Thèses sur le sujet « Biodiversité durable »
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Levrel, Harold. « Biodiversité et développement durable : quels indicateurs ». Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00128430.
Texte intégralCette thèse cherche à évaluer la pertinence des indicateurs d'interactions existants ainsi que des méthodes de construction innovantes qui se fixent pour objectif de développer des outils de co-gestion adaptative de la biodiversité
Giraud, Catherine. « La protection de la diversité biologique dans la région du Pacifique sud : réflexion sur l'efficacité du droit international ». Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010289.
Texte intégralThe focus of the thesis is an analysis of international law, regional law and domestic law as they relate to the protection of biological diversity in the south pacific region, in particular in Australia, New Caledonia and Vanuatu. The fundamental aim of the thesis is to assess the effectiveness of international law, and in order to do this, the research examines not only the extent to which international law concerning biodiversity is applicable, but also, crucially, how it is applied by countries of the south pacific region. The first part of the research analyses relevant international and regional material, as well as domestic laws pertaining to the incorporation of treaties. Mechanisms established by relevant treaties to facilitate their implementation - such as requirements for periodic reporting by states - are also examined. The second part of the research analyses the domestic implementation of specific provisions of treaties by the three states referred to. The analysis distinguishes between the application of provisions concerning the protection of genetic resources, the protection of species and the protection of ecosystems. Specific country case studies are provided of the implementation of particular treaties, such as the 1992 convention on biological diversity. Through the case studies, it is submitted, it is possible to gauge the effectiveness of international environmental law provisions in these countries
Andrianambinina, Djohari. « Ecotourisme facteur de développement durable ? : cas de Madagascar ». Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011VERS022S.
Texte intégralFacing the dual challenge of poverty reduction and environment preservation, the non-extractive economic valorization of natural resources is likely to be one of the ways to achieve sustainable development, in the southern developing countries. Valuing the ecosystems enables to bypass a major constraint identified by economic theory, which is the lack of an efficient market revealing resources value. Ecotourism is one of the most well-known application fields of this strategy of resources valuation. By ratifying the Convention on Biological Diversity, developing countries agreed to implement the Convention guidelines for the ecotourism promotion through National strategies of biodiversity sustainable management. Thus, in many countries, ecotourism’s improvement is significant; and its results can be viewed in different ways. But, existing assessment methods do not always take into account the various and divergent interests issues. This thesis is a contribution to defend a new methodology of the local impacts assessment, based on multicriteria analysis and participatory approach, compared to the Anakao and Ranomafana National Parc management
Chateil, Carole. « De la parcelle au paysage : quels déterminants de la biodiversité et des services écosystémiques dans les agro-écosystèmes ? » Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0026.
Texte intégralBiodiversity loss is often considerable in agroecosystems. Yet, agricultural production relies greatly upon biodiversity and ecosystem services, which are essential to agricultural sustainability. The goal of this thesis is to understand the impact of agricultural intensification on biodiversity and agroecosystem functioning. This knowledge is then used to recommend more sustainable agricultural practices. First a fine-scale experimental study suggests a significant role of crop phenotypic diversity at the field-scale for arthropod community structure. Second, the study of two intensification gradients (intensity of farming practices and landscape diversity) shows that local disturbance and fragmentation of natural habitats are responsible for a non-random loss of species diversity depending on biological traits, with consequences on mutualistic ecosystem services such as pollination
Aguiar, Pinto Geracina. « Développement durable et biodiversité dans le programme "Grande Carajas/CVRD" en Amazonie ». Montpellier 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON30104.
Texte intégralEnvironment problems are many in Brazil however they take on a major importance in the Amazon basin, especially with the "Grande Carajas Project" (PGC) of which the "Companhia Vale do Rio Doce" company is the leader. A "US steel" subsidiary was looking for manganese, in that Amazon region when a helicopter crash landing les Bruno Augusto dos Santos to the discovery of the world's biggest open reserve of iron ore. 27000 workers were to set up the Carajas Program in 1982 and it is estimated that more than 500000 mine workers now operate in the Amazon forest. According to the Environment Institute of Brazil IBAMA "when iron ore is important, then there is a special vegetal stratum called "canga", and on top of it grows the typical metalophylic forest, of Carajas" which was to disappear with mining. No rigorous study having been done, mining has led to deforestation and pollution that the Brazilian Institute of Socio Economical Studies IBASE has confirmed. This theoretical study deals with PGC-CVRD socio environmental impact in Amazon, by exploring strategies, policies and relationships of Indians with towns and forests. The inquiry shows social and ecological imbalance as the consequences mainly fall on poorer people, mine workers and landless peasants. We listen to the main "actors" among Indians, elected representatives, trade unions and rural leaders as well as Federal administration, and Parauapebas City hall. I have studied the Privatization of PGC
Lassauce, Aurore. « Développement d'une sylviculture à vocation énergétique et conservation de la biodiversité saproxylique ». Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00698580.
Texte intégralMotte-Bienabe, Estelle. « Les politiques de conservation de la diversité biologique : évaluations, critères de décision et incitations ». Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON10071.
Texte intégralN'Goh, Urbain. « Droit et éthique de la protection de la diversité biologique : Du droit des brevets au droit du développement ». Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA4016.
Texte intégralThe conservation of biological diversity has been recognized as a common concern of humankind. The formal protection of biological diversity, as fundamental as it is, would not be complete without changing the rules of appropriation and exploitation of the living. On the one hand, biotechnology allow genetic transformation of life, when on the other, the objectives of scientific and economic progress cannot be achieved without natural resources. The thesis aims to explain the phenomenology of biodiversity protection in a dualistic perspective. Owing to the opening of the convention of biological diversity on multiple normative systems, protection of biodiversity includes an ethical dimension involving fundamental interdiscursive normativity. Thus, the protection of biodiversity and the appropriation of living over again stated in patent law must be balanced. The right to development as well, in addition to its opening to intergenerational responsibility embodied in the concept of sustainable development, should be brought closer to endogenous proposals and local perspective issues related to living. As such, eco-development, normative systems and lifestyles of early peoples are given as examples in that they are less costly for biological resources and respectful of the non-human living
Nduwimana, André. « Caractérisation du paysage naturel de la Malagarazi (Burundi) et approche de conservation durable de sa biodiversité ». Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0026.
Texte intégralThis thesis aims to characterize on biophysics and human level the natural landscape of Malagarazi and to propose a contextualized mode of conservation of the biodiversity and local sustainable development. The work consists of a study of the floristic composition and spatial organization of the vegetation, an analysis of the demographic and socio-economic aspects of the households and the cartography of the state and evolution of the land cover/land use of the Malagarazi landscape. By combining different methods such as the study of the vegetation, the socio-economic study and the remote sensing, this work constitutes a systemic approach of apprehension of the problem of sustainable conservation of the Malagarazi natural landscape biodiversity. The reserve of biosphere is chosen and justified like a good approach to reconcile conservation and local development to be put in work at Malagarazi landscape
Baranes, Valérie. « Les intentions éducatives des professeurs des écoles dans l’enseignement-apprentissage pour une éducation au développement durable : éduquer à la biodiversité ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3021.
