Articles de revues : « Biomasse granulari »

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Lima, Jéssyca De Freitas, Elivânia Vasconcelos Moraes dos Santos, Heraldo Antunes Silva Filho, José Tavares de Sousa et Adrianus Cornelius Van Haandel. « AVALIAÇÃO DA SEDIMENTABILIDADE DE BIOMASSA GRANULAR E FLOCULENTA EM SISTEMAS DE LODO ATIVADO ». HOLOS 3 (3 juillet 2014) : 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.15628/holos.2014.1916.

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A sedimentação é uma importante operação unitária no tratamento de esgotos, pois pode definir o desenvolvimento de projetos mais econômicos. A pesquisa visou avaliar a sedimentabilidade de biomassa aeróbia granular e floculenta. Foram montados dois sistemas de lodo ativado, um sistema University of Cape Town - UCT com características de lodo floculento e um reator em bateladas sequenciais com estratégias para a granulação aeróbia - RBSG. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível afirmar que o lodo granular obteve uma velocidade de sedimentação elevada (35 m/h), sendo superior à velocidade considerada ideal pela literatura especializada (faixa de 6 a 10 m/h). Já o sistema UCT teve uma média de 7,9 m/h. Foi confirmado que o lodo granular do reator intermitente além da vantagem de maior acúmulo de sólidos no sistema e menor espaço construtivo, também é capaz de tratar mais esgoto por unidade de tempo quando comparado ao sistema contínuo com lodo floculento (UCT). Isso faz com que a escolha por sistemas granulares aeróbios se torne cada vez mais atrativa para o tratamento de efluentes de diferentes naturezas.

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Hernández, A. E., L. C. Belalcazar, M. S. Rodríguez et E. Giraldo. « Retention of granular sludge at high hydraulic loading rates in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor with immersed filtration ». Water Science and Technology 45, n^o 10 (1 mai 2002) : 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0321.

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This study shows the results of an Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor with immersed filtration cartridges for granular biomass retention working at high hydraulic loading rates. Biomass retention capabilities, granular biomass structure and activity, filtration cartridges flux and organic material degradation performance were evaluated. Four reactors with a volume of 0.005 m3 were tested. Two different filtration cartridges were used (10 and 100 μm) with effective surface area of 0.05 m2. The filtration cartridges were submerged in the reactors for suction type filtration. Three organic loading rates were tested in the first two reactors and seven in the other two. Selective biomass washout and an increment in the biomass methanogenic activity was observed in the reactors at hydraulic loading rates between 1.2 and 4.5 m/h. Analyses of biomass granulometry showed an increase of larger size granular biomass. The immersed membrane anaerobic bioreactor maintain most of the advantages without biomass activity loss.

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Pires, Danilo Prado, Julio César Benatti et Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour. « Desenvolvimento de lodo granular aeróbio em reatores em batelada sequencial com baixa velocidade de sedimentação ». Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental 26, n^o 6 (décembre 2021) : 1015–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-415220200180.

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RESUMO Diversos trabalhos têm mostrado a formação de lodo granular aeróbio em reatores nos quais são impostas elevadas velocidades de sedimentação, da ordem de 10 a 12 m.h−1. Aparentemente, quando a velocidade de sedimentação é inferior a 3,8 m.h−1, a fração de lodo floculado é predominante, visto que o lodo suspenso não é eliminado de forma efetiva do reator. Outros estudos, entretanto, mostram a formação de lodos granulares aeróbios para velocidades menores que essa, apontando a possibilidade da formação desse tipo de biomassa em velocidades ainda menores. Assim, este trabalho avaliou a formação desse tipo de lodo em reatores que tratam esgoto sanitário, com relação altura/diâmetro unitária, para velocidades de sedimentação de 1,8 e 1,2 m.h−1, verificando as eficiências de remoção de matéria orgânica e nitrogênio. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que é possível formar lodo aeróbio granular para a faixa de velocidade de estudo, porém com baixa estabilidade estrutural para diâmetros de 1,2 mm ou mais. Essa instabilidade dos grânulos contribui para a baixa eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica e nitrogênio nos reatores.

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Beltrame Benatti, Julio César, Pedro Menuzzo de Almeida Prado et Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour. « Desenvolvimento de lodo granular aeróbio em reatores em batelada sequencial utilizando esgoto sanitário e baixas taxas de aeração ». Revista DAE 68, n^o 227 (21 octobre 2020) : 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36659/dae.2020.078.

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Poucos estudos sobre formação de Lodos Granulares Aeróbios (LGA) utilizam efluentes reais e reatores em escala piloto, em razão de dificuldades associadas à variação nas características do substrato e à baixa concentração de matéria orgânica desses efluentes. Este trabalho vem contribuir com o entendimento dos mecanismos de formação do LGA em condições reais de operação e baixas taxas de aeração. Para tanto, foram utilizados três reatores, operados com diferentes taxas de aeração (0,15, 0,30 e 0,60 cm.s-1), tempo de ciclo de 4 h e utilizando esgoto sanitário real de baixa carga orgânica como substrato. A granulação foi induzida pela aplicação de pressão de seleção a partir da redução controlada do tempo de sedimentação. Os resultados mostram ser possível a formação do LGA utilizando-se esgoto sanitário real como substrato e baixas taxas de aeração, com a obtenção de aproximadamente 90 % de biomassa granular nos reatores e diâmetro médio dos grânulos variando entre 1,3 mm e 1,5 mm. Palavras-chave: Lodo Granular Aeróbio. Efluente Sanitário. Taxa de Aeração. Reator em Batelada Sequencial.

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Grgas, Dijana, Tibela Landeka Dragičević, Anita Štrkalj, Andrijana Brozinčević, Adelina Ladavac, Tea Štefanac et Mirjana Galant. « Aerobni granulirani mulj u obradi otpadnih voda ». Hrvatski časopis za prehrambenu tehnologiju, biotehnologiju i nutricionizam 16, n^o 1-2 (1 juin 2021) : 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31895/hcptbn.16.1-2.3.

