Articles de revues : « Biochemical of exercises »

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Kasap, Murat, İbrahim Erdemir et Recep Fatih Kayhan. « Effects of Water Intake on Biochemical Parameters and Performance During Resistance Exercise ». Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, n^o 12 (9 novembre 2018) : 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i12.3689.

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The study aims to determine whether water intake during resistance training impacts the amounts of potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) and to identify the effects of the reactions of these minerals on performance. Ten male university students aged between 20 and 23 participated in the study. The participants did five different previously-determined resistance exercises (3 sets of 8RM). During the training program, the participants did the resistance exercises by not consuming water in the first week and consuming water in the second week. (Pre-exercise and exercise days routine food and fluid intake was maintained, fluid intake restriction was applied only during exercise) The participants’ weight, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, systolic and diastolic pressure, lactate, Borg scale ratings, and K+, Na+, Mg, and Ca were determined before and after the exercises. Training volume was recorded. Performing the exercises without water intake produced a significant increase in K+. During the exercises done with water intake, there was a significant increase in Na+. No statistical differences were determined in the volume of exercise done with and without water intake. The study shows that water intake during high-intensity resistance training does not have any effect on the volume of exercise. In addition, the changes in Na+ and K+ parameters do not affect the volume of exercise. Although loss of minerals is statistically significant in exercise without water, it is understood that the total amount of minerals lost is not enough to induce a physiological change or a performance change in the total resistance training volume. Water, regardless of the volume and intensity of exercise, promotes balance of metabolism and prevents performance degradation that can occur during sport events (Murray et al., 1991). For this reason, water should be consumed not only in sports activities but also in daily activities.

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Akbulut, Taner. « Responses of Uric Acid, Glucose, Thyroid Hormones and Liver Enzymes to Aerobic and Combined Exercises in University Students ». Higher Education Studies 10, n^o 1 (16 janvier 2020) : 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/hes.v10n1p109.

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Physiological effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercises are frequently investigated. However, it is considered that combined exercises may be more effective. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic and combined exercise program on some biochemical parameters. The study group consisted of 45 male volunteers with sedentary life. The participants were divided into three groups as control (n: 15), aerobic exercise (n: 15) and combined exercise (n: 15). The control group did not perform any exercise. Aerobic and combined exercise groups participated in the exercise program 4 days a week for 10 weeks. Blood samples were taken from the participants twice. TSH, T3, T4, AST, ALT, Uric acid and glucose levels were determined in blood samples. SPSS software was used for the analysis of the data and the significance level was accepted as p <0.05. As a result of analysis; no difference was observed in the control group (p> 0.05). In the aerobic exercise group, T3, AST, Uric acid levels of post test were found to be different according to baseline, while in the combined exercise group, there were significant differences in T3, AST, Uric acid and glucose levels between pre and post test values (p <0.05). As a result, it was determined that both aerobic and combined exercises had effects on biochemical parameters (thyroid hormones, liver enzymes, Uric acid and glucose). According to this study it can be said that combined exercises may be more effective than aerobic exercises.

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Ramadan, Wael, Ahmed Elsayed, Mariam Abu Alim, Ellie Abdi et Medhat Kasem Abdel Razek. « The Influence of Ballistic Exercises on Growth, Somatomedin Hormones for Soccer Players ». Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, A (23 juin 2022) : 1023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9122.

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BACKGROUND: The sequence of exercise-induced hormonal changes demonstrates the quantification of training and competition loads and developing a sport-specific conditioning program. AIM: The present study investigates the impact of ballistic exercises on biochemical variables and the muscular ability of soccer players. METHODS: Participants were assigned randomly to two groups, including ten participants in each group, and underwent a pre- post-intervention test, including growth hormone, somatomedin hormone, triple jump, and wide jump. RESULTS: The experimental group showed a significant increase in Growth by 43.56%, somatomedin by 6.99%, Triple jumps by 18.65%, and Wide jump by 15.68% compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, ballistic exercises improved growth and somatomedin hormone, triple jump, and wide jump and thus enhancing biochemical variables and muscular ability.

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Akbulut, Taner. « Effects of Resistance Exercises on Body Composition and Some Biochemical Parameters ». Journal of Education and Learning 9, n^o 1 (6 janvier 2020) : 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v9n1p144.

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Exercise has many positive effects on the human organism. In this study, the effects of resistance exercise program, which is applied regularly for eight weeks, were investigated on body composition and some biochemical values. Twenty-four male volunteers participated in the study group. The participants were randomly divided into two equal groups: control and resistance exercise groups. While the participants in the control group attended only practice lessons in the faculty, the exercise group participated in the resistance exercise program 2 days a week for eight weeks in addition to the practice lessons. Body compositions of the participants were measured before and after the program and blood samples were taken. Thus, body weight, body fat percentage, mass body fat, Body mass index (BMI), AST, ALT, GGT, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels of the participants were determined. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software. As a result of statistical analysis; there was difference only GGT value of the control group (p<0.05). In the exercise group, body weight, body fat percentage, mass body fat, BMI, AST, ALT, GGT values were found to be significant differences (p<0.05). In conclusion, it was determined that resistance exercise program applied for eight weeks had significant effects on body composition and liver enzymes. However, although there are some minor changes in blood lipids, these changes are not statistically significant. It can be said that resistance exercises can be beneficial on liver enzymes and body composition but eight weeks resistance training may not be enough to change the blood lipid profile.