Texte intégralBiodiversity education, within sustainable development education, is problematic because the complex nature of this concept and the unstable nature of the knowledge. The teacher’s educational intentions in primary school blear many values and lead to specific didactic choices. Different strategies used to convey this education have different effects on the learning acquisition: knowledge and behaviour. In this research we want to underline the links between the teacher educational intentions and the pupils’ real learning at the end of primary school
Mouysset, Lauriane. « Les politiques publiques au défi de la biodiversité : modèles et scénarios bio-économiques pour une agriculture durable ». Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0004.
Texte intégralGlobal changes such as the climate change, the agriculture evolution or the urbanization, have exerted significant pressures on biodiversity (declines, extinctions, and biotic homogenizations). In this context, reconciling human activities with a sustainable biodiversity turns out as a main issue. To respond to this objective, the development of bio-economic analysis appears as an interesting perspective for public policies facing biodiversity. However the agri-environmental policies have not yet been able to provide a relevant management of biodiversity. Based on a bio-economic process, this PhD intends to contribute to the debate on public policies facing the challenge of a sustainable management of agriculture and biodiversity. The systemic models developed in this work combine both ecologic and economic dynamics through land-use variables at the small agricultural area scale across the whole France. In our case, biodiversity is perceived as a community of 34 common birds, avoiding an emblematic species-based approach. Calibration of the models is based on agri-economic and ecological time series from 2001 to 2009. Different scenarios are generated up to 2050 and their bio-economic performances are compared through a set of indicators, avoiding the problem of biodiversity monetization. A focus on the choice of these indicators has been driven to characterize correctly the status of communities. In particular, different aspects of the sustainability are explored by combining cost-effectiveness and co-viability approaches. This study shows that it is possible to improve simultaneously ecological and economic performances in comparison to the current trends. In the one hand, economic incentives at the macro-economic scale guide directly the farmers’ choices towards more biodiversity-friendly activities. In the other hand, diversification mechanisms, in response to economic risk, have also a positive influence on the bio-economic performances. However, it appears difficult to maximize simultaneously economic and ecological objectives. The PhD explores several options to overcome this bio-economic trade-off. In particular, an analysis based on public costs suggests that the integration of ecological objectives in the public policies generates a double dividend. Finally, in an uncertain context, the approach of co-viability allows us to identify scenarios leading to a multi-functional agriculture that remains fair through generations. Extending these bio-economic approaches towards the concept of ecosystemic services should bring further insight into the design of public policies achieving a sustainable biodiversity
Rousseau, Steven. « Essai sur le rôle des principes de prévention et de précaution dans la reconnaissance d’un droit positif à un environnement sain et respectueux de la biodiversité au Québec ». Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8168.
Texte intégralAbstract : Legislative action regarding environmental protection in Québec is characterized by the establishment of wide discretionary powers, which allow the governement to maintain a healthful environment in which biodiversity is preserved to the extent that it has previously determined. However, this situation does not go without critics, such definition of environmental rights and powers have proven ill-adapted in many respects to deal with modern ecological issues. This essay aims to put forth another interpretation of the rules constituting Quebec’s environmental law. It is argued that the Sustainable Development Act, which was enacted in 2006, can be interpreted so as to transform the paradigm of environmental law, even so far as to systematize this legal subsystem. More specifically, this paper try to demonstrate that the principles of prevention and precaution provided for by this Act, far from being only incentive principles, can be interpreted as imposing an underlying duty to the Administration’s powers to maximize the probability of maintaining a healthy environment. Associated with provision 46.1 of Quebec Charter of human rights and freedoms, which should, however, be reinterpreted so as to secure the overall environmental rights and duties to the liability regime provided for by this fundamental law, these principles would thus constitute the substance of a right to a healthy environment in which biodiversity is preserved. The second part of this essay aims to consider the content of such a duty, and to foresee the consequences of its judicial application.
Voisin, Carole. « Enseigner la biodiversité , obstacles et difficultés à un enseignement généralisé : approches philosophique, épistémologique et didactique ». Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4053/document.
Texte intégralBiodiversity teaching remains particularly difficult. It deals with, and combines, many problems such as multireferentiality, educational issues and values, but also controversy (socio-scientific and didactic issues). This study aim for essay to a better understanding of the difficulties and obstacles met in the professional teaching practice at primary school. Then, we will consider the type of support for the teachers. How enable teachers to involve themselves in an environmental education or a biodiversity teaching with a relative serenity but by avoiding risks? There are some specific risks, which appear in deal with conception and implementation of learning-teaching projects about biodiversity. How conceive, at primary school, an environmental problem education which congregate epistemological fundament and the development of an environmental, citizen awareness?
Saoudi, Hayet. « Etude de la relation biodiversité - transgénèse végétale à l'université selon une double perspective : socio-scientifique et durable : contribution à l'éducation à l'environnement pour le développement durable ». Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20118.
Texte intégralThis thesis falls under the Science-Technology-Society (STS) approach and in the perspective of environmental education for sustainable development. It contributes to the study of a Socially Acute Question (SAQ): the interaction between biodiversity and plant genetically modified (PGM). A multiepisodic experimentation is being carried out using two groups of students on the master degree (option ecology and biotechnology) at the Faculty of Science of Tunis. The problem is that this environmental issue is very often "ill-structured", "open-ended", and controversial and has implications in various fields. However, it is apprehended at university without taking into the account the controversial nature of the issue (not problematized) and without taking into account the multiple stakes which it crystallizes. In this research, we tried to develop students' reasoning about this authentic socio-scientific issue. The analysis of data highlights the argumentative competences developed, namely the mobilization of the socio-scientific reasoning and of the sustainable reasoning. The environmental dimension is the most represented in reasoning. Students in ecology integrate more than students in biotechnology economical, social, political, ethical and religious fields. Analyses show an appropriation of interdisciplinary knowledge with a change of opinions concerning the socio-scientific controversy. Three effects combine on reasoning, knowledge and opinions: effect of the contextualization, effect of the experimentation and effect of the option
Brin, Antoine. « Le bois mort et les Coléoptères associés dans les plantations de pin maritime (Pinus pinaster, L.) : implications possibles pour la gestion durable des forêts et l’élaboration d’indicateurs de biodiversité ». Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13735/document.
Texte intégralDead wood has been selected as one of the biodiversity indicators for the assessment of sustainable forest management. We investigated the relevance of this indicator in forest plantations with experimental data. Our approach was focus on beetles which represent 20% of saproxylic species. Effects of environmental variables on species richness and composition of assemblages occurred at three spatial scales : the piece of wood (diameter, decomposition stage and type), the stand (volume of dead wood, density of stems, canopy cover) and the landscape (% of maritime pine stands,% of deciduous stands and % of clear-cut areas). Diversity of dead wood above 15 cm in diameter appeared to be a good indicator of the local species richness of saproxylic beetles. A model of dead wood dynamic has been proposed so as to assess impacts of new forestry practices on saproxylic beetles diversity
Barroca, Marco. « Approche didactique de l'enseignement de la biodiversité : enjeux épistémologiques et curriculaires, et conditions d'apprentissage des élèves ». Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT2004/document.
Texte intégralThe term 'BioDiversity" was proposed by Walter G. Rosen in 1985 during the preparation of the National Forum on Biodiversity
Maudet, Guillaume. « La protection de la biodiversité par la création d'un marché des ressources génétiques : la bioprospection en question ». Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX32006.
