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1
Diez, Maria del Carmen Fernandez, et Maria de los Reyes Corripio Gil-Delgado. « Is Intellectual property Right Legislation Constraining the Agrifood Biotechnology Sector in the European Union ? » Science & ; Technology Studies 16, no 2 (1 janvier 2003) : 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55155.
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In this paper, we discuss the implications of the recent Intellectual Property Right (IPR) enforcement in the European Union (EU) as a potential factor affecting agrifood biotechnology industry stagnation. After presenting a theoretical framework justifying patents, we describe some controversial questions in the European patent protection related to: a) the distinction between discovery and invention and; b) the morality and ordre public exception to the patentability. Although we provide some evidence about the reduction in importance of agrifood activities compared to that of pharmaceutical areas of application, we conclude that differences between EU and other developed countries IPR legislations are not the principal regulatory controversial factor affecting activities in the agrifood biotechnology sector.
2
Asscher, Eva C. A. « The regulation of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in the Netherlands and the UK : a comparative study of the regulatory frameworks and outcomes for PGD ». Clinical Ethics 3, no 4 (décembre 2008) : 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ce.2008.008036.
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Developments in biotechnology present difficult social and ethical challenges that need to be resolved by regulators among others. One crucial problem for regulators of new technologies is to ensure that regulation is both clear and sufficiently flexible to respond to new developments. This is particularly difficult to achieve in contentious fields such as medical biotechnology. In the European Union there is a divergence in the solutions to this problem which has lead to different regulatory frameworks for medical biotechnology. This paper compares and contrasts the British and Dutch regulatory frameworks for the selection of embryos by preimplantation genetic diagnosis as an example of the regulation of medical biotechnology. Some of the outcomes of the regulatory choices and possible reasons behind the divergent frameworks are discussed, such as the ethical outlooks and political systems in these countries.
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Wohlers, Anton E. « Regulating genetically modified food : Policy trajectories, political culture, and risk perceptions in the U.S., Canada, and EU ». Politics and the Life Sciences 29, no 2 (septembre 2010) : 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2990/29_2_17.
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This paper examines whether national differences in political culture add an explanatory dimension to the formulation of policy in the area of biotechnology, especially with respect to genetically modified food. The analysis links the formulation of protective regulatory policies governing genetically modified food to both country and region-specific differences in uncertainty tolerance levels and risk perceptions in the United States, Canada, and European Union. Based on polling data and document analysis, the findings illustrate that these differences matter. Following a mostly opportunistic risk perception within an environment of high tolerance for uncertainty, policymakers in the United States and Canada modified existing regulatory frameworks that govern genetically modified food in their respective countries. In contrast, the mostly cautious perception of new food technologies and low tolerance for uncertainty among European Union member states has contributed to the creation of elaborate and stringent regulatory policies governing genetically modified food.
4
Kokorevičs, Arnis. « The Research Landscape of Biorefinery : A Scientometrics Viewpoint ». Materials Science Forum 1071 (18 octobre 2022) : 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-9e1389.
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The scientometrics study of the publications set devoted to biorefinery allows to characterize the research field, its dynamics, most relevant countries, institutions, and authors, cooperation, thematic structure, and publishing praxis. The permanent and fast increase of biorefinery publications started in 2001 and will be approximated by the power function, which allows predicting a further increase in the number of biorefinery publications. The leading producers of publications are European Union countries, European Economic Area countries and Switzerland together, the USA, PR China, Brazil, and India, but the output of 76 countries have been at least 10 publications since 1981. The proportion of internationally coauthored publications was 33.0% during 2018-2021, and six clusters of more close cooperating countries are recognized. The keywords cooccurrence analysis allows recognition of 4 subfields of research: biorefinery itself and biofuels, wood chemistry, algae and biotechnology, and alcohol production. The citation characteristics of biorefinery publications are substantially higher than the values of the corresponding research fields, and the top journals are preferred for the dissemination of research results.
5
Antofie, Maria-Mihaela, et Camelia Sand-Sava. « Genetically Modified Crops in Romania before and after the Accession of the European Union ». Agriculture 12, no 4 (25 mars 2022) : 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040458.
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Modern biotechnology entered the world science arena after 1972, and in less than 22 years the first genetically modified crop was placed on the market. The analysis of relevant biosafety portals and official and scientific documents was applied in this study to reveal positive and negative issues of the Romanian biosafety framework before and after the European Union (EU) accession. The success in cultivating highly productive GM soybean was rapidly embraced by Romania between 1999 and 2005. Before 2007, Romania was cited among the Mega Biotech Countries, with a cultivation of 87.500 ha. After the accession to the European Union, Romania stopped any GM crop cultivation. There was an immense effort to harmonize with the EU regulatory framework between 2005 and 2007. The monitoring system for GM crops has been in place since 2007. Public research on aspects of GMOs started before 1996 and continues to develop. The analysis of our results supports the idea that Romania is a perfect example of a country committed to embracing GM crop cultivation for 7 years, followed by almost complete phasing out of GM crop cultivation to comply with all requirements for EU accession in less than 1 year.
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Djoric, Zarko. « Blue economy : Concept research and review of the European Union ». Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no 182 (2022) : 233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn2282233d.