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Aerobni granulirani mulj (AGS, engl. Aerobic Granular Sludge) predstavlja obećavajuću tehnologiju u obradi otpadnih voda kućanstva i industrije. Aerobne granule su samoimobilizirane mikrobne nakupine, bez nosača, a karakterizira ih kompaktna gusta struktura, visoko zadržavanje biomase, visoka učinkovitost uklanjanja onečišćenja i svojstvo brzog taloženja. Na formiranje i stabilnost aerobnog granuliranog mulja utječu brojni čimbenici, poput koncentracija otopljenog kisika, vrijeme prozračivanja, vrsta izvora ugljika, sile smicanja, period gladovanja, vrijeme taloženja. Zbog slojevite strukture granule, sa vanjskim aerobnim slojem i anoksičnim i anaerobnim zonama prema središtu granule, moguće je istovremeno uklanjanje C, N i P. AGS tehnologija ima potencijal smanjenja infrastrukture i operativnih troškova pročišćavanja otpadnih voda. Ovaj rad daje pregled najnovijih spoznaja iz literature o mehanizmu granulacije i svojstvima aerobnih granula.

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Pronk, Mario, Andreas Giesen, Andrew Thompson, Struan Robertson et Mark van Loosdrecht. « Aerobic granular biomass technology : advancements in design, applications and further developments ». Water Practice and Technology 12, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2017) : 987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.101.

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Abstract Aerobic granular sludge is seen as the future standard for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. Through a Dutch research and development program, a full-scale aerobic granular biomass technology has been developed – the Nereda® technology – which has been implemented to treat municipal and industrial wastewater. The Nereda® system is considered to be the first aerobic granular sludge technology applied at full-scale and more than 40 municipal and industrial plants are now in operation or under construction worldwide. Further plants are in the planning and design phase, including plants with capacities exceeding 1 million PE. Data from operational plants confirm the system's advantages with regard to treatment performance, energy-efficiency and cost-effectiveness. In addition, a new possibility for extracting alginate-like exopolysaccharides (ALE) from aerobic granular sludge has emerged which could provide sustainable reuse opportunities. The case is therefore made for a shift away from the ‘activated sludge approach’ towards an ‘aerobic granular approach’, which would assist in addressing the challenges facing the wastewater treatment industry in Asia and beyond.

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Zitomer, Daniel H., Metin Duran, Richard Albert et Engin Guven. « Thermophilic aerobic granular biomass for enhanced settleability ». Water Research 41, n^o 4 (février 2007) : 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.037.

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Carrera, P., A. Mosquera-Corral, R. Méndez, J. L. Campos et A. Val del Rio. « Pulsed aeration enhances aerobic granular biomass properties ». Biochemical Engineering Journal 149 (septembre 2019) : 107244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2019.107244.

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Saha, Shaswati, Jo De Vrieze, Rima Biswas et Tapas Nandy. « In situammonia removal by methanogenic granular biomass ». Environmental Science : Water Research & ; Technology 4, n^o 4 (2018) : 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ew00444c.

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Dai, Jianjun, et John R. Grace. « Biomass granular screw feeding : An experimental investigation ». Biomass and Bioenergy 35, n^o 2 (février 2011) : 942–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.11.026.

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Stasiak, Mateusz, Marek Molenda, Maciej Bańda, Józef Horabik, Joanna Wiącek, Piotr Parafiniuk, Justyna Wajs et al. « Friction and Shear Properties of Pine Biomass and Pellets ». Materials 13, n^o 16 (12 août 2020) : 3567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163567.

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Knowledge on the mechanical properties of granular biomass is important for the design and efficient operation of equipment used for handling, storage, and processing. Their mechanical properties are used as a measure of material quality. In this study, the mechanical properties of granular biomass obtained from pines (sawdust, shavings, long shavings, and pellets) were determined under a moisture content range of 10–50%. The coefficient of sliding friction µ of four construction materials was determined using a 210-mm-diameter direct shear tester (Jenike’s shear box). To measure the shear resistance of the biomass materials (represented as torque T), a prototype vane tester was constructed. The characteristics of shear resistance with respect to time T(t) were determined for material samples under normal pressure p ranging from 5 to 30 kPa and a vane rotation rate of 3 rpm. Measurements were performed for five geometries of the rotor, reflecting typical deformation conditions encountered in the processing of granular biomass. The coefficient of sliding friction was found to be affected by the type of material, moisture content, and normal compressive pressure. Depending on the biomass material, the highest µ, which ranged from 0.50 to 0.62, was obtained for black steel, whereas the lowest µ, which ranged from 0.27 to 0.52, was obtained for aluminum. The lowest coefficient of sliding friction was observed for dry materials and high normal pressure. The torque T was observed to be affected by the rotor shape, material, normal pressure, and moisture content. The parameters presented provide information useful for the design of transport equipment and processing of granular wood biomass.

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Smith, Hunter C., Jason A. Ferrell et Tyler J. Koschnick. « Flurprimidol Performance on Ornamental Species in Relation to Trimming Time and Method of Application ». HortScience 49, n^o 10 (octobre 2014) : 1305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.10.1305.

