Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Bleeding equipment »

Postoperative bleeding is common in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Most cases of severe postoperative bleeding not due to incomplete surgical hemostasis are related to acquired transient platelet dysfunction mediated by platelet activation during contact with the synthetic surfaces of the cardiopulmonary bypass equipment. Antihypertensive agents nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprusside have been shown to have platelet inhibitory properties, yet the clinical consequence in terms of postoperative bleeding has been little studied. Knowing that cardiopulmonary bypass causes platelet dysfunction, it is prudent for physicians to be aware of the additional platelet inhibition caused by these commonly used antihypertensive agents.

A technique is described for the intermittent collection of blood from the rat tail. By using commonly available equipment, blood samples can easily be obtained from rats without the need for anaesthesia. The development of this technique makes the rat more readily available as an animal model for repeated withdrawals of small blood samples for pharmacokinetic or bioavailability evaluations.

Epistaxis in adults often arises from a posteriorly-placed bleeding point. This paper describes a method of cauterizing these vessels under endoscopic control using simple materials found in most ENT departments, thus avoiding the need for more specialist equipment.

The article highlights modern blood-saving technologies for intra-abdominal bleeding in obstetric practice. The experience of team work of a multidisciplinary level III A hospital serving high-risk patients is presented. The Samara Perinatal Center is equipped with hightech equipment that allows you to perform autohemotransfusion, plasma exchange, control hemostasis, use, among other things, a thromboelastograph, use various components and blood products. Knowledge of the basic principles of operation of modern equipment, mastery of protocols, coherence of teamwork is the key to success in the fight for the life and health of the patient.

The authors’ previous papers demonstrated that an air-separator is the most effective equipment among various different types for the improvement of unstable characteristics of an axial-flow rotor. Further experiments revealed that this equipment could eliminate the unstable characteristics thoroughly even for a build which originally accompanied a heavy rotating stall. This paper describes the geometric conditions to realize this and discusses its performance mechanism on the basis of the experiments showing the discharge distribution of the bleeding flow from the blade tip to separator passage as well as the pressure distribution in a blade passage at the tip section of the rotor. It is suggested that the equipment is equally useful at any stage of a multistage rotor.

Background: Uncontrolled bleeding is the leading cause of preventable death from trauma. The Stop the Bleed (STB) initiative provides basic education about bleeding to potential immediate responders. The present study aimed to assess the perceptions of self-efficacy and school preparedness related to responding to a life-threatening bleeding emergency in school personnel at an urban high school. Methods: High school personnel from an urban high school ( N = 156) completed a 1-hour STB course that included a didactic and hands-on component. Participants rated their agreement with statements about self-efficacy and school preparedness on a 5-point Likert-type scale, responded to items regarding how school personnel could be better prepared for life-threatening emergencies, and had the option to provide written responses pre- and post-course. Findings: Independent samples t tests revealed that perceptions of self-efficacy and school preparedness increased after the course ( p < .001). Before the course, 87% of participants felt they needed training, 80% felt the school needed clearer procedures, and 74% felt the school required more equipment for a life-threatening bleeding incident compared with 63%, 69%, and 78% post-course, respectively. Thematic analysis of written responses revealed that participants desired higher frequencies of STB training, more equipment, clearer school procedures, and realistic training scenarios with students. Conclusions/Application to Practice: The STB course increased both perceptions of self-efficacy and school preparedness in a sample of high school personnel. Qualitative analyses provided insight to personnel’s opinion of STB’s effectiveness and what is necessary to maintain or follow through with this knowledge after completion of the course.

Currently, endoscopic hemostasis is the «gold» standard in the treatment of patients suffering from ulcerative gastroduodenal bleeding. General mortality in ulcerative gastroduodenal bleeding according to the Department of ambulance organization of the research Institute of emergency care. I.I. Dzhanelidze in St. Petersburg in 2016 was 5%, and postoperative8,5%. Transcatheter arterial embolization, due to the development of endovascular hemostasis techniques, is an alternative to palliative surgery in the failure of conservative treatment of ulcerative gastroduodenal bleeding using endoscopic hemostasis techniques, especially in the group of patients with high risk of surgery and adverse outcome. It was found that the reduction in mortality in patients with gastric ulcer bleeding can be achieved by reducing the number of palliative interventions, wider use of angiographic embolization for the prevention and treatment of recurrent bleeding and expanding indications for urgent radical operations outside the recurrence of hemorrhage. The use of transcatheter arterial embolization in elderly patients with severe somatic pathology and recurrent gastric ulcer bleeding can prevent the recurrence of bleeding and perform hemostasis. The success of the transcatheter arterial embolization procedure depends on many factors. Primarily from the anatomical features of the patient. In one case, the patient had a 60% stenosis of the proximal segment of the gastrointestinal splenic trunk, which did not allow the procedure to be performed. Important is the choice of agents for embolization depending on the location and diameter of the source of bleeding. Success also depends on the technical equipment of the hospital and the experience of the surgeon. The absence of significant differences in mortality between the main and control groups, in our opinion, is due to the severity of the General somatic condition of patients included in the study. The obtained results determine the need for further studies to optimize the indications and methods of transcatheter arterial embolization in emergency surgery of gastroduodenal bleeding.