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The concept of the blue economy is a part of a new wave of economic thought that emphasizes the sustainable use of natural resources in the world?s oceans, seas and coastal areas. The blue economy, which is dominated by the principle of sustainability, is directly contrasted with the development of another cycle of linear exploitation of limited planetary resources. In contrast, a sustainable blue economy envisages economic activities such as greening shipping, coastal renewable energy, carbon sequestration, eco-tourism, genetic marine resources, sustainable aquaculture and the development of new seafood as new trends in the decades ahead. The paper analyzes the key postulates of the blue economy concept, as well as European experiences and challenges in this field, using the methods of theoretical analysis. Based on the empirical findings of the paper, the general conclusion is that the oceans, coastal areas and marine activities will play a crucial role for the economic and environmental future of the European Union and its citizens. The European blue economy can and must be a central and solid pillar that contributes to the general resilience of society itself. Overall, the European Union has recognized the importance of the blue economy in generating new jobs and achieving prosperity and security, but its potential has yet to be unlocked. What is important is that the affirmation of the concept of the blue economy takes place in the spirit of the fundamental principles of the 2020 strategy, according to which growth must be smart (with respect to integration of cutting edge science-based, innovative solutions and industrial leadership), sustainable (in economic, social and ecological terms tackling societal challenges) and inclusive (considering the multitude of coastal, marine and maritime activities and trade-offs between them). The general lesson is that the European institutions responsible for ocean health and safety must seriously consider an appropriate framework that allows the blue economy to thrive while maintaining high standards of sustainable development in line with the EU?s vision for a carbon-free society. When it comes to the European Union (and its members), the development of the sustainable and fair blue economy in the coming period should take place in accordance with the principles of the European Green Agreement, as a long-term strategy for sustainable growth, which will require: transformation of value chains of the blue economy in terms of moving away from linear business models to circular ones, with less resource consumption and waste; introduction of stricter measures against marine pollution, coastal waste and plastics; fossil fuel replacement; investing in biodiversity conservation; restoration and protection of ecosystems; promoting nature-based solutions and options and incubating marine renewable energy and innovative blue biotechnology. At the same time, all blue economy sectors have to reduce their climate and environmental impact and contribute to the recovery of marine ecosystems. In achieving overarching goals such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing resource efficiency and reducing overall environmental impact, the EU should focus on five promising and innovative sectors, namely: blue energy, aquaculture, coastal and maritime 256 tourism, blue biotechnology and seabed mining. To address the previous challenges, special emphasis should be placed on the need for multisectoral, inclusive, transparent and holistic governance (public-private dialogue) to integrate the sustainable use of human resources with environmental protection and social justice. Improving governance processes should primarily be based on: 1. Citizen engagement and ocean literacy, namely, the involvement and empowerment of local communities and 2. ?ffirmation of maritime spatial planning, with the following advantages: protect the environment through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space; encourage investment by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules; increase cross-border cooperation between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas; and reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities.
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PIDORYCHEVA, Iryna. « SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOLOGICAL AND INNOVATIVE COOPERATION BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE EUROPEAN UNION : PERSPECTIVES AND STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT ». Economy of Ukraine 2022, no 2 (12 mars 2022) : 50–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2022.02.050.
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In the conditions of normality 2.0, cardinal technological transformations taking place in the world economy under the influence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the deepening of international cooperation that will promote sustainable development of countries becomes a priority. At the heart of Ukraine's strategic foreign policy course is the European integration, which involves the development of relations with the European Union and its member states in many areas of common interest. One of these areas is science and technology and innovation, which is key in terms of ensuring the competitiveness and technological security of countries in the long run. The peculiarities of the EU's innovation policy in the context of the implementation of its new strategic course on building a climate-neutral, greener, digital, resilient and democratic Europe are studied. The approaches that are the basis of modern EU innovation policy are identified: the approach of smart specialization and the approach to mission-oriented innovation. Particular attention is paid to the latter, the essence of missions and mission-oriented innovation policy is highlighted, their role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals is shown. Strategic priority areas of scientific-technological and innovation cooperation between Ukraine and the EU are identified, taking into account national and global challenges, potentials and achievements of domestic science, new strategic goals of the European Union and features of European innovation policy. The expediency and prospects of cooperation between the parties in four of the selected areas, which provide for the development of cooperation in the following areas: first, security, defense-technical and defense-industrial cooperation; second, health and pharmacology, biotechnology and genomics; third, agriculture and the food industry, in particular organic farming and precision farming; fourth, digitization and development of digital technologies. The institutional principles of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in these areas are summarized and proposals are provided to strengthen the scientific, technological and innovation-industrial potential of Ukraine as a prerequisite for its effective integration into the European Research Area.
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Székács, András, Péter Roszík, Katalin Balázs, László Podmaniczky et Apolka Ujj. « Agroecological initiatives in Hungary and their Central European aspects ». International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 47, no 3 (décembre 2020) : 216–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/ijanr.v47i3.2266.
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Agroecology initiatives were first implemented within Central and Eastern Europe in Hungary in the 1980s in response to the environmental and ecological problems of intensive, agrochemical-based agricultural technology. The agroecology sector has grown substantially ever since and is currently facing its second boom, yet Hungary’s level of organic farming remains substantially below the average level in the European Union (EU) and in the Visegrad Group countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia). This review summarizes early and recent agroecology developments in Hungary in the context of the region and the EU in a broader sense, mainly regarding scientific research and policy aspects. The 10-fold growth of the organic agriculture sector in Hungary over the last two decades brings Hungary somewhat closer to the average EU level and is discussed in relation to the regulating legal environment, i.e., the EU’s harmonized Rural Development Program. In addition, the European Green Deal envisions a reduction in pesticide use by 50% by 2030 and supports agroecology to reduce excess fertilization, increase organic farming and reverse biodiversity loss. Hungary pursues these goals through, among others means, the transnational joint initiative of the Visegrad countries, BIOEAST. The environmental risks jeopardizing agroecology are summarized in a systematic context, covering not only agricultural organic microcontaminants but also agricultural biotechnology products and issues in energy utilization efficacy. Related past and current research projects, as well as Hungary’s involvement in the international advancement of agroecology, are outlined.
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Shkolyarenko, A. M. « THE CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES MARKET ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, no 3(48) (28 juin 2016) : 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-3-48-66-74.