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LIN, LINDA L., et SANDY S. HSIEH. « EFFECTS OF STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE EXERCISE ON CALCIUM-REGULATING HORMONES BETWEEN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ». Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 05, n^o 02 (juin 2005) : 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519405001461.

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Physical activity has shown to maintain bone mineral density (BMD) through the effects of mechanical loading on bone metabolism. However, the effects of exercise on the calcium-regulating hormones and other metabolic variables are not known. PURPOSE: To compare the effects of strength and endurance exercise on blood pH, total serum calcium, ionized calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) between males with different levels of physical activities. METHODS: The experimental group consisted of 9 physically active males (runners) and the control group consisted of 10 males who had not exercised regularly for the past year. Subjects were asked to perform both strength (eccentric action) and endurance exercises (VO2 peak). The blood pH, total serum calcium, ionized calcium, PTH and CT were measured before and after exercise. A two-way ANCOVA was used for data analysis. RESULTS: (1) When the control group did anaerobic exercise, the free ionized calcium increased significantly (p < 0.05). (2) Mode and intensity of physical activity have no significant effects on the body's calcium regulating hormones. (3) The level of physical activity plays a major role in increasing bone density. High levels of physical activities plus strength exercises can have an additive effect on bone density. CONCLUSION: Regular high intensity exercise will help increase bone density. Strength exercises can maintain bone density not only through mechanical loading, but also through blood pH and biochemical changes in free ionized calcium, which can positively affect bone density.

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Filar-Mierzwa, Katarzyna, Anna Marchewka et Aneta Bac. « Effects of Different Exercise Interventions on Selected Hematological, Rheological, and Biochemical Indicators in Older Women ». Folia Biologica 68, n^o 1 (31 mars 2020) : 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3409/fb_68-1.05.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of two different exercise intervention protocols – dance movement therapy exercises (DMT) and general rehabilitation exercises (GRE) – on selected hematological, rheological, and biochemical indicators in older women. The study encompassed two groups of women (mean age: 67 years), who were subjected to a three-month exercise intervention program: DMT (n = 20) or GRE (n = 19). Blood samples from all of the women were examined both prior to the study and directly after the end of the program. DMT and GRE did not cause statistically significant differences in hematological indicators. DMT affected the rheological parameters of blood in women, reducing the half-time of total aggregation. Plasma viscosity decreased after GRE. Neither DMT nor GRE changed the concentration of fibrinogen and glutathione levels in older women. However, in the DMT group, the study revealed a statistically significant increase of G6PD. DMT and GRE modulate selected rheological and biochemical properties in the blood of older women.

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Zubair, Ayesha, Anas Khalil, Hassan Jamil, Anam Rehman, Bashir Ahmed Shaheen et Samra Hafeez. « Biochemical Markers of Ovarian Reserve in Females, Effect of Exercise on Such Reserves ». Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, n^o 8 (30 août 2021) : 2260–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211582260.

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Background: Female who are in fertile period of their life and prefer a sedentary life style rather than performing regular physical exercise, whether light or heavy exercise show different hormonal pattern which effect their physical health. Such hormonal changes are directly related to the level of ovarian reserve of hormones which are negatively affected by lack of exercise. The ovarian pool of hormones decline with age and also lack of physical exercise. Among the large pool of biochemical markers AMH (anti-mullerian hormone) appears to be the most important and helpful indicator of ovarian reserve. Inclusion criteria: Healthy females between 25 to 35 years of age were included in the study. Exclusion criteria: Females below 25 years and above 35 years of age were excluded from the study, in addition those females having some medical problem or using some medication were also excluded from the study. Material and Methods: 20 females consented to participate in the study who were divided in two groups. These females were living a sedentary life before they joined the gymnasium. One group was subjected to light aerobic exercise and other group to heavy physical exercise. Tests before the start of study were conducted and were repeated after 08 weeks of study to observe the effect of both exercises on the ovarian reserves of different hormones. Results: The comparison between both groups were observed, the values before and after exercise has a remarkable difference, a decrease in values were observed in body weight, BMI, waist and hip ratio after exercise. Slight reduction in E2 and FSH level after aerobic exercises was observed. Whereas in heavy exercise group significant difference i.e. increase in level of FSH was observed at the same time, significant decrease in AMH level was also observed. The difference between E2 and LH had no significance in heavy exercise group. Conclusion: Those females who were living sedentary life and performed light aerobic exercise, even for a longer time period did not showed significant change in the E2, LH, FSH and AMH level of hormones. However, heavy exercise reduces the level of AMH and increases the level of FSH. These finding suggest heavy exercise may affect fertility in a negative way especially in females with low ovarian reserves. Keywords: Exercise, spinning, ovarian reserve, AMHh anti-mullerian hormone

