Articles de revues : « Biological Mechanism of Action »

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Krinsky, N. I. « Mechanism of Action of Biological Antioxidants ». Experimental Biology and Medicine 200, n^o 2 (1 juin 1992) : 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-200-43429.

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Davidse, L. C. « Benzimidazole Fungicides : Mechanism of Action and Biological Impact ». Annual Review of Phytopathology 24, n^o 1 (septembre 1986) : 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.000355.

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ATANOV, Nikolai A., et Margarita A. SIDORENKO. « THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF BIOCIDE ». Urban construction and architecture 3, n^o 4S (15 décembre 2013) : 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2013.s4.3.

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Dealt with the question of the mechanism of action of biocides to regulate the intensity of the biological processes in the circulating water systems: classifi cation of biocides, resistance of biocenose to the action of a biocide, dosing modes of inhibition.

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TERADA, Hiroshi, et Yasuo SHINOHARA. « Mechanism of Energy Transduction in Biological Systems and Action Mechanism of Inhibitors ». Journal of Pesticide Science 11, n^o 4 (1986) : 641–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.11.641.

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Gautam, Vertika, et Anand Gaurav. « NOS Inhibitors : Structure, Biological Activity and Mechanism of Action ». Current Enzyme Inhibition 12, n^o 1 (3 mars 2016) : 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573408012666151126185837.

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Kumari, Ranju, Seema Bansal, Garima Gupta, Shvetambri Arora, Ajit Kumar, Sanjay Goel, Prabhjot Singh, Prija Ponnan, Nivedita Priya et Tapesh K. Tyagi. « Calreticulin transacylase : Genesis, mechanism of action and biological applications ». Biochimie 92, n^o 9 (septembre 2010) : 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2010.01.016.

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Orlemans, E. O. M., W. Verboom, M. W. Scheltinga, D. N. Reinhoudt, P. Lelieveld, H. H. Fiebig, B. R. Winterhalter, J. A. Double et M. C. Bibby. « Synthesis, mechanism of action, and biological evaluation of mitosenes ». Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 32, n^o 7 (juillet 1989) : 1612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00127a035.

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Sehgal, S. N. « Sirolimus : its discovery, biological properties, and mechanism of action ». Transplantation Proceedings 35, n^o 3 (mai 2003) : S7—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(03)00211-2.

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Christakos, Sylvia, et Yan Liu. « Biological actions and mechanism of action of calbindin in the process of apoptosis ». Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 89-90 (mai 2004) : 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.007.

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Marjanović, Ana Marija, Ivan Pavičić et Ivančica Trošić. « Biological indicators in response to radiofrequency/microwave exposure ». Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 63, n^o 3 (25 septembre 2012) : 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2215.

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Over the years, due to rapid technological progress, radiation from man-made sources exceeded that of natural origin. There is a general concern regarding a growing number of appliances that use radiofrequency/ microwave (RF/MW) radiation with particular emphasis on mobile communication systems. Since nonthermal biological effects and mechanisms of RF/MW radiation are still uncertain, laboratory studies on animal models, tissues, cells, and cell free system are of extraordinary importance in bioelectromagnetic research. We believe that such investigations play a supporting role in public risk assessment. Cellular systems with the potential for a clear response to RF/MW exposures should be used in those studies. It is known that organism is a complex electrochemical system where processes of oxidation and reduction regularly occur. One of the plausible mechanisms is connected with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Depending on concentration, ROS can have both benefi cial and deleterious effects. Positive effects are connected with cell signalling, defence against infectious agents, and proliferative cell ability. On the other hand, excessive production, which overloads antioxidant defence mechanism, leads to cellular damage with serious potential for disease development. ROS concentration increase within the cell caused by RF/MW radiation seems to be a biologically relevant hypothesis to give clear insight into the RF/MW action at non-thermal level of radiation. In order to better understand the exact mechanism of action and its consequences, further research is needed in the fi eld. We would like to present current knowledge on possible biological mechanisms of RF/MW actions.

