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Kulkarni, Bharati. « Determinants and measurement of lean body mass in Indian adults ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/74747/1/Bharati_Kulkarni_Thesis.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Indians tend to have lower lean body mass than other ethnic groups which increases the risk of chronic diseases. Three complementary studies included in this thesis advanced knowledge on determinants of lean body mass in Indians and the techniques to measure it. The first study examined the determinants of lean body mass in young Indian adults and highlighted the importance of diet and physical activity for development of lean body mass. This study has important implications for policy on prevention of chronic diseases in India. The other two studies helped refinement of the techniques of lean body mass measurement and are expected to facilitate future research in this area. The thesis is presented in the form of publications in high ranking journals.
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SERVIDIO, MICHELE FRANCESCO. « La Lean-body mass nella definizione del metabolismo di base ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1249.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Questa tesi tratta dello studio della composizione corporea (Body Composition, BC) "in vivo" e del metabolismo energetico dell'uomo.
Sono trattate le varie tecniche di misura e stima della composizione corporea e del metabolismo basale con raffronti tra le varie metodiche, limiti e accuratezza di ciascuna.
In particolare, sono stati presi in considerazione la Lean-Body Mass (LBM) misurata mediante Densitometria a due livelli energetici di raggi X (Dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry, DXA), il consumo d' ossigeno (VO2) e il metabolismo basale (Resting Metabolic Rate, RMR) misurati mediante Calorimetria Indiretta.
All' analisi statistica è stata verificata una forte correlazione tra quantità di LBM e VO2 con valori diversi tra maschi e femmine. Partendo da tale presupposto, è stata elaborata una nuova formula per la stima del metabolismo di base diversificata per sesso che, confrontata con il RMR misurato, è risultata molto accurata. Tale formula è stata confrontata successivamente con la formula di Harris-Benedict e la formula di De Lorenzo, sicuramente valide ma meno attendibili rispetto alla nuova formula elaborata.
3
Lachenbruch, Charles. « A Study of Lean Body Mass in Estimating Basal Metabolic Rate ». Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc503992/.
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The primary purpose of the study was to determine if measured LBM could be used as a more powerful predictor of BMR than could surface area (SA) as calculated by the formula of DuBois and DuBois (1916). It was also of interest to develop a prediction equation for BMR using multiple regression analysis. Data from 82 women and 76 men were included in the study. Pearson product-moment correlations indicated that LBM was a better predictor for BMR than SA on either of the principal SA prediction equations, those of Aub and DuBois (1917) and Harris and Benedict (1919). Age, sex, and fat weight were not found to contribute significantly to prediction when included by multiple regression analyses. Linear equations for BMR as a function of LBM were developed for each sex. Tables based on these equations were also generated as a quick reference for clinicians.
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Puchala, Sarah E. « The Relationship Between Adiponectin Levels and Appendicular Lean Mass in Postmenopausal Women ». The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1436185475.
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Macnaughton, Lindsay Shiela. « The relationship of lean body mass and protein feeding : the science behind the practice ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24480.
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The development of lean body mass (LBM) is closely linked to protein feeding. Along with resistance exercise protein feeding, or amino acid provision, stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Repeated stimulation of MPS above protein breakdown results in lean mass accretion. Many athletes aim to build or maintain LBM. The aim of this thesis was to better understand the relationship between LBM and protein feeding in trained individuals. This aim was studied in the applied setting and at whole body, muscle and molecular level. Chapter 2 revealed differences in total body mass and LBM between young rugby union players competing at different playing standards. Protein consumption was higher in players that played at a higher standard. The protein consumption of players at both playing standards was higher than current protein recommendations for athletes. The Under 20 (U20) rugby union players in Chapter 3 also consumed more protein than current recommendations state. Their dietary habits changed depending on their environment and they consumed more protein while in Six Nations (6N) camp compared with out of camp. Also, there were changes in dietary habits for individuals, however, those changes did not occur at the group level. Using the camp as an education tool for good nutrition habits could be advantageous. As a group, rugby union players’ body composition did not change from pre to post a 6N tournament. However, there was individual variation, which could be meaningful for the individual players. We provide evidence suggesting that in elite sport, athletes should be considered as individuals as well as part of a group if appropriate. The protein ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K1) is part of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, which regulates MPS. The response of p70S6K1 activity was 62% greater following resistance exercise coupled with protein feeding compared with protein feeding alone in Chapter 3. P70S6K1 activity explained a small amount of the variation in previously published MPS data. The activity of the signalling protein p70S6K1 was unchanged in response to different doses of whey protein in Chapter 4 and 5. These data suggest that resistance exercise is a larger stimulus of p70S6K1 activity and when manipulating aspects of protein feeding p70S6K1 activation may be a limited measure. Consumption of 40 g of whey protein stimulated myofibrillar MPS to a greater extent than 20 g after a bout of whole body resistance exercise. The amount of LBM that the trained individual possessed did not influence this observed response. These data suggest that the amount of muscle mass exercised may influence the amount of protein required to increase MPS stimulation. For those engaging in whole body resistance exercise 20 g of protein is not sufficient to maximally stimulate MPS. The athletes in Chapters 2 and 3 of this thesis consumed more protein than current recommendations that do not take into account whole body exercise. Current post-exercise protein recommendations may no longer be optimal given this new information. Future work should directly investigate the MPS response to protein ingestion following resistance exercise engaging different amounts of muscle mass in well trained and elite populations. Identifying the protein dose required for maximal stimulation of MPS following whole body exercise would be an informative area of future research.
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Zillikens, M. Carola, Serkalem Demissie, Yi-Hsiang Hsu, Laura M. Yerges-Armstrong, Wen-Chi Chou, Lisette Stolk, Gregory Livshits et al. « Large meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies five loci for lean body mass ». NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625337.
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Lean body mass, consisting mostly of skeletal muscle, is important for healthy aging. We performed a genome-wide association study for whole body (20 cohorts of European ancestry with n = 38,292) and appendicular (arms and legs) lean body mass (n = 28,330) measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry or bioelectrical impedance analysis, adjusted for sex, age, height, and fat mass. Twenty-one single-nucleotide polymorphisms were significantly associated with lean body mass either genome wide (p < 5 x 10(-8)) or suggestively genome wide (p < 2.3 x 10(-6)). Replication in 63,475 (47,227 of European ancestry) individuals from 33 cohorts for whole body lean body mass and in 45,090 (42,360 of European ancestry) subjects from 25 cohorts for appendicular lean body mass was successful for five single-nucleotide polymorphisms in/ near HSD17B11, VCAN, ADAMTSL3, IRS1, and FTO for total lean body mass and for three single-nucleotide polymorphisms in/ near VCAN, ADAMTSL3, and IRS1 for appendicular lean body mass. Our findings provide new insight into the genetics of lean body mass.
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Prado, Peralta María Gabriela 1991. « Understanding the role of body weight and composition on lung function growth and decline ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669658.
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Background: There is evidence suggesting that body weight is associated with lung function, but results are contradictory and suffer from important limitations. We aimed to assess the association of body weight and composition with lung function growth and decline, overcoming some of the limitations of previous research.
Methods: We used data from three population-based cohorts: the Spanish INfancia y Medio Ambiente (‘Environment and Childhood’), the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children and the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Lung function was measured by spirometry. Body weight was assessed using body mass index (BMI). Body composition (lean body mass and fat mass) was measured using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner. We calculated changes over time and group-based trajectories of BMI, lean body mass and/or fat mass.