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Vladimirsky, Vladimir E., Evgeniy V. Vladimirsky, Anna N. Lunina, Anatoliy D. Fesyun, Andrey P. Rachin, Olga D. Lebedeva et Maxim Yu Yakovlev. « Rehabilitation of Patients with Severe Disability after coVID-19 in Rehabilitation Department. Multiple Case Study ». Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine 20, n^o 3 (30 juin 2021) : 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2021-20-3-16-25.

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The review analyzes the data of scientific publications on the effects of molecular mechanisms initiated by physical exertion on thefunction of the cardiovascular system and the course of cardiac diseases. As practice and a number of evidence-based studies haveshown, the beneficial effects of physical activity on the outcomes of diseases in a number of cardiac nosologies are comparable todrug treatment. Numerous mechanisms mediate the benefits of regular exercise for optimal cardiovascular function. Exercises causewidespread changes in numerous cells, tissues, and organs in response to increased metabolic demand, including adaptation of thecardiovascular system. Physical exercises, which include various types of aerobic exercises of varying intensity and duration, is animportant component of the therapeutic treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Knowledge of the molecular basis ofthe physical activity impact on the cardiovascular system makes it possible to use biochemical markers to assess the effectiveness ofrehabilitation programs.

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Lee, H. S., S. H. Lee, J. W. Kim, Y. S. Lee, B. C. Lee, H. J. Oh et J. H. Kim. « Development of Novel Continuous and Interval Exercise Programs by Applying the FITT-VP Principle in Dogs ». Scientific World Journal 2020 (13 avril 2020) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3029591.

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Although proper exercise training induces positive physiological effects, improper exercise can lead to injury, fatigue, and poor performance. The frequency, intensity, time/duration, type, volume, and progression (FITT-VP) are the essential components of exercise training to maintain or improve physical fitness and health. The purpose of this study was to develop specific exercise programs by applying the FITT-VP principle and to examine the effects on heart rate (HR) and hematological and biochemical parameters in dogs. The healthy male Beagles (n = 4) included in this study performed continuous and interval exercises, comprising 12 protocols. The HR monitoring elicited an affirmative response to activities but varied depending on the protocols. The hematologic parameters (e.g., red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) were within the reference ranges both before and after exercise. The creatine kinase level significantly increased, and the cholesterol level decreased after exercises. In conclusion, the continuous and interval exercise program elicits an appropriate HR reaction, has no adverse effects on the serum parameters, and provides valuable insight for healthcare in dogs.

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Racil, Ghazi, Hassane Zouhal, Wassim Elmontassar, Abderraouf Ben Abderrahmane, Maysa Vieira De Sousa, Karim Chamari, Mohamed Amri et Jeremy B. Coquart. « Plyometric exercise combined with high-intensity interval training improves metabolic abnormalities in young obese females more so than interval training alone ». Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 41, n^o 1 (janvier 2016) : 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0384.

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The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with the effects of 12 weeks of plyometric exercise combined with HIIT (P+HIIT) on anthropometric, biochemical, and physical fitness data in young obese females. Sixty-eight participants (age, 16.6 ± 1.3 y; body mass, 82.8 ± 5.0 kg; body fat, 39.4% ± 3.3%; body mass index z score, 2.9 ± 0.4) were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: HIIT (2 blocks per session of 6–8 bouts of 30-s runs at 100% velocity at peak oxygen uptake, with 30-s active recovery between bouts at 50%velocity at peak oxygen uptake (n = 23)); P+HIIT (2 blocks per session of 3 different 15-s plyometric exercises with 15-s passive recoveries, totaling 2 min for each plyometric exercise + the same HIIT program (n = 26)); or control (no exercise (n = 19)). Anthropometric (body mass, body mass index z score, body fat, lean body mass, and waist circumference), biochemical (plasma glucose, insulin, leptin and adiponectin concentrations, leptin/adiponectin ratio, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)), physical fitness (peak oxygen uptake, velocity at peak oxygen uptake, squat jump, and countermovement jump performances), and energy intake data were collected. Both training programs improved the anthropometric, biochemical, and physical fitness variables. However, the P+HIIT program induced greater improvements than did the HIIT program in lean body mass (+3.0% ± 1.7%), plasma glucose and leptin concentrations (–11.0% ± 4.7% and –23.8% ± 5.8%, respectively), plasma leptin/adiponectin ratio (–40.9% ± 10.9%), HOMA-IR (–37.3% ± 6.2%), and squat jump performance (22.2% ± 7.5%). Taken together, these findings suggest that adding plyometric exercises to a HIIT program may be more beneficial than HIIT alone in obese female adolescents.