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Ashar, Hena R., Lydia Armstrong, Linda J. James, Donna M. Carr, Kimberley Gray, Arthur Taveras, Ronald J. Doll, W. Robert Bishop et Paul T. Kirschmeier. « Biological Effects and Mechanism of Action of Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitors ». Chemical Research in Toxicology 13, n^o 10 (octobre 2000) : 949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx000138v.

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FANG, Zhicong, et Zhi QI. « Molecular Mechanism of Action of Dimethyl Sulfoxide on Biological Membranes ». ACTA BIOPHYSICA SINICA 28, n^o 8 (2012) : 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1260.2012.20046.

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Ahlner, Johan, Krister L. Axelsson et Karin Bornfeldt. « Biological effects of organic nitroesters and their mechanism of action ». Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 59, S6 (13 mars 2009) : 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1986.tb02542.x.

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Govindarajan, S., et Noor Ayesha. « Biological Activities of Plant Polysaccharides, Mechanism of Action and Biomedical Applications ». Research Journal of Biotechnology 16, n^o 7 (25 juin 2021) : 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/167rjbt25521.

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Bioactive constituents of plants have received great attention in recent times due to their many pharmacological and therapeutic properties. Plant polysaccharides are one of the constituents which are found abundantly in nature and are involved in cell-cell communication, immune recognition and eliciting defense mechanisms against infection of pathogens. Bioactive plant polysaccharides have an advantage of non-toxicity and have various functions such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antibacterial and anticancer activities. The biological activity of plant polysaccharides depends on their sugar composition, molecular size, distribution of functional groups, extraction, treatment procedures and chemical modifications. The main goal of this review is focused on the sources of plant polysaccharides, their biological activities and their mechanism of action. Moreover, this review has also focused on biomedical and pharmaceutical applications such as drug delivery, wound healing and tissue engineering.

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Colom, F. « The mechanism of action of psychotherapy ». Bipolar Disorders 4 (septembre 2002) : 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-5618.4.s1.46.x.

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Nelson, M. L. « Chemical and Biological Dynamics of Tetracyclines ». Advances in Dental Research 12, n^o 1 (novembre 1998) : 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374980120011901.

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Leonhardt, Susan A., et Dean P. Edwards. « Mechanism of Action of Progesterone Antagonists ». Experimental Biology and Medicine 227, n^o 11 (décembre 2002) : 969–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153537020222701104.

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The effects of progesterone on target tissues are mediated by progesterone receptors (PRs), which belong to a family of nuclear receptors and function as Iigand-activated transcription factors to regulate the expression of specific sets of target genes. Progesterone antagonists repress the biological actions of progesterone by “actively” inhibiting PR activation. This work discusses the first clinically used progesterone antagonist RU486 and closely related compounds in terms of how these compounds inhibit progesterone action through heterodimerization and competition for DNA binding and by the recruitment of corepressors to promoters of target genes to repress transcription. We discuss cellular factors that may influence the activity of these compounds, such as the availability of coactivators and corepressors and the context of specific target promoters in any given cell type. We also discuss steroidal and nonsteroidal antagonist selectivity for PR versus other steroid hormone receptors and suggest that it may be possible to develop tissue/cell specific modulators of PR.

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Pan, Boyu, Yuanyuan Ren et Liren Liu. « Uncovering the action mechanism of polydatinvianetwork pharmacological target prediction ». RSC Advances 8, n^o 34 (2018) : 18851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03124j.

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Vergara, Daniele, William H. Catherino, Giuseppe Trojano et Andrea Tinelli. « Vitamin D : Mechanism of Action and Biological Effects in Uterine Fibroids ». Nutrients 13, n^o 2 (11 février 2021) : 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13020597.

