to 16.88 million rupees ha-1. NPV helps in estimating ecological compensation while diverting forest lands for other purposes. The recovery of an ecosystem with respect to its health, integrity, and sustainability is evident from an initiative of planting (500 saplings of 49 native species) in a degraded landscape (dominated by invasive species) of two hectares in the early 1990s at the Indian Institute of Science campus (Ramachandra et al., 2016),and the region has now transformed into a mini forest with numerous benefits such as improvements in groundwater at 3-6 m (compared to 30-40 m in 1990), moderated microclimate (with lower temperature) and numerous fauna (including four families of Slender Loris). While confirming the linkages of hydrology, ecology, and biodiversity, the experiment advocates the need for integrated watershed approaches based on sound ecological and engineering protocols to sustain water and ensure adequate water for all. A well-known and successful model of integrated wetlands ecosystem (Secondary treatment plant integrated with constructed wetlands and algae pond) at Jakkur Lake in Bangalore (Ramachandra et al., 2018) provides insights into the optimal treatment of wastewater and mitigation of pollution. Complete removal of nutrients and chemical contaminants happens when partially treated sewage (secondary treated) passes through constructed wetlands and algae pond (sedimentation pond), undergoes bio-physical and chemical processes. The water in the lake is almost potable with minimal nutrients and microbial counts. This model has been functioning successfully for the last ten years after interventions to rejuvenate the lake. This system is one of the self-sustainable ways of lake management while benefitting all stakeholders - washing, fishing, irrigation, and local people. Wells in the buffer zone (500 m), now have higher water levels and are without any nutrients (nitrate). Groundwater quality assessment in 25 wells in the same region during 2005 (before the rejuvenation of Jakkur Lake) had higher nitrate values. Adopting this model ensures optimal sewage treatment at decentralized levels, and letting treated water to the lake also provides nutrient-free and clean groundwater. The Jal Shakti ministry,the Government of India, through Jal Jeevan Mission, has embarked on the noble and novel mission of providing tap water supply to all rural households and public institutions in villages such as schools, health centers, panchayat buildings, etc. The success of this program depends on the availability of water. The imminent threat of acute water scarcity due to climate changes with global warming necessitates implementing integrated watershed development (planting of native species in the watershed of water bodies), rainwater harvesting (rooftop harvesting at individual household levels, and retaining rainwater in rejuvenated lakes, which also helps in recharge of groundwater) and reuse of wastewater through treatment at decentralized levels (a model similar to Jakkur lake at Bangalore). These prudent management initiatives at decentralized levels throughout the country aid in achieving the goals of providing clean and adequate water to the local community.

The growing number of small tenures in British Columbia creates new demands on local organizations to manage public forest lands. To deal with these demands, small tenure holders must develop governance practices that address both accountability and participation. Local participation is especially important for Community Forest Agreement (CFA) holders to ensure that community members are actively involved in decision-making processes. Both cfas and Woodlot licensees have upward accountability to the B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range. Holders of CFAs also have downward accountability to members of the local community. Community forests in the province have adopted various legal structures. Private corporations owned by local government are popular vehicles to hold CFAs and have commercial advantages, but their structure is less accountable than others. Although it is important to separate the political decisions of community forest governance from the technical decisions of management, both are needed. Experience with small tenures in other countries suggests that scope exists for sustainable, commercial forest management based on a substantial degree of local autonomy, if accompanied by technical support and oversight from governments, as well as training, extension, and services from voluntary associations of local tenure holders. Further study of options and experience with local forest governance and management will be helpful for small tenures in British Columbia.

Taraba State is endowed with natural resources; vast lands, water resources, animal resources and human resources. However, amidst plenty, food insecurity and incessant crisis ravage the government efforts to sustainable agricultural and economic development. This paper discusses the nexus between Climate vagaries and skirmish leading to shift in crop yields. It assesses grain yield variation, problems and prospect across the local governments in Taraba State. Apart from personal observation and focus group discussion, the paper relied mainly on secondary data that were generated through the analysis of relevant data from government and non-governmental agencies. Rainfall and agronomic data were collected from Upper Benue River Basin and Ministry of Taraba Agricultural Development Program (TADP) respectively. These were collated and analyzed using standardized anomaly index and linear regression in SPSS environment. The study fails to reject the null hypotheses that no relationship exists between the average annual rainfall and quantity of sorghum produced annually. It recommends application of biotechnology using (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) for animal feeds and food crop diversification to cushion the ever increasing demand for forage that often vortex crisis in the state. SFF can stand heavy grazing reduce roaming encourage ranching eliminate crisis.