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The plant growth regulator flurprimidol (Cutless G) is registered for use on ornamental plants to reduce internode elongation and reduce trimming frequency. It has been hypothesized that timing of the trimming event can be related to the efficacy of the flurprimidol treatment. Granular flurprimidol was applied to well-established plants at a standard rate of 22.5 g/a.i. (15 lbs product)/1000 ft2 on 23 Apr. 2012 and 1 May 2013.Two common Florida landscaping species, Viburnum odoratissimum and V. suspensum, were selected to be trimmed at different times to investigate flurprimidol efficacy by measuring plant regrowth, biomass, and visual appearance. The five trimming treatments occurred at 7 days before (flurprimidol) application (DBA), 0 DBA, 7 days after application (DAA), 14 DAA, and 21 DAA. No significant differences were observed in trimming times for flurprimidol-treated V. odoratissimum or V. suspensum. V. odoratissimum shoot regrowth was significantly reduced in flurprimidol-treated plants compared with the untreated control (UTC). The insufficient growth regulation observed in both Viburnum species is likely the result of species tolerance. Two flurprimidol application methods, granular and drench, were evaluated against an UTC on two landscaping species, Elaeagnus pungens and Loropetalum chinense. This experiment was to determine if a granular or drench application would influence the performance of flurprimidol. Shoot growth of E. pungens was reduced 4.3% and 13.9% by the granular and drench applications, respectively, but was not significantly different from one another or the UTC. The granular application reduced biomass (25.1%) but was not significantly different from the drench (16.9%). L. chinense shoot regrowth was decreased 39.5% and 38.2% by the granular and drench treatments, respectively. Plant biomass was significantly reduced in both treatments compared with the UTC (17.0% by granular and 13.9% by drench), but the biomass and visual assessments between the application methods were not significantly different. Species sensitivity was found to have a substantial influence on the efficacy of a flurprimidol application.

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Kishida, Naohiro, Goro Saeki, Satoshi Tsuneda et Ryuichi Sudo. « Rapid start-up of a nitrifying reactor using aerobic granular sludge as seed sludge ». Water Science and Technology 65, n^o 3 (1 février 2012) : 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.888.

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In this study, the effectiveness of aerobic granular sludge as seed sludge for rapid start-up of nitrifying processes was investigated using a laboratory-scale continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) fed with completely inorganic wastewater which contained a high concentration of ammonia. Even when a large amount of granular biomass was inoculated in the reactor, and the characteristics of influent wastewater were abruptly changed, excess biomass washout was not observed, and biomass concentration was kept high at the start-up period due to high settling ability of the aerobic granular sludge. As a result, an ammonia removal rate immediately increased and reached more than 1.0 kg N/m3/d within 20 days and up to 1.8 kg N/m3/d on day 39. Subsequently, high rate nitritation was stably attained during 100 days. However, nitrite accumulation had been observed for 140 days before attaining complete nitrification to nitrate. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed the increase in amount of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria which existed in the outer edge of the granular sludge during the start-up period. This microbial ecological change would make it possible to attain high rate ammonia removal.

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Rezania, Babak, Donald S. Mavinic et Harlan G. Kelly. « Long-term performance of side-stream deammonification in a continuous flow granular-activated sludge process for nitrogen removal from high ammonium wastewater ». Water Science and Technology 71, n^o 8 (3 mars 2015) : 1241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.096.

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An innovative granular sludge deammonification system was incorporated into a conventional-activated sludge process. The process incorporated an internal baffle in the bioreactor for continuous separation of granular biomass from flocculent biomass, which allowed for controlling the solids retention time of flocculent sludge. The process was evaluated for ammonium removal from municipal digested sludge dewatering centrate under various operating conditions lasting over 450 days. The process successfully removed, on average, 90% of the ammonium from centrate at various ammonium loading reaching 1.4 kg/m3d at 20 hours hydraulic retention time. Controlling the retention time of the flocculent biomass and maintaining low nitrite concentration were both found to be effective for nitrite oxidizing bacteria management, resulting in a low nitrate concentration (below 50 mg/L) over a wide range of flocculent biomass concentration in the bioreactor.

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Di Iaconi, C., G. Del Moro, A. Lopez, M. De Sanctis et R. Ramadori. « Municipal wastewater treatment by a periodic biofilter with granular biomass ». Water Science and Technology 58, n^o 12 (1 décembre 2008) : 2395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.836.

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The paper reports the results obtained during an experimental campaign aimed at transferring aerobic granulation to a demonstrative SBBGR system (i.e., a submerged biofilter that operates in a “fill and draw” mode) for the treatment of municipal wastewater by financial support of the European Commission, within the framework of Life-Environment Programme (PERBIOF Project; www.perbiof-europe.com). The results show that following the generation of granular biomass during the start-up period, the SBBGR was able to remove 80-90% of COD, total suspended solids and ammonia occurring in primary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant even when the minimum hydraulic residence time (i.e., 4 h) was investigated. The process was characterised by a sludge production almost one magnitude order lower than commonly reported for conventional treatment plants. The granular biomass was characterised by a high density (i.e., 150 gTSS/Lbiomass) that allowed a biomass concentration as high as 35 kgTSS/m3bed to be achieved. Proteobacteria were found as main microbial components of the granular biomass by applying Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH). No significant changes in microbial composition were observed during reactor operation.

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Czarnota, Joanna, Adam Masłoń, Monika Zdeb et Grzegorz Łagód. « The Impact of Different Powdered Mineral Materials on Selected Properties of Aerobic Granular Sludge ». Molecules 25, n^o 2 (17 janvier 2020) : 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020386.

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This study aimed to evaluate and compare the physical, chemical and biological properties of aerobic granular sludge from reactors with the addition of different powdered mineral materials. These properties have a significant impact on the efficiency of systems in which the biomass in granular form is used. Four identical granular sequencing batch reactors (GSBRs) were adopted for the research performed on a laboratory scale (R1—control reactor; R2, R3 and R4—with materials, PK, PG and PL respectively). The results indicate that the addition of powdered mineral materials improved the properties of biomass in reactors. The SVI5/SVI30 ratio values were significantly lower in the reactors with added materials (approx. 1.3 ± 0.3). The mean values of the sludge volume index at 30 min were the lowest in the R2 (39.8 ± 8.6 mL/g) and R4 (32.8 ± 10.7 mL/g) reactors. The settling velocity of biomass was the highest in the R2 reactor (15.4 ± 6.1 m/h). In the early days of the study, the highest extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content was found in the biomass from the reactors to which the materials with higher Ca and Mg content were added (380.18–598.30 mg/g MLVSS). The rate of specific oxygen uptake (SOUR) by biomass indicated an insufficient biomass content in the R1 reactor—to 7.85 mg O2/(g MLVSS∙h)—while in the reactors with materials, the SOUR values were at the higher levels.