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Zaman, Gaffar Sarwar, Mohammed Abohashrh, Irshad Ahmad, Ayed A. Dera, Mastour S. Alshahrani, Irfan Ahmad, Mohammad Mahtab Alam et al. « The Impact of Body Resistance Training Exercise on Biomedical Profile at High Altitude : A Randomized Controlled Trial ». BioMed Research International 2021 (1 juin 2021) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6684167.

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Background. Obesity causes different diseases, eventually. In our study, the results of resistance exercises were examined on selected biochemical markers in Abha City, Saudi Arabia, which is at the height of 2,270 meters above sea level. Methods. A randomized controlled research was conducted with 60 participants equally divided into three groups, 20 subjects in each group: group 1 was composed of obese people who received resistance training exercise, group 2 was composed of the obese control group who did not receive resistance training exercise, and group 3 was composed of normal individuals who received resistance exercise training. The resistance exercises were done in the 6th and 12th weeks. Biochemical blood tests were done. Results. Comparing to the control group, glucose decreased very little with insulin also showing little difference. It has been seen that TC, TG, and LDL reduced to a reasonable extent after resistance exercise, while HDL was increased ( p ≤ 0.01 ). Plasma urea and creatinine showed no differences. Interleukin-6 and leptin decreased significantly ( p ≤ 0.01 ), while there was a significant elevation in adiponectin and testosterone ( p ≤ 0.01 ) once comparing group 1 with group 2 and group 3. Conclusion. We have seen that resistance exercise helps in reducing lipid profile which will result in a decrease of the cardiac and related risk factors when conducted in obese patients in high-altitude regions. Also, alterations of the levels of interleukin-6, leptin, adiponectin, and testosterone showed that resistance exercise is of benefit and favourable in obese persons in high-altitude regions, which can also pave the way for added development of drugs related to the above parameters.

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Salehi, Iraj, Ebrahim Zarrinkalam‎, Fatemeh Mirzaei, Ebrahim Abbasi Oshaghi, Kamal Ranjbar et Sara Soleimani Asl. « Effects of Resistance, Endurance, and Concurrent Exercise on Oxidative Stress Markers and the Histological Changes of Intestine After Morphine Withdrawal in Rats ». Avicenna Journal of Medical Biochemistry 6, n^o 2 (23 novembre 2018) : 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ajmb.2018.10.

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Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of resistance, endurance, and concurrent exercise on oxidative stress markers and histological changes of the intestine after morphine withdrawal in rats. Methods: A total of 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=6) including healthy control, withdrawal (rat received morphine for 21 days and 8 weeks of withdrawal period), withdrawal + endurance exercises, withdrawal + resistance exercises, and withdrawal + concurrent exercises. The rats practiced endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercises for 10 weeks. Then, their intestines were removed and used for biochemical and histological analysis. Next, several factors were measured such as total protein levels, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidant status (TOS). Finally, the morphological alteration of intestine was examined under the light microscope. Results: Morphine withdrawal significantly increased the levels of MDA in the intestine of withdrawal rats compared to those of the control group while endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise reduced the MDA levels in the intestine. In addition, morphine withdrawal led to a decrease in TAC and GSH levels in the intestine compared to control rats whereas endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise noticeably increased TAC and GSH levels. Interestingly, the change in the concurrent group was more significant. Moreover, the levels of TOS demonstrated a significant increase in the addicted rat as compared to the control group. Conversely, endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise significantly decreased TOS levels and the reduction was more significant in the concurrent group. Finally, the intestine of withdrawal rat was morphologically abnormal while it restored by the exercise. Conclusion: Overall, endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise significantly normalized oxidative stress and the morphological changes of the intestine in withdrawal rats.

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Akbas, Eda. « The Effectiveness of Pilates Training on Physical Parameters in Patients with Schizophrenia ». New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Advances in Pure and Applied Sciences, n^o 8 (22 décembre 2017) : 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjapas.v0i8.2826.

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Schizophrenia remains one of the major reasons for long-term disability, with high mortality and morbidity. People suffering from schizophrenia have various other complexities that may cause physical and psychological declines. There is a direct relationship between physical activity and improvements in health parameters. This study investigates the effectiveness of a 6-week Pilates training programme on the physical health of schizophrenia patients. Eighteen schizophrenia patients participated in the control (n1 = 8) and Pilates groups (n2 = 10). Both the groups received their medications, but the Pilates group was trained with Pilates exercises twice a week for 6 weeks. Evaluation of various parameters such as body mass index, biochemical analysis and others were carried out before and after 6 weeks in both the groups. Changes found in the biochemical outcomes, though not significantly different, consistently favoured the Pilates group. Well-designed randomised trials of physical activity programmes are needed, to achieve improvement in patients with schizophrenia. Keywords: Schizophrenia, Pilates, exercise, biochemical analysis.