Results: (1) Independently of birth size, accelerated BMI gain from birth to four years was associated with higher lung function at seven years but also with airflow limitation. In contrast, children with lower birth size and slower BMI gain in early childhood had lower lung function at seven years. (2) Higher lean body mass from nine to fifteen years related to higher lung function at fifteen years in boys and girls. In addition, higher fat mass was associated with lower lung function in boys, and with airflow limitation in boys and girls. (3) The association of higher fat mass with airflow limitation at fifteen years was partly (20%) mediated by insulin resistance, but not by C-reactive protein. (4) Moderate and high weight gain during adulthood were associated with accelerated lung function decline, while weight loss was related to its attenuation.
Conclusions: Excess body weight and fat mass have deleterious effects on lung function over life span, while higher lean body mass benefits lung function growth. The effects of body weight on lung function seem reversible. This thesis highlights the importance of assessing body composition when studying the effects of body weight on respiratory health and of promoting body weight and fat mass control in order to reduce respiratory morbidity at all ages.Antecedentes: El peso corporal se ha asociado con la función pulmonar, pero hasta ahora los resultados han sido contradictorios y presentan limitaciones importantes. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la asociación del peso y la composición corporal con el desarrollo y el declive de la función pulmonar, superando algunas de las limitaciones de los estudios previos Métodos: Utilizamos datos de tres cohortes de base poblacional: INfancia y Medio Ambiente, en España, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, en Inglaterra, y European Community Respiratory Health Survey. La función pulmonar se midió mediante espirometría. El peso corporal se evaluó utilizando el índice de masa corporal (IMC). La composición corporal (masa magra y masa grasa) se midió utilizando un escáner de absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual. Calculamos cambios en el tiempo y trayectorias grupales de IMC, masa magra y/o masa grasa. Resultados: (1) Independientemente del peso al nacer, el aumento acelerado del IMC desde el nacimiento hasta los cuatro años se asoció con una mayor función pulmonar a los siete años, pero también con una limitación del flujo aéreo. En cambio, los niños con un peso al nacer más bajo y un aumento del IMC más lento mostraron una menor función pulmonar a los siete años. (2) Un mayor nivel de masa magra desde los nueve hasta los quince años se asoció con una mayor función pulmonar a los quince años en niños y niñas. Además, un mayor nivel de masa grasa se asoció con una menor función pulmonar en niños y con una limitación del flujo aéreo en niños y niñas. (3) La asociación entre un mayor nivel de masa grasa y la limitación del flujo aéreo a los quince años fue mediada en parte (20%) por la resistencia a la insulina, pero no por la proteína C-reactiva. (4) El aumento de peso moderado y alto en la edad adulta se asoció con un declive acelerado de la función pulmonar, mientras que la pérdida de peso se relacionó con su atenuación. Conclusiones: El exceso de peso y masa grasa tienen efectos nocivos sobre la función pulmonar a lo largo de la vida. En cambio, un mayor nivel de masa magra beneficia el desarrollo de la función pulmonar. Los efectos del peso sobre la función pulmonar parecen reversibles. Esta tesis resalta la importancia de evaluar la composición corporal al estudiar los efectos del peso sobre la salud respiratoria y de promover el control del peso y el nivel de masa grasa para reducir la morbilidad respiratoria en todas las edades.
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Williams, David. « Phosphatidic Acid Increases Lean Body Tissue and Strength In Resistance Trained Men ». Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5575.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Phosphatidic Acid (PA) is a natural phospholipid compound derived from lecithin which is commonly found in egg yolk, grains, fish, soybeans, peanuts and yeast. It has been suggested that PA is involved in several intracellular processes associated with muscle hypertrophy. Specifically, PA has been reported to activate protein synthesis through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and thereby may enhance the anabolic effects of resistance training. To our knowledge, no one has examined the effect of PA supplementation in humans while undergoing a progressive resistance training program. To examine the effect of PA supplementation on lean soft tissue mass (LM) and strength after 8 weeks of resistance training. Fourteen resistance-trained men (mean [plus or minus] SD; age 22.7 [plus or minus] 3.3 yrs; height: 1.78 [plus or minus] 0.10m; weight: 89.3 [plus or minus] 16.3 kg) volunteered to participate in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated measures study. The participants were assigned to a PA group (750mg/day; Mediator, ChemiNutra, MN, n=7) or placebo group (PL; rice flower; n=7), delivered in capsule form that was identical in size, shape and color. Participants were tested for 1RM strength in the bench press (BP) and squat (SQ) exercise. LM was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After base line testing, the participants began supplementing PA or PL for 8 weeks during a progressive resistance training program intended for muscular hypertrophy. Data was analyzed using magnitude-based inferences on mean changes for BP, SQ and LM. Furthermore, the magnitudes of the inter-relationships between changes in total training volume and LM were interpreted using Pearson correlation coefficients, which had uncertainty (90% confidence limits) of approximately +0.25. In the PA group, the relationship between changes in training volume and LM was large (r=0.69, [plus or minus] 0.27; 90%CL), however, in the PL group the relationship was small (r=0.21, [plus or minus] 0.44; 90%CL). PA supplementation was determined to be likely beneficial at improving SQ and LM over PL by 26% and 64%, respectively. The strong relationship between changes in total training volume and LM in the PA group suggest that greater training volume most likely lead to the greater changes in LM, however, no such relationship was found with PL group. For the BP data, the PA group resulted in a 42% greater increase in strength over PL, although the effect was considered unclear. While more research is needed to elucidate mechanism of action; the current findings suggest that in experienced resistance trained men supplementing 750mg PA per day for 8 weeks may likely benefit greater changes in muscle mass and strength compared with resistance training only.M.S.
Masters
Child, Family and Community Sciences
Education and Human Performance
Sport and Exercise Sciences; Applied Exercise Physiology
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Huffman, Hannah E. « The relationship between body composition and clinical outcomes in pediatric cystic fibrosis ». The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1583597480946455.
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Sultana, Rachelle. « Exercise Strategies for the Management of Adiposity and Lean Mass in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes ». Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22679.
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Background: Excess adiposity and low lean mass are independent risk factors and contribute to common complications of obesity, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). Physical activity is the cornerstone for obesity and T2D management and can effectively improve body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), however, it is poorly adhered to. Alternate efficacious exercise interventions for improving adiposity, lean mass and cardiometabolic disease risk factors in obesity and T2D should be explored. Studies and Methods: The study in Chapter 2 assessed the effect of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in comparison to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and non-exercise control (PLA) on fat, lean mass and CRF via systematic review and meta-analysis. The study in Chapter 3 examined the association between adiposity, lean mass, and diabetes severity in overweight/obese individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), pre-diabetes and T2D. A regression analysis was used to determine whether adiposity was an independent predictor of insulin resistance; and a comparison of cardiometabolic disease risk factors between individuals with NGT, pre-diabetes and T2D was undertaken. The study in Chapter 4 assessed the efficacy of MICT or low-volume HIIT versus PLA for improving adiposity, lean mass and CRF in adults with obesity and T2D. Findings: In Study 1, low-volume HIIT significantly improved CRF but was ineffective for improving fat and lean mass when compared to MICT or PLA. Study 2 showed that adiposity and lean mass were significantly associated with insulin resistance, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) independently predicted insulin resistance beyond traditional cardiometabolic disease risk factors in adults with overweight/obesity and NGT, pre-diabetes and T2D. Individuals with T2D had significantly higher adiposity, lean body mass, and insulin resistance in comparison to NGT and pre-diabetes groups. The final study demonstrated that 12-weeks of MICT or low-volume HIIT significantly improved CRF versus PLA; however, there was no evidence of a benefit on body composition or insulin sensitivity. Conclusions: VAT is a significant predictor of insulin resistance, independently of traditional cardiometabolic risk factors. Individuals with high VAT had greater insulin resistance and were more likely to have T2D. Low-volume aerobic exercise is ineffective for improving abdominal adiposity, lean mass and insulin sensitivity, but is a time-efficient form of exercise for increasing CRF in healthy adults and adults with obesity and T2D.