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De Sanctis, M., C. Di Iaconi, A. Lopez et S. Rossetti. « Granular biomass structure and population dynamics in Sequencing Batch Biofilter Granular Reactor (SBBGR) ». Bioresource Technology 101, n^o 7 (avril 2010) : 2152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.018.

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Rosa-Masegosa, Aurora, Barbara Muñoz-Palazon, Alejandro Gonzalez-Martinez, Massimiliano Fenice, Susanna Gorrasi et Jesus Gonzalez-Lopez. « New Advances in Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology Using Continuous Flow Reactors : Engineering and Microbiological Aspects ». Water 13, n^o 13 (29 juin 2021) : 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131792.

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Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) comprises an aggregation of microbial cells in a tridimensional matrix, which is able to remove carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous as well as other pollutants in a single bioreactor under the same operational conditions. During the past decades, the feasibility of implementing AGS in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for treating sewage using fundamentally sequential batch reactors (SBRs) has been studied. However, granular sludge technology using SBRs has several disadvantages. For instance, it can present certain drawbacks for the treatment of high flow rates; furthermore, the quantity of retained biomass is limited by volume exchange. Therefore, the development of continuous flow reactors (CFRs) has come to be regarded as a more competitive option. This is why numerous investigations have been undertaken in recent years in search of different designs of CFR systems that would enable the effective treatment of urban and industrial wastewater, keeping the stability of granular biomass. However, despite these efforts, satisfactory results have yet to be achieved. Consequently, it remains necessary to carry out new technical approaches that would provide more effective and efficient AGS-CFR systems. In particular, it is imperative to develop continuous flow granular systems that can both retain granular biomass and efficiently treat wastewater, obviously with low construction, maintenance and exploitation cost. In this review, we collect the most recent information on different technological approaches aimed at establishing AGS-CFR systems, making possible their upscaling to real plant conditions. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these proposals and suggest future trends in the application of aerobic granular systems. Accordingly, we analyze the most significant technical and biological implications of this innovative technology.

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Vlaeminck, S. E., L. F. F. Cloetens, M. Carballa, N. Boon et W. Verstraete. « Granular biomass capable of partial nitritation and anammox ». Water Science and Technology 58, n^o 5 (1 septembre 2008) : 1113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.731.

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A novel and efficient way of removing nitrogen from wastewater poor in biodegradable organic carbon, is the combination of partial nitritation and anoxic ammonium oxidation (anammox), as in the one-stage oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrification/denitrification (OLAND) process. Since anoxic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria grow very slowly, maximum biomass retention in the reactor is required. In this study, a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used to develop granular, rapidly settling biomass. With SBR cycles of one hour and a minimum biomass settling velocity of 0.7 m/h, OLAND granules were formed in 1.5 months and the nitrogen removal rate increased from 50 to 450 mg N L−1 d−1 in 2 months. The granules had a mean diameter of 1.8 mm and their aerobic and anoxic ammonium-oxidizing activities were well equilibrated to perform the OLAND reaction. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) demonstrated the presence of both β-proteobacterial aerobic ammonium oxidizers and planctomycetes (among which anoxic ammonium oxidizers) in the granules. The presented results show the applicability of rapidly settling granular biomass for one-stage partial nitritation and anammox.

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Zhang, Xiufang, Yongqiang Liu, Jun Li, Zhuo Wei, Wenyan Duan et Fangyuan Chen. « Enhancing Effects of Sludge Biochar on Aerobic Granular Sludge for Wastewater Treatment ». Processes 10, n^o 11 (14 novembre 2022) : 2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112385.

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Sludge biochar can be used as bio-carrier to enhance aerobic granular sludge, however, its impact on the formation and especially long-term stability of aerobic granules has not been fully investigated. In this paper, aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in two parallel sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), R1 and R2, with and without sludge biochar addition in the activated sludge inoculum, respectively. The sludge characteristics, wastewater treatment performance, and microbial community structure of granular sludge were examined on a 240-day operation, during which aerobic granular sludge in the two reactors experienced dynamic changes including granule formation, maturation, breakage, filamentous proliferation, and recovery. Aerobic granules in R1 with biochar formed two weeks earlier than that in R2, presenting a larger mean size, and higher settling ability and biomass retention in the granule maturation period. Concurrently, aerobic granules in R1 showed higher denitrification ability with over 80% removal efficiency throughout the whole operation period. During the maturation period, the ratio of food to biomass (F/M) in R1 was below 0.5 gCOD/gVSS d while it ranged between 0.5 and 1.0 gCOD/gVSS d in R2 due to lower biomass retention. The elemental analysis showed more Ca and P accumulation in aerobic granular sludge from R1, with 3% Ca and 2.75% P in sludge from R1 and 0.91% Ca and 0.75% P in sludge from R2, respectively. The microbial community in R1 had higher richness, diversity, excretion of extracellular polymer substances (EPSs) and abundance of denitrifying genera than that in R2, supporting its higher stability and denitrification performance. These results demonstrated that aerobic granular sludge formed by using sludge biochar as a carrier for granulation can speed up granule formation, improve denitrification performance, and enhance the long-term stability of aerobic granules. The findings disclosed the enhancing effects of biochar for wastewater treatment by aerobic granular sludge, suggesting the potential of practical application of biochar in aerobic granular sludge-based reactors.

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Ruter, John M. « EFFECT OF PACLOBUTRAZOL FORMULATION ON THE GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF BUDDLEIA DAVIDII 'DUBONNET' ». HortScience 27, n^o 11 (novembre 1992) : 1174e—1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1174e.

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Granular and liquid formulations of paclobutrazol were tested to evaluate the growth and flowering response of butterfly bush (Buddleia davidii Franch. 'Dubonnet'). At the rates tested (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg ai·pot–1), the granular formulation reduced the growth index, plant height, shoot dry weight, total plant biomass, number of panicles and panicle length to a greater degree than the liquid formulation applied as a drench. Both formulations reduced total plant biomass and increased the root:shoot ratio compared to the control. All rates of the granular formulation above 5 mg ai · pot–1 produced non-marketable plants. Since no phytotoxicity was observed with any treatment, the application of paclobutrazol to control the growth of butterfly-bush may be useful if the correct formulation and rate of application are chosen.