Globally, housing construction is well known to be capital and labour intensive. These ‘two resources seem to elude women. Where women are found to operate in construction, it is usually at menial capacity that does not require any particular skill set. Consequently, the role and challenges of women in housing have not been adequately addressed in the literature. This study therefore examines the role of women in housing construction in Osogbo local government with a view of determining the challenges faced by women in housing construction. The study used case study research design. Both primary and secondary data were sourced for the study. Primary data were collected through a set of pretested questionnaires administered on 205 female professionals, women generally and on-site workers purposively selected in the study area. Secondary data were collected from Osogbo local government, Ministry of Lands, Physical Planning, and some Professional bodies in Osun State. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data at p d” 0.05 alpha level. The study revealed that 52.0% of women on-site were below 35 years of age. 89.3% earned N9, 000 per month; 40.0% had no formal education; the role of professional women in housing construction includes project monitoring and supervision (100.0%) and fetching of water. A total of 60.5% of the on-site respondents were faced with sexual harassment. Chi square analysis shows that there is significant difference in the role and challenges faced by women in the construction industry in Oshogbo. Women were found to have played some definite roles in the construction industry and face a lot of challenges including sexual harassments. Therefore, the role of women should be emphasized while challenges be addressed through law against such act when reported by the victims.

Abstract Background When policy implementation is not regularly monitored and evaluated, it risks irrelevance to changing conditions and, over time, its original purpose can even be forgotten. In 1975, the government of Botswana instituted co-payments for public healthcare, a policy which has remained largely unaltered since its introduction with the exception of two increases in the fee-level. Therefore, this study aims to critically analyze the institutional design and operation of Botswana's co-payment policy for public healthcare. Methods Using documentary analysis and interviews with 32 key informants, Botswana's longstanding policy requiring a modest co-payment in public healthcare facilities was analysed. Data were analysed thematically in an inductive way. Results The findings revealed the policy was not monitored, rarely evaluated and became both ineffective and inefficient, costing more to administer than was received in revenue. The Ministry of Health and Wellness no longer had a copy of the original policy and there was no corporate memory of its original purpose. Informants were confused about the policy and why it was still in place after four decades. There was absence of requirements for monitoring and evaluation in the original policy. The top-down policy development failed to explain rationale for policy and mobilize popular support leading to civil society ignorant of the policy. Conclusions The consequences of policy amnesia in this study are evident. The lack of timely policy evaluation influenced discretionary powers for administrators applying the co-payment leading to the problems of partiality. Uneconomic financial returns as a result of inflation and poor enforcement mechanisms continued without causing concerns. That might have been undermined by placing emphasis on the role of central actors and ignoring the involvement and significance of the local actors, who are in a much better situation to propose and implement purposeful policies. Key messages Lack of regular policy monitoring and evaluation risks irrelevance to changing conditions, and overtime, the policy’s original purpose is easily forgotten. Requirements for policy monitoring and evaluation need to be explained with the initial policy and enforcement mechanisms put in place.

AbstractThe desert‐adapted lions (Panthera leo) of northwest Namibia inhabit arid and semi‐arid habitats, primarily within communal conservancy lands, which they share with semi‐nomadic pastoralists. Though of considerable conservation interest, no systematic population survey of these lions has previously been attempted. From 6 November 2022 to 6 January 2023, 45 trained surveyors covered approximately 40,000 km2 of conservancy and government‐managed lands, identifying individual lions by vibrissae (whisker‐spot) patterns and other demographic indicators. A systematic whole count, identifying every adult individual, was used to estimate population size. This approach drew upon the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of the Lion Rangers, community conservationists responsible for identifying and monitoring lions in their respective communal conservancies, as well as Regional Services staff of Namibia's Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (MEFT). The population is estimated between 57 and 60 individual adult lions and 14 cubs; this represents an inferred decrease of 46–60% over the past five years. At 0.11–0.12 lions/100 km2, this is the lowest recorded density for a free‐ranging, self‐sustaining lion population in Africa. Thirty‐six female and 21 male lions were found during the survey, yielding a sex ratio of 1 ♀: 0.58 ♂. While the population is considered stable and self‐sustaining despite recent declines, human‐lion conflict (HLC) remains the primary cause of lion mortality and recent drops in available prey are also concerning. Results serve as a baseline for future surveys, which will be an important part of monitoring this relatively small, widely dispersed population.