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Toss, Fredrik. « Body fat distribution, inflammation and cardiovascular disease ». Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för samhällsmedicin och rehabilitering, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-49833.
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the major health issues of our time. The prevalence of CVD is increasing, both in industrialized and in developing countries, and causes suffering and a decreased quality of life for millions of people worldwide. CVD can have multiple etiologies, but the main underlying cause is atherosclerosis, which causes blood clot formation and obstructs vital arteries. Multiple risk factors of atherosclerosis have been identified, and body fatness is one of the most important ones. The main aims of this thesis were to investigate the relation between body fatness and: CVD risk factors (paper I), incident stroke (paper II), and overall mortality (paper III). The results showed that abdominal obesity is strongly associated with both CVD risk factors and stroke incidence (papers I-II). The results also suggested that a substantial part of the association between increased body fat and stroke can be explained by an increase in traditional stroke risk factors associated with increased body fat (paper II). A gynoid fat distribution, with a high share of fat located around the hip, is, on the other hand, associated with lower risk factor levels in both men and women, and with a decreased risk of stroke in women (papers I-II). This illustrates the importance of assessing the overall distribution of body fat rather, than solely focusing on total body fatness. In elderly women, total body fat was found to be associated with increased survival, while abdominal fat moderately increased mortality risk (paper III). Lean mass (fat-free mass) was strongly associated with increased survival among elderly men and women (paper III). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is an indicator of inflammation and, possibly, an indicator of atherosclerotic disease. In paper IV, the relationship between ESR in young adulthood and the later risk of myocardial infarction (MI) was studied. Results showed that higher levels of ESR were associated with a higher MI risk, in a dose-responsive manner, and was independent of other well-established risk factors. In summary, both total and regional fat distribution are associated with CVD risk factors and stroke, but do not seem to correspond to an increase in mortality risk among the elderly. Also, inflammation, detected as an increase in ESR, is associated with long term MI risk in young men.
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Parker, Kerri Beth. « Dietary Protein Intake, Body Composition and Self-Reported Physical Functioning in U.S. Adults ». DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/394.
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Sarcopenia is a growing health problem in this country as more Americans are living well into old age. It has been thought that a higher protein intake may be related to greater lean muscle mass as well as greater muscular strength and physical functioning. The purpose of this research was to examine protein intake and its relationship to lean body mass and physical functioning in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults.
This research used cross-sectional data from the NHANES 2003-2004 to examine the relationship between protein intake, as an average from two 24h recalls, and dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) lean body mass measures. Additionally, these lean body mass measures were examined as predictive of Physical Limitation Score (PLS), an index created from self-reported difficulty in performing basic activities of daily living.
Protein intake was examined as total grams of intake, a percentage of total daily energy and as a percent contributed by animal foods. The lean body mass measures used in this analysis included: total lean mass, appendicular lean mass, muscle mass index [lean mass / height (m2)], appendicular lean mass [appendicular lean mass / height (m2)] and percent lean body mass. Questions used to create the self-reported index of functioning, the Physical Limitation Score (PLS), included difficulty in independently: walking ¼ mile, walking up ten stairs without resting, lifting and carrying 10lbs and standing from an armless straight chair.
It was found that protein intake significantly, positively predicted lean body mass in select age-gender groups, while more often in men than in women. Total grams of protein intake positively predicted total and appendicular muscle mass index in men ages 19-50 (p-value <0.05), appendicular muscle mass index in men ages 51-70 (p-value 0.038) and percent lean mass in men 71+ years (p-value 0.026). Protein as a percent of energy was a significant, positive predictor of appendicular lean mass in men 19-50 (p-value 0.048), muscle mass index in women 19-50 (p-value 0.007), appendicular muscle mass index in women 19-50 (p-value 0.024) and percent lean mass in men 71+ years (p-value 0.019). Protein as a percent of energy was a significant negative predictor of percent lean mass in older women 71+ years (p-value 0.046). Protein as a percent contributed by animal foods was not a significant predictor of lean mass in any age-gender group.
It was also found that Physical Limitation Score (PLS) was surprisingly positively predicted by total and appendicular lean and total and appendicular muscle mass index in nearly all age-gender groups (p-value <0.05) or at least moderately, positively predicted by these (p-value <0.10), meaning that having a greater amount of lean mass predicted greater physical limitation. The only exception was percent lean mass, which was a significant negative predictor of PLS in men and women 60-70 years (p-value <0.05). In this case, a higher percent lean mass was associated with less physical limitation. Additional follow-up analyses revealed that total body fat mass (kg) and percent body fat were significant positive predictors of PLS in most age-gender groups (p-value <0.05), indicating that higher amounts of body fat predicted greater self-reported limitation.
Protein expressed as total grams per day or as a percent of total daily energy were generally significant or marginally significant predictors of lean mass in men of all ages but not often in women while protein as a percent contributed by animal foods was not found to be a significant predictor in any age-gender group. Total lean mass, total fat mass and total percent body fat were generally significant positive predictors of physical limitation, calling into question the functional implications of body composition in an older population. Results suggest that in older adults, excess body fat may be a stronger predictor of physical limitation than low lean muscle mass.
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Mackenzie, Kristen. « Nutrition for promoting gains in lean mass in rugby athletes : Considerations for applied sports nutrition research and practice ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/114504/1/Kristen_MacKenzie%20Thesis.pdf.
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Nutrition is important to promote adaptations to rugby training. Rugby athletes undertake regular training to enhance performance, endurance, strength, speed and power and promote desired changes in body composition. Through a series of studies this research focussed on the roles of energy and macronutrient intake to promote protein synthesis to optimise skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Assessments of rugby athletes' resting metabolic rate, body composition and nutritional intake were undertaken to characterise their energy requirements. Based on protein's critical contribution to promoting muscle protein synthesis, the role of manipulating protein distribution to enhance chronic gains in lean mass was explored. Finally, due to the high satiating efficiency of protein, the effect of protein dose on appetite and food intake was examined in rugby and resistance training athletes. Collectively the findings support that a range of dietary factors including total energy and macronutrient intake will impact on chronic changes in lean mass in rugby athletes. Despite a series of analytical and methodological challenges when performing applied sports nutrition research, field studies are critical to inform sports nutrition practice.
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Phillips, Emily Marie. « A Study to Examine the Effects of Resistance Training on Motor Function, Cognitive Performance, Physical Strength, Body Composition, and Mood in Adults with Down Syndrome ». The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1584440781994656.
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Breithaupt, Peter G. « Validation of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Composition Assessment Methodologies in the Obese Pediatric Population ». Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20363.