Texte intégralNowadays biodiversity protection is one of the major purposes of sustainable development. At the origin of biodiversity decline human activity of overexploitation and conversion of natural areas can be found. Facing this problem, the present work aims at showing that the creation of genetic market between pharmaceutical enterprises and individuals from developing countries can be a solution to protect biodiversity. Price equilibrium, high enough to overcome opportunity costs bearing by landowners, can be found. In this context, institutions have a key role to play in achieving this equilibrium. Solutions based on the analysis of institutional parameters have been found to fight against transaction costs and overexploitation in order to increase transaction opportunities and so to protect biodiversity
Hartingh, François-Vadim de. « Relations internationales et coopération face à l'évolution des sociétés et aux enjeux du vivant : stratégies ouvertes d'action et apport de l'approche patrimoniale ». Paris, AgroParisTech, 2008. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004917.
Texte intégralPrincé, Karine. « Quel futur pour la biodiversité en milieu agricole dans un contexte de changements climatiques ? : de l'évaluation des mesures de conservation aux scénarios d'usage des sols ». Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833467.
Texte intégralSaifane, Manal. « Le pilotage de la politique publique de la biodiversité, vers son expérimentation au Liban : transposition des dispositifs français facilitant l'évolution des pratiques en matière de planification urbaine ». Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL125.
Texte intégralWith the aim of supporting Lebanese decision makers in the choice of public environmental policy reforms to take into account biodiversity in urban projects, the ambition of this research is to study the opportunity of transferring existing mechanisms of sustainable development in France to Lebanon. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to analyze the progressive integration of biodiversity in the planning system. It is about identifying transferable actions to Lebanon with the Benchmarking method. This approach is complemented by an observation of institutional reforms and the implementation modalities of public action. The transposition of mechanisms to Lebanon requires the implementation of diagnosis shared by all stakeholders because the Lebanese context is different : many constraints limit the development of sustainable and efficient planning. Nevertheless, defining a co-led project requires decision makers to adopt a strategic vision of the urban project. This process goes through a concerted phase where a citizen participation involved. As for the mobilization of the stakeholders, it is based on the proposal of innovative approaches that were formulated theoretically and empirically. On the one hand, we introduced the concept of green index allowing stakeholders to assess the environmental quality of a project. On the other hand, we have modeled a city concept, called Soft City, where nature is everywhere in the city, with a view to applying it in Beirut. To facilitate its experimentation, methodological guides and monitoring and evaluation frameworks were developed for the concerned stakeholders in order to encourage them to implement the innovative tools and concepts
Thuillier, Laura. « Prise en compte de la biodiversité par une entreprise industrielle : le cas de Storengy ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MNHN0003.
Texte intégralIndustrial companies, due to the nature of their activities and the land ownership of their production sites, negatively impact biodiversity. Some are beginning to integrate biodiversity conservation into their strategy as a response to societal pressures. This thesis aims to answer the following question: how can an industrial company take biodiversity conservation into account in its activities? To answer this question, we have mobilized two disciplines, management sciences and conservation sciences, in three complementary axes. Our study field was the natural gas storage company, Storengy. To understand how biodiversity conservation was addressed in the company, we conducted an ethnographic survey of its biodiversity strategy, which was established in 2010. We showed that it was associated with a hybrid institutional logic combining conservation objectives with the strategic objectives. The biodiversity manager, ecologists, the green space company and employees participated in legitimizing, framing and developing the strategy. Experiences of nature proved to be important factors in employee engagement. Finally, we outline the tensions related to the biodiversity strategy and its limited scope in the company because of the inertia of the system. To help the company in improving biodiversity on its sites, we have proposed biodiversity indicators. They make it possible to assess biodiversity issues at the territory and plot scale and, based on this, to guide the company in the management of its land estate. Finally, to understand how industrial facilities could be mobilized to improve biodiversity on a local scale, we studied several taxonomic groups (flora, butterflies and birds) present on a particular piece of equipment: gas well platforms. We showed that, in relatively intensive agricultural landscapes, gas well platforms landscaping could favor communities that are sensitive to human disturbance. This thesis improves our knowledge of how companies take biodiversity into account and the tools they can use to assess and manage biodiversity on their land and thus contribute to its conservation
Laginha, Pinto Correia David. « Potentiel d'utilisation de la diversité fonctionnelle des arbres dans l'aménagement durable des forêts tempérées nordiques et boréales ». Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31152.
Texte intégralForest management objectives have slowly changed over the last few decades. While forest management used to focus mainly on wood production, forests are now expected to be managed for multiple ecosystem services. Traditional forest management strategies are also unsuitable to tackle the threats posed by climate change and by the increased frequency of climate extremes. The development of biodiversity indicators capable of predicting ecosystem response to disturbances has been identified as one of the key research priorities in the improvement of existing sustainable forest management frameworks. However, our understanding of these biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships and their response to disturbances needs to be improved if such indicators are to be developed. The objective of this thesis was to analyse the potential of tree functional diversity indicators in improving sustainable forest management of northern temperate and boreal forests. In my first chapter, I studied the impact of stand age, height and cover type on multiple tree biodiversity indicators. My analyses showed that stand age, one of the most widespread indicators of biodiversity, should not be used as the sole indicator of tree diversity in forest management because it inadequately represents a significant part of stand tree diversity. In my second chapter, I analysed the relationship between two indicators of pre-logging functional diversity (functional redundancy and response diversity), and post-logging stand productivity. My results revealed the importance of considering functional diversity in biodiversity-ecosystem functioning studies and showed that response diversity is significantly associated with post-logging productivity in these forests. In the last chapter, I examined the relationship between three functional traits associated with tree resistance and resilience to drought. My results showed that, in our study area, dry leaf mass per unit area and xylem pressure at which 50% of stem xylem conductivity is lost through cavitation significantly influence drought-induced tree mortality, but do not affect stand productivity response to drought. This thesis revealed the importance of the relationships between tree functional diversity, stand productivity and stand response to partial and severe disturbances. Besides improving our scientific understanding of the relationships between functional diversity and ecosystem functioning, these results allowed us to propose several tree-diversity based forest management strategies that should considerably improve stand resilience and resistance to disturbances.
Torri, Maria Costanza. « La conservation participative de la biodiversité et l'utilisation durable des ressources naturelles : l'étude de cas de la réserve de tigres de Sariska, India, Rajasthan ». Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010537.
Texte intégralBernard, Claire. « La biodiversité par projet : Réflexivité engagée et dispositif stratégique en Albanie ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD058/document.