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Population growth in the context of limited land resources makes the global scientific society research new ways to increase the agricultural yields. Over the past 20 years, biotechnology and GM crops have become widely spread and now are cultivated in 28 countries. The total area of crops has tripled, and it suggests the further vertical and horizontal integration in short term. In 2015, the US Department of Agriculture authorized the commercial use of GM farm animals. The development of agricultural biotechnology market is constrained by opponents of GM crops in more than 160 countries, which include Russia and the European Union, where the production of GM crops is banned due to economic, ethical, ideological and biological reasons. Currently, the EU is seeking to reduce the imports of GM crops and products; Russia's GM imports and exports are prohibited, and the deadline of designing a consolidated position on agricultural biotechnology has been moved to 2017. The author seeks to analyze the volume of production and international trade of agricultural products based on biotechnologies and to describe the main trends in the global market, which could be integrated into the food value chain in Russia. In the context of the worsening economic indicators, the article proposes the possibility of extending the use of GM crops in Russia non-food sector.
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Kulczycka, Joanna, et Zygmunt Kowalski. « Principles of municipal waste management in Poland and selected regions of Europe ». Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 10, no 4 (1 janvier 2008) : 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-008-0043-1.
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Principles of municipal waste management in Poland and selected regions of Europe High level of production and consumption in member-countries of the European Union is connected with generating a considerable amount of waste. In individual EU member-countries various methods aiming at decreasing the amount of generated waste are implemented. The current situation in Poland, and the best practical solutions introduced in some European regions have been presented in the paper. These solutions were put in place, mainly to fulfill the EU or country's regulations. The priority of municipal waste management measures is to prevent and minimize its generation. Decisions on preventing waste generation should be made as early as at the stage of product designing and manufacturing. The basic principle of proper municipal waste management is to create a system of regional solutions, which includes all the elements of waste management and relates them to the local conditions.
11
Marchant, Mary A., et Baohui Song. « Assessment of Biotechnology Policies and International Trade in Key Markets for U.S. Agriculture ». Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no 2 (août 2005) : 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800006854.
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The United States leads the world in agricultural biotechnology research, adoption, commercialization, and exports. Our biotech commodities are highly dependent on international markets. Thus, any biotech policy changes by key importing countries may affect U.S. agricultural biotech product exports. This article identifies key markets for U.S. agricultural exports including biotech commodities and discusses current and proposed biotech policies in key markets for U.S. agricultural exports focusing on Canada, Mexico, Japan, the European Union (EU), and China. Among these markets, labeling of biotech products is voluntary in Canada and Mexico but is mandatory in Japan, the EU, and, most recently, in China. For the EU, U.S. corn exports were almost completely shut out, while U.S. soybean exports also declined because of the EU's biotech policies. The World Trade Organization dispute filed by the United States has yet to be finalized. China's biotech regulations raised concern by U.S. agricultural exporters. However, through U.S. Department of Agriculture education programs, U.S.–China negotiations, and China's domestic soybean shortage, China's biotech regulations do not appear to have had long-run impacts on U.S. soybean exports to China.
12
Calignano, Giuseppe. « Nanotechnology as a proxy to capture regional economic development ? New findings from the European Union Framework Programmes ». Nanotechnology Reviews 6, no 2 (1 avril 2017) : 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2016-0028.
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AbstractThe European Union has included nanotechnology in the Key Enabling Technologies helping countries to tackle current and future societal challenges thanks to their applications in multiple industries. Furthermore, one theme named “Nanosciences, Nanotechnologies, Materials and New Production Technologies” was included in the Sixth and Seventh Framework Programmes with the purpose of financing organizations specifically involved in nanotechnology activities. The empirical analysis presented in this paper aims to reconstruct the participation of the Italian private, public and public-private organizations at the regional level in the European Union nanotechnology network. The hypothesis is that a high share of private organizations and a well-balanced proportion of private and public entities are beneficial for knowledge circulation potentially leading to innovation. This paper confirms the findings of other recent studies by revealing that the participation of private, public and public-private organizations at the European Union level overlaps the distribution of the nanotechnology activities in Italy and the regional disparities in the country. More in general, this paper strengthens the concept that the interdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology and the collaborations fostered by the Framework Programmes enable researchers to capture regional economic development from a global viewpoint.
13
Fedyna, Svitlana M., Bohdan L. Kjvalov et Vitaliy M. Ignatenko. « Bioeconomics : the Essence of the Concept, Strategies, Status and Prospects of Development of Entrepreneurial Forms in Ukraine ». Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, no 3 (2019) : 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2019.85.02.
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The paper analyzes various approaches to defining the definition of "bioeconomy", clarifying its essence, spheres of influence (field of application), its technological basis (biotechnology). It was determined that the bioeconomy is closely related to the circular economy, the nature of the circular economy, its main differences from the linear economy and the economics of processing have been clarified. It also paid attention to bioeconomic strategies adopted in different countries, identified the main directions of development of bioeconomies of these countries, reviewed the European Union program documents on bioeconomic issues, as well as major funds, international associations, forums operating in the bioeconomic sphere and unite stakeholders. The total volume of bioeconomy in Europe is analyzed (the share of bioeconomy and its percentage in individual sectors of economy is broken down by the share of bioeconomic income for each of the considered sectors and the share of employment in the bioeconomy sector), the main tasks of bioeconomic growth in Europe are determined. The Sustainable Development Goals have been identified and their achievements are related to bioeconomy in one way or another. The bioeconomy development rating based on the Global Biotechnology and Innovation Index, based on performance indicators, intellectual property rights, intensity, enterprise support, education and training, research and development funding, and policy, and policy, Ukraine is ranked in this rating by each indicator. The main economic sectors in Ukraine that use biotechnology are identified. Ukraine's bioeconomic strategy has not yet been formulated, in view of this it has identified the main obstacles to the development of the bioeconomy in Ukraine and directions that need to be developed Key words: bioeconomics, biotechnology, circular economy, “biologization” of the economy, sustainable development.