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Rates of obesity (OB) are escalating among Canadian children and youth and the obesogenic environment is likely to cause further increases. An important aspect in providing clinical care to OB children is to have accurate assessment measures, particularly of their body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness. This project entails three interrelated projects aiming to develop novel cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition measurement techniques for an OB pediatric population. The purpose of the first project was to validate a new submaximal fitness protocol specifically geared towards OB children and youth. The second objective of this thesis involved assessing cardiorespiratory efficiency utilizing the Oxygen Uptake efficiency slope. The purpose of the third project was to determine the validity of a half-body scan methodology for measuring body composition in obese children and youth. The goal of developing these novel measurement techniques is improved design and evaluation of interventions aimed at managing pediatric obesity.
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Rayhel, Laura H. « Intra- and Inter-Rater Reliability in the Cross-Sectional Area of Feline Epaxial Musculature on CT Scan ». The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1586456088886131.
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Israetel, Michael Alexandrovich. « The Interrelationships of Fitness Characteristics in Division 1 Athletes ». Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1194.
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The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the interrelationships of several important fitness characteristics in Division 1 athletes. Sport performance magnitude is the summation of an individual athlete’s technical, psychological, and fitness characteristics. Athletes who excel in any or all characteristics perform better in their chosen sports. General fitness characteristics that are important to almost all sports include strength, power, vertical jump height, shortdistance sprinting ability, muscularity, and body fat percentage. These variables have been shown in previous research to independently affect athletic performance outcomes, but their relationships to one another are less clear. Eighty Division I athletes from 4 sports were examined in a variety of fitness characteristics as part of a continuous athlete monitoring program. Data on strength, power, vertical jump height, short-distance sprinting speed, muscularity, and body fat percentage were collected and analyzed. Analysis revealed several important relationships. Firstly, strength is highly related to muscularity, with lean body mass as one of the most important determinants of strength. Secondly, athletes who can produce high relative (scaled per body mass) forces and powers tend to be considerably higher jumpers and much faster sprinters. Lastly, leaner athletes out-perform less lean athletes in almost every metric, especially relative strength and power, vertical jumping ability, and sprinting ability.
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Leonard, Kenneth Paul. « Influence of age on lean body mass, grip strength, and sensory motor function in young and old F344 rats a cross sectional and longitudinal approach / ». Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida State University, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/lib/digcoll/undergraduate/honors-theses/329860.
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Thesis (Honors paper)--Florida State University, 2009.Advisor: Dr. Jeong-Su Kim, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Dept. of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences. Includes bibliographical references.
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Forsyth, Ashley T. « Effects of Fat-Free and 2% Chocolate Milk on Strength and Body Composition Following Resistance Training ». Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1633.
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Nutrition and recovery go hand in hand. After a resistance training workout, it is extremely important for athletes to rebuild and refuel their bodies with the proper nourishment to obtain maximal results. In doing so, they consume different recovery aids or ergogenic aids for gains in muscle mass, an aid in hydration, and a speedy recovery. Ergogenic aids can include many things (i.e., improved equipment, training program), but one of the most popular types of ergogenic aids is nutritional supplements such as protein, carbohydrates, creatine, and vitamins. A nutritional supplement that has recently grown in popularity is chocolate milk. Currently, no studies exist comparing the effects of fat-free chocolate milk and 2% chocolate milk on muscular strength and body composition in collegiate softball players. The purpose of this study will be to determine the effects of fat-free and 2% chocolate milk ingestion on body composition and muscular strength following eight weeks of resistance training. In a randomized (matched according to strength and bodyweight), double blind experimental design, 18 female, collegiate softball players (18.5 +_ .7 yrs; 65.7 +_ 1.8 inches; 156.2 +_ 21.6 lbs) ingested either fat-free chocolate milk or 2% chocolate milk immediately after resistance exercise workouts for an 8-week period. Dependent variables included body fat percentage, lean muscle mass, bench press 1RM, and leg press 1RM. Data was analyzed via a paired samples t-test (to detect difference across both groups over the 8-week training period) and an independent samples t-test (to detect differences between the groups) using SPSS for Windows 15.0. No statistically significant differences were found in bench press strength, leg press strength, body fat %, and lean body mass between the fat-free group and the 2% chocolate milk group. The major finding of this study is that there is no difference between fat-free chocolate milk and 2% chocolate milk in regards to body fat percentage, lean body mass, bench press maximal strength, and leg press maximal strength following an eight week exercise program where the chocolate milk was ingested immediately after each workout. However, there was a significant difference in both groups combined after the eight week training program. Therefore, from a practical sense, consumption of either fat-free chocolate milk or 2% chocolate milk in conjunction with a periodized resistance training program does improve exercise performance in regards to maximal strength as well as improvements in body fat percentage and lean body mass.
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Chu, Ying-Yueh. « Body fat mass, blood parameters, glucose tolerance test, and fatty acid synthesis and various metabolites in hepatocytes of shhf/mcc-cp obese male and female and homozygous and heterozygous lean male rats / ». The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487777901659766.
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Bone, Julia Lizet. « The effects of environment, diet and exercise on the reliability and validity of measurements of resting metabolic rate and body composition in athletes ». Phd thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2017. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/1b15286247babb3611beb870c0638a9665e6db2ec7481937bead51b19c647080/13327631/Bone_2017_The_effects_of_environment_diet_and.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Resting energy expenditure (REE) can be reduced in situations of Low Energy Availability (LEA) in athletes, providing both a diagnostic sign of LEA and a potent risk factor for illness, injury and sub-optimal health. Current protocols regarding pre-measurement standardisation for REE are based on non-athlete populations, often following stringent rest and fasting protocols that would not be practical in a high performance environment. Furthermore, the reliability of measurements derived from these protocols has often been assessed in general and clinical populations and is unknown in an athlete population. Characteristics of the test protocol which alter an athlete's presentation (e.g. the location of the test, the duration of recovery from the last exercise bout) and changes in the athlete's own characteristics (changes in intramuscular solute and water content) were identified as variables that could affect the reliability of measurement of REE. This thesis presents a series of distinct but related studies which examine the how these variables affect the measurement and interpretation of REE in athletes.
Study 1 examined the effect of testing location on REE in 32 elite and sub-elite athletes. REE was measured either at their bedside upon waking (inpatient) and as an outpatient (laboratory) protocol in a cross-over design following 8 h overnight fasts prior to each measurement. The day to day variation and reliability of each protocol was also assessed. There was no difference in REE when measured under the inpatient or outpatient protocols (7302 ± 1272 and 7216 ± 1119 kJ/d respectively). Both protocols showed good day to day reliability (inpatient 96%, outpatient 97%), however, the outpatient protocol was found to have a greater typical error (TE) (478 kJ/d) and to be less sensitive to changes in REE than the inpatient protocol (336kJ/d).
Study 2 was a pilot study that investigated the effect of acute exercise on REE. A cross-over intervention was used in ten male athletes. Measurements were undertaken following training sessions in the morning and afternoon to determine REE approximately 12, 24, 36 and 48 h post exercise. There was a trend for REE to decrease with increasing rest time from exercise, with REE measured 48 h post exercise being significantly lower than REE measured at 12 h. However, the difference of 375 kJ/d was within the typical error determined in Study 1.