Biodiversity conservation is a national priority in Indonesia as a part of the implementation of sustainable development. Both in-situ and ex-situ conservation should be practised so as to make certain that biodiversity can be conserved, studied and sustainably utilized. The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) and Ministry of Environment & Forestry (KLHK) are responsible for the conservation of biodiversity as the scientific authority and management authority, respectively. Several pathways of ex-situ conservation may be undertaken through restoration of degraded ecosystems, improvement of fallows, development of arboreta, botanical gardens (BG), city parks, and biodiversity parks, planting road-side trees and rehabilitation of degraded lands using indigenous species, particularly rare and protected species. Ex-situ conservation of plant species through the above-mentioned pathways will become increasingly important, as in-situ conservation is facing many constraints. Several sites in Wallacea have been designated as ex-situ conservation areas such as the Toraut Arboretum at Bogani Nani Warta Bone in North Sulawesi [proposed by the Wallacea Development Institute (WDI), and established by local government in 1994], and five new botanical gardens: Massenrempulu, Jompie, Minahasa, Pucak, and Kendari. This paper describes the roles of the floristic conservation pathways and outlines the development of the above-mentioned arboretum and botanical gardens as case examples.

Land records are considered proof of ownership, right to land ownership, and boundaries. Land records provide two types of important evidence. First, they often document family relationships. Second, they place individuals in a specific time and place. This study sought to examine the management of land resettlement records in one of the rural districts in Zimbabwe (this rural district will be anonymously referred to as the “Village”). The research problem was triggered by the heirs of a late neighbour who were on the verge of losing their homestead due to lack of documentation stating the ownership of their acquired land. It remains uncertain whether proper records management practices are being adhered to in this rural village. Therefore, this article sought to determine the types of records created at this village. Furthermore, the article meant to establish the processes and procedures involved in the management of land resettlement records at this village and also to identify if there are challenges faced in the management of such and what these are. The constructivism paradigm and a qualitative research methodology were applied. A case study design was used. The findings revealed that the records were kept at the village clerk’s homestead. The major challenges identified were the lack of proper records management systems, the lack of storage facilities, the invisibility of the governmental archival support structures such as the National Archives of Zimbabwe and trained records officers. The study recommends a collaboration between the National Archives of Zimbabwe, the Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Water, Climate and Rural Resettlement and the Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and National Housing, including the Village being researched, so as to train them about proper records management practices.

New Zealand responded swiftly to the Covid-19 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to prevent the spread of sickness and prevent unnecessary deaths. The government initiated a four-level social distancing alert system with specified measures at each level to manage and minimise the risk of COVID-19. By late March 2020, Alert Level 4 required people to stay in their homes in their ‘bubbles’ or family units. Social contact was restricted other than for essential personal movement and travel was severely limited. The Ministry of Health (2020) produced tangihanga (funeral rituals) policy guidelines for Māori, requiring the immediate collection of the deceased’s body by a funeral director. Gatherings to do with death and post-death customs were severely restricted and all marae (indigenous gathering places, land, buildings) were closed and burials could only include the immediate family bubble. In this autoethnographic paper, we draw on one Māori family’s experience of the birth and death of a baby with an anticipated life-limiting illness, during the most restrictive lockdown phase, level 4. We describe the impact COVID-19 tangihanga policy restrictions had on the family. The guidelines prevented them from conducting timely customary internment rituals with support from kaumātua (older men and women) and whānau (family including extended family and friends) in accordance with their cultural preferences. To prepare for future pandemics we recommend mana whenua (local Māori who have authority over their lands and marae) have autonomy to plan and manage tangihanga to avoid unnecessary distress, particularly where there is a known palliative condition.