Texte intégralOverseas Development Assistance (ODA) operates mainly through projects. Envisioned as an efficient mean to inject funds according established targets in specific sectors of the economy, projects have generated a vast managerial literature aiming at optimizing the delivery of rationally planned and controlled outputs. Projects are also widely used to mainstream biodiversity in the ODA sector. However, our genealogy of biodiversity as a global environmental issue shows how this kind of wicked and ambiguous problem challenges the mechanistic rationality at the basis of all ODA project models. Building on both global and local levels, biodiversity issues cannot be properly constructed and managed through ex ante planning processes or ex post evaluations, but are arising from multi-actors interactions throughout the project life.By shifting the traditional focus of analysis of project management we assume a posture of "embedded research" allows us to experiment and describe the strategic activity of conceiving environmental action frames. We are equipping this posture building on Strategic Environmental Management Analysis (SEMA), adjusted with foucaldian analytical frameworks in management science on collective action design.Pairing the concepts of “regime” and “device”, we propose to use them as a central analytic tool to study this strategic activity that articulates a general intention – a biodiversity regime – conceived through a project understood as a device (i.e.: an heterogeneous set of actors, institutions, tools and knowledges). The figure of "reflexive pole” endorses the conception of the environmental strategy as a liminal site embedded in a specific device through the exercise of a “committed reflexivity”.The project used as an empirical basis for this intervention research, funded by the French Global Environment Facility (GEF), was designed in an original approach between Albanian Rural Development Agency (MADA) and Mediterranean intergovernmental organization (CIHEAM-IAMM) having agreed to "embark" a research function in a concrete process of building Signs of quality and origin (SIQO) for local productions from pastoral and agricultural systems and collection activities of non-timber products. The hypothesis advanced by the project "BiodivBalkans" (2012-2016) was that this process can promote a sustainable environmental management of agro-silvopastoral Albanian territories.This inquiry – led in a pragmatic perspective – is based on a situated narrative and description of the project’s developments studied as a strategic device, to which is attached the activity of the “reflexive pole”. Doing so, we emphasize the cognitive, organizational and strategic nature of conceiving the frames of environmental action in a situated device related to an evolving biodiversity regime. Beyond the irreducibility of this experience, the added value of this research work is twofold.From a practical standpoint, we propose to consider the “reflexive pole’s” activity as an additional modality to design and implement ODA environmental projects. We derive three invariants of this biodiversity mainstreaming activity (i.e.: framing, shaping, using), which designate three modes of exerting a “committed reflexivity”. Theses strategic operations of different nature and conceptual scales are to design the environmental dimension of collective action devices in complex, ambiguous and adverse universe.From an analytical standpoint then, theorizing the “reflexive pole’s” strategic activity allows us to redefine the status of the environmental actor as proposed by the Strategic Environmental Management Analysis (SEMA) in an actor-centric perspective. We used the concepts of “knowledge brokering" and» boundary organization” to enlarge this focus with a socio-cognitive dimension and build theoretical foundations to further explore the cognitive, procedural and located dimension of environmental changes in collective action devices
Stivala, Matthieu. « Urbanisme durable : approches méthodologiques et pluridisciplinaires des éco-quartiers : Etude et application au projet d’aménagement de l’éco-quartier du Raquet par la Communauté d’Agglomération du Douaisis ». Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10218/document.
Texte intégralOne application of sustainable development could be found in different urban operations, considered exemplary: the northern European eco-neighborhoods since 1990, experimenting sustainable urbanism and inspire their application in other countries and other societies. The phenomenon seems to be found anywhere in the world, tending towards universality of the concept, both in its philosophy and in different urban forms. This formal diversity is found in the history of architecture and urbanism in the last century: a search for connections with nature and exploration of an ideal density for the inhabitants, which can be found in Ebenezer Howard’s, Franck Lloyd Wright’s and Le Corbusier’s utopias. This research of models leads us to better understand and define a universal identity eco-neighborhoods whose success continues to grow in France: 160 projects were candidate in EcoQuartier competition in 2009, 394 in 2011. Ecodistrict “Le Raquet”, built directly by the Agglomeration Community of Douai (CAD) in the towns of Douai and Sin-le-Noble, settled in a particular context, contained by successive development operations. The project to build a real piece of town of 4 000 to 4 500 units requires a methodological approach, taking into account the specific context while promoting environmental performance. Based on thematic indicators of "green city" and "compact city", it appears that the methodology seems to be a system, fractal with complex interactions
Ben, Chikha Zied. « Les parcs nationaux de la Tunisie méridionale : caractéristiques et gestion pour une durabilité de ces territoires ». Le Mans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LEMA3001.
Texte intégralEight national parks, sixteen natural reserves (today they are twenty), four reserves of biosphere represent the faunistic and floristic richness of Tunisia. In the years 1990 and more precisely 1993, the Department of the Environment and town and country planning were created. So all the national parks were created in the years 1990. Therefore, Tunisia committed itself in a political volunteer in order to preserving the ecosystems and the species (animal and vegetable), to reconstitute a wildlife by the reintroduction of the species autochtones having disappeared and to contribute to a sustainable development. Several actors were implied in the management of these protected areas especially the State which represents the main actor beside the World Bank which financial assets the project of the Management of the Surfaces Protées (GAP project), with that is added several actors. The role of O. N. G. S remains limited. A good performance was noticed especially in the national park of Bou Hedma where the steppe with Acacia raddiana tortellis was overcast the zone well the weather that it exceeded not the 10. 000 ha before the creation of park. The reintroduction of the disappeared species succeeded and the coupling was made in a normal way successful too. For contributing to a sustainable development it would have been necessary to balance between the three pillars economic, socialo and environmental. But actually it is not the case because it with dimensions social remained marginalized and the population was isolated of all the projects of management as of these protées surfaces. The environmental side was respected strictly in reintroducing the various species the development of the space of the acacia. Park against the economic pillar, Tunisia tried to develop the ecotouristic activity but this sector remains until today fragile and of proximity. Therefore, the economic stage remains to be developed. What raises the question about the future of sustainable development in Tunisia?
Ngaryam, Benoudjita. « La problématique de gestion durable de la biodiversité au Tchad : impacts des aires protégées sur les zones périphériques - cas des parcs nationaux de Manda et Sena Oura ». Thesis, Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080118/document.
Texte intégralThis work has enabled to show that the future of biological resources safeguarding is not only to be performed on the protected areas but also the integration of non protected areas in the rational management framework of the territory could be a guarantee of a sustainable safeguarding. Moreover, it has also shown to different actors that the presence of a protected area in a location is not without impact on surrounding areas. In this case, 65 national parks impacts on the surrounding areas have been identified meaning there are 28 positive impacts representing 43% against 37 negative impacts representing 57%. Socio-economic impacts are the most numerous followed by cultural impacts and ecological impacts.In order to get these results, two case studies have been performed on Manda and Sena Oura national parks in Chad, all located in the southern area. These are two national parks of the differents generations. In the study framework, 152 people have been surveyed among which there are 19 civil servants, 11 development representatives and 122 members of local communities adjacent to national parks. The satellite images have completed the analysis agenda.The critical and comparative analysis which is included in the perspective of the sustainable development paradigm has revealed that many ecological impacts will occur in long term. The negative socio economic and cultural impacts are best managed in a participative management approach as opposed to a too centralized and exclusive management. The intrinsic factors which have influenced the intensity of impacts are of socio political, demographic, climatic order, the local culture systems and ecological footprints of urban centers nearby. This influence witnesses the difficulty to separate impacts attributed to the creation of protected areas from those generated by other factors
Marelli, Carolina. « Traduire la biodiversité urbaine : enquête autour d’une mesure ». Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100073.