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Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common benign gynecological tumors. It was estimated that fifty percent of women presenting with UFs has symptomatology that negatively influences their quality of life. Pharmacological and/or surgical treatments are frequently required, depending on the woman’s desire to preserve fertility, with a high impact on healthcare costs. Generally, the use of currently available pharmacological treatments may lead to side effects. Therefore, there is a growing interest in a natural and safe approach for UFs. In recent years, epidemiological studies reported a vitamin D deficiency in patients with UFs raised interest in the potential biological effects of vitamin D supplementation. In vitro studies proved vitamin D efficacy in inhibiting UFs growth by targeting pathways involved in the regulation of various biological processes, including proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, DNA repair, signaling and apoptosis. However, clinical studies supported only in part the beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation in reducing UFs growth and tumor volume. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies are mandatory as the potential clinical benefits are likely to be substantial.

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Slater, Eve E., et James S. MacDonald. « Mechanism of Action and Biological Profile of HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors ». Drugs 36, Supplement 3 (1988) : 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198800363-00016.

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Riaz, Ammara, Bisma Saleem, Ghulam Hussain, Iqra Sarfraz, Bushra Nageen, Rabia Zara, Maleeha Manzoor et Azhar Rasul. « Eriocalyxin B Biological Activity : A Review on Its Mechanism of Action ». Natural Product Communications 14, n^o 8 (août 2019) : 1934578X1986859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x19868598.

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Natural products, a rich source of bioactive chemical compounds, have served humans as a safer drug of choice since times. Eriocalyxin B, an ent-Kaurene diterpenoid, has been extracted from a traditional Chinese herb Isodon eriocalyx. Experimental data support the anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of EriB. This natural entity exhibits anticancer effects against breast, pancreatic, leukemia, ovarian, lung, bladder, and colorectal cancer. EriB has capability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells by prompting apoptosis, arresting cell cycle, and modulating cell signaling pathways. The regulation of signaling pathways in cancerous cells by EriB involves the modulation of various apoptosis-related factors (Bak, Bax, caspases, XIAP, survivin, and Beclin-1), transcriptional factors (nuclear factor kappa B [NF-κB], STAT3, Janus-activated kinase 2, Notch, AP-1, and lκBα), enzymes (cyclooxygenase 2, matrix metalloproteinase 2 [MMP-2], MMP-9, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase), cytokines, and protein kinases (mitogen-activated protein kinase and ERK1/2). This review proposes that EriB supplies a novel opportunity for the cure of cancer but supplementary investigations along with preclinical trials are obligatory to effectively figure out its biological and pharmacological applications.

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Shipov, A. E., G. K. Genkina, O. I. Artyushin, R. I. Volkova, G. F. Makhayeva, S. A. Roslavtseva, E. V. Rosengart et al. « Synthesis, Biological Activity and Mechanism of Action of 1,3,2-Oxazaphosphorinane Derivatives ». Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 109, n^o 1 (1996) : 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426509608545164.

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Sinhababu, Achintya K., et Ronald T. Borchardt. « Molecular mechanism of biological action of the serotonergic neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine ». Neurochemistry International 12, n^o 3 (janvier 1988) : 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(88)90165-9.

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Kowacz, Magdalena, et Gerald H. Pollack. « Propolis-induced exclusion of colloids : Possible new mechanism of biological action ». Colloid and Interface Science Communications 38 (septembre 2020) : 100307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2020.100307.

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Lebedev, V. V., S. A. Novikov, E. Yu Rybalkina et T. N. Zabotina. « Molecular-biological problems of drug design and mechanism of drug action ». Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 43, n^o 11 (novembre 2009) : 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-010-0359-z.

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Zaikin, K. S., G. V. Ramenskaya et A. P. Arzamastsev. « Molecular-biological problems of drug design and mechanism of drug action ». Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 44, n^o 2 (juin 2010) : 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-010-0395-8.

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Mesonzhnik, N. V., S. S. Boiko, S. A. Appolonova, G. M. Rodchenkov et V. P. Zherdev. « Molecular-biological problems of drug design and mechanism of drug action ». Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 44, n^o 4 (août 2010) : 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-010-0423-8.

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Khvatova, G. I., et A. V. Semeikin. « Molecular-biological problems of drug design and mechanism of drug action ». Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 44, n^o 12 (mars 2011) : 651–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-011-0539-5.