Executive Summary Herdsmen-farmers conflict has displaced 1.5 million residents of Benue State, Nigeria, according to government officials. Internally displaced persons (IDPs) have lost livelihoods, farms, personal property and community infrastructure. The paper highlights the social challenges they have experienced and the response by government and international humanitarian agencies (IHAs) to their situations. Based on interviews with 12 IDPs belonging to the displaced population from Guma Local Government Area of Benue State and interviews with seven humanitarian workers, the paper finds that the IDPs: • Have lost family members, neighbors, farms, churches, health centers, and means of mobility. • Cannot safely return home or access their ancestral lands. • Cannot support themselves. • Cannot attend public school or progress to a university. • Lack access to quality health care. • Live with multiple families in insecure shelters. • Cannot reliably obtain birth registration and replace other destroyed documents. • Can register their names, family relations, and former villages, but not their losses, which might lead to compensation and help them to rebuild their lives. The paper makes the following recommendations. • Registration, Effective Remedies and Access to Justice: The Benue State Emergency Management Agency (BSEMA), Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs (FMHA) and United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) should document personal and community socio-economic losses to ascertain the extent of damage to IDPs in order to facilitate effective remedies. The Ministries of Justice, the National Human Rights Commission, and UNHCR should support the IDPs by providing them with information and procedures that allow them to secure full compensation for their losses, and with safe, permanent solutions to their situations, including full integration into their host communities, safe and voluntary return home, or resettlement in a third community. • Engage IDPs as Stakeholders: The Benue State Government should ensure that BSEMA communicates to IDPs the possibilities for voluntary and dignified safe return. If return is not immediately foreseeable, BSEMA should offer IDPs the means to relocate and resettle elsewhere. • Provision of Sustainable Social Amenities: BSEMA, the FMHA, and international humanitarian agencies (IHAs) should provide sustainable healthcare, shelter, education in IDP camps, financial assistance and the means to access services outside of IDP camps. • Peace through Establishment of Ranches: Benue State Government’s Peace Commission should resolve the herdsmen-farmer conflict and restore peace by promoting peaceful co-existence between the conflicting parties. Herdsmen should be educated on the procedures for legal land acquisition for ranching, and farmers should be able to seek legal redress when their farms are damaged by grazing cattle. BSEMA and the Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs should also facilitate voluntary, safe and dignified return of IDPs or their resettlement in another community. • Safeguard IDP Camps: BSEMA and the Nigeria security agencies should safeguard official and unofficial IDP camps. • Inclusive Policy Implementation: The FMHA in collaboration with the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) should develop humanitarian response plans that are beneficial to all IDPs in Nigeria irrespective of the cause of their displacement.

This proceeding consists of the peer-reviewed papers from the 11th IGRSM International Conference and Exhibition on Geospatial & Remote (IGRSM 2022), which was organised by the Institution of Geospatial and Remote Sensing Malaysia (IGRSM). The conference was organised on 8 - 9 March 2022. Due to the evolving COVID-19 situation, the conference has been conducted online. The conference, with the theme “Geospatial Science and Technology in Rebuilding a Pandemic Hit Society” is very imperative in the context of the current development of geospatial technologies worldwide. As the world learns to adapt and move on with the COVID-19 disruption, the significance of geospatial technologies becomes more pronounced. The conference aimed at disseminating knowledge and sharing expertise and experiences in geospatial sciences in all aspects of applications. It is also aimed at building linkages between local and international professionals in this field with industries. The co-organisers of the conference are Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Science & Technology Research Institute for Defence (STRIDE), Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, and GPS Lands (M) Sdn. Bhd. It was powered by GIS Innovation Sdn. Bhd. and Smart Selangor Sdn. Bhd. IEEE Geoscience & Remote Sensing Society (GRSS) Malaysia Chapter is a Supporting Organiser, while the Media Partners are GeoConnexion and Coordinates. Highlights of the conference include: • Keynote presentations by: o Dr. Maheshwara Rao Appannan, Head of Data, Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (CPRC), Ministry of Health Malaysia: The Roles of Science and Technology in Dealing with Local Impacts of Covid-19 Pandemic o Mdm. TPr. Norliza Hashim, Chief Executive of Urbanice Malaysia: Urban Planning Perspectives in Developing Pandemic Resilience Nations o Ms. Doria Tai Yun Tyng, Director of Digital Government at State Public Service Department at Sabah State Government: Geospatial applications for Covid-19: Sabah experience • Presentation sessions covered on Technology Trends, Navigation, Big Data, Forestry, Agriculture, Infrastructure & Urban Planning, Land Use / Land Cover Mapping, Disaster Management, and Environmental Monitoring. We would like to thank all parties involved in making the conference a success, including keynote speakers, session chairpersons, presenters, the organising and technical programme committees, student volunteers, and many others of various roles. Prof. Gs. Dr. Abdul Rashid Mohamed Shariff Chairman 11th IGRSM International Conference and Exhibition on Geospatial & Remote Sensing (IGRSM 2020) President Institution of Geospatial and Remote Sensing Malaysia (IGRSM)