The purpose of the study was an index assessment of the state of the gums in children in whom fixed equipment was used for the treatment of orthodontic pathology. Materials and methods. 89 children aged 14 to 17 years old with a fully formed permanent occlusion were examined. Group 1 included 31 children (34.8% of the total number) with occlusion pathology; group 2 – 36 children (40.4%) with occlusion pathology in combination with crowding of teeth; children of these groups were treated with the use of fixed orthodontic equipment; group 3 consisted of 22 children (24.7%) without orthodontic pathology. Rational oral hygiene was taught to all children. The assessment of the state of the gums was carried out according to the papillary-marginal-alveolar index in the modifications of M. Masser (1948) and C. Parma (1960) in points and percentages, and in accordance with the papillary bleeding index by U. Saxer and H. Műhlemann (1975). The initial index values were determined after 1 and 3 months. Results and discussion. In children of group 1, the papillary-marginal-alveolar index increased significantly from the initial values of 0.47 ± 0.03 points and 15.81 ± 1.09% (р˂0.05) to 0.80 ± 0.05 points and 26.77 ± 1.62% within 1 month and further decreased insignificantly (р˃0.05) to 0.73 ± 0.03 points and 24.19 ± 1.10% within 3 months. In the same period, the same dynamics was established in children of group 2, the corresponding indicators were 0.76 ± 0.03 points and 25.49 ± 1.11%; 1.18 ± 0.03 points and 39.31 ± 0.93% and 1.11 ± 0.04 points and 36.96 ± 1.32%. Children of group 3 had different dynamics with a gradual decrease in values – 0.31 ± 0.03 points and 10.30 ± 1.14%; 0.22 ± 0.02 points and 7.42 ± 0.66% and 0.20 ± 0.02 points and 6.52 ± 0.81%. Bleeding gums according to the papillary bleeding index in children of group 1 in the corresponding periods first increased significantly (р˂0.05) from 0.53 ± 0.03 points to 1.12 ± 0.04 points, then decreased significantly (р˂0.05) to 0.89 ± 0.03 points. In children of group 2, the indicators were significantly (р˂0.05) the highest in all terms with the same dynamics – 0.84 ± 0.03 points; 1.26 ± 0.03 points and 1.09 ± 0.03 points, respectively. A gradual and unreliable (р˃0.05) decrease in indicators from 0.25 ± 0.04 points to 0.24 ± 0.03 points and 0.19 ± 0.03 points was registered in the children of group 3. Conclusion. In the presence of occlusion pathology in children, as well as such pathology in combination with crowding of teeth during orthodontic treatment with the use of fixed equipment, the papillary-marginal-alveolar and papillary bleeding indices during one and three months of treatment increase significantly (р˂0.05) in comparison with the initial level, which can be justified by the aggravating effect of fixed orthodontic equipment and deterioration of the hygienic condition of the oral cavity in these children associated with it

Today, the veterinarian is increasingly in veterinary practice began to use new modern technologies for the treatment of small pets, using modern equipment for medical manipulations. At present, a modern operating room can no longer be imagined without a ventilator and a device for giving inhalation anesthesia. But, even new modern equipment and modern drugs for performing anesthesia cannot protect against medical errors. One of the most important manipulations is the ability to correctly place the endotracheal tube to perform resuscitation or give inhalation anesthesia. The percentage of iatrogenic injuries during this procedure reaches 2.5 % and is complicated by bleeding and blood aspiration, which requires emergency assistance, primarily with the use of endosoepic technologies.