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Giesen, A., L. M. M. de Bruin, R. P. Niermans et H. F. van der Roest. « Advancements in the application of aerobic granular biomass technology for sustainable treatment of wastewater ». Water Practice and Technology 8, n^o 1 (1 mars 2013) : 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2013.007.

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Aerobic granular sludge technology can be regarded as the future standard for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. As a consequence, a growing number of institutes and universities focus their scientific research on this new technology. Recently, after extensive Dutch research and development effort, an aerobic granular biomass technology has become available to the market. Full scale installations for both industrial and municipal applications are already on stream, under construction or in design. The technology is distinguished by the name ‘Nereda®’ and based on the specific characteristics of aerobic granular sludge. It can be considered as the first mature aerobic granular sludge technology applied at full scale. It improves on traditional activated sludge systems by a significantly lower use of energy and chemicals, its compactness and its favorable capital and operational costs.

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Rice, W. A., G. W. Clayton, P. E. Olsen et N. Z. Lupwayi. « Rhizobial inoculant formulations and soil pH influence field pea nodulation and nitrogen fixation ». Canadian Journal of Soil Science 80, n^o 3 (1 août 2000) : 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s99-059.

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Crop production systems that include field pea (Pisum sativum L.) in rotation are important for sustainable agriculture on acid soils in northwestern Canada. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to compare the ability of liquid inoculant applied to the seed, powdered peat inoculant applied to the seed, and granular inoculant applied in a band with the seed to establish effective nodulation on field pea grown at soil pH(H2O) 4.4, 5.4 and 6.6. Plants were grown to the flat pod stage, and then total plant biomass dry weight, dry weight of nodules, number of nodules, plant nitrogen content, and proportion of plant nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) were measured. Granular and powdered peat inoculants produced greater nodule numbers and weight, plant nitrogen content, %Ndfa and total biomass than liquid inoculant in at least two of the three experiments. Only granular inoculant was effective in establishing nodules at soil pH 4.4, but granular and powdered peat inoculants were effective at pH 5.4, and all three formulations were effective at pH 6.6. The results showed that granular inoculant has potential for effective nodulation of field pea grown on acid soil. Key words: Rhizobium, inoculant formulations, field pea, nodulation, acid soil

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Vlaeminck, S. E., L. F. F. Cloetens, M. Carballa, N. Boon et W. Verstraete. « Granular biomass capable of partial nitritation and anammox ». Water Science and Technology 59, n^o 3 (1 février 2009) : 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.3erratum.

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Water Science and Technology 58(5) 1113–1120 Publisher's note. We regret that an outdated version of this article was used in production; the correct final version, which incorporates several amendments and different authorship, is printed below.

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Stasiak, M., M. Molenda, M. Gancarz, J. Wiącek, P. Parafiniuk et A. Lisowski. « Characterization of shear behaviour in consolidated granular biomass ». Powder Technology 327 (mars 2018) : 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.12.037.

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Campos, J. L., A. Val del Río, A. Pedrouso, P. Raux, E. A. Giustinianovichc et A. Mosquera-Corral. « Granular biomass floatation : A simple kinetic/stoichiometric explanation ». Chemical Engineering Journal 311 (mars 2017) : 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.11.075.

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Zuluaga, Diego Andres Suarez, Sebastian Canizales, Annemiek ter Heijne, Jan Weijma et Cees J. N. Buisman. « Electrical conductivity in granular biomass. Standardization and evaluation ». New Biotechnology 31 (juillet 2014) : S142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2014.05.1966.

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Massara, Hafez, Catherine N. Mulligan et John Hadjinicolaou. « Hexavalent chromium removal by viable, granular anaerobic biomass ». Bioresource Technology 99, n^o 18 (décembre 2008) : 8637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.068.

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Yao, Lei, ZhengFang Ye, ZhongYou Wang et JinRen Ni. « Characteristics of Pb2+ biosorption with aerobic granular biomass ». Science Bulletin 53, n^o 6 (mars 2008) : 948–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-008-0103-1.

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Mata, Ana Maria Tavares da, Helena Maria Pinheiro et Nídia Dana Lourenço. « Desenvolvimento de um biorreator de grânulos aeróbios para tratamento de água residuária sintética e reativação do sistema após parada prolongada ». Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental 23, n^o 4 (août 2018) : 757–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-41522018154272.

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RESUMO Este trabalho teve por objetivo produzir lodo granular aeróbio num reator em batelada sequencial não tubular, uma geometria diferente da usualmente utilizada nesses sistemas. Este reator foi inoculado com lodo ativado proveniente de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto municipal. O reator foi operado com ciclos de seis horas, com cinco horas de reação totalmente aeróbia. O efluente simulado continha um derivado de amido usado na indústria têxtil. A indução da granulação foi conseguida por meio da redução gradual do tempo de sedimentação, verificando-se que este é um parâmetro crítico do sistema. Após estabilização, com um tempo de sedimentação de 3 minutos, obteve-se um índice volumétrico de lodo de 25 mL.gSST-1, uma concentração de biomassa de 7 gSST.L-1 e uma eficiência de remoção da demanda química de oxigênio de 88%. Os grânulos obtidos foram armazenados úmidos durante 7 meses, a 4 e 25ºC, obtendo-se resultados excecionais na repartida dos reatores, com rápida recuperação das suas características de sedimentação, taxa de crescimento, estrutura e integridade granulares.

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BUMBAC, MARIUS, CRISTINA MIHAELA NICOLESCU, RADU LUCIAN OLTEANU, OLGA TIRON, ELENA ELISABETA MANEA, COSTEL BUMBAC, LAURA MONICA GORGHIU et al. « UV-VIS ANALYSIS OF GRANULAR ACTIVATED ALGAE CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT ». Journal of Science and Arts 21, n^o 4 (30 décembre 2021) : 1111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46939/j.sci.arts-21.4-b06.