Texte intégralThe issue of urban biodiversity has become an important part of public policy at all levels. Originally conceived as a generic endorsement of a biodiversity conservation ethics, aimed at joining up with the major international objectives of urban sustainability, urban biodiversity is today undergoing a process of technicization, meant to translate a set of concepts into measurable objectives. It is precisely on this conceptual crossroads that the present analysis focuses, namely, between the abstract notion of urban biodiversity and its translation into tangible features. Starting from the assumption that ‘quantification’ is first of all an agreement on what one wants to measure of a concept, this research explores what an urban biodiversity measure might be. In other words, we question both the internationally recognized measure developed by a team of Singaporean experts, the so-called City Biodiversity Index (what the measure is), and the existence of other ways of producing a measurement without the help of a quantitative convention (what the measure might be). From such theoretical framework two distinct types of field works derived: the first, with the Singaporean team leading the index’s creation process; the second, with an association of urban beekeepers in Fontenay-sous-Bois, working to preserve urban biodiversity. By an experimental comparison of the two measurement processes, we were able, on the one hand, to figure out how a notion is translated into a measure and, on the other, to challenge the very contents of the notion. We sought to demonstrate that the current urban biodiversity measure is a space of “competition by instruments”, namely, a space of power exercised by Singapore’s city-state with the aim of becoming the urban biodiversity international model. The daily experience of the urban beekeepers, instead, showed that there are alternative ways to concretely translate the notion of urban biodiversity, i.e., through indications rather than indicators, and create in this way a concreate measure of the concept. Finally, by comparing the two contexts, we have been able to observe and analyze the emergence of ‘shared spaces of intelligibility’ and thus of others potential configurations of the notion of urban biodiversity
Fargeot, Christian. « La chasse commerciale en Afrique centrale : une menace pour la biodiversité ou une activité économique durable ? : Le cas de la république centrafricaine ». Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00931537.
Texte intégralCombe-Duthion, Yoann. « Le delta du Danube : une application de la politique de l'Union européenne pour la protection de la biodiversité et le développement durable en Europe ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27830/27830.pdf.
Texte intégralThe Danube Delta is one of the last great natural spaces in Europe. Many threats weigh heavy on this wetland which supports the largest reed bed in the world. As the Danube stretches through ten European countries, preservation of its delta requires an integrated management at all levels of government. The European Union (EU) responded proactively to environmental issues by adopting an important legislation in this area. The “Habitats” and “Birds” directives application forced Romania, which became the 27th Member State of the EU in 2007, to take steps to ensure a sound environmental situation in the Delta. The best management strategy to be implemented in the Natura 2000 European ecological network sites is currently in debate. The European Commission prefers an integrated approach through development of a management plan, which would guarantee according to the Commission an application of the principles of sustainable development. Keywords: Romania – Danube Delta – European Union – Sustainable Development – Conservation – Environmental Policy – Natura 2000 – Governance – Public Participation – Environmental Management
Guedegbe, Serge Anselme. « L'évolution du droit de l'environnement en Afrique occidentale francophone à l'ère du renouveau démocratique ». Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30021.
Texte intégralIn the early 1990s, several french-speaking West Africa countries (FsWAc) have experienced a wave of process to change legal framework and policy. Indeed, weary by decades of denial of their fundamental rights, the people of this part of Africa have realized their desire to overthrow the dictatorial regimes existing, paving the way for greater democratization movement that Africa has ever known. Taking advantage of this golden opportunity, environmental protection rules, apprehended as they’re in developing countries, particularly in Europe, were introduced in they current form at the highest level of legal systems, by its constitutional recognition. Since its consecration and while the debate on the consideration of environmental issues within economic mechanisms continues to rage, it is important to examine the onset and progression of rules of protection of environment within the FsWAc, on its understanding by the recipients of the standard, in brief, its effectiveness and timeliness within States, obsessed with the race to develop which they legitimately aspire. Indeed, all States on which our researches focuses, are part of the least developed countries of the world, a status that is not without complicating the task at different processes of implementation of the rules of environmental protection
Roy-Belleplaine, Mina. « Le jaden dans la Martinique d’aujourd’hui : Une approche historique et anthropologique d’un objet culturel au cœur des enjeux de développement économique, patrimonial et écologique ». Thesis, Antilles, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANTI0147/document.
Texte intégralThe topic of this research is the Martinican garden. The very one which is a legacy of the garden of the first inhabitants of the island : the Kalinagos. It shall be necessary to seat the garden in its historical, social, economic and ecological context to understand the place it has hold in the construction of society over time. Thus, our approach shall be both historical and anthropological. We shall try to shed light on its role, its symbolism and the customs that turn around the jaden. In our demonstration, we shall try to bring out the paramount role it played in the days of the Kalinas and during slavery; then focus on its importance for the rural societies after 1848 and finally reveal its central place this day and age. A garden which conveys societal values, a jaden of resistance that is center stage in time of crisis hence its importance today. The ecological importance of the jaden shall be enlightened, seeing as it is able to offer solutions to the agricultural issues of our modern societies. We shall prove to what extent the Martinican population has become aware of the importance of having a jaden since the crisis of 2009, which contributed to its come back. We shall also tackle the issue of knowing to what extent it has adapted to our current needs and how it has fell within modernity. Last, we shall present it as an ancient jaden that may be a model for our current society
El asunto de esta investigación es el jardín martiniqueño. El que se inscribe en la continuación del jardín de los primeros habitantes de la isla: los kalinagos. Se tratará de estudiar el jardín en su contexto histórico, económico, social, ecológico para comprender el lugar que tuvo en la construcción de las sociedades a lo largo del tiempo. Nuestro enfoque es, entonces, histórico y antropológico.Trataremos de poner de relieve su papel, sus simbólicas y los usos que giran entorno al "jaden".En nuestra demostración intentaremos poner de realce el papel de primer plano que tuvo en la época de los Kalinas y de la esclavitud, y a continuación veremos la importancia que tuvo para las sociedades campesinas que se instalaron después de 1848, antes de tener el lugar central que hoy ocupa. Un jardín que enseña los valores de las sociedades, un jaden de resistencia que hoy regresa delante del escenario, en cada época de crisis, de ahí su importancia actual. También demostraremos la importancia ecológica del jardín, capaz de proponer soluciones a las problemáticas agrícolas de nuestras sociedades modernas.Mostraremos hasta qué punto la población martiniqueña ha tomado conciencia del jardín después de la crisis de 2009, lo que ha favorecido su renacimiento. Mostraremos también cuánto ha podido adaptarse para responder a las necesidades de su época y perdurar , lo que hace de éste, un jardín todavía inscrito en la modernidad. Por fin, Sería interesante presentarlo como un jardín antiguo que puede servir de ejemplo para nuestras sociedades actuales
Kamenova, Stefaniya. « Réseaux d'interactions, biodiversité et services éco-systémiques en milieu agricole : que nous apprennent les coléoptères carabiques ? » Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT2319.