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JACKSON, LEE ANN, et KYM ANDERSON. « What's behind GM food trade disputes ? » World Trade Review 4, no 2 (juillet 2005) : 203–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474560500234x.
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Over the past decade, the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) have implemented widely divergent regulatory systems to govern the production and consumption of genetically modified (GM) agricultural crops. In the US, many GM varieties have been commercially produced and marketed, while in the EU few varieties have been approved: a de facto moratorium limited EU production, import and domestic sale of most GM crops from late 1998 to April 2004, and since then strict labelling regulations and a slow approval process are having a similar effect. The EU policies have substantially altered trade flows and led in September 2003 to the WTO establishing a WTO Dispute Settlement panel to test the legality of European policy towards imports of GM foods. This paper seeks to better understand the economic forces behind the different regulatory approaches of the US and the EU. It uses a model of the global economy (GTAP) to examine empirically how GM biotechnology adoption would affect the economic welfare of both adopting and non-adopting countries in the absence of alternative policy responses to this technology, and in their presence. These results go beyond earlier empirical studies to indicate effects on real incomes of farm households, and suggest the EU moratorium on GM imports helps EU farmers even though it requires them to forego the productivity boost they could receive from the new GM biotechnology.
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Baker, D. J. « (A205) Management of Mass Casualties and Associated Health Effects Following Chemical or Radiological Agent Release : Results of the European Union Mash Study, 2008–2010 ». Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (mai 2011) : s56—s57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11001968.
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Although emergencies involving mass casualties following the release of chemical or radiological agents are rare, the risks are well-recognized and many countries have prepared national response plans. The MASH (Mass Casualties and Health) study, partially funded by the European Commission, examined preparations for mass-casualty management and associated health risks within the Member States of the European Union (EU). The objective of the study was to improve the overall capacity to manage mass-casualty incidents that may equally outstretch the resources of a single country or involve several states simultaneously. Through confidential questionnaires and other means, MASH investigated the current response capabilities and planning for chemical and radiological incidents within the EU and also explored, through a number of seminars, developments in information and communications technologies, together with relevant developments in biotechnology which could improve a unified response. Finally, a foresight study has identified a number of areas for improvement and identifies six strategic aims for EU Member States to cope with chemical and radiological mass casualties. This presentation will cover the main findings of the MASH study and consider its wider message for chemical and radiological incidents worldwide.
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Litvinova, L. S., A. G. Goncharov, V. V. Shupletsova, N. D. Gazatova, O. B. Melashchenko, K. A. Yurova et A. A. Pestrikova. « Analysis of the legal regulation of the use of umbilical cord blood and its components in the Russian Federation and abroad ». Genes & ; Cells 15, no 4 (10 décembre 2020) : 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.23868/202012014.
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Umbilical cord blood is a unique source of hematopoietic cells for transplantation in hematological diseases and other socially significant pathologies. The development of regenerative medicine requires clear protocols governing the use of umbilical cord blood and its components (cells, plasma) in clinical practice. In the Russian Federation, today, there is no proper regulatory framework for working with umbilical cord blood and its components, which is a limiting factor in the development of cellular technologies and regenerative medicine in general. The article analyzes the legal framework for regulating the use of umbilical cord blood and its components in the Russian Federation and abroad - the countries of the European Union and America.
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Nowak, Kazimierz. « Start młodzieży na rynku pracy ». Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 3 (1 janvier 2007) : 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20833296.3.21.
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Poland belongs to the group of the poorest countries in European Union (country’s gross growth per capita according to the purchasing power constitutes about 45% of the union’s average). The development policy of our country should be based on the young and better educated people, on good perspectives for the development of enterprise, on scientific and cultural potential highly valued by the whole world and a continuously developing market. The fields in which the graduates of the universities may find good jobs in the future include: computer science, biotechnology, electrical engineering, English philology. National economic policy, stimulating the investments with good external effects and supporting the expansion of the knowledge based economy, contributes to the reduction of inequalities and the increase of social wealth. The inequalities lead to social losses and lower growth of the country’s profit. A mitigating the inequalities releases social energy used to fight against poverty and make people focus on the productive activities and initiatives. Young people should have better access to the job market. It is possible thanks to the creation a proper financial stimuli and a relevant system of adaptation to the market requirements.
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Shestibratov, K., I. Chubugina et S. Zavriev. « Genetic Engineering Activity : Analysis of International and Russian Legislative Base ». World Economy and International Relations, no 12 (2014) : 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-12-50-59.
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The development and ratification of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (hereinafter the Protocol) by 167 countries was a significant event in the sphere of international legal regulation of genetic engineering activity (GEA). The Protocol came into effect on September 11, 2003. The Protocol is the main starting point of the legislative base building in the GEA field for a number of countries, including all EU countries, China and Brazil. The US and Russia have not ratified the Cartagena Protocol. The main principle underlying the European concepts of GEA regulation and risk assessment is the «precautionary principle». On the contrary, the American concept of GEA regulation and risk assessment is based on another concept: the biotechnology methodology itself doesn't create new risks to human health and environment. In this regard, the state regulates the process of GMOs creating and estimates the produced products. In Russian Federation, the legislative basis in the sphere of GEA regulation is poorly developed. Obviously, first and foremost Russia will have to decide on which basis the normative legal regulation for the use of GMOs should be built: on the Cartagena Protocol or on its own system, for example, in the framework of the Customs Union. Acknowledgment. The works were executed under fi nancial support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in the framework of projects no. 14.512.11.120 as of October 10, 2013, no. 14.M04.12.0009 as of June 27, 2014 and no. 14.616.21.0013 as of September 17, 2014.