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Takken, Tim, Wim G. Groen, Erik H. Hulzebos, Cornelia G. Ernsting, Peter M. van Hasselt, Berthil H. Prinsen, Paul J. Helders et Gepke Visser. « Exercise Stress Testing in Children with Metabolic or Neuromuscular Disorders ». International Journal of Pediatrics 2010 (2010) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/254829.

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The role of exercise as a diagnostic or therapeutic tool in patients with a metabolic disease (MD) or neuromuscular disorder (NMD) is relatively underresearched. In this paper we describe the metabolic profiles during exercise in 13 children (9 boys, 4 girls, age 5–15 yrs) with a diagnosed MD or NMD. Graded cardiopulmonary exercise tests and/or a 90-min prolonged submaximal exercise test were performed. During exercise, respiratory gas-exchange and heart rate were monitored; blood and urine samples were collected for biochemical analysis at set time points. Several characteristics in our patient group were observed, which reflected the differences in pathophysiology of the various disorders. Metabolic profiles during exercises CPET and PXT seem helpful in the evaluation of patients with a MD or NMD.

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Zhang, Yansheng, et Chunying Zhao. « FEEDBACK OF BIOCHEMICAL INDEXES OF BLOOD SUGAR CONTROL BY SWIMMING EXERCISE ». Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 27, n^o 4 (août 2021) : 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127042021_0094.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: According to the metabolic characteristics of ultra-long-distance swimming and the characteristics of energy utilization and absorption during exercise, we have formulated a nutritional supplement plan for crossing to study the influence of swimming sports on blood sugar and give biochemical feedback indicators. Objective: To lay a foundation for studying the nutrition supplement rules during long-term exercise by taking the athletes’ blood after training to determine the changes in blood sugar, adjusting and determining the nutritional supplement plan during training. Methods: We monitor athletes’ physical function changes and biochemical indicators during training and study the changes of these biochemical indicators and athletes’ physical functions after long-term swimming exercises to scientifically arrange the exercise intensity and load during the training period. Results: The urine indexes after exercise did not change much, reflecting the exercise load's low intensity. The changes in blood lactic acid and blood urea indexes after exercise also confirmed this. During the training period, the athletes’ hemoglobin and red blood cell parameters are in the ideal range, indicating that the athlete's physical function is in good condition. During the training period, the training load intensity and load are reasonable according to ultra-long-distance swimming's energy supply characteristics. After training, the changes in blood glucose indicators reflect that the nutritional supplement program we formulated for athletes is reasonable and feasible. Conclusions: By monitoring the blood sugar and biochemical indicators of swimmers, it can help athletes to arrange exercise intensity scientifically and load during the training period, to better carry out open water competitions in China, and to arrange training and scientific nutrition during the training period scientifically. Lay the foundation for the establishment of nutrition supplement theory and training theory for super long-time sports. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

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Roberfroid, C., J. Gobin, G. Dandrifosse et N. Romain. « Effects of environmental temperature and exercise on the biochemical characteristics of hamster intestine ». Journal of Applied Physiology 70, n^o 2 (1 février 1991) : 594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.2.594.

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The effects of increasing environmental temperature and of exercise on some biochemical characteristics of the intestinal mucosa were analyzed in hamsters to determine whether damage occurs to the intestine during exercise, because long-distance runners complain of cramp, diarrhea, or retrostaltic symptoms, especially when exercise is performed at high temperatures. Two sets of experiments were carried out on groups of five animals. First, one group stayed at rest at 20 degrees C while another group performed exercise for 30 min at the same temperature. Second, one group of animals remained at rest at 20 degrees C for 16 h, a second group was placed at 32 degrees C for the same period, and a third group was subjected to the latter treatment but in addition performed two 20-min exercises. The animals were killed immediately after the experiment. After the small bowel was removed, biopsies were taken for histological examination, and the remaining small bowel tissue was homogenized for biochemical analysis. During exercise performed at 20 degrees C or during exposure to 32 degrees C, the DNA weight (expressed as a function of the protein weight) increased; the specific activity of sucrase, leucine aminopeptidase, diamine oxidase, and maltase decreased; spermine and putrescine content generally decreased; and the weight of mucosal proteins per length of intestine did not vary significantly. When exercise was performed at 32 degrees C, we noted few modifications in the values of the intestinal parameters tested, i.e., changes in only the weight of mucosa expressed as a function of bowel length and, perhaps, the spermine or putrescine content.

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Cariati, Ida, Roberto Bonanni, Federica Onorato, Ambra Mastrogregori, Danilo Rossi, Riccardo Iundusi, Elena Gasbarra, Virginia Tancredi et Umberto Tarantino. « Role of Physical Activity in Bone–Muscle Crosstalk : Biological Aspects and Clinical Implications ». Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 6, n^o 2 (21 juin 2021) : 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020055.