A case of successful clinical endovascular treatment for rupture of a splenic artery aneurysm with intraperitoneal bleeding is presented. An emergency open surgery, urgent endovascular aneurysm embolization and planned relaparotomy with the removal of gauze swabs and drains were performed. The staging of surgical treatment was determined by the location of the patient at the time of the complication and the equipment of medical institutions that provided medical care. Regarding the dangerous condition with rupture of the splenic artery aneurysm minimally invasive high-tech surgical care is possible only under certain conditions and depends on the qualifications of doctors, a multidisciplinary approach and the level of equipment of a medical institution. Endovascular embolization of the splenic artery aneurysm when it ruptures is a modern, highly effective and reliable minimally invasive surgical method.

The number of prehospital deaths caused by large bleedings could be decreased if civilian people would act in time to help the injured patient. One way to help is to stop the bleeding with a tourniquet application. However, the tourniquet needs to be placed correctly in order to stop the bleeding. Therefore laypersons need to be educated in bleeding control to increase the rate of successful tourniquet application. This study used human error identification techniques such as Hierarchical Task Analysis and Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach to identify possible errors of four commonly used tourniquet models: the CAT-7, Delfi-EMT, SAM-X and SWAT-T. The results show that many predicted errors are time-oriented and critical. Video analysis of tourniquet application was performed to map occurred use errors from the videos with the predicted ones. The goal was to identify problems that could be solved by training or redesigns of the tourniquets. The results show that the most common errors for all participants during tourniquet application were of six error types. The errors were to not check time or write down time of application, to take too much time to place the tourniquet around the limb, to place the tourniquet upside down, to place the tourniquet band over the securing mechanism instead of between and lastly to not secure the tourniquet correctly before transporting the patient. The untrained laypersons made more errors than the trained laypersons and professional emergency personnel group. The trained laypersons also made fewer errors in a calm setting than in a stressed setting, comparing to the professional group who did the same error types in both settings. The results indicate that untrained laypersons not only make more errors but also more critical errors than trained laypersons and professional emergency personnel. Future research should empirically test other tourniquet models than the CAT in the goal of finding use errors to be reduced. Overall the results are in line with previous studies that show the need for education of bleeding control techniques in the civilian population.