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Petersen, Alexander M., et Michelangelo Puliga. « High-skilled labour mobility in Europe before and after the 2004 enlargement ». Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no 128 (mars 2017) : 20170030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0030.
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The extent to which international high-skilled mobility channels are forming is a question of great importance in an increasingly global knowledge-based economy. One factor facilitating the growth of high-skilled labour markets is the standardization of certifiable degrees meriting international recognition. Within this context, we analysed an extensive high-skilled mobility database comprising roughly 382 000 individuals from five broad profession groups (Medical, Education, Technical, Science & Engineering and Business & Legal) over the period 1997–2014, using the 13-country expansion of the European Union (EU) to provide insight into labour market integration. We compare the periods before and after the 2004 enlargement, showing the emergence of a new east–west migration channel between the 13 mostly eastern EU entrants (E) and the rest of the western European countries (W). Indeed, we observe a net directional loss of human capital from E → W, representing 29% of the total mobility after 2004. Nevertheless, the counter-migration from W → E is 7% of the total mobility over the same period, signalling the emergence of brain circulation within the EU. Our analysis of the country–country mobility networks and the country–profession bipartite networks provides timely quantitative evidence for the convergent integration of the EU, and highlights the central role of the UK and Germany as high-skilled labour hubs. We conclude with two data-driven models to explore the structural dynamics of the mobility networks. First, we develop a reconfiguration model to explore the potential ramifications of Brexit and the degree to which redirection of high-skilled labourers away from the UK may impact the integration of the rest of the European mobility network. Second, we use a panel regression model to explain empirical high-skilled mobility rates in terms of various economic ‘push–pull’ factors, the results of which show that government expenditure on education, per capita wealth, geographical proximity and labour force size are significant attractive features of destination countries.
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Gabriela, Valente Chaves, Nery Tatiana Barreto Rocha, Barreto Gabriele de Abreu, Reis João Henrique de Oliveira, Cerqueira Jamile Costa et Machado Bruna Aparecida Souza. « Technological Potential of Avocado Oil : Prospective Study Based on Patent Documents ». Recent Patents on Biotechnology 13, no 4 (25 octobre 2019) : 304–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872208313666190522102518.
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Background: Avocado (Persea Americana, Mill.), belonging to the Lauraceae family, is considered a tropical fruit originating in Central America, with Mexico being the largest producer in the world. The fruit stands out for its economic potential and high nutritional value and its oil has good commercial value, however, its production is still incipient, being mainly used by the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Despite producing a significant amount of oil, the avocado seed is still considered a by-product of fruit processing. Methods: Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the technological potential of the oil obtained from the avocado and avocado seed through the research and analysis of patent documents available worldwide, in order to identify the main countries that have the technology researched as well as, the main areas of application. We revised all the patents related to acquisition, application and the use of avocado oil. For this, a search was carried out for the database of the Derwent Innovation Index (DII), which compiles the collection of documents published around the world. Results: A total of 144 patent documents were identified, which were evaluated for the country of origin of thepublisher, the type of thepublisher, inventors, rate of publication over time and areas of application. There has been an increase in the number of patents producded as of 2011, which proves it to be a current and interesting technology. The main countries were the United States and the European Union. Conclusion: The documents identified referred to different processes applied to obtain oil, as well as the application for the development of new food, cosmetic and veterinary products. In this way, although incipient, the researched technology proved to be a promising area of research to be explored by universities and companies in view of the characteristics and potential of the product.
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Ban, Igor. « Cultural Challenges of BlueBird Bio Expansion into Germany ». Journal of Global Awareness 1, Fall/Winter (7 décembre 2020) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24073/jga/1/02/06.
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BlueBird Bio is a biotechnology multinational corporation (MNC), with headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts, specializing in gene therapy solutions for autoimmune diseases and cancer. The company was recently approved, in Germany, for their new drug Zynteglo for the treatment of betta thalassemia. This approval opened the door for further investment in the European market, starting with the contracting of Apceth Biopharma and purchases of new land and equipment to establish a permanent residence in the country. The opening of the new European headquarters will demonstrate new challenges for BlueBird Bio, as cultural and institutional differences between the host country and parent country are quite distinctive. Some of the main differences among countries are their cultural dimensions in dealing with risk, masculinity, and indulgence. Unlike the United States, Germany is risk avert, values input of all in decision-making, and has a general attitude following the best practice approach. The US focuses on the individual dimension of a culture where employees are valued for their independence. Furthermore, the differences between governmental policies in the two countries vary strongly. The German government has strict policies on employee protection and can affect the decision making of the organization. There is also the presence of labor unions and collective bargaining; two aspects of organizational structure US-based companies are trying to avoid. BlueBird Bio is an emerging MNC, and its success depends upon its ability to recognize the differences in cultures and institutions between the countries. The company has already been exposed to multiple countries in Europe and has strong programs in employee education supplemented with strong company benefits for its employees, which is providing excellent groundwork for establishing headquarters in Germany.
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Picard, Camille, Colin Jeffries, Nicolas Ponserre, Hanna Kortemaa et Martin Ward. « Recommended Regulated Non-Quarantine Pests : towards a wider and better application of the international concept in the EPPO region ». BASE, no 1 (2019) : 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.17788.