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Bone and muscle tissues influence each other through the integration of mechanical and biochemical signals, giving rise to bone–muscle crosstalk. They are also known to secrete osteokines, myokines, and cytokines into the circulation, influencing the biological and pathological activities in local and distant organs and cells. In this regard, even osteoporosis and sarcopenia, which were initially thought to be two independent diseases, have recently been defined under the term “osteosarcopenia”, to indicate a synergistic condition of low bone mass with muscle atrophy and hypofunction. Undoubtedly, osteosarcopenia is a major public health concern, being associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The best current defence against osteosarcopenia is prevention based on a healthy lifestyle and regular exercise. The most appropriate type, intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise to positively influence osteosarcopenia are not yet known. However, combined programmes of progressive resistance exercises, weight-bearing impact exercises, and challenging balance/mobility activities currently appear to be the most effective in optimising musculoskeletal health and function. Based on this evidence, the aim of our review was to summarize the current knowledge about the role of exercise in bone–muscle crosstalk, highlighting how it may represent an effective alternative strategy to prevent and/or counteract the onset of osteosarcopenia.

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Lee, Minchul. « Exercise-brain interaction of neuroplasticity : empirical evidence in the rodent adaptation ». Physical Activity and Nutrition 26, n^o 4 (31 décembre 2022) : 001–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0018.

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[Purpose] Exercise is gradually being recognized as an essential component of brain plasticity at the molecular, functional, and structural changes levels. What are the causes of the observed exercise reimbursements in neuroscience? Several types of exercises have been studied in various doses in neurological, physiological, psychological, and biochemical experiments. More clarity is required to reveal exercise-brain interactions such as optimal exercise condition variables and neuroplasticity.[Methods] This review briefly highlights the empirical evidence of the positive effects neuroprotective activity on neuroscientific advancement.[Results] The key areas are as follows: (a) stress exercise model using rodents, (b) hippocampal activation and plasticity with exercise, (c) glycogen metabolism in the brain, and (d) adaptation as a high-intensity interval training model in animals involved in exercise-induced brain plasticity.[Conclusion] Overall, exercise-induced molecular, functional, and structural changes in the neuronal system may affect rodents’ performance. This study emphasizes the significance of understanding exercise neuroscience and makes recommendations for future research.

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Valenta, Rudolf, Rudolf Valenta, Yulia Dorofeeva et Yulia Dorofeeva. « Sport nutrition : the role of macronutrients and minerals in endurance exercises ». Foods and Raw Materials 6, n^o 2 (20 décembre 2018) : 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2018-2-403-412.

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Athletes’ nutrition optimization is very important for the nutritional support in all sport specializations. Macronutrients, as well as minerals and vitamins, are functionally active components that play an important role in nutrition of athletes especially in endurance sport. Optimal use of diets, including specialized sport nutrition, normalizes biochemical, immune, endocrine functions and restores athletes’ energy balance at different stages of sport exercises. Non-optimal athletes’ nutrition of different age groups, inadequate to their physiological needs, and no personalized approach to athletes’ diets, violate their right to adequate safe nutrition, according to international standards and criteria. Nutritional factors are one of the most important key factors in the risk prevention measures for a large number of diet-dependent diseases (e.g. digestive, liver, pancreas, cardiovascular system, endocrine system, and kidney diseases). The review presents the information on energy requirements, balance and availability, types and content of functional products for athletes. It also gives an overview of the specialized food market in Russia.

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Kupczyński, R., et K. Śpitalniak. « Analysis of acid–base balance as well as hematological and biochemical parameters in horses of combined driving discipline ». Archives Animal Breeding 58, n^o 1 (1 juin 2015) : 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-58-221-2015.

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Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of training on hematological and biochemical blood indices and acid–base balance as well as to attempt an assessment of the degree of driving horses' training based on examined parameters during the training cycle. The study was conducted on eight Polish Halfbred driving horses (aged 6–12 years). Each four-horse harness included two geldings and two mares. Blood was collected before and directly after training as well as after a 30 min recovery period. Blood samples were analyzed for hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as acid–base balance and glutathione peroxidase activity. The data were processed using a general linear model (ANOVA) procedure in Statistica v10. A significant (P < 0.01) post-exercise increase in heart rate and respiratory rate was noted. Changes (P < 0.01) in red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), glucose (GLU) and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were observed after exercise. Correctness of the exercises affects the rate of recovery to rest values. The fastest recovery to the values of the rest period was noted in the case of RBC, HGB, LYM (lymphocytes), TCO2 (total carbon dioxide), HCO3− (bicarbonate concentration), GLU and NEFA. Training load did not cause acid–base balance disturbance, with visible compensation during the recovery period (increase in HCO3− and extracellular base excess (BE)). Changes in GPx activity were not confirmed statistically; however an increasing tendency was observed after training. Long-term exercises of driving horses cause significant lipomobilization. This study enables an evaluation and comparison of physical preparation to effort and intensity of driving horses' training. In the case of driving horses' training, there is a need to accept lower lactic acid (LA) (< 4 mmol L−1) values in aerobic–anaerobic threshold interpretation.