Texte intégralBiological control is one of the main ecosystem services provided by biodiversity in agroecosystems. Communities of beneficial insects, hosted by agricultural areas exhibit high levels of species and functional diversity, and their biology and life history traits are well described today. These communities are therefore an excellent model for addressing issues of fundamental and applied interest about mechanisms at the origin of biodiversity and its impacts on the supply of ecosystem services. In this thesis, we develop an original combination of advanced molecular approaches and more traditional methods in order to elucidate trophic interaction network within the community of carabid beetles in agricultural areas. The carabid beetles can significantly contribute to the service of biological control, but their contribution and beneficial conditions are difficult to assess because of their opportunistic and plastic feeding behavior. A without a priori investigation of carabid diet at community level in a typical agricultural landscape reveals a resource partitioning between groups of species. Additional experimental studies in laboratory conditions indicate that interspecific competition could be the mechanism generating this partitioning. From a fundamental point of view, these results suggest a preponderance of deterministic processes (niche partitioning) compared to neutral processes (environmental stochasticity) to explain the coexistence of species. From an applied point of view, the importance of the resource in structuring carabid communities provides a potential lever of action for the development of efficient management strategies optimizing carabid function as crop auxiliaries
Ouya, Bondoro. « Conservation et utilisation durable de la biodiversité autour et dans les aires protégées du Sud-Est du Tchad : cas du parc national de Manda et de la forêt classée de Djoli-Kera. Usages et risques, quelles stratégies pour la revalorisation et le développement local ? » Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON30086/document.
Texte intégralDuring this third millennium of agonizing political, economic and security faced by the inhabitants of planet earth. Their intensity and gravity do forget the loss of biodiversity and the depletion of its natural resources in front of human activities. There is however urgent attention because the slightest negligence would result in irreparable loss of biodiversity. The situation is worrying for underdeveloped countries like Chad and especially for the Manda National Park and its periphery. Vagaries of the weather, bad agricultural practices and overexploitation of natural resources are exposed to a succession of environmental crises since the early 1980’s. The current population growth, overgrazing, political instability, civil wars perverse multiply and complicate the management of biodiversity. [...]
Marchand, Guillaume. « Un système d'indicateurs pour évaluer les impacts territoriaux des politiques de développement durable dans les zones rurales en Amazonie brésilienne : l’expérience IDURAMAZ ». Thesis, Paris 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA030033/document.
Texte intégralSince the early 1990’s, Brazil has become an open-air laboratory of sustainable development. It has engaged in implementing, in solo attempts or through international cooperation, to implement territorial polices that jointly integrate social, environmental and economical questions. Among the high number of experiments carried out [such as different scales zonings, ecological corridors, areas of integrated preservation,…], the local projects of sustainable development have received particular interest because they are supposed to change the face of the Amazon if taken together as a sum of integrated initiatives. By having an influence on the individual behaviour and by offering appropriate models of socio-economic development to the local populations, those projects hoped to catch up the deficits of the region’s development, at the same time avoiding higher pressures on its ecosystems. This thesis aims to evaluate the territorial changes linked to the execution of these different programs of sustainable development through an indicators system : IDURAMAZ. The latter was tested in eight communities in order to measure the progresses accomplished in : [i] quality of life ; [ii] environmental protection ; [iii] link between the present needs and the future perspectives ; [iv] social organisation. The methodological and conceptual principles that have guided the creation of this system that contains 44 sub-indicators are detailed in the discussion. On top of the results obtained in each of the eight communities, some elements are presented on the discussion on how to render IDURAMAZ more efficient in the future
Huleux, François. « La contribution de la Convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel à la conservation de la biodiversité ». Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASV028.
Texte intégralThe international community is trying to fight the current pattern of biodiversity erosion. In recent years, local and indigenous communities have been recognized as models in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Some of them have been recreating, expressing and transmitting knowledge and natural resources management practices for centuries. In 2003, the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (hereinafter “ICH Convention”) was adopted in order to preserve this heritage, which is also on the verge of disappearing due to acculturation, globalization, deforestation, etc. Despite the interdependent relationship which characterizes certain elements of intangible cultural heritage (hereinafter “ICH”) with the natural material elements associated to it, the Convention does not guide its Parties towards the recognition and preservation of this unique relationship. More specifically, it does not guide them towards the conservation and sustainable use of the elements of biodiversity that are necessary to the safeguarding of ICH (considered as a network of life). This is why, some might question the capacity of the ICH Convention to safeguard ICH associated with biodiversity? At a time when species and tradition knowledge and practices are going extinct, it is essential to refine the implementation of the Convention by a revision of its Operational Directives responsible for specifying the commitments of the Parties – and which are regularly amended by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of ICH and the General Assemble of State Parties to the Convention – towards a better suited safeguarding of ICH associated with biodiversity. The ecosystem approach developed for the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (hereinafter “CBD”) – whose objectives are the conservation, sustainable use of biodiversity and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits obtained from the use of natural resources – is the basis for this proposal to revise the Operation Directives of the ICH Convention. This approach allows the sustainable management of ecosystems considered as being networks of life including humans and their biodiversity
Millet, Laurent. « Contribution à l’étude des fonctions sociale et écologique du droit de propriété : enquête sur le caractère sacré de ce droit énoncé dans la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen du 26 août 1789 ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010277/document.
Texte intégralThe property right is guaranteed by the Declation of the Rights of Man and of theCitizen of 1789 which calles it sacred. This quality finds a secular and republican translation(suggested by the Church’s social doctrine) in the social function of property right. This function is recognized abroad (constitutional courts, C.J.E.U., E.C.H.R.) and in France(Constitutional council, Council of State, Court of cassation), it is neither an isolated theory ofone author, nor an evolution of property right. There is a correspondance between thetheological assumption and the secular and republican concept of property right : to theCreator’s eminent domain corresponds the human community’s eminent domain (via theState’s eminent domain, the reserve of law, the common heritage of the Nation), to therelativity of the human creature’s domain corresponds the relativity of the private propertyright, to the management of creation (stewardship) corresponds the preservation ofbiodiversity and sustainable development. The analysis of this sacred feature reveals that thesocial function and the ecological function (or environmental) of the property right are part ofthe structural definition of this right. In its secular and republican legislative translation, theecological function of the property right is illustrated in the participation of owners to the conservation of natural ressources (particularly via naturalist inventories) and conservation of environmental quality of real estate and lands
Sako, Nakouma. « Dynamique paysagère et de biodiversité des aires protégées du littoral ivoirien : exemple des parcs nationaux du Banco et des îles Ehotilé (sud-est de la Côte d'Ivoire) ». Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA070076.
Texte intégralIn Côte d'Ivoire, deforestation is an old problem that threatens forests, especially protected areas. In the coastal zone, rapid urbanization, rapid population growths, the economic and industrial development, particularly in Abidjan, have caused rapid deforestation. Destruction of natural environments is at the forefront of the National Parks and Reserves (PNR) policy against deforestation carried out by the government on the national territory, particularly in the littoral zone. This study focuses on national parks and Banco Ehotilé Islands, located in the Ivorian coastal zone. On the one hand, the Banco National Park is located on the outskirts of Abidjan, and it is surrounded by the various districts of the suburbs. Urbanization and pollution caused by human activities are the main threats that cause degradation. On the other side, the National Park of Ehotile Islands is located in a rural area of the Department of Adiake at the mouth of the Aby lagoon in the Atlantic Ocean. This region is characterized by a landscape dominated by agro-industrial plantations, especially oil palm, coconut graves and rubber. This reduces the land within the reach of small farmers and intensifies competition for land. The data used to study the dynamics of the vegetation cover both parks derived from Spot and Landsat satellite images, aerial photographs and our own field observations conducted in 2008 and 2009. These observations are written with the purpose of describing previous samples of vegetation and the other to draw a selective inventory of the flora in national parks. Surveys and interviews are conducted with a sample of 300 residents in the surrounding villages to gather their perceptions on the one hand, and understanding on the other hand their daily practices vis-à-vis forest resources of GNP and the PNIE. Study results show that landscape dynamics differ in the National Parks and Banco Ehotile Islands. Indeed, between 1986 and 2007, in the National Park of Ehotile Islands, the evolution of the vegetation was characterized by a decrease in the dense forest of land for about 49%, while the area covered by the mosaics culture and forest have increased by 156%. In addition, floristic surveys carried out in 123 plots of PNIE helped identify 197 plant species distributed among 64 families and 156 genera. In the park of Banco, unlike Ehotile islands, forest areas have experienced significant growth between 1992 and 2002 where dense closed canopy forests have increased by 115%. The floristic surveys have identified 233 plant species distributed among 73 families and 191 genera. In PNB as PNIE, flora and vegetation are being threatened by human activities including logging for domestic and agriculture
Miatekela, Jean. « La petite agriculture saint-lucienne et martiniquaise face aux défis de la modernisation ». Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0866/document.