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Description of the subject. Measures against regulated non-quarantine pests (RNQPs) aim to prevent an unacceptable economic impact on the intended use of plants for planting by pests that are already present in the area. Therefore unlike quarantine pests, the likelihood of introduction of RNQPs is not a relevant criterion. Although the term RNQP was introduced in the FAO International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) in 1997, to date, very few countries in the EPPO region have used the RNQP concept explicitly. However, in December 2016, the European Union introduced RNQPs in EU Regulation 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants, in line with international standards, to be implemented by December 2019. Objectives. EPPO undertook a 2-year project, funded by the European Commission, to develop a methodology to assess whether pests should be RNQPs and apply this methodology to pest/host/intended use combinations obtained from Council Directive 2000/29/EC and EU Marketing Directives on reproductive material. Method. A methodology allowing a quick risk analysis was developed. Results. This methodology was applied to approximately 1,400 pest/host/intended use combinations within different Sector expert working groups, including 44 combinations for the seed potato (i.e. potato plants for planting) sector. When applied to blackleg disease on seed potatoes, experts recommended the listing of the genera Dickeya and Pectobacterium as RNQPs for the EU and the EPPO region. Conclusions. This project has produced a harmonized evaluation process and recommendations by experts for several pest/host/intended use combinations (as Dickeya spp. and Pectobacterium spp. for seed potatoes) for regulation as RNQPs throughout the EPPO region. EPPO is now considering whether to endorse these recommendations.
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Lehnert, Katja, Mamun M. Rashid, Benoy Kumar Barman et Walter Vetter. « Identification and quantification of dicarboxylic fatty acids in head tissue of farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) ». European Food Research and Technology 247, no 7 (21 avril 2021) : 1771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-021-03747-5.
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AbstractNile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was grown in Bangladesh with four different feeding treatments as part of a project that aims to produce fish in a cost-effective way for low-income consumers in developing countries. Fillet and head tissue was analysed because both tissues were destined for human consumption. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses of transesterified fatty acid methyl ester extracts indicated the presence of ~ 50 fatty acids. Major fatty acids in fillet and head tissue were palmitic acid and oleic acid. Both linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids with three or more double bonds were presented in quantities > 10% of total fatty acids in fillet, but lower in head tissue. Erucic acid levels were below the newly proposed tolerable daily intake in the European Union, based on the consumption of 200 g fillet per day. Moreover, further analysis produced evidence for the presence of the dicarboxylic fatty acid azelaic acid (nonanedioic acid, Di9:0) in head tissue. To verify this uncommon finding, countercurrent chromatography was used to isolate Di9:0 and other dicarboxylic acids from a technical standard followed by its quantification. Di9:0 contributed to 0.4–1.3% of the fatty acid profile in head tissue, but was not detected in fillet. Fish fed with increasing quantities of flaxseed indicated that linoleic acid was the likely precursor of Di9:0 in the head tissue samples.
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Berketova, L., et K. Proshina. « The ‘Traffic Light’ System in the Food Industry ». Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no 5 (15 mai 2019) : 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/42/25.
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The development and implementation of the ‘Traffic Light’ marking was a consequence of the concern of Rospotrebnadzor in connection with the increase in the growth of diseases related to nutrition. In particular, the development of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, diabetes leads to increased consumption of sugar, saturated fatty acids, trans isomers of fatty acids, salts. This raised the issue of providing clear and reliable information to the consumer about these substances. The initiator of the project of color marking ‘Traffic Light’ was the CPS. He with the participation of Research Institute of Nutrition and Biotechnology was prepared, developed and published guidelines MR 2.3.0122-18 Color indication on the labelling of food products in order to inform consumers. The purpose of these recommendations is to provide more detailed and visual information about the content of individual substances in the product: salt added sugar and fat. Color indication includes the application of red, yellow and green — depending on the level of salt, sugar and fatty acids, taking into account the daily rate of consumption of these substances. For example, green mark bread products containing table salt less than 0.2 (0.5) g and red — if it contains more than 0.48 (1.2) g. For added sugar, in particular for dairy and cottage cheese products, green identification is put at less than 5 g and red identification — at more than 9 g per day. It should be noted that the system ‘Traffic Light’ does not indicate the harm or danger of the product to human health, and informs the buyer about the color of salt, sugar and fat in this product. Similar markings are used in the USA, Great Britain and Finland. In addition to the ‘Traffic Light’ marking and the indication of food and energy value, the European Union countries are also covered by the indication of allergens, vitamins and minerals on the product package.
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Bilohur, Vlada, et Roman Oleksenko. « THE EUROPEAN SPORT MODELS MANAGEMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES EUROPEAN UNION ». HUMANITIES STUDIES 90, no 13 (2022) : 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/hst-2022-13-90-07.
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Stec, Małgorzata. « Innovation in European Union Countries ». Gospodarka Narodowa 236, no 11-12 (31 décembre 2009) : 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/gn/101233.
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Rodríguez-Gulías, María Jesús, Vítor Manuel de Sousa Gabriel et David Rodeiro-Pazos. « Effects of governance on entrepreneurship : European Union vs non-European Union ». Competitiveness Review : An International Business Journal 28, no 1 (15 janvier 2018) : 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-06-2016-0035.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies between countries that are members of the European Union (EU) and those that are not. H1 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the immediate creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. H2 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the deferred creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses two types of analyses: firstly, univariate analysis, which is a descriptive statistics of the dependent, independent and control variables, and the results of a t-test; and secondly, multivariate analysis, which estimates using the fixed-effects estimator under the specifications previously raised for the subsample of 28 EU countries and for the subsample of 103 non-EU countries during the period 2004-2014. Findings The results show that the variables of governance are not significantly higher in the EU, although the density of the enterprises is. Within the governance indicators, government effectiveness is significant in the EU. The results obtained for the EU confirmed H1and H2, with a significant positive effect of government effectiveness on entrepreneurship, while the other governance variables were not significant in the EU subsample. The results obtained for non-EU countries suggest no significant immediate effects (H1) and a slightly significant delayed effect of rule of law on the entrepreneurship (H2) concerned. Research limitations/implications Future research in this area could consider introducing another regional division or other types of methodology as variables affect models. Practical implications Governance can be defined as the ability of a government and its public institutions to provide services and design, and implement rules, which is a factor that affects the creation of new companies. However, the effect of governance could differ depending on the country and its economic environment. This paper analyses the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies considering two different geographic regions as countries are presumably heterogeneous. Therefore, these results indicate that the effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship differs according to the region. Social implications The effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship according to the region is also known. Originality/value This study applied panel data analysis to two samples of countries during the period 2004-2014, one formed by 28 countries of the EU and the other by 103 non-EU countries. No other paper considers this number of countries for this period. To assess the impact of governance on the creation of new companies, this paper considered the existence of immediate and deferred effects of governance on entrepreneurship.