Study 3 focused on the reliability of DXA estimates of lean mass (LM), which is important in the interpretation of REE relative to fat free mass (FFM). Intramuscular solutes and fluid were manipulated through a series of glycogen depletion, glycogen loading and creatine loading protocols in 18 male cyclists. Main outcome measures were total body and leg LM measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and total body water (TBW) measured by bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS). Changes in the mean were considered substantial if they reached the threshold for the smallest worthwhile effect of the treatment. There were substantial increases in TBW (2.3 and 2.5%), total body (2.1 and 3.0%) and leg LM (2.6 and 3.1%) following glycogen loading and the combined glycogen-creatine loading protocols respectively. Glycogen depletion caused a substantial decrease in leg LM (- 1.4%) and trivial decrease in total body LM (-1.3%). Creatine loading resulted in substantial increases in TBW and in trivial increases in LM measures.
Study 4 addressed the potential development of a practical method to determine an athlete's glycogen stores in combination with DXA-derived estimates of LM by investigating the validity of measuring muscle glycogen via a non-invasive ultrasound technique. The same cohort and design involved in Study 2 was used in this investigation, with the ultrasound derived estimates of muscle glycogen concentration and changes in glycogen concentration being compared with results derived from direct (biopsy-derived) measurements. Poor correlations and substantially large or unclear errors were determined for the ultrasound estimates of muscle glycogen compared to muscle biopsy. Therefore, under the conditions employed in the current study design, the ultrasound technique was unable to accurately predict either single measures of muscle glycogen or changes in muscle glycogen stores.
Study 5 applied the findings from Study 3 to investigate how changes in muscle glycogen influence the measurement and interpretation of REE in athletes, with particular interest in its effect on the sensitivity to detect changes in REE over time or as a result of an intervention. The investigation was undertaken within a larger study of the effect of adaptation to a low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diet during a 21 day training camp for endurance athletes. Nineteen elite male race-walkers participated in this study; ten were assigned to the control group (CHO) where they received a diet providing 60% of energy from carbohydrate while nine were in the intervention group in which carbohydrate was restricted to70% of their energy intake for this period.
Before and after the dietary interventions, measurements were made of REE, body composition (DXA) and TBW (BIS). Information derived from Study 3 to distinguish acute changes in TBW associated with changes in intramuscular glycogen and its bound water, from true (chronic) changes in muscle mass, was applied to the baseline and post-intervention measures of LM in all athletes. There was a significant decrease in FFM between Baseline and uncorrected Post-Intervention values FFM (-1.4; 95% CI -2.0, -0.80 kg). Using the uncorrected measures of FFM, we interpreted that no change in relative REE between baseline and post intervention occurred in either group. However, when the correction factor was applied to FFM of the LCHF group, correcting for the artefact of reduced muscle glycogen levels associated with restricted carbohydrate intake, we detected a decrease in relative REE post intervention measurements compared to baseline. The conclusions from this series of studies are; 1) Inpatient and outpatient protocols should not be used interchangeably when tracking changes in REE over time. 2) An 8 h overnight fast has good day to day reliability for both inpatient and outpatient protocols. 3) Rest time from exercise should be kept consistent between measures of REE for longitudinal monitoring. 4) Manipulations of muscle glycogen and creatine supplementation cause an artefact in the DXA which changes the estimate of LM accordingly. 5) Measurement of TBW via BIS is better suited to track changes in muscle glycogen than proprietary ultrasound technology. 6) A reduction in muscle glycogen stores, such as that achieved by the consumption of a LCHF diet, creates an artefact in the DXA-derived measurement of FFM, which could potentially alter the interpretation of relative REE. This knowledge should be integrated into best practice guidelines for the measurement of REE in athletes to enhance the reliability and validity of measurement as well as the interpretation of the results.
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Saylor, Shelby Marie. « EFFICACY OF WHOLE-BODY SUSPENSION TRAINING ON ENHANCING FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT ABILITIES FOLLOWING A SUPERVISED OR HOME-BASED 8-WEEK TRAINING PROGRAM ». Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1462890425.
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SGROI, MAURIZIO. « Ruolo della composizione corporea come determinante delle espressioni di forza ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/656.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La determinazione della massima forza sviluppabile dai muscoli è sicuramente un test utile per la valutazione dell’efficienza muscolare e delle capacità funzionali.
Obiettivo del presente lavoro è indagare sulle potenzialità di tale metodica nello studio della composizione corporea e della fisiologia dei distretti corporei, utilizzando la valutazione della forza e degli eventi meccanici ad essa connessi, come mezzo non invasivo di indagine.
L’analisi dei livelli di forza di alcuni distretti, comparati con alcuni parametri emergenti dallo studio della composizione corporea, può fornirci degli indicatori di efficienza muscolare, predittivi del rischio di insorgenza di obesità e patologie ad essa correlate.The determination of the maximum possible muscular strength is certainly a useful test for the evaluation of muscular efficiency and their functional capacity. The object of the present study is to investigate the potentiality of such a method in the study of the body composition and the physiology of the corporeal districts, utilizing the evaluation of the strength and of the mechanical events connected to it, as a non-invasive means of investigation. The analysis of the levels of strength of some districts, compared to some emerging parameters from the study of the body composition, may provide us with some indicators of muscular efficiency, that can predict a risk of the manifestation of obesity and related pathologies.
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Wagner, Nathan V. « DXA reference standards for percent body fat and lean body mass in adults ». 2013. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1713809.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) provides accurate measurements of percent body fat (%BF) and lean body mass (LBM), however no reference standards currently exist using DXA-derived data. This study’s purpose was to develop reference data sets for DXA-derived %BF and LBM, and to characterize the agreement of obesity classifications between BMI (≥30 kg/m2) and %BF (≥25% for men and ≥30% for women). 2,761 subjects were scanned from 2003-2013 using either the GE Medical Systems Lunar Prodigy or Lunar iDXA. Normative reference tables displaying mean values and select percentiles were created for %BF and LBM across defined age groups for both genders. Mean %BF and LBM closely reflected data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey across age groups in both genders. Agreements between BMI and %BF were 97% when identified as obese and 33% when identified as non-obese. Future research should consider creating a national registry for DXA-derived measurements.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Ross, A. W., L. Russell, Gisela Helfer, L. M. Thomson, M. J. Dalby et P. J. Morgan. « Photoperiod Regulates Lean Mass Accretion, but Not Adiposity, in Growing F344 Rats Fed a High Fat Diet ». 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10840.
Texte intégralRésumé :
yesIn this study the effects of photoperiod and diet, and their interaction, were examined for their effects on growth and body composition in juvenile F344 rats over a 4-week period. On long (16L:8D), relative to short (8L:16D), photoperiod food intake and growth rate were increased, but percentage adiposity remained constant (ca 3-4%). On a high fat diet (HFD), containing 22.8% fat (45% energy as fat), food intake was reduced, but energy intake increased on both photoperiods. This led to a small increase in adiposity (up to 10%) without overt change in body weight. These changes were also reflected in plasma leptin and lipid levels. Importantly while both lean and adipose tissue were strongly regulated by photoperiod on a chow diet, this regulation was lost for adipose, but not lean tissue, on HFD. This implies that a primary effect of photoperiod is the regulation of growth and lean mass accretion. Consistent with this both hypothalamic GHRH gene expression and serum IGF-1 levels were photoperiod dependent. As for other animals and humans, there was evidence of central hyposomatotropism in response to obesity, as GHRH gene expression was suppressed by the HFD. Gene expression of hypothalamic AgRP and CRH, but not NPY nor POMC, accorded with the energy balance status on long and short photoperiod. However, there was a general dissociation between plasma leptin levels and expression of these hypothalamic energy balance genes. Similarly there was no interaction between the HFD and photoperiod at the level of the genes involved in thyroid hormone metabolism (Dio2, Dio3, TSHβ or NMU), which are important mediators of the photoperiodic response. These data suggest that photoperiod and HFD influence body weight and body composition through independent mechanisms but in each case the role of the hypothalamic energy balance genes is not predictable based on their known function.