La radio-telemetria è una tecnologia di segnali radio che permette mediante radio-trasmittenti cronicamente impiantati di registrare parametri fisiologici da animali liberi di muoversi. Il video è una metodologia innovativa che permette mediante software dedicati (l'es. EthoVision XT), una misura quantitativa e qualitativa delle attività comportamentali. Lo scopo di questa attività di ricerca è di evidenziare i vantaggi dell’applicazione di un modello video, telemetrico nel ratto. 34 ratti (Sprague-Dawley) maschi sono stati impiantati con una sonda telemetricica (TL10M3-F50-EEE); gli elettrodi furono messi sulla dura madre per registrare l’EEG corticale (EEGc), nel giro dentato per la registrazione dell’EEG ippocampale (EEGhipp) e sul muscolo cervicoauricolare (muscolo del collo) per la registrazione muscolare (EMG). Questa ricerca aveva tre obiettivi principali: - Analizzare la relazione tra la condizione ambientale (arricchimento o non, gli stimoli olfattori o non) e parametric fisiologici quali sonno e attivita’ theta. In bibliografia molti studi hanno mostrato cambiamenti significativi su animali di laboratorio messi in condizioni ambientali diverse a livello morfologico e comportamentale, ma solamente pochi e non recenti lavori hanno valutato effetti di queste condizioni su modello di sonno. Inoltre, alcuni dati suggerirono una correlazione tra attività elettriche cortical, ippocampale ed olfatto. 8 ratti furono messi in gabbie sperimentali (PhenoTyper) per l'acclimatamento e 4 animali su 8 hanno ricevuto l'arricchimento ambientale. I segnali EMG, EEGc ed EEGhipp tramite la telemetria e le attività locomotorie tramite video furono registrate continuamente per 24h immediatamente dopo l’introduzione dell’arricchimento (la Fase 1), dopo 3 giorni di permanenza dell'animale nella gabbia arricchita (la Fase 2). Tre giorni dopo questa ultima registrazione, tutti gli animali hanno ricevuto uno stimolo olfattorio (2 goccie di bergamotto e 2 gocce di limone) ogni mattina pe 4 giorni ed e’ stata effettuata una registrazione telemetrica (EMG,EEGc e EEGhipp) e video il primo e il quarto giorno dall’introduzione dello stimolo. Tutti i video furono analizzati tramite Ethovision e sui tracciati elettroencefalografici furono fatti l’analisi del sonno e dell’attivita’ theta. L’analisi video mostro’ un aumento dell’attivita’ motoria solo il primo giorno dall’introduzione dell’arricchimento. Questo puo’ essere spiegato dal fatto che gli animali aumentano l’attivita’ motoria esplorando maggiormente la gabbia dopo l’introduzione dell’arricchimento. Nessuna differenza e’ stata riscontrata dopo l’introduzione dello stimolo olfattivo. Nell’ analisi dell’attivita’ theta e’ stata considerata la differenza tra le fasi in cui gli animali hanno ricevuto lo stimolo nuovo e le fasi in cui gli animali si sono gia’ abituati allo stimolo. In dettaglio gli animali che non avevano ricevuto l’arricchimento ambientale mostrarono un aumento dell’attivita’ theta tre volte maggiore rispetto a quelli che l’avevanno ricevuto. Questo risultato puo’ indicare che un solo stimolo puo’ aumentare l’attivita’ theta piu’ che stimuli associate. Tutti questi risultati suggeriscono come sia importante controllare e valutare sempre le procedure usate in laboratorio per garantire l’attendibilita’ dei dati. - Analizzare il rapporto tra crisi e convulsioni (tracce EEG versus osservazioni comportamentali); Uno dei modelli più frequentemente utilizzati per valutare l’attivita’ pro-convulsante e anticonvulsionante dei farmaci e’ il modello di convulsione indotto dal pentiletetrazolo (PTZ). 6 animali sono stati somministrati con veicolo (saline) e, il giorno successivo, con PTZ per via intraperitoneale a 40 mg / kg. Due settimane prima del trattamento PTZ e il giorno di trattamento, i segnali di telemetria (EMG, EEGc e tracce EEGhipp) e i video sono stati registrati contemporaneamente e continuamente, a partire da 1 ora prima del trattamento fino a 23 ore dopo il trattamento. Su ogni condizione sperimentale (basale, veicolo e PTZ) l'attività motoria spontanea è stata analizzata con il software Ethovision XT. I tracciati di telemetria sono stati poi analizzati con Neuroscore Software 1 ora prima del trattamento fino a 4 ore dopo il trattamento. Eventi parossistici sono stati classificati come convulsioni quando almeno 4 picchi erano rilevabili in una registrazione EEGc (≥ 3 sec; intervalli di 1 sec minimo), caratterizzato da un incremento di ampiezza 1,5 volte quello basale. Alterazioni EEGc, meno di 3 secondi, sono stati classificati come treni di spike. Il gruppo somministrato con PTZ ha mostrato un aumento significativo dei parametri motori rispetto al basale e al gruppo di veicolo. Dal momento che le tracce EEGc e EEGhipp presentato caratteristiche simili, abbiamo focalizzato la nostra attenzione sulla traccia di EEG corticale. Dobbiamo notare che, indipendentemente dalla manifestazione della convulsione, tutti gli animali hanno mostrato alterazioni elettriche. Un solo animale non ha mostrato un evento comportamentale tonico clonico ma ha evidenziato un numero molto più elevato di treni di spike e di seizure elettriche, confermando l'estrema importanza di questa prima finestra, che è assolutamente trascurato in una semplice osservazione del comportamento. Abbiamo riscontrato due sottopopolazioni in base alla latenza di convulsione: gli animali caratterizzati da minore latenza hanno sviluppato una più grave crisi epilettica post-convulsivi. Possiamo quindi ipotizzare che la predisposizione singolare PTZ è predittivo della gravità della patologia. Questo lavoro di ricerca dimostra l'importanza di eseguire radio-telemetria EEG combinato con il monitoraggio video sincronizzato, nel modello acuto indotto da PTZ. In particolare il modello video-tEEG distingue anomalie nei modelli di EEG, in assenza di segni comportamentali, tenendo anche conto della variabilità inter-individuale. - Valutare la fattibilità dell'integrazione di un sistema video telemetrico ed elettroencefalografico con un sistema per il prelievo di sangue sequenziale. L'inserimento di un catetere nella vena femorale è un metodo ampiamente usato in studi pre-clinici per consentire la raccolta di campioni di sangue a tempi stabiliti per ottenere un profilo farmacocinetico (PK-PD). 6 animali telemetrici sono stati sottoposti ad un secondo intervento chirurgico per la cannulazione cronica della vena femorale. Il catetere è stato esteriorizzato nella regione interscapolare e il ratto è stato dotato di una giacca per consentire la protezione del catetere e la sua connessione con la molla di protezione del catetere. Dopo un recupero post-intervento chirurgico di 5-6 giorni tutti gli animali sono stati messi nelle gabbie gabbie PhenoTyper . Il catetere è stato inserito in una molla metallica lunga 45 cm collegato ad un braccio che è stato fissato direttamente alla parete della gabbia. Al fine di mantenere la pervietà del catetere femorale durante tutta la procedura sperimentale, si è continuamente infuso con pompa una soluzione fisiologica eparinizzata (25UI/mL eparina a 0,2 mL / h ). Al fine di ottenere le concentrazioni plasmatiche esattamente quando un evento comportamentale di convulsione veniva osservato, tutti i ratti sono stati trattati con un composto di prova noti per indurre convulsioni comportamentali; video e segnali di telemetria (EMG, EEGc e tracce EEGhipp) sono stati registrati contemporaneamente e continuamente , a partire da 1 ora prima del trattamento fino a 4 ore post-dose. I campioni di sangue (300 microlitri di sangue / tempo) prelevati dal catetere sono stati raccolti manualmente nel pre-dose, a tre punti di tempo stabiliti dopo la somministrazione e ad ogni occasione, quando un episodio comportamentale si osserava. Tutti i campioni di sangue richiesti sono state raccolti con successo anche in occasione di eventi convulsivi comportamentali. I video sono stati analizzati con il software Ethovision XT e il software è stato in grado di monitorare gli animali anche in presenza di ulteriori attrezzature necessarie per il prelievo, a conferma che questo set up non ha compromesso in alcun modo l'analisi dell’ attività motoria spontanea. L’integrazione del sistema video e telemetrico con un sistema per il prelievo di sangue a tempi stabiliti può essere utilizzato in indagini pre-clinici per meglio definire il profilo farmacocinetico e farmacodinamicodi un farmaco che induce convulsioni o crisi epilettiche, consentendo di rendere più sicuri e prevedibili gli studi in fase clinica.