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Ivanenko, Dmytro, et Nataliia Hlushchenko. « LEGAL ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IMPACT ON AVAILABILITY OF MEDICINES IN UKRAINE ». Law Journal of Donbass 76, no 3 (2021) : 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2523-4269-2021-76-3-39-44.
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The right of a person to access medicines is derived from the right to health. At the time of the establishment of fundamental human rights, the issue of lack of access to medical supplies was not considered a violation of human rights. The spread of pandemics has led to the gradual recognition of the right of access to medicines. The TRIPS agreement fundamentally reformatted the discussion on access to medicines. Prior to the TRIPS Agreement, states had considerable independence in the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of intellectual property. TRIPS obliges countries to provide pharmaceutical patents. The growing influence of the international patent system has aroused widespread interest and concern about the impact on access to medicines. The Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement defines the importance of the implementation and interpretation of the Agreement in the most favorable way for the protection of public health by making available to the public existing medicines and creating conditions for the production of new ones. Ukraine is on the way to creating its own legislation in the field of intellectual property. Art. 219 of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union contains provisions according to which the parties recognize the importance of the Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement in the field of health care. Positive changes in the field of intellectual property include the provisions of the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on the Reform of Patent Legislation» № 816-IX as of 21.07.2020. This law limited the range of objects to be patented. The implementation of these legislative changes is impossible without a proper methodology for the examination of novelty. Reforming the national system of intellectual property protection has created good preconditions for the formation of a civilized pharmaceutical market in Ukraine. Among the areas of legislation in Ukraine, there is an urgent need to form an institution of compulsory licensing. A separate area is the introduction of the pre-grant and post-grant procedures of the opposition. An important area of legislative work is the formation of a favorable domestic policy for innovation and invention in the field of medicine and biotechnology.
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Joumard, Isabelle. « Tax systems in European Union countries ». OECD Economic Studies 2002, no 1 (7 mai 2003) : 91–151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art4-en.
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Hsieh, Jin-chi, Ching-cheng Lu, Ying Li, Yung-ho Chiu et Ya-sue Xu. « Environmental Assessment of European Union Countries ». Energies 12, no 2 (18 janvier 2019) : 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020295.
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This study utilizes the dynamic data envelopment analysis (DEA) model by considering time to measure the energy environmental efficiency of 28 countries in the European Union (EU) during the period 2006–2013. There are three kinds of variables: input, output, and carry-over. The inputs are labor, capital, and energy consumption (EC). The undesirable outputs are greenhouse gas emissions (GHE) and sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions, and the desirable output variable is gross domestic product (GDP). The carry-over variable is gross capital formation (GCF). The empirical results show that first the dynamic DEA model can measure environment efficiency and provide optimum improvement for inefficient countries, as more than half of the EU countries should improve their environmental efficiency. Second, the average overall scores of the EU countries point out that the better period of performance is from 2009 to 2012. Third, the output variables of GHE, SOx, and GDP exhibit a significant impact on environmental efficiency. Finally, the average value of others is significantly better than high renewable energy utilization (HRE) with the Wilcoxon test. Thus, the EU’s strategy for environmental energy improvement should be to pay attention to the benefits of renewable energy (RE) utilization, reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHE), and enhancing the development of RE utilization to help achieve the goal of lower GHE.
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Gajos, Edyta, Sylwia Małażewska et Konrad Prandecki. « EMISSION EFFICIENCY OF EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ». Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no 6 (10 décembre 2018) : 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7732.
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The aim of the study was to compare the total greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union countries and their emission efficiency. Emission efficiency was calculated as the ratio of emission volume and value to gross value added generated by the economy of a given country (size of the economy). The necessary statistical data was obtained from Eurostat. It was found that in 2015 most of greenhouse gases were emitted by: Germany, United Kingdom, Poland, France and Italy. At the same time, France and the United Kingdom were characterized by one of the best emission efficiency in the European Union, Germany and Italy obtained average results, while Poland was in the group of countries with the lowest emission efficiency. Therefore, it can be concluded, that the volume of emissions is significantly affected by the size of the economy. Some large emitters have economies based on relatively “clean” technologies and thus their potential to further reduction is not very high. The reverse is true for some low-emission countries, such as Estonia and Bulgaria. This indicates the need for a more comprehensive look at the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
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Kraciuk, Jakub. « FOOD SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ». Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no 3 (22 août 2017) : 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3238.
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The aim of the study was to show the state of food security in European Union countries and defines the basic factors determining the level of this security. There is a large disproportion in the state of food security between individual European Union countries, especially between old and new EU countries. It was determined that in the analyzed years average prices of products and their quality deteriorated in the countries of the European Union. The unfavorable changes that have taken place were not too great. On the other hand, the average indicator for the analyzed countries regarding access to food has clearly improved.
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Grabowska, Barbara. « Education of teachers in European Union countries ». Osvitolohiya, no 3 (2014) : 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2226-3012.2014.3.4045.