Texte intégralThe important role of small farmers in the process in food security and of food sovereignty is increasingly recognized. In St. Lucia as in Martinique, a number of actors officially committed to a diverse agriculture based on the precepts of sustainable development. It is in the light on this context that partially, the idea of a study on small holder St Lucia and Martinique germinated. Also, the present work is first and foremost a contribution to the diagnosis of small-scale agriculture to modernization of the intensive agricultural systems in each of these two islands. It is put clearly the richness and the inadequacies of this small scale-agriculture, but also the advantages and constraints of the environment. In large part it builds on the creole garden, agricultural system considered by many actors as a cultural foundation and a base of farming practices. In each of the two islands, many small farmers make biodiversity an essential component of management of their farm systems. The stakes referred here relate to the optimal management contribution of biodiversity to promote sustainable peasant agro-ecosystems at different spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, everything depends on farmer coaching methods to set up. Will we continue with down approaches based on logic of transfer ? Otherwise, isn’t time to create the conditions that could allow the development of real co-construction steps ?
Bingono, Meba Emmanuel-Nances. « Protection et valorisation de trois milieux fluvio-marins du centre du golfe de Guinée (estuaires du Gabon, du río Muni et baie de la Mondah) : biodiversité et développement durable ». Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011271.
Texte intégralAlors que les premières actions de sauvegarde de ces forêts et de leur faune ont débuté il y a environ un siècle, que de grands projets de conservation sont en cours depuis une dizaine d'années et que l'idée d'une valorisation économique pour une exploitation durable commence à intéresser tous les acteurs, de nouvelles actions en partenariat, proposées lors du sommet de Johannesburg (2002), devraient bientôt se concrétiser.
Les aires protégées, outils de conservation de la biodiversité, sont un enjeu tant au Gabon qu'en Guinée équatoriale. Leur ouverture à l'écotourisme, sur la zone littorale, à rias, de la baie de Corisco, est l'objet de cette étude.
Palazy, Lucille. « La chasse aux trophées : menace ou alliée pour les espèces rares ». Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10020/document.
Texte intégralTrophy hunting, which is a form of recreational hunting with the main objective of collecting a trophy of interest, is a controversial subject. This activity could potentially generate an anthropogenic Allee effect (AAE). This demographic process states that the valuation of rarity could drive rare species exploitation and even lead to their extinction. Our project aims at testing the potential for an AEE in trophy hunting. We demonstrate that rare species have a high financial value, regardless of the trophy size, indicating that there is a high demand for those species. We also show that the number of trophies traded internationally and the number of recorded trophies by the Safari Club International (one of the largest clubs for international trophy hunters in the USA) rises as the degree of rarity (as measured by a rarity index) increases. Trophy hunting of rare species has been proposed as a tool to fund their conservation. However, our results indicate that there is a risk of an AAE for rare species. Furthermore, the combined effects of trophy hunting, illegal hunting, corruption as well as the lack of population knowledge and of management controls have potential to result in the unsustainable exploitation of rare species of high financial value. Nonetheless, trophy hunting has potential to generate strong financial incentives that are necessary for wildlife preservation. Such incentives are only likely to be effective if strict measures are required and enforced to prevent overexploitation of rare trophy species
Bingono-Meba, Emmanuel-Nances. « Protection et valorisation économique de trois milieux fluvio-marins du centre du golfe de Guinée (estuaires du Gabon, du río Muni et baie de la Mondah) : biodiversité et développement durable ». Montpellier 3, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011271v2.
Texte intégralThe equatorial fringe of the gulf of Guinea represents an enormous floristic, fauna, and ecosystem wealth. Quite opposite to those of west Africa and Asia, they are enough well preserved, because of the weak human occupation. However, with the increase of the urban population, we can see a certain erosion of this biodiversity. While the first actions of these forests conservation and their fauna began about a century ago, important projects of conservation are being done for ten years and that the idea of an economic value for a lasting exploitation is starting to interest all the actors (explorers, conservators, local communities, political decision makers), new partnership actions proposed during the summit of sustainable development in Johannesburg in 2002 should be soon concretized. The protected areas, tools of conservation of the biodiversity are shown in Gabon and in Equatorial Guinea as well. Their openness to the ecotourism, on this coastal zone of the Corisco bay is the object of this study
Marchand, Guillaume. « Un système d'indicateurs pour évaluer les impacts territoriaux des politiques de développement durable dans les zones rurales en Amazonie brésilienne : l'expérience IDURAMAZ ». Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00536985.
Texte intégralRoy-Belleplaine, Mina. « Le jaden dans la Martinique d’aujourd’hui : Une approche historique et anthropologique d’un objet culturel au cœur des enjeux de développement économique, patrimonial et écologique ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Antilles, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANTI0147.
Texte intégralThe topic of this research is the Martinican garden. The very one which is a legacy of the garden of the first inhabitants of the island : the Kalinagos. It shall be necessary to seat the garden in its historical, social, economic and ecological context to understand the place it has hold in the construction of society over time. Thus, our approach shall be both historical and anthropological. We shall try to shed light on its role, its symbolism and the customs that turn around the jaden. In our demonstration, we shall try to bring out the paramount role it played in the days of the Kalinas and during slavery; then focus on its importance for the rural societies after 1848 and finally reveal its central place this day and age. A garden which conveys societal values, a jaden of resistance that is center stage in time of crisis hence its importance today. The ecological importance of the jaden shall be enlightened, seeing as it is able to offer solutions to the agricultural issues of our modern societies. We shall prove to what extent the Martinican population has become aware of the importance of having a jaden since the crisis of 2009, which contributed to its come back. We shall also tackle the issue of knowing to what extent it has adapted to our current needs and how it has fell within modernity. Last, we shall present it as an ancient jaden that may be a model for our current society
El asunto de esta investigación es el jardín martiniqueño. El que se inscribe en la continuación del jardín de los primeros habitantes de la isla: los kalinagos. Se tratará de estudiar el jardín en su contexto histórico, económico, social, ecológico para comprender el lugar que tuvo en la construcción de las sociedades a lo largo del tiempo. Nuestro enfoque es, entonces, histórico y antropológico.Trataremos de poner de relieve su papel, sus simbólicas y los usos que giran entorno al "jaden".En nuestra demostración intentaremos poner de realce el papel de primer plano que tuvo en la época de los Kalinas y de la esclavitud, y a continuación veremos la importancia que tuvo para las sociedades campesinas que se instalaron después de 1848, antes de tener el lugar central que hoy ocupa. Un jardín que enseña los valores de las sociedades, un jaden de resistencia que hoy regresa delante del escenario, en cada época de crisis, de ahí su importancia actual. También demostraremos la importancia ecológica del jardín, capaz de proponer soluciones a las problemáticas agrícolas de nuestras sociedades modernas.Mostraremos hasta qué punto la población martiniqueña ha tomado conciencia del jardín después de la crisis de 2009, lo que ha favorecido su renacimiento. Mostraremos también cuánto ha podido adaptarse para responder a las necesidades de su época y perdurar , lo que hace de éste, un jardín todavía inscrito en la modernidad. Por fin, Sería interesante presentarlo como un jardín antiguo que puede servir de ejemplo para nuestras sociedades actuales
Franc, Serge. « Savoirs, affectivité et comportements : articulation de trois dimensions pour comprendre comment se construisent les apprentissages dans le contexte de l'éducation à la biodiversité : le cas de l'étude d'arthropodes à l'école primaire en France ». Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00743867.