The radio-telemetry is a technology of radio-signals recording from chronically implanted radio-transmitters to investigate less invasively physiological parameters from freely moving animals. The video image is an innovative methodology which allows capturing the behavioural patterns and dedicated software-hardware systems (es. EthoVision XT), using video tracking technologies, allow the quantitative and qualitative measure of the behavioural activities. The aim of present research activities is the application of a new Video-Telemetry EEG (Video-tEEG) Model in the Rat. Thirty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally implanted with a telemetric transmitter (type TL10M3-F50-EEE); EEG leads were placed on the dura mather for cortical EEG (EEGc) recording and deep to the dentate gyrus for the hippocampal EEG (EEGhipp) recording; the third couple of leads was secured to the musculus cervicoauricolaris (neck muscle) for the EMG recording. This research had three principal objectives: 1- Analyze the relation between environmental condition (enrichment or not, olfactory stimuli or not), behavioural/sleep pattern and theta activity; Following differential experiences provided by enriched environmental conditions, several studies have shown significant changes in laboratory animals at morphological and behavioural levels, but only few and not recent works evaluated effects of these conditions on sleep pattern. Besides, some data suggested the correlations between cortex, hippocampal electrical activities and olfaction. 8 rats were placed into the experimental PhenoTyper® cages for habituation. 4 of 8 animals received novel environmental enrichment. From these rats EMG, EEGc and EEGhipp signals by telemetry and the general activity information by video were recorded continuously for 24h immediately after this enrichment change (Phase 1) then continuously for 24h after 3 days of permanence of the animal into the enriched cage (Phase 2). Three days after this last registration, all 8 animals received olfactory stimuli (2 drops of bergamot and 2 of lemon essential oil) every morning for 4 days. From these rats 24h telemetric signals (EEGc, EEGhipp and EMG) and videos were recorded immediately after the first olfactory stimuli (Phase 3) and on the 4th day of olfactory stimulation (Phase 4). From the whole 24h period videos, spontaneous motor activity was analysed by automated video-tracking with Ethovision XT software. Sleep analysis by EEGc and EMG traces and theta activity by EEGhipp were performed in all recorded 24h telemetric traces. The video-tracking analysis showed that the novel environmental enrichment induces in rats an increase of motor activity which is not observed after 2 days by novel objects introduction. The novel enrichment takes animals to enhance cage’s exploration and so to increase their motor activity, but this effect is not observed after some days by novelty, likely due to animals to become accustomed to the enrichment presence. Instead, after introduction of novel olfactory stimuli (Phase 3) and after 4 daily reinforced olfactory stimuli (Phase 4), no differences were found between enriched and not enriched environmental groups of the same phase in any considered motor parameters. The theta activity analysis showed that there is a light difference between time of theta activity during the first day by introduction of enrichment or olfactory stimuli in all animals with or without environmental enrichment. Otherwise the interesting result is the value of delta considering the differences between olfactory phase (Phase 4) and enrichment phase (Phase 2) and so focus on the stimuli after “habituation”. In details, the animals which didn’t receive enrichment showed an increase of theta activity almost three times than animals with environmental enrichment. This result should indicate that a single stimulus (olfactory stimuli) induces an increase of theta activity bigger than more stimuli associated together. All these results suggest how it is important to check any possible influence of test conditions and also the routine laboratory procedures like cleaning, in order to ensure the reliability and daily repeatability of experimental data. 2- Analyze the relation between seizures and convulsions (EEGs traces versus behavioural observations); One of the most frequently used model for assessing pro-convulsant/anticonvulsant drugs activity and to identify pharmaceuticals that may alter seizure susceptibility is the pentylentetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsion model. Six telemetric animals were injected with vehicle (saline) and, the following day, with PTZ freshly dissolved in the vehicle and administered intraperitoneally at 40 mg/kg dose. Two weeks before PTZ treatment and the day of treatment, telemetric signals (EMG, EEGc and EEGhipp traces) and videos were recorded simultaneously and continuously, starting 1 hour before treatment until 23 hours after treatment. On each experimental condition (baseline, vehicle- and PTZ-injection) from 23h period videos, spontaneous motor activity was analysed by automated video-tracking with Ethovision XT software. Telemetry traces were then analysed with Neuroscore Software starting 1 hour before treatment until 4 hours after treatment. Paroxysmal events were categorized as seizures when at least 4 peaks were detectable in an EEGc recording (≥ 3 sec; 1 sec minimal interval), characterized by a 1.5 fold amplitude increment than baseline. EEGc alterations, shorter than 3 sec, were categorized as spike trains. PTZ-injection group showed a significant increase in motor parameters compared with baseline and vehicle-injection groups. Since EEGc and EEGhipp traces presented similar features, we focus our attention and quantitative analysis on cortical EEG trace. We should note that, independently to convulsion-latency, four animals up to five showed electrical EEG seizures alterations. The animal showing no seizure before tonic-clonic convulsive state was however characterized by a much higher number of spike trains, confirming the extreme importance of this first window, which is absolutely neglected in a mere behavioural observation. Considering the two subpopulations based on the latency of convulsions, we can observe that animals characterized by shorter latency will develop more severe post-convulsive seizure activity, with an augmented seizure frequency. We can thus postulate that the singular susceptibility to PTZ is predictive of the severity of the pathology. This research work demonstrates the importance of performing EEG radio-telemetry combined with synchronised video monitoring, in the acute PTZ-induced convulsion model. In particular the video-tEEG model distinguishes abnormalities in EEG patterns, in the absence of behavioural signs, also taking into account the inter-individual variability in seizure activity and behavioural manifestation. 3- Assess the technical feasibility for the integration of a Video-telemetry Electroencephalography (video-tEEG) system with a set up for sequential blood bleeding. The chronic femoral vein cannulation is a method widely used in pre-clinical studies to allow collection of blood samples at established time-points and to obtain a Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodinamic (PK-PD) profile. Six telemetric animals were submitted to a second surgical procedure for the chronic cannulation of the femoral vein. The catheter was exteriorized in the interscapular region and rat was equipped with a jacket to allow for protection of the catheter and its connection with the tether. After a post-surgery recovery of 5-6 days all animals were placed in PhenoTyper® cages. The catheter was inserted into a 45 cm long metallic tether connected with a balanced harm which was directly fixed to the PhenoTyper® cage’s wall. In order to maintain patency of femoral catheter during whole experimental procedure, it was continuously infused saline with heparin 25UI/mL at 0.2 mL/h by infusion pump. In order to obtain time-right plasma concentrations exactly when a motor behavioural convulsion event was observed, all rats were treated with a test compound known to induce behavioural convulsions; videos and telemetric signals (EMG, EEGc and EEGhipp traces) were recorded simultaneously and continuously, starting 1 hour before treatment until 4 hours post-dose. Blood samples (300 µL blood/time point) from the catheter were collected manually at pre-dose, at three established post-dose time points, and at each occasion when a motor behavioral convulsive episode was observable. All blood samples required were collected successfully including on the occasion of motor behavioral convulsion events. The videos were analysed by the Ethovision XT software and the software was able to track animals also in presence of the additional equipment required for the bleeding (i.e., jacket, tether and balance harm), confirming that this set up did not compromise in any way the spontaneous motor activity analysis made by this software. In addition no interferences with the telemetric recordings due to the bleeding equipment were noted. The combined video-tEEG Model and the blood bleeding systems can be used in pre-clinical investigations to better define the PK/PD profile of drug-induced convulsions or seizures, allowing for safer investigations in the clinical phase.