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Chlorophyll-a is the pigment whose concentration is an important indicator for the development of microalgae biomass. This study aims at evaluating the concentration of chlorophylls in the biomass of granular activated algae, using acetone and 90% ethanol for the extraction procedures applied. Concentrations of chlorophyll a, b and c were determined by applying three calculation types: methods proposed by Jeffrey and Humphrey for the extracts in acetone, Ritchie method for ethanolic extracts, and monochromatic method with acidification for ethanolic extracts. Experimental findings show that the solvent 90% ethanol is more efficient than acetone for extracting chlorophyll from biomass of granular activated algae. Also, by comparing results obtained by the two methods proposed for ethanolic extracts, it was found that the values obtained through the acidification method are influenced by the volume of hydrochloric acid added to the organic chlorophylls extract.

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Pedrouso, A., A. Val del Río, J. L. Campos, R. Méndez et A. Mosquera-Corral. « Biomass aggregation influences NaN3 short-term effects on anammox bacteria activity ». Water Science and Technology 75, n^o 5 (15 décembre 2016) : 1007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.587.

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The main bottleneck to maintain the long-term stability of the partial nitritation-anammox processes, especially those operated at low temperatures and nitrogen concentrations, is the undesirable development of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). When this occurs, the punctual addition of compounds with the capacity to specifically inhibit NOB without affecting the process efficiency might be of interest. Sodium azide (NaN3) is an already known NOB inhibitor which at low concentrations does not significantly affect the ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) activity. However, studies about its influence on anammox bacteria are unavailable. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of NaN3 on the anammox activity. Three different types of anammox biomass were used: granular biomass comprising AOB and anammox bacteria (G1), anammox enriched granules (G2) and previous anammox granules disaggregated (F1). No inhibitory effect of NaN3 was measured on G1 sludge. However, the anammox activity decreased in the case of G2 and F1. Granular biomass activity was less affected (IC50 90 mg/L, G2) than flocculent one (IC50 5 mg/L, F1). Summing up, not only does the granular structure protect the anammox bacteria from the NaN3 inhibitory effect, but also the AOB act as a barrier decreasing the inhibition.

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Nancharaiah, Y. V., C. Dodge, V. P. Venugopalan, S. V. Narasimhan et A. J. Francis. « Immobilization of Cr(VI) and Its Reduction to Cr(III) Phosphate by Granular Biofilms Comprising a Mixture of Microbes ». Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, n^o 8 (19 février 2010) : 2433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02792-09.

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ABSTRACT We assessed the potential of mixed microbial consortia, in the form of granular biofilms, to reduce chromate and remove it from synthetic minimal medium. In batch experiments, acetate-fed granular biofilms incubated aerobically reduced 0.2 mM Cr(VI) from a minimal medium at 0.15 mM day−1 g−1, with reduction of 0.17 mM day−1 g−1 under anaerobic conditions. There was negligible removal of Cr(VI) (i) without granular biofilms, (ii) with lyophilized granular biofilms, and (iii) with granules in the absence of an electron donor. Analyses by X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) of the granular biofilms revealed the conversion of soluble Cr(VI) to Cr(III). Extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) analysis of the Cr-laden granular biofilms demonstrated similarity to Cr(III) phosphate, indicating that Cr(III) was immobilized with phosphate on the biomass subsequent to microbial reduction. The sustained reduction of Cr(VI) by granular biofilms was confirmed in fed-batch experiments. Our study demonstrates the promise of granular-biofilm-based systems in treating Cr(VI)-containing effluents and wastewater.

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Thevenon, Florent, Bharath Devulapalli, Muriel Marchand, Thierry Melkior et Alain de Ryck. « Slow and intermittent stress relaxation of biomass granular media ». EPJ Web of Conferences 249 (2021) : 08010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124908010.

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In the present work, the relaxation of several wood powders has been investigated in an annular shear cell. It is found that the slow logarithmic relaxation commonly observed for various materials including granular materials is interrupted by large events. Their frequency and amplitude are investigated with respect to particle size and stress-history by measuring stresses and strain. These large events during the relaxation appear to be controlled by the deformation. The coarser the particles are, the bigger is the deformation of the powder bed between two fast relaxation events and during the event.

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Fernández, I., J. R. Vázquez-Padín, A. Mosquera-Corral, J. L. Campos et R. Méndez. « Biofilm and granular systems to improve Anammox biomass retention ». Biochemical Engineering Journal 42, n^o 3 (décembre 2008) : 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2008.07.011.

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Stanghelle, Daniel, Torbjørn Slungaard et Otto K. Sønju. « Granular bed filtration of high temperature biomass gasification gas ». Journal of Hazardous Materials 144, n^o 3 (juin 2007) : 668–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.092.

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Apostol, Laura Carmen, Luciana Pereira, Raquel Pereira, Maria Gavrilescu et Maria Madalena Alves. « Biological decolorization of xanthene dyes by anaerobic granular biomass ». Biodegradation 23, n^o 5 (22 mars 2012) : 725–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-012-9548-7.

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Val del Río, Ángeles, Nicolás Morales, Mónica Figueroa, Anuska Mosquera-Corral, José Luis Campos et Ramón Méndez. « Effect of coagulant-flocculant reagents on aerobic granular biomass ». Journal of Chemical Technology & ; Biotechnology 87, n^o 7 (9 janvier 2012) : 908–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.3698.

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Doloman, Anna, Yehor Pererva, Michael H. Cortez, Ronald C. Sims et Charles D. Miller. « Augmentation of Granular Anaerobic Sludge with Algalytic Bacteria Enhances Methane Production from Microalgal Biomass ». Fermentation 5, n^o 4 (30 septembre 2019) : 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5040088.