Scottish Government (Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/), AWR LR LMT PJM and the BBSRC, (http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/home/home.aspx, grant BB/K001043/1), AWR GH PJM
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« Dietary Protein Quality, Muscle Mass, and Strength in Vegetarian Athletes ». Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.46286.
Texte intégralRésumé :
abstract: Vegetarian diets can provide an abundance of nutrients when planned with care. However, research suggests that vegetarian diets may have lower protein quality than omnivore diets. Current protein recommendations assume that vegetarians obtain a majority of their protein from animal products, like dairy and eggs. Studies have shown that this assumption may not be valid. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) may not be adequate in vegetarian populations with high protein requirements. The purpose of this study is to analyze dietary protein quality using the DIAAS (Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score) method in both vegetarian and omnivore endurance athletes. 38 omnivores and 22 vegetarians submitted 7-day food records which were assessed using nutrition analysis software (Food Processor, ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA). Dietary intake data was used to calculate DIAAS and determine the amount of available dietary protein in subject diets. Dietary data was compared with the subjects’ lean body mass (obtained using DEXA scan technology), and strength (quantified using peak torque of leg extension and flexion using an isokinetic dynamometer). Statistical analyses revealed significantly higher available protein intake in the omnivore athletes (p<.001). There were significant correlations between available protein intake and strength (p=.016) and available protein intake and lean body mass (p<.001). Omnivore subjects had higher lean body mass than vegetarian subjects (p=.011). These results suggest that vegetarian athletes may benefit from higher overall protein intakes to make up for lower dietary protein quality.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Nutrition 2017
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Corbasson, Iris E. « The Association between Urinary Bisphenol-A, Phthalate Metabolites and Body Fat Composition in US Adults Using NHANES ». 2014. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/77.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Due to the widespread use of the endocrine disruptors Bisphenol-A (BPA) and phthalates in many plastic consumer goods, medical equipment, and personal care products, more than 95% of the US population show detectable levels of urinary BPA and phthalate metabolites. Both have been linked to increased body mass index (BMI in kg/m2), an inexpensive diagnostic tool for obesity, which may however not reflect body fatness. Since excess body fat is associated with cardiovascular diseases, cancer and type II diabetes, it is important to understand the relationship between body fat composition and exposure to BPA and phthalates, a relationship that is still unknown. Using NHANES 1999-2006 data on adults aged >20 years, we investigated the relationship between urinary BPA (N=2,534), monoethyl-phthalate (mEP, N=5,431), monobutyl-phthalate (mBP), monoethylhexyl-phthalate (mEHP) and monobenzyl-phthalate (mBzP, each N=5,436) measured by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and body fat composition measured as lean mass (LM, grams), fat mass (FM, grams) and percent body fat (%BF) using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. A multivariable linear regression analysis yielded that independently of BMI, BPA, mBP, and mBzP were inversely associated with LM (quartile 4 b=-862.16 (354.65), -731.76 (248.89), -909.13 (252.32), respectively; all p<0.02, p-trend<0.02); mEHP and FM were inversely associated (quartile 4 b=-297.98 (144.87), p=0.04, p-trend<0.02); BPA, mBP, and mBzP were positively associated with %BF but not clinically significant. These results provide novel insights in the relationship between urinary BPA, phthalates and LM independent of BMI, and it highlights the need for prospective studies establishing temporality of this relationship.
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Blaak, John B. « Effects of volume and exercise complexity on neural adaptations, strength gains and lean body mass in untrained adults ». 2002. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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Farracho, Lúcia Cristina Calisto. « Body composition and bone mineral density in male adults with hyperthyroidism. Which association ? » Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/24349.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014Hyperthyroidism is associated with reduced Bone Mineral Content and Density (BMC and BMD). Fat and lean masses may also be reduced and may influence the fracture risk, minor in males. Objectives: to study the effects of hyperthyroidism in the body composition and their associations in men. Methods: A group of 46 men aged <50 years old was divided in a hyperthyroidism (n=23) and in a control group (n=23) paired by age and height. The BMC (g) and the BMD (g/cm2), in several body regions, were evaluated by DEXA. Descriptive and comparative tests were used. Statistical significance was considered for P < 0.05. Results: Hyperthyroidism patients have shown reductions in BMC, BMD, T-score, Z-score and lean mass. No statistically significant differences were found in BMI and fat mass between the groups. Correlations statistically significant were found between losses of lean mass, fat mass and body weight with bone quality. Conclusion: In young males with hyperthyroidism there is a significant reduction of BMD and lean mass and a positive relation between lean and fat masses loss with the reduction of mineral bone density. This reduction seems to be correlated and caused by the faster bone turnover and proteolysis enhanced by TSH suppression. The correlations observed may due to the reduction effects in bone turnover of mechanical stress of the body weight and the estrogens effect produced by adypocites. All those results seem increase the risk of osteoporotic fractures, even in young men.
O hipertiroidismo associa-se a reduções do Conteúdo e da Densidade Mineral Óssea (CMO e DMO). Pensa-se que as massas gorda e magra poderão também diminuir, aumentando o risco de fratura, embora com menor impacto em homens. Objetivo: Estudar os efeitos do hipertiroidismo na composição corporal e suas associações em homens. Material e métodos: Um grupo de 46 homens de idade <50 anos foi dividido em dois grupos: hipertiroidismo (n= 23) e controlo (n= 23), emparelhados em idade e altura. O CMO (g/cm2) e a DMO (g/cm2) foram avaliados em diversas regiões corporais, por DEXA. Aplicou-se testes descritivos e comparativos. A significância estatística foi considerada para p <0,05. Resultados: Doentes com hipertiroidismo mostraram diminuição de DMO, CMO, T-score, Z-score e massa magra. Não foram encontrados resultados com significância estatística na massa gorda ou índice de massa corporal (IMC). Correlações estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas entre a perda de massa magra, massa gorda e peso corporal com a qualidade óssea. Conclusões: Em homens jovens com hipertiroidismo verificou-se redução significativa da DMO e da massa magra e uma correlação positiva entre a perda de massa gorda e magra com a diminuição da densidade mineral óssea. As reduções verificadas podem dever-se aos aumentos da remodelação óssea e proteólise, potenciados pela supressão da TSH. As correlações observadas poderão dever-se ao efeito no turnover ósseo causado pela diminuição do stress mecânico do peso do corpo e dos estrogénios produzidos pelos adipócitos. Todos estes resultados parecem aumentar o risco de fraturas osteoporoticas, mesmo em homens jovens.
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St-Onge, Maxime. « Impact de l'entraînement en musculation et d'un régime hypocalorique sur la composition corporelle et la dépense énergétique de femmes post ménopausées en surpoids ou obèses ». Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6476.
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Sotunde, Olusola Funmilayo. « Body composition, bone health and vitamin D status of African adults in the North West Province / Olusola Funmilayo Sotunde ». Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/15568.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background
In South Africa, as in many other developing countries, obesity has become a major health problem causing an increase in the incidence and prevalence of various non-communicable diseases. Research has shown that excess adiposity is associated with low vitamin D status and detrimental to bone health. Low vitamin D status has been linked to various non-communicable diseases which includes osteoporosis, and also the metabolic syndrome. Information is scarce on the role of lean mass and fat mass on bone health in the black South African population. There is also a shortage of data on the association between vitamin D status and the metabolic syndrome in the South African population.