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Bering, C. Larry. « Writing exercises and the biochemical literature in the first undergraduate biochemistry course ». Biochemical Education 19, n^o 1 (janvier 1991) : 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(91)90136-v.

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Zając, Adam, Małgorzata Chalimoniuk, Artur Gołaś, Józef Lngfort et Adam Maszczyk. « Central and Peripheral Fatigue During Resistance Exercise – A Critical Review ». Journal of Human Kinetics 49, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2015) : 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0118.

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Abstract Resistance exercise is a popular form of conditioning for numerous sport disciplines, and recently different modes of strength training are being evaluated for health benefits. Resistance exercise differs significantly in nature, and several variables determine the direction and range of adaptive changes that occur in the muscular and skeletal system of the body. Some modes of resistance training can also be effective in stimulating the cardiovascular system. These variables include exercise selection (general, specific, single or multi joint, dynamic, explosive), type of resistance (free weights, variable resistance, isokinetics), order of exercise (upper and lower body or push and pull exercises), and most of all the training load which includes intensity expressed as % of 1RM, number of repetitions, number of sets and the rest interval between sets. Manipulating these variables allows for specific adaptive changes which may include gains in muscle mass, muscle strength or muscle endurance. It has been well established that during resistance exercise fatigue occurs, regardless of the volume and intensity of work applied. The peripheral mechanisms of fatigue have been studied and explained in more detail than those related to the CNS. This review is an attempt to bring together the latest knowledge regarding fatigue, both peripheral and central, during resistance exercise. The authors of this review concentrated on physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying fatigue in exercises performed with maximal intensity, as well as those performed to exhaustion with numerous repetitions and submaximal load.

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Madahi, Mehdi, Reza Gharakhanlou, Abdolreza Kazemi et Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani. « Effect of Reduced Physical Activity on Murf-1 and Atrogin-1 Gene Expression in Soleus Muscle of Wistar Rats Following Endurance, Resistance and Combined Training ». Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 11, n^o 2 (22 mai 2022) : 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/sjrm.11.2.9.

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Background and Aims Understanding the involved mechanisms in muscle atrophy can help develop new treatment methods for atrophic conditions. Skeletal muscle atrophy via biochemical and transcriptional pathways can increase the expression of some muscle atrophy related genes. The present study aims to assess the effect of reduced physical activity by the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) after a period of resistance, endurance and combined exercises on the expression of MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1 genes in male rats. Methods In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control+SNL, combined exercise+SNL, endurance exercise+SNL, and resistance training+SNL. The exercises were performed for six weeks. After this period, the protocol of reduced physical activity by the SNL was implemented for four weeks. At the end, soleus muscle was isolated and the expression levels of MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1 genes were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. To examine the gene expression differences between the groups, analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used. The significant level was set at 0.05. Results The results showed that the expression of MuRF-1 gene in the combined exercise+SNL and resistance training+SNL groups was significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.05). The Atrogin-1 gene expression was significantly reduced only in the combined exercise+SNL group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion It seems that the rats with resistance training are more resistant to SNL-induced atrophy than the group with endurance exercise.

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Ferlazzo, Adriana, Cristina Cravana, Esterina Fazio et Pietro Medica. « The different hormonal system during exercise stress coping in horses ». May-2020 13, n^o 5 (2020) : 847–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.847-859.

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The review discusses the hormonal changes during exercise stress. The exercise generally produces a rise of adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, glucagon, growth hormone, arginine vasopressine, etc., and a drop of insulin. The hormonal events during reestablishment of homeostasis due to exercise stress can be divided into a catabolic phase, with decreased tolerance of effort, and reversible biochemical, hormonal and immunological changes, and an anabolic phase, with a higher adaptive capacity, and enhanced performance. The two main hormonal axes activated in the catabolic phase are sympathetic–adrenal–medullary system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, while in the anabolic phase, growth hormone-insulin-like factor I axis, and gonadal axes. The hormonal responses during exercise and recovery can be regarded as regulatory and integrated endocrine responses. The increase of catecholamines and ACTH is dependent on the intensity of exercise; a marked increase in plasma A occurs during exercises with high emotional content. The response of cortisol is correlated with the duration of exercise, while the effect of exercise duration on β-endorphin changes is highly dependent on the type of exercise performed. Cortisol and β-endorphin changes usually occur in phase, but not during exercises with high emotional content. Glucocorticoids and iodothyronines are involved in meeting immediate energy demands, and a model of functional interactions between HPA axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during exercise stress is proposed. A modulation of coping responses to different energy demanding physical activities required for sport activities could be hypothesized. This review supports the proposed regulation of hypophysiotropic TRHergic neurons as metabolic integrators during exercise stress. Many hormonal systems (ghrelin, leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol) are activated to control substrate mobilizations and utilization. The cardiovascular homeostasis, the fluid and electrolyte balance during exercise are highly dependent on vasoactive hormones (antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone, and prostaglandins) control.