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The efficiency of anaerobic digestion relies upon activity of the inoculum converting organic substrate into biogas. Often, metabolic capacity of the inoculum needs to be augmented with new capabilities to accommodate changes in the substrate feed composition. However, bioaugmentation is not a widely used strategy possibly due to the lack of studies demonstrating successful applications. This study describes the bioaugmentation of granular anaerobic sludge digesting mixed algal biomass in batch-scale reactors. The addition of an algalytic bacterial mixture to the granular consortium increased methane yield by 11%. This study also investigated changes in the microbial 16SrRNA composition of the augmented and non-augmented granular inoculum, which demonstrates a significant change in the hydrolytic microbial community. Overall, the studies’ results aim to provide a feasible checklist to assess the success rates of bioaugmentation of anaerobic digestion applications.

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Zhou, Pingyao, Zhen Zhang, Linsen Du, Geng Sun, Liang Su, Zhiyu Xiao, Chunwang Li et al. « Effect of Deep Placement of Large Granular Fertilizer on Ammonia Volatilization, Soil Nitrogen Distribution and Rice Growth ». Agronomy 12, n^o 9 (29 août 2022) : 2066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092066.

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Excessive fertilization is often applied to produce rice. To reduce nitrogen loss and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), we studied the effects of application depth (surface application, 5 and 10 cm) and shape of nitrogen fertilizers (row application and deep application of large granular fertilizer) on rice growth, soil N distribution and ammonia volatilization. The results showed that grain yield, shoot biomass and total dry biomass of the treatment with N in large granular fertilizer applied at 10 cm depth were significantly higher than those of all other treatments. Moreover, compared with the surface application, the N recovery efficiency and the N agronomic efficiency of deep application treatments were enhanced by 18.1–52.3% and 35.6–95.6%, respectively. Deep application significantly increased NH4+-N concentration at their fertilization points. During the growth season, N in large granular fertilizer treatments (mixed with clay to form an unusually large pellet of 1.0–1.5 cm in diameter) distributed closer to the roots, while N in other treatments, including row application treatments, was more widely distributed. Compared with the surface application, deep application significantly reduced NH3 volatilization and NH4+-N concentration in surface water by 58.7–64.8% and 26.0–72.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the NH3 volatilization from large granular treatment was 7.6–11.0% lower than that in the row application. In conclusion, applying N in large granular fertilizer at 10 cm depth reduces ammonia volatilization, and improves rice growth and grain yield, indicating improved NUE and lowered environmental risks.

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Driessen, Willie, et Tim Hendrickx. « Two Decades of Experience with the Granular Sludge-Based ANAMMOX® Process Treating Municipal and Industrial Effluents ». Processes 9, n^o 7 (13 juillet 2021) : 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071207.

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This paper is a review of 20 years of full-scale experience with the granular sludge-based ANAMMOX process. The ANAMMOX process is a biological deammonification process for energy-efficient removal of ammoniacal nitrogen, which has been successfully applied on dewatering reject liquors from biosolids sludge digesters (e.g., mesophilic anaerobic digestions, codigestion, thermal sludge hydrolysis process (THP)) and nutrient-rich anaerobically treated industrial effluents (e.g., fermentation industry, food industry). The ANAMMOX process is a continuously operated biological process using granular biomass. The highly active concentrated granular biomass allows for compact reactor systems and a fast start-up. Long term operations of various case studies show stable process performance of full-scale reactors treating municipal and industrial effluents, achieving ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4-N) removal in excess of 90% at low and high loading rates up to 2.5 kgNH4-N/(m3·d). Some special aspects (e.g., micro-nutrients, inhibition, alkalinity consumption) of treating various wastewaters are discussed in detail. The ANAMMOX process is demonstrated to be resilient in handling process upsets and off-spec wastewater composition.

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Razo-Flores, Elías, Patrick Smulders, Francesc Prenafeta-Boldú, Gatze Lettinga et Jim A. Field. « Treatment of Anthranilic Acid in an Anaerobic Expanded Granular Sludge Bed Reactor at Low Concentrations ». Water Science and Technology 40, n^o 8 (1 octobre 1999) : 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0418.

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The mineralization of anthranilic acid (2AB) as the only carbon and energy source was studied in batch and continuous conditions using methanogenic granular sludge. Under batch conditions in serum vials, 2AB (300 mg/l) was completely mineralized to methane within 55 days time. The experiment with the anaerobic continuous expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor was initially conducted at an upflow velocity (Vup) of 5 m/h, a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 h and an organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.5 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/l-d. After 102 days, 2AB was not degraded at all and the reactor operation was shifted to batch mode by recycling the effluent. After some days, 2AB was completely mineralized and accumulation of flocculent sludge was observed. Batch biodegradability assays demonstrated that this flocculent biomass had a higher specific biodegradation rate compared to the granular sludge. During EGSB reactor operation, the flocculent biomass which was not attached to the granules probably washed-out under the applied hydrodynamic conditions. When the EGSB reactor was operated at Vup of 2 m/h to favour the retention of the flocculent biomass, 2AB was mineralized even at influent concentrations as low as 140 mg COD/L. Kinetic calculations indicated that the sludge had an apparent Ks value for the mineralization of 2AB as low as 24 mg COD/l.

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Aqeel Ashraf, Muhammad, Mohd Jamil Maah et Ismail Yusoff. « Removal of Lead from Synthetic Solutions by Protonated Teleosts Biomass ». E-Journal of Chemistry 9, n^o 1 (2012) : 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/769180.

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Lead is considered as a general protoplasmic poison which is cumulative and slow acting. It is used in different industrial processes. Its contamination in water may cause serious environmental problems. So removal of lead from environment is very necessary. For its removal the most suitable and cheapest process is biosorption. It is a process of passive metal binding by biomass. The biosorbent used in this study is teleosts biomass (fish scales) collected from local market. The purpose of this study is to search the effect of acid treatment on biosorbent and to optimize conditions for the uptake capacity of biosorbent. The optimal conditions for the Pb2+biosorption capacity of teleosts biomass (fish scales as waste of white meat) was investigated. For this purposes, the biomass was subjected to chemical treatments with mono, di and tri-protic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid. Among the treatment methods used, the highest Pb2+uptake was obtained with hydrochloric acid treatment of biomass. The effect of pH, biomass granular size, biomass concentration and initial Pb2+ion concentration was studied. The highest Pb2+removal (65.39%) was obtained at pH 4.0 for 50 mg L−1initial lead ion concentration with biomass granular size 80 micron and concentration of 0.05 g. The uptake was 75.70 mg g−1. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The characteristic parameters for each isotherm were determined. Both the isotherms provided the best correlation for Pb2+on to the biomass. These results showed that teleosts biomass (fish scales) is a potential biomass to remove Pb2+ions from synthetic solutions so also with lead contaminated water. These values can be compared with those observed for other biosorbents and it is considerably higher than the value obtained with the majority of the biosorbent.