Airway management in the intensive care unit differs from conventional controlled settings such as general anaesthesia in the operating room (OR). Due to adequate patient preparation and positioning in the OR, endotracheal intubation is usually easy to perform. However, in the intensive care setting, endotracheal intubation is often difficult or impossible because patients are not prepared and intubation is immediately necessary without sufficient time for putting together technical and pharmaceutical equipment. As an alternative, non-invasive alternate airway management may be performed. Besides non-invasive ventilation via mask or helmet, the use of Combitube®, EasyTubeTM, and different types of laryngeal mask airway are described, in order to alleviate decision-making in emergency situations such as difficult intubation, vomiting and bleeding patients, small interincisor distance, etc.

On October 29th 1953 in Lund, Sweden, Inge Edler, cardiologist, and Hellmuth Hertz, physicist, performed the first successful Ultrasoundcardiogram (UCG), later renamed Echocardiogram. A few weeks later, on December 16th, the neurosurgeon Lars Leksell diagnosed an intracranial bleeding in a 16-month-old boy using the same equipment, and Echoencephalography was born. The Lundensian obstetrician Bertil Sunden was in 1962 able to take the first ultrasound picture of twins in pregnancy. These three world premieres at the Lund University were the foundation for the tremendous development of diagnostic ultrasound. Before it is too late, the history in Lund will be told, and with this history as background Ultrasound in Clinical Diagnosis brings together some of the leading ultrasound experts of today to bring us up to date with the use of ultrasound in its ever-increasing importance for diagnosis in many areas of medicine. Peter wells writes in his Foreword that "this fascinating book serves more than one purpose: it is an historical record of the pioneering developments in clinical ultrasonic diagnosis that took place in Lund... what we now recognise as one of the greatest medical innovations of the twentieth century... Besides its historical content, this book also includes scholarly reviews of the state-of-art in adult and paediatric cardiology, obstetrics and gynaecology, vascular disease in several countries and, primarily from technical perspective, radiology, as well as an overview of contrast studies". Other chapters describe the development in ophthalmology and oto-rhino-laryngology as well as the industrial development of ultrasound equipment. This book will be valuable and interesting to those who are interested in the development of ultrasound diagnosis in medicine.