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Lapa, G. B. « Molecular-biological problems of drug design and mechanism of drug action ». Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 45, n^o 6 (septembre 2011) : 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-011-0626-7.

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Weissbach, Herbert, Frantzy Etienne, Toshinori Hoshi, Stefan H. Heinemann, W. Todd Lowther, Brian Matthews, Gregory St. John, Carl Nathan et Nathan Brot. « Peptide Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase : Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Biological Function ». Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 397, n^o 2 (janvier 2002) : 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.2001.2664.

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Kasparkova, Jana, Hana Kostrhunova, Vojtech Novohradsky, Аlexey A. Logvinov, Viktor V. Temnov, Nataliya E. Borisova, Tatiana A. Podrugina et al. « Novel cis-Pt(II) Complexes with Alkylpyrazole Ligands : Synthesis, Characterization, and Unusual Mode of Anticancer Action ». Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2022 (2 mars 2022) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1717200.

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One concept of improving anticancer effects of conventional platinum-based antitumor drugs consists of conjugating these compounds with other biologically (antitumor) active agents, acting by a different mechanism. Here, we present synthesis, physicochemical characterization, biological effects, and mechanisms of action of four new analogs of conventional cisplatin, namely, cis-Pt(II) complexes containing either methyl or ethyl pyrazole N-donor ligands and chlorido or iodido ligands. It is noteworthy that while chlorido complexes display activity in a variety of cancer cell lines comparable to cisplatin, iodido complexes are considerably more potent due to their enhanced hydrophobicity and consequently enhanced cellular accumulation. Moreover, all of the studied Pt(II) alkylpyrazole complexes display a higher selectivity for tumor cells and effectively overcome the acquired resistance to cisplatin. Further results focused on the mechanism of action of the studied complexes and showed that in contrast to cisplatin and several platinum-based antitumor drugs, DNA damage by the investigated Pt(II)-alkylpyrazole complexes does not play a major role in their mechanism of action. Our findings demonstrate that inhibition of the tubulin kinesin Eg5, which is essential for forming a functional mitotic spindle, plays an important role in their mechanism of antiproliferative action.

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Ulviya Hajibala Azizova, Samira Arif Baghirova, Rana Rufat Rahimova et Gulnara Sabir Dashdamirova. « Vitamin D : Structure and mechanism of action ». World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 9, n^o 3 (30 mars 2022) : 036–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2022.9.3.0052.

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Vitamin D has received more attention in recent years as a result of the resurgence of vitamin D deficiency and rickets as a global health issue, as well as compelling evidence in the laboratory indicating that 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], the hormonally active form of vitamin D, generates several extraskeletal biological responses such as inhibition of breast, colon, and prostate cancer cell progression; effects on the cardiovascular system; and protects against. This review covers our present knowledge of vitamin D and its bioactivation, as well as fresh findings that have altered our understanding of vitamin D activity in both classical and nonclassical target tissues. This page also assesses vitamin D's alleged involvement in extraskeletal health, provides an overview of 1,25(OH)2D3 analogs that have been created, and highlights unanswered problems.

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Cucchiara, S., et M. Aloi. « O-28 : New biologicals, mechanism of action ». Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 8 (septembre 2014) : S426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1873-9946(14)50111-0.

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Müller, Barbara C. N., Anna K. Oostendorp, Simone Kühn, Marcel Brass, Ap Dijksterhuis et Rick B. van Baaren. « When triangles become human ». Interaction Studies 16, n^o 1 (17 août 2015) : 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.16.1.03mul.

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Until recently, it was assumed that co-representation of others’ actions, an essential part in joint action, is biologically tuned. However, research demonstrated that we also simulate actions of non-biological interaction partners under certain conditions. In the present study, we investigated whether perceived intentionality or perspective taking is the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon. Participants saw a short video fragment of a non-biological agent (i.e. a triangle) as main character. The movements of this agent were either described as intentional or as unintentional. Furthermore, participants were instructed to either take the perspective of this non-biological agent or not. Results show that perspective taking and perceived intentionality both lead to action co-representation of non-biological actions. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.