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Gajewski, Paweł. « Public Finance Sustainability in European Union Countries ». Gospodarka Narodowa 251, no 10 (31 octobre 2011) : 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/gn/101072.
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Elbashir, Rania. « LIBYA'S FOREIGN TRADE WITH EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ». MEST Journal 10, no 2 (15 juillet 2022) : 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/mest.10.10.02.07.
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The subject of this empirical and theoretical work is the exchange of foreign trade in Libya with the countries of the European Union. The scientific objective of the research is to make a scientific classification of the volume of foreign trade between Libya and the European Union countries and to discover the factors that hinder foreign trade and explain them scientifically. European countries also support this cooperation and contribute significantly to the formulation of future cooperation policies with Libya in various social, political, and economic fields. However, this cooperation takes place in light of objective difficulties arising from the conflicting interests of Western countries in North Africa and Libya. Since these relations are burdened with many problems of different nature, we started this paper from two assumptions: The first premise is that in the trade relations between Libya and the European Union, there are common interests for foreign trade that are more feasible. The second premise is that more encouragement and protection for investments by the countries of the European Union helps in new qualitative development and economic growth in Libya, which will significantly improve trade relations between Libya and the countries of the European Union.
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Kavelaars, Peter. « The foreign countries of the European Union ». EC Tax Review 16, Issue 6 (1 décembre 2007) : 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2007044.
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Szymańska, Agata. « Tax revenues in the European Union countries ». Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 62, no 5 (26 mai 2017) : 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0921.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse tax revenues and examine similarities of selected tax revenues (mainly VAT, CIT, PIT and excise duty) in the European Union countries. The analysis of the EU members concerns the period between 2003 (i.e. the year preceding the biggest enlargement of the EU) and 2012 (due to data completeness). Tax rates and the structure of tax revenues in the EU countries were compared and then the cluster analysis was applied to assess the similarity of tax revenues. The analysis suggests that the process of tax harmonization, which took place in the period considered, did not exert a significant impact on the similarity of the structure of tax revenues in the EU countries. The structure seems to be still determined by e.g. social, economic or historical factors, which influenced the tax systems creation in particular EU countries.
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Brozo, William G., E. Sutton Flynt, Gerry Shiel, Ulla-Britt Persson, Christine Garbe et Lydia Dachkova. « Content Reading in Four European Union Countries ». Reading Teacher 63, no 2 (octobre 2009) : 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1598/rt.63.2.10.
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MUFTAKHOVA, A. N. « TERRITORIAL MOBILITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ». Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 14, no 1 (2019) : 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2071-2367-2019-14-1-145-160.
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Saman Shojae Chaeikar, Mazdak Zamani, Christian Sunday Chukwuekezie et Mojtaba Alizadeh. « Electronic Voting Systems for European Union Countries ». Journal of Next Generation Information Technology 4, no 5 (31 juillet 2013) : 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jnit.vol4.issue5.3.
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Legros, F., et M. Danis. « Surveillance of malaria in European Union countries ». Eurosurveillance 3, no 5 (1 mai 1998) : 45–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.03.05.00103-en.
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The European Union countries are outside the endemic area for malaria, but many cases of malaria contracted elsewhere are imported into Europe each year. Several countries have reported high and increasing numbers of imported cases in recent years (France
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Afonso, Oscar, Ana Lurdes Albuquerque et Alexandre Almeida. « Wage inequality determinants in European Union countries ». Applied Economics Letters 20, no 12 (août 2013) : 1170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2013.797551.
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Lewis, Alfred, et Owusu Kwarteng. « The European Union : implications for developing countries ». European Business Review 95, no 5 (octobre 1995) : 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09555349510096090.
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Branco Pedro, João, Frits Meijer et Henk Visscher. « Building control systems of European Union countries ». International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 2, no 1 (20 avril 2010) : 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17561451011036513.
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Economou, Athina, et Iacovos N. Psarianos. « Revisiting Okun’s Law in European Union countries ». Journal of Economic Studies 43, no 2 (9 mai 2016) : 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-05-2013-0063.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine Okun’s Law in European countries by distinguishing between the transitory and the permanent effects of output changes upon unemployment and by examining the effect of labor market protection policies upon Okun’s coefficients. Design/methodology/approach – Quarterly data for 13 European Union countries, from the second quarter of 1993 until the first quarter of 2014, are used. Panel data techniques and Mundlak decomposition models are estimated. Findings – Okun’s Law is robust to alternative specifications. The effect of output changes to unemployment rates is weaker for countries with increased labor market protection expenditures and it is more persistent for countries with low labor market protection. Originality/value – The paper provides evidence that the permanent effect of output changes upon unemployment rates is quantitatively larger than the transitory impact. In addition, it provides evidence that increased labor market protection mitigates the adverse effects of a decrease in output growth rate upon unemployment.
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Agiakloglou, Christos, et Emmanouil Deligiannakis. « Sovereign risk evaluation for European Union countries ». Journal of International Money and Finance 103 (mai 2020) : 102117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2019.102117.
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Giambona, Francesca, Erasmo Vassallo et Elli Vassiliadis. « Educational systems efficiency in European Union countries ». Studies in Educational Evaluation 37, no 2-3 (juin 2011) : 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2011.05.001.
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Cahlík, Tomáš. « Central and east european countries after entering the european union ». Prague Economic Papers 11, no 1 (1 janvier 2002) : 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.185.
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Samardžija, Višnja. « European union and central european countries reducing barriers or not ? » International Advances in Economic Research 1, no 1 (février 1995) : 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295861.
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Fidrmuc, Jarko. « Restructuring European union trade with central and eastern European countries ». Atlantic Economic Journal 28, no 1 (mars 2000) : 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02300533.
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