The Soviet-Afghan War was the first involvement of any major Soviet force in actual fighting since the end of World War II. It was also the first experiment in applying conventional military doctrine to guerrilla warfare – typically, the Soviets had no word for counter-insurgency. The generals who tasted war in Afghanistan returned home and played important roles in the command of Military Districts and taught in military academies. What they had learned in Afghanistan was introduced into Soviet military thought, particularly the need for flexibility of military doctrine and leadership. Weaponry and other military equipment, too, were updated and accommodated to modern technologies and specifically to fighting guerrillas in mountainous territory. Some of this was already done in the war's course. Yet, the First Chechen War in the mid-1990s demonstrated that the military establishment had not effectively internalized the lessons of Afghanistan.

Hysteroscopy (direct endoscopic visualization) of the endometrial cavity is an exciting and rapidly developing field of gynaecological practice. The most dramatic advances have occurred during the last 20 years due to technological advances including miniaturization of equipment and improved optics. Hysteroscopy is used both diagnostically and therapeutically to treat a wide range of gynaecological problems (heavy menstrual bleeding, infertility, and postmenopausal bleeding). The most recent advances allow accurate direct visualization of the uterine cavity which provides a platform for targeted biopsies, safe removal of endometrial polyps, and treatment of fibroids, septa, and adhesions. Proper training has resulted in a low incidence of serious complications. The current consensus is that hysteroscopy provides a gold standard not only for evaluating and treating intrauterine pathology but also for allowing a minimalist approach which has resulted in improved patient outcomes. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of this exciting and evolving field.