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HARAGUCHI, Hiroyuki, Kensuke HASHIMOTO, Kozo SHIBATA, Makoto TANIGUCHI et Susumu OI. « Mechanism of antifungal action of citrinin. » Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 51, n^o 5 (1987) : 1373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.51.1373.

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Persons, Jacqueline B. « Are All Psychotherapies Cognitive ? » Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 9, n^o 3 (janvier 1995) : 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.9.3.185.

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The well-known failure to find differential mechanisms and outcomes of psychotherapies has led to the suggestion that all therapies share a common mechanism—perhaps even a cognitive mechanism. I suggest that all therapies can be seen as cognitive—but all therapies can also be seen as behavioral, biological, emotional, and interpersonal. In fact, cognitive therapy itself has many noncognitive components, including behavioral, biological, emotional, and interpersonal elements. I argue that one of these vantage points is not more “correct” than the others, but that different approaches to the study of psychotherapeutic change may be useful to test different hypotheses. Rather than reflecting the action of a single common mechanism that cuts across therapies, the commonality of elements across therapies and the failure to find mode-specific actions of therapies may reflect the crudity of the measurement approaches currently available for detecting therapeutic change.

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Karabulut, Nermin Pinar, Murodzhon Akhmedov et Murat Cokol. « A drug similarity network for understanding drug mechanism of action ». Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 12, n^o 02 (avril 2014) : 1441007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720014410078.

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Chemogenomic experiments, where genetic and chemical perturbations are combined, provide data for discovering the relationships between genotype and phenotype. Traditionally, analysis of chemogenomic datasets has been done considering the sensitivity of the deletion strains to chemicals, and this has shed light on drug mechanism of action and detecting drug targets. Here, we computationally analyzed a large chemogenomic dataset, which combines more than 300 chemicals with virtually all gene deletion strains in the yeast S. cerevisiae. In addition to sensitivity relation between deletion strains and chemicals, we also considered the deletion strains that are resistant to chemicals. We found a small set of genes whose deletion makes the cell resistant to many chemicals. Curiously, these genes were enriched for functions related to RNA metabolism. Our approach allowed us to generate a network of drugs and genes that are connected with resistance or sensitivity relationships. As a quality assessment, we showed that the higher order motifs found in this network are consistent with biological expectations. Finally, we constructed a biologically relevant network projection pertaining to drug similarities, and analyzed this network projection in detail. We propose this drug similarity network as a useful tool for understanding drug mechanism of action.

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Lima, Beatriz, Maria Ricci, Adriana Garro, Tünde Juhász, Imola Csilla Szigyártó, Zita I. Papp, Gabriela Feresin et al. « New short cationic antibacterial peptides. Synthesis, biological activity and mechanism of action ». Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1863, n^o 10 (octobre 2021) : 183665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183665.

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Guo, Tao, Rongjiao Xia, Mei Chen, Jun He, Shijun Su, Liwei Liu, Xiangyang Li et Wei Xue. « Biological activity evaluation and action mechanism of chalcone derivatives containing thiophene sulfonate ». RSC Advances 9, n^o 43 (2019) : 24942–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05349b.

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DING, WEI, ZHIMO ZHAO, WENJUN WU, HUIYING TAO et JINJUN WANG. « Action mechanism and biological activity of celangulin to Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari : Tetranychidae) ». Systematic and Applied Acarology 9 (31 juillet 2004) : 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.9.1.5.

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Li, Yong, Yun-Bao Liu et Shi-Shan Yu. « Grayanoids from the Ericaceae family : structures, biological activities and mechanism of action ». Phytochemistry Reviews 12, n^o 2 (25 avril 2013) : 305–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-013-9299-z.