Aim
The main aim of this study was to examine factors (vitamin D status, socio-economic status [SES] and lifestyle risk factors) associated with body composition, including bone health, as well as predictors of change in body composition in African adults in the North West Province of South Africa.
Methods
The first study that forms part of this thesis was a longitudinal study aimed at examining the effects of urbanization, socio-economic status and lifestyle factors on changes in body composition over 5 years in rural and urban black South African adults. A total of 1058 men and women above age 30 years from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study were included in this study. The second study to form part of this thesis aimed to examine the association between body composition and bone health in urban black South African women. Structured questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic and lifestyle information including medication and tobacco use. This second study is cross-sectional in design and it included 189 postmenopausal women aged > 43 years old. Dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess bone mineral density, lean mass and fat mass, while structured and specific questionnaires were used to assess the habitual physical activity, food frequency and fracture risk. Habitual activity energy expenditure was also measured using an accelerometer with a combined heart rate monitor. The third study aimed to examine the association of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration, respectively, with
the metabolic syndrome while controlling for adiposity in black women in the North West Province, South Africa. This third study is also cross-sectional in design and it included 209 HIV-negative urban women. Dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess adiposity, while habitual physical activity was accessed with questionnaire and habitual activity energy expenditure was also measured using an accelerometer with a combined heart rate monitor.
Results
Study 1: Over a 5-year period, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference increased in both genders, but the change was significant for BMI (P<0.01) and waist circumference (P<0.001) in women only, indicating an increase in adiposity over time. Urban residency positively predicted changes in waist circumference in men (p < 0.05) and women (p < 0.001) as well as change in triceps skinfold thickness of men (p < 0.05). Being married positively predicted changes in BMI (p < 0.001) and waist circumference (p < 0.001) in men, while age negatively predicted changes in triceps skinfold thickness in women (p < 0.001).
Study 2: Fat mass and lean mass were significantly positively associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk when adjusted for potential confounders. However, lean mass and not fat mass remained significantly associated with femoral neck BMD (β = 0.49, p <0.001), spine BMD (β = 0.48, p< 0.0001) and hip BMD (β = 0.59, p< 0.0001). Lean mass was also negatively associated with fracture risk (β = -0.19 p =0.04) when both lean and fat mass were in the same model.
Study 3: After adjusting for age, body fat, habitual physical activity, tobacco use and season, neither 25(OH)D nor PTH concentrations showed significant associations with having the metabolic syndrome. However, when body fat was replaced with waist circumference there was a weak positive association between 25(OH)D concentration and the metabolic syndrome. No significant association was found between PTH:25(OH)D ratio and the metabolic syndrome.
Conclusion
This thesis has highlighted that the prevalence of obesity among black South Africans is high particularly among women and urbanization played a significant role in the increasing adiposity of black South Africans in the North West province. Lean mass had a stronger association with bone health in comparison to fat mass in urban black South African women. Low 25(OH)D concentration was not associated with the metabolic syndrome while there was no significant association between PTH and the metabolic syndrome in our black South African women.PhD (Dietetics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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Yu, Solomon Ching Yeh. « Sarcopenia in older people ». Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/98712.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Under-nutrition and weight loss in older people remain poorly recognized and so are undermanaged. Those at nutritional risk, and especially those losing weight, experience a loss of muscle mass referred to as sarcopenia, which is related to many different adverse health outcomes, including falls and increased risk of fracture. Although research into the condition has gained momentum over the last two decades, especially for those aged eighty years and older, research has predominately been conducted overseas. In Australia, very few studies have investigated the prevalence of sarcopenia in our older population. Local evidence is required in order to inform Australian policy makers and the health and aged care sector. Furthermore, in spite of the increasing call for appreciation, screening and early diagnosis of the condition, there is no consensus as to a preferred screening method. Without acceptable clinical screening tools, identification of sarcopenia continues to be problematic. It is therefore important to develop a simple clinical test to facilitate early detection in primary or aged care settings as part of continuing and increasing Australian research into sarcopenia. Additionally, whilst appetite loss is known to be a contributing factor, the relationship between inflammation and appetite loss in healthy individuals with no recent history of weight loss is unclear. The aims of this thesis were therefore: (1) to identify the prevalence of sarcopenia in primary care; (2) to develop and validate simple anthropometric prediction equations (PE) for lean body mass (LBM) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM); (3) to determine the performance of the ASM PE compared to dual absorptiometry x-ray assessment (DXA) of ASM in combination with grip strength; and (4) to explore the association between cytokines and appetite in a healthy population. Research from this doctoral thesis has confirmed that sarcopenia is common in community dwelling older Australians and increases with age. Anthropometric prediction equations for LBM and ASM were developed and validated: LBM= 22.932326 + 0.684668 (weight) - 1.137156 (BMI) -0.009213 (age) + 9.940015 (if male) and ASM= 10.047427 + 0.353307 (weight) - 0.621112 (BMI) - 0.022741 (age) + 5.096201 (if male). Cut-offs for low muscle mass for use in Australia was also developed. The use of ASM PE for the identification of low muscle mass, in combination with a measure of low muscle function, such as grip strength, performs well as a ‘rule out’ screening test for sarcopenia when compared to the diagnostic test of ASM assessed using DXA in combination with low grip strength. At the same time, appetite was found to be negatively associated with serum levels of pro-inflammatory IL-1ß and positively associated with serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in apparently healthy people with no recent weight loss. Research from this doctoral thesis has contributed to increased awareness that sarcopenia is common and this will aid early intervention. At the same time, a clinical screening tool to support the early diagnosis of sarcopenia was developed.Thesis (Ph.D.) (Research by Publication) -- University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, 2014.
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Martini, Eduardo Pereira. « Relationship between changes in body composition and maximal forearm strength in elite judo athletes ». Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8881.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Mestrado em Exercício e SaúdeThe purpose of this study was twofold: a) to analyze the association between body composition (BC) changes, from a weight stability period to prior competition, on forearm maximal strength and b) to understand if a grip strength (GS) deficit between dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) hands exists and if it is affected by total and regional BC. A total of 27 elite male athletes, age of 23.2±2.8 years, were evaluated at baseline (weight stability period) and 1–3 days before competition, with a time difference of approximately 1-month. BC was assessed by DXA, specifically total and regional fat mass (FM), lean soft-tissue (LST), and bone mineral content (BMC). Maximal forearm isometric strength was performed by handgrip measurement. Comparison of means and Pearson’s coefficient of correlation was used. No significant changes were observed in GS, both at the D and ND hands. The subjects lost 1.2±2.7 % of initial body weight (p<0.05), however no changes where observed in total and regional BC (p<0.05). No association was found between total and regional BC with changes in GS of the right (D) hand, however we found a negative relation between changes in left hand (ND) GS, specifically with LST (r=-0.434;p<0.027), and weight (r=-0.497;p<0.01). GS is significantly higher (p<0.05) in D hand compared to ND hand, both at the weight stability period (-2.11±3.2 kg) and prior competition (-2.6±3.7 kg). No association was found between total and regional BC with the strength deficit between ND and D hands. In conclusion these findings indicate that changes in total and appendicular BC, specifically FM are associated with changes in GS from the ND hand. At both moments, D hand was significantly stronger than ND hand. Furthermore, total and regional BC was not related to GS deficit between ND and D hands in elite judo athletes.