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Basri, Hazlami Fikri, Aznah Nor Anuar et Mohd Hakim Ab Halim. « Pilot scale study on characterization and performance of aerobic granular sludge to treat domestic wastewater ». Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 16, n^o 1 (2 février 2020) : 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v16n1.1462.

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Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a wastewater treatment technology that is known for having unique advantages such as great settling ability, high biomass level, good shock resistance, and able to withstand high organic loading rate (OLR) and toxic pollutants. Since studies on AGS development are mostly conducted in laboratory scale, the detailed knowledge regarding the pilot scale study is still limited especially for hot and humid tropical climate condition. Therefore, this study focused on the characteristics and performance of AGS cultivated in a pilot-scale bioreactor for hot and humid tropical climate condition, specifically in Malaysia. The formation of AGS as well as biomass concentration were also investigated during the treatment of real domestic wastewater. From the result, it was found that the highest average diameter of the cultivated mature granules was 3.36 mm with a biomass concentration of 12.48 g L−1 after 93 days of operation. The aerobic granular sludge also achieved promising removal rates of 89 %, 75 %, 96 %, and 93 % for COD, phosphate, ammoniacal nitrogen, and total inorganic nitrogen, respectively.

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Zaghloul, Mohamed S., Asmaa M. Halbas, Rania A. Hamza et Elsayed Elbeshbishy. « Digestibility of Aerobic Granular Sludge : A Mini Review ». Processes 11, n^o 2 (19 janvier 2023) : 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11020326.

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Full-scale wastewater treatment plants utilizing aerobic granular sludge technology are being built in many countries worldwide. As with all biological wastewater treatment plants, the produced waste biomass must be stabilized to protect the population, wildlife, and the environment. Digestion is usually used to break down the complex organics in the waste sludge; however, the digestibility of aerobic granular sludge still needs to be fully understood compared to the conventional activated sludge. This paper reviews the studies published on the digestibility of waste aerobic granular sludge to date. Studies comparing aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge in terms of composition, properties, and digestibility are highlighted. The impact of biological composition and physical properties on the digestibility of sludge is reviewed in terms of biomethane production and biodegradability. The effect of pre-treatment is also covered. Areas for future research are presented.

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Slinksienė, Rasa, Egle Sendzikiene, Austeja Mikolaitiene, Violeta Makareviciene, Rasa Paleckiene et Dovile Ragauskaite. « Use of microalgae biomass for production of granular nitrogen biofertilizers ». Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews 15, n^o 2 (3 avril 2022) : 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2022.2071593.

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Sobotka, D., K. Czerwionka et J. Makinia. « Influence of temperature on the activity of anammox granular biomass ». Water Science and Technology 73, n^o 10 (1 mars 2016) : 2518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.103.

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The aim of this study was to determine a short-term and long-term effect of temperature on the anammox rate and determination of temperature coefficients in the Arrhenius and Ratkowsky equations. The short-term effects of temperature on the anammox granular biomass were investigated in batch tests at ten different temperatures in the range of 10–55 °C. The maximum overall nitrogen removal rate of 1.3 gN gVSS−1·d−1 was observed at 40 °C (VSS: volatile suspended solids). The minimum rate, close to 0 gN gVSS−1·d−1, was observed for the limits of the analyzed temperature range (10 and 55 °C). The activity tests carried out at 55 °C showed an irreversible loss of the activity due to the observed biomass lysis. Subsequently to the batch tests, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated at different temperatures (from 30 to 11 °C) to determine the long-term effects of temperature. The system was successfully operated at 15 °C, but when temperature was decreased to 11 °C, nitrite started to accumulate and the system lost its stability. The temperature coefficient (θ) was 1.07 for the batch tests carried out in the temperature range of 10–40 °C. In contrast, during the long-term SBR operation, substantially different θ had to be estimated for two temperature ranges, 1.07 (T = 15–30 °C) and 1.65 (T = 11–15 °C).

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Kecskésová, Stanislava, Zuzana Imreová, Bibiána Kožárová, Ján Derco et Miloslav Drtil. « Substrate inhibition and pH effect on denitritation with granular biomass ». Acta Chimica Slovaca 12, n^o 1 (1 avril 2019) : 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2019-0013.

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Abstract Undissociated HNO2 (up to 2 mg dm−3) was confirmed as substrate inhibitor for granular biomass from a denitritation upflow sludge bed reactor used for biological removal of nitrite. On the contrary, total nitrite nitrogen (N-NO2 up to 500 mg dm−3) and methanol (COD up to 2000 mg dm−3) were not proven to be inhibitors. pH also affected the denitritation efficiency (optimal pH was 5.9). Reduction of HNO2 concentration in the reactor by effluent recycling is recommended.

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RAMADORI, ROBERTO, CLAUDIO DI IACONI, ANTONIO LOPEZ et ROBERTO PASSINO. « Wastewater Treatment by Periodic Biofilter Characterized by Aerobic Granular Biomass ». Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 41, n^o 9 (septembre 2006) : 1781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934520600778960.

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Kiran Kumar Reddy, G., M. Sarvajith, Y. V. Nancharaiah et V. P. Venugopalan. « 2,4-Dinitrotoluene removal in aerobic granular biomass sequencing batch reactors ». International Biodeterioration & ; Biodegradation 119 (avril 2017) : 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.10.045.

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