The factor time for identifying intracranial bleeding is very important, especially superficial hematoma can be asymptomatic in the beginning, but needs rapid intervention before structural or functional brain defects occur Superficial bleeding can be located between the dura mater, a hard skin tissue and the brain (subdural hematoma) between the dura mater and the skull (epidural hematoma). Superficial intracranial hematoma causes compression and displacement of the healthy brain structure. In these cases the pressure needs to be released by draining t e blood through a drill hole in the skull. In case of an accident or stroke m a prehospital setting, minimal diagnostic equipment is available. In addition to the clinical symptoms NIRS can corroborate the suspection of superficial intracranial bleeding. It may be helpful for the rescue-team to guide the decision either to take the patient to the next local hospital or accept the longer distance to a medical center, offering a cranial computensed tomography (CCT)-scan or even neurosurgery.

Modification of cement pastes by MWCNT (multi-walled carbon nanotubes) suspension enables to manage by their rheological properties due to the nanometer size of MWCNT. Dispersity degree of MWCNT suspension may be determined by the number of factors such as type and intensity of homogenization equipment, duration of homogenization and some other. The aim of present research consists in the establishment of optimal methodology of MWCNT suspension homogenization and investigation of dependence between dispersity degree of MWCNT suspension and rheological properties of cement pastes with that suspension. Two types of homogenization methods of MWCNT were tested such as ultrasonication and homogenization based on rotor-stator principle. The ultrasonication treatment about 6 min was established as optimal homogenization technique in the course of the current research. The yield stress and plastic viscosity of cement paste modified by MWCNT suspension increased in comparison with cement paste modified by polycarboxylate ether plasticizer (PCE) in 5 and 30 min after cement pastes mixing.Time of ultrasonication of MWCNT suspension more than 6 min did not have the influence on rheological behaviour of cement pastes.Addition of MWCNT decreased the volume coefficient of water bleeding of cement paste with PCE by 18%.

A new advanced gas turbine cycle, called the Evaporative Gas Turbine (EvGT), also known as a Humid Air Turbine (HAT), has recently been demonstrated in Sweden, with a pilot plant built and operational. As the EvGT cycle involves complex interactions between air and water streams, air quality aspects need to be carefully examined. This article examines different strategies to prevent contamination and turbine corrosion and presents a theoretical model simulating the flow of alkali salts in the EvGT cycle for different ambient salt concentrations, cycle configurations and equipment performance. Similar to the existing pilot plant, the EvGT cycle studied in this article requires no external water source to meet its water demands. Instead, water is condensed from the flue gas and recycled to the humidification tower. Recirculating the condensate implies that the best strategy to ensure a high air quality and hinder impurity build up and transfer within the cycle is to filter the incoming air. Furthermore, air intake filters could simplify or eliminate the need for condensate treatment. The humidification tower is an important area for the transfer of contaminants to and from the water and air streams. Minimising droplet entrainment and bleeding off a fraction of the humidifying water are key strategies to protect the turbine, while the capture of airborne particles in the humidifying water film improves the air quality. The model constructed predicts that a small blow down from the water circuit (typically 0.1-3.5% of the feed water flow) is sufficient to ensure that the alkali concentration does not exceed those in an equivalent dry gas turbine. This blow down can then be treated and partly recycled to the water circuit or discarded.

This paper presents the process design and the energy analysis for a coal-fired power plant based on pressurised oxycoal combustion and including carbon capture technologies. A combustion technology performing a pressurised combustion of coal in an atmosphere of O2/CO2/H2O and including flue gases recycling has been selected. Combustion and steam production occur in separated equipments and the combustor’s design allows achieving high ash removal efficiency. The Rankine cycle has been chosen as the most viable thermodynamic cycle in a short-term scenario. Oxygen required by the combustion process is supplied by a cryogenic Air Separation Unit (ASU) and a double-reheat ultrasupercritical cycle is employed with main steam conditions of 250bar/605°C and reheat steam temperatures of 605°C/620°C. All choices related to thermal cycle selection and process design have been conducted upon the principle of feasibility and reliability. In order to increase net plant efficiency both sensible and latent heat is recovered from the flue gas stream before entering the purification and compression section. By operating in pressure it becomes possible to recover a larger amount of heat than in the atmospheric case. As a result, all low pressure steam bleedings and the corresponding regenerative heat exchangers can be eliminated. Process simulation is carried out in the paper and the expected efficiency is evaluated, as well as other cycle performance parameters. Since a relevant benefit may arise from the combustion of cheap coals, the impact of burning high-ash content and low ash-fusion-temperature coals is assessed. The impact of energy penalties associated to oxygen production and the benefit arising from high heat-transfer coefficients due to the increased pressure of the flue gas are deeply investigated.