RESUMO : Este estudo pretendeu: a) Analisar as associações entre variações da composição corporal (CC), de um período de peso estável até ao período anterior a uma competição; b) Compreender se existe um deficit de força máxima de preensão manual (FMPM) entre a mão não-dominante (ND) e dominante (D), e se presente, verificar o efeito da CC total e regional no deficit de FMPM. Um total de 27 atletas masculinos de elite, com idade média de 23,2±2,8, foram avaliados no período de peso estável e 1-3 dias antes da competição. A CC foi avaliada pela DXA, especificamente massa gorda (MG), massa isenta de gordura e osso (MIGO) e conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO) total e regional. A força isométrica máxima do antebraço foi avaliada pelo teste de preensão manual. Comparação de médias e coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foram utilizados. Não se verificaram alterações significativas na FMPM bilateral. Os sujeitos perderam 1,2±2,7 % do peso inicial (p<0.05) contudo não se observaram alterações na CC total e regional. Não se observaram associações da CC com as alterações na FMPM da mão direita (D), embora se verificasse uma associação negativa entre a FMPM da mão esquerda (ND) e as variações na MIGO (r=-0,434;p<0,027) e peso (r=-0,497;p<0,01). A FMPM foi significativamente mais alta na mão D comparada com a ND no período de peso estável (2,11±3,2 kg) e antes da competição (-2,6±3,7kg). Não se verificou associação entre a CC e o deficit de FMPM. Em conclusão, estes resultados indicam que variações da CC total e apendicular, especificamente a MG, estão associadas a variações de FMPM da mão ND. A mão D foi significativamente mais forte que a ND nos dois momentos de avaliação. Adicionalmente, não se observou qualquer associação entre a CC total e regional com o deficit de FMPM em judocas Portugueses de elite.
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Dinis, Bruna Daniela Marques. « Aptidão muscular e composição corporal abdominal e do tronco, em jovens dos 10 aos 17 anos ». Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19332.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar associações entre um teste isométrico da força abdominal e a composição corporal abdominal e do tronco, em rapazes e raparigas dos 10 aos 17 anos.
Metodologia: A amostra incluiu 534 participantes, de ambos os géneros (247 raparigas e 277 rapazes). A força abdominal foi avaliada através do teste de prancha. A composição corporal abdominal e do tronco foi avaliada através da DXA.
Resultados: Observou-se que as associações da força abdominal são maiores com a razão massa magra/massa gorda do que com a massa magra, e em especial, ao nível do tronco. O aumento de 1 desvio padrão no teste de prancha representa uma diminuição da probabilidade de massa magra/massa gorda do tronco desfavorável em 55,4% nas raparigas e 63,2% nos rapazes. Adicionalmente, definiram-se valores do teste de prancha considerados de risco para a composição corporal do tronco de acordo com a idade e sexo.
Conclusão: O teste de prancha demonstrou uma predição razoável na identificação de composição corporal desfavorável ao nível do tronco em rapazes, e raparigas dos 10-17 anos, revelando ser um teste útil na deteção de aptidão muscular insuficiente.This study aimed to analyze associations between an isometric abdominal strength test and abdominal and trunk body composition, in boys and girls aged 10 to 17 years. Metodology: The sample included 534 participants, of both genders (247 girls and 277 boys). Abdominal strenght was assessed through the plank test. The abdominal and trunk composition was evaluated throuth DXA. Results: It was observed that the associations of abdominal strength are greater with the lean mass/ fat mass ratio than with lean mass, and specially at the the trunk level. The increase of 1 standard deviation in the plank test represents a drecrease of 55.4% in girls and 63.2% in boys in the trunk lean mass/ fat mass problably. Additionally, were defined values to the plank test considered to pose a risk to body composition of the trunk, acording to the age and sex. Conclusion: The plank test demonstrated a reasonable prediction in the identification of unfavourable body composition at trunk level in boys and girls aged 10-17 years, proving to be a useful test in the detection of insuficiente muscle fitness.
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Nobre, João Pedro Mendes. « Aptidão musculoesquelética e fraturas ósseas recorrentes em idades pediátricas ». Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19343.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a aptidão muscular e óssea entre jovens com e sem fratura óssea recorrente.
Metodologia A amostra incluiu 534 participantes, de ambos os géneros (247 raparigas e 277 rapazes). A composição corporal, nomeadamente a massa gorda, a massa magra e a massa óssea foram avaliadas através da DXA. A aptidão muscular foi avaliada nos membros superiores através da força de preensão e nos membros inferiores através da força e potência muscular com uma plataforma de saltos, e através da distância de salto vertical e horizontal. As fraturas ósseas foram avaliadas através de questionário.
Resultados: Constatou-se que as raparigas com fraturas ósseas recorrentes apresentam menor índice de massa magra apendicular e de potência muscular dos membros inferiores do que as raparigas sem qualquer fratura óssea. Nos rapazes, verificou-se uma tendência para fragilidade óssea ao nível do colo do fémur naqueles com fraturas ósseas recorrentes, mas não se observou diferenças na aptidão muscular ou na massa magra entre estes e os rapazes sem fratura óssea prévia.
Conclusão: Tendo em vista a prevenção de fraturas ósseas de forma recorrente, a aptidão muscular incluindo a massa magra apendicular deve ser desenvolvida nos jovens dos 10 aos 17 anos, especialmente nas raparigas.This study aimed to compare muscle and bone capacity among young people with and without recurrent bone fracture. Methodology: The sample included 534 participants of both genders (247 girls and 277 boys). Body composition, namely fat mass, lean mass and bone mass were evaluated by DXA. Muscle fitness was assessed in the upper limbs by grip strength and in the lower limbs by muscular strength and power with a jumping platform, and by the vertical and horizontal jumping distance. Bone fractures were assessed by questionnaire. Results: Girls with recurrent bone fractures were found to have lower appendicular lean mass index and lower limb muscle power than girls with no bone fracture. In boys, there was a tendency for bone fragility at femoral neck level in those with recurrent bone fractures, but no differences in muscle fitness or lean mass were found between boys and boys without previous bone fracture. Conclusion: In order to prevent recurrent bone fracture, muscle fitness including appendicular lean mass should be developed in young people aged 10 to 17, especially girls.
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Hráský, Pavel. « Pohybové programy pro ovlivnění tělesného složení a tělesné zdatnosti seniorů ». Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-336122.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this work we focused on the application of physical activity, which aimed to reduce the negative impact of physical deprivation and associated functional and structural changes in the musculoskeletal system. The principal criterion was the diagnosis of the organ systems of the locomotor system, focusing on the muscular system. The subsequent application of appropriate forms of exercise intervention was designed to mitigate the effects of the aging process and functional changes in the body of the senior individual. Finally, we wanted to assess the impact of changes in body composition in its own self- sufficiency and independence of older people and the quality of life of older people in terms of physical and psychosocial aspects. The most significant is the loss of muscle mass, sarcopenia development, increase fat mass with frequent reductions in body weight. The focus of our work and its specific purpose is to clarify the influence of the applied physical interventions. To assess changes in body composition are needed for our work used the method of multi Bioanalysis. Results in body composition in older adults have been evaluated and intra-individual measured data were compared with the general senior population. Kinesiology testing shortened muscle groups was carried out repeatedly to reduce...