Texte intégralToomey, Lola. « Unlocking the wild potential : integration of geographic differentiation in domestication processes to facilitate fish aquaculture diversification ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0034.
Texte intégralNowadays, there is a will to develop a more sustainable aquaculture. One of the ways supported to promote the sustainability of the aquaculture sector relies on the production diversification, notably through the domestication and production of new species. However, domestication is a long and difficult process which can fail due to technical challenges, socio-economic limitations, or inadequate biological features of the species of interest. Yet, some of these biological features can also vary at the intraspecific level, between allopatric populations. Indeed, geographic differentiation can shape genetic, phenotypic, and ecologic specificities, which could lead to unique domestication predisposition or socio-economic attractiveness among allopatric populations. Therefore, choosing wild populations exhibiting a high potential for aquaculture (i.e. presenting interesting expression of key traits) could facilitate the domestication and production of new species. This PhD work was aimed at (i) assessing if geographic differentiation could be useful in domestication/production of a targeted species and (ii) developing and applying an integrative method to integrate geographic differentiation in domestication programs. The approach developed was tested on a species of interest for inland aquaculture diversification, the European perch (Perca fluviatilis), and targeted first life stages. The method consists of three steps: (i) classifying wild populations into prospective units (i.e. groups of populations differentiated) which are likely divergent for key traits in aquaculture, (ii) evaluating the performance of the different prospective units in standardized culture conditions through a multi-function and multi-trait approach, and (iii) identifying the prospective unit with the highest potential for aquaculture. The first step allowed identifying five prospective units: the European Plain, Danube, Northern and Eastern Fennoscandia, Eastern Europe, and the Balkans units. The second step highlighted a geographic differentiation in key traits for aquaculture in P. fluviatilis. The third step allowed identifying differential potentials for aquaculture between prospective units. Despite some limitations, this three-step approach could allow facilitating domestication of new species or species at incipient stages of domestication which face major bottlenecks in domestication and/or production
Bertrand, Murielle. « La protection des sols dans le cadre de l'Union européenne ». Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3007.
Texte intégralSoil protection within the European Union framework is far from being a minor issue. It is used as a justification to rightly reconsider paradigms which structure the political and legal edifice of the European Union and are proving to be anachronistic, as ecological crisis become more and more apparent. Soil protection first questions our relationship to space, and because the European Union is fragmented into administrative borders, it suggests a reinforcement of ecological solidarities between territories and acknowledgment of new responsibilities driven from the power of sovereignty, the right of ownership and the organization of space and environmental zones. Soil protection questions our relationship to time and even more so, our ability to make decisions within a long-term perspective - and not short-term perceptive - to satisfy political, economical or immediate social interests. Soil protection calls to quickly reconsider the economic rational assumption which underlies most politics of the European Union. Finally, the Soil thematic exposes the European Union to one of its biggest challenges; soil safeguarding as a common natural heritage and it forces the European Union to compose with varied ecological realities, a multitude of territories and diverse soil uses without ever being tempted to give up its commitment towards soil
Wei, Liping. « Impacts des caractéristiques du peuplement et des cloisonnements sur la biodiversité floristique en forêt de plaine ». Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2024/document.
Texte intégralMaintaining or improving biodiversity is an important goal of sustainable forest management.Ground flora, which is responsible for most floristic diversity in temperate forests, plays multiple important roles in biodiversity but may be impacted by the increasing mechanisation of forest practices. At stand scale, we investigated in Montargis forest the individual and combined effects of tree stand attributes and skid trail area on ground flora diversity. Tree stand attributes (stand type or basal area) were the best indicators of ground flora diversity, depending on the successional traits or light preference of the species group. The effects of skid trail area were negligible. At finer scale, we studied plant response to skid trail disturbance (represented by subplot on and off skid trails), micro-environmental factors (soil moisture, soil compaction, light) and stand attribute (stand type, basal area). The best models for ecological groups included subplot location, soil moisture or soil compaction, depending on which ecological groups (classified by life form, seed bank persistence, light and moisture requirements) the species belonged to. Stand type as a covariate played a significantly important role in fine-scale diversity pattern. Subplot location was the dominant factor at species level. In conclusion, skid trails had either no impact or a positive impact on ground flora diversity. These results are dependent on the context of Montargis forest (ecological and historical), especially that mechanized harvesting is relatively recent. The employment of heavier machines and increased number of passages is likely to happen. This might induce greater soil compaction and negative effects on plant
Morales, Sonya. « La qualification et le traitement légal des ressources phytogénétiques au bénéfice de la sécurité alimentaire mondiale durable : regard critique sur leur gestion ». Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26751.
Texte intégralToupet, Joy. « Les traducteurs du changement : de l’intégration des jeunes ruraux à la gestion de la nature : les formes de l’Education à l’Environnement au sein de l’ULAMIR-CPIE du Pays de Morlaix (1974 – 2017) ». Thesis, Rennes 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN20003/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis aims, from a social and historical perspective, at analyzing a coordination of stakeholders dedicated to environmental education, to the local implementation of ecological-oriented public measures. This coordination of stakeholders is studied as a network from which awareness actions are carried out, in order to make the social mobilisation around these measures more efficient. The reflection is based on a field survey conducted in Finistère (France) around, in particular, the action of the Permanent Center for Environmental Initiatives (CPIE) of Morlaix. The hypothesis of this work is based on the existence of a link between the professional legacy of this network and its current practices. The first level of analysis explores the process through which this network, grounded in sociocultural awakening of rural youth, transforms itself to the point of developing environmental management actions. The second level of analysis concerns the translation, in the local area, of a public device for managing biodiversity, named “Trame Verte et Bleue”. The study of this translation highlights that it is not so much the ecological dimensions contained in the device that dialogue and social link that are pursued in redefining environmental patterns of local planning. The thesis shows that if, throughout more than forty years of existence, the CPIE changes significantly around the subject of its action, its practices of mediation continue to include the local territory and its inhabitants in broader socio-political configurations, as was formerly the case. More generally, this research contributes to better understand, at the same time, the way of a network stakeholders continuously reconfigures itself from a succession of contexts and the role it plays in the territorialisation of environmental public action