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Carrillo-Tripp, Mauricio, Alex H. de Vries, Rogelio Hernández, Cristina Vargas, Humberto Saint-Martin et Ivan Ortega-Blake. « Molecular Action Mechanism of Amphotericin B and Structural Analogs on Biological Membranes ». Biophysical Journal 98, n^o 3 (janvier 2010) : 107a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.596.

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Silva, André Filipe C., Parvez I. Haris, Maria Luísa Serralheiro et Rita Pacheco. « Mechanism of action and the biological activities of Nigella sativa oil components ». Food Bioscience 38 (décembre 2020) : 100783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100783.

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Rosen, Arthur D. « Mechanism of Action of Moderate-Intensity Static Magnetic Fields on Biological Systems ». Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 39, n^o 2 (2003) : 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/cbb:39:2:163.

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Fleischer, B. « Superantigens produced by infectious pathogens : molecular mechanism of action and biological significance ». International Journal of Clinical & ; Laboratory Research 24, n^o 4 (décembre 1994) : 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02592461.

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Osati, Samira, Hasrat Ali et Johan E. van Lier. « BODIPY–steroid conjugates : Syntheses and biological applications ». Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 20, n^o 01n04 (janvier 2016) : 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424616300019.

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Dressler, Dirk, Fereshte Adib Saberi et Egberto Reis Barbosa. « Botulinum toxin : mechanisms of action ». Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 63, n^o 1 (mars 2005) : 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2005000100035.

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This review describes therapeutically relevant mechanisms of action of botulinum toxin (BT). BT's molecular mode of action includes extracellular binding to glycoproteine structures on cholinergic nerve terminals and intracellular blockade of the acetylcholine secretion. BT affects the spinal stretch reflex by blockade of intrafusal muscle fibres with consecutive reduction of Ia/II afferent signals and muscle tone without affecting muscle strength (reflex inhibition). This mechanism allows for antidystonic effects not only caused by target muscle paresis. BT also blocks efferent autonomic fibres to smooth muscles and to exocrine glands. Direct central nervous system effects are not observed, since BT does not cross the blood-brain-barrier and since it is inactivated during its retrograde axonal transport. Indirect central nervous system effects include reflex inhibition, normalisation of reciprocal inhibition, intracortical inhibition and somatosensory evoked potentials. Reduction of formalin-induced pain suggests direct analgesic BT effects possibly mediated through blockade of substance P, glutamate and calcitonin gene related peptide.

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Tiwari, R. P., T. C. Bhalla, S. S. Saini, G. Singh et D. V. Vadehra. « Mechanism of action of aflatoxin B1 ». Journal of Biosciences 10, n^o 1 (mars 1986) : 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02702849.

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Jaya, P., et P. A. Kurup. « Mechanism of hypocholesterolemic action of glucagon ». Journal of Biosciences 12, n^o 2 (juin 1987) : 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02702961.

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Lujan, Henry, Eric Romer, Richard Salisbury, Saber Hussain et Christie Sayes. « Determining the Biological Mechanisms of Action for Environmental Exposures : Applying CRISPR/Cas9 to Toxicological Assessments ». Toxicological Sciences 175, n^o 1 (27 février 2020) : 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfaa028.

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Abstract Toxicology is a constantly evolving field, especially in the area of developing alternatives to animal testing. Toxicological research must evolve and utilize adaptive technologies in an effort to improve public, environmental, and occupational health. The most commonly cited mechanisms of toxic action after exposure to a chemical or particle test substance is oxidative stress. However, because oxidative stress involves a plethora of genes and proteins, the exact mechanism(s) are not commonly defined. Exact mechanisms of toxicity can be revealed using an emerging laboratory technique referred to as CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats). This article reviews the most common CRISPR techniques utilized today and how each may be applied in Toxicological Sciences. Specifically, the CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein complex is used for single gene knock-outs, whereas CRISPR interference/activation is used for silencing or activating (respectively) ribonucleic acid. Finally, CRISPR libraries are used for knocking-out entire gene pathways. This review highlights the application of CRISPR in toxicology to elucidate the exact mechanism through which toxicants perturb normal cellular functions.

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