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Carvalho, Cristiane Junqueira de, João Carlos Bouzas Marins, Carlos Gabriel de Lade, Pollyana de Rezende Castilho, Hamilton Henrique Teixeira Reis, Paulo Roberto dos Santos Amorim et Luciana Moreira Lima. « AEROBIC AND RESISTANCE EXERCISE IN PATIENTS WITH RESISTANT HYPERTENSION ». Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 25, n^o 2 (avril 2019) : 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220192502175333.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical training is recommended by current guidelines as a preventive measure and as a tool to supplement pharmacological therapy in the treatment of hypertension and its pathological manifestations. However, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the best training prescription for blood pressure control in patients with resistant hypertension. Objective: To evaluate the effect, over twelve weeks, of an aerobic and resistance exercise program on blood pressure, anthropometric and biochemical parameters of patients with resistant hypertension. Methods: Eleven patients with resistant hypertension were randomly divided into two groups: resistance training and aerobic training. Blood pressure was recorded by 24-hour outpatient monitoring before and after 12-week training. The Student t-test was used to compare resistance and aerobic exercise groups, while the paired t and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze pre- and post-exercise data. The level of significance was 0.05. Results: In the group that underwent aerobic training, mean systolic, diastolic and total blood pressure readings were significantly lower over the 24 hours analyzed, dropping by 14 mmHg, 7 mmHg and 10 mmHg, respectively, and in the waking period. The resistance training group showed no significant change in blood pressure, despite the significant improvement in HDL levels. Conclusion: Twelve weeks of aerobic exercises resulted in significantly lowered blood pressure in individuals with resistant hypertension, while resistance exercises were more effective in increasing HDL. Level of evidence II, Therapeutic study.

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Marchese, D., M. D'Andrea, V. Ventura, T. Montalcini, D. Foti, A. Pujia, E. Gulletta et M. Iocco. « Effects of a Weight-Bearing Exercise Training on Bone Mineral Density and Neuromuscular Function of Osteopenic Women ». European Journal of Inflammation 10, n^o 3 (septembre 2012) : 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1721727x1201000318.

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This study was designed to evaluate whether a weight-bearing exercise training played 3 times a week can have benefits on bone mineral density and neuromuscular function in women with a diagnosis of osteopenia. The study enrolled 22 women aged between 45 and 65, with densitometric diagnosis of osteopenia. The participants were randomly assigned to a group of exercise (n=11) and a control group (n=11). The exercise program lasted for 45 min and consisted of a combination of strength exercises that seek to cause a mechanical osteoblastic stimulus by use of gravity, body weight, fall with antigravity reaction, in combination with exercises for the improvement of balance and coordination. The outcome measures used to assess the result on bone mass are the bone Mineralometric DEXA method for femoral head-neck region and lumbar spine and biochemical markers of bone turnover (resorption and neoformation) and for the evaluation of neuromuscular function was chosen to use surface electromyography (sEMG) as an indicator of overall activity and speed activation of lumbar paravertebral muscles and of the lower limbs antigravity muscles, stabilometric analysis and 6' Walk Test. In addition each person enrolled was given EuroQol and ICF core set of osteoporosis, respectively, to assess the quality of life, as well as activity limitations and participation restrictions associated. In the exercise group, mean values and changes in average rates for the balance, muscle strength, walking ability and quality of life, mean bone mineral content and bone turnover markers, corresponding to the assessments made at 0 (before rehabilitation intervention) and Time 1 (program ended), showed a statistically significant improvement. The results of this study demonstrate that a group rehabilitation program of exercises based on gravitational load, aimed to improve muscle strength and trophism, coordination and balance, can provide advantages of unquestionable importance, not only on the slope of increase bone mass of neuromuscular function and reducing risk of falling, but on health in general.

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Oliveira, Fabiano Santana de, Mauro José De Deus Morais, Luiz Carlos De Abreu, Andrés Ricardo Pérez-Riera, Vitor E. Valenti, Laércio Da Silva Paiva et Rodrigo Daminello Raimundo. « The effects of aerobic exercise on biochemical parameters in individuals with CKD on hemodialysis : A longitudinal study ». Journal of Human Growth and Development 30, n^o 2 (17 juin 2020) : 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.v30.10374.

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Background: Chronic kidney disease is directly related to cardiovascular disorders. Guided physical exercises significantly improve the adverse effects of dialytic treatment. Objective: To analyze changes in biochemical parameters of subjects with chronic kidney disease undergoing moderate exercise during hemodialysis. Methods: This is an experimental study composed of 54 subjects submitted to hemodialysis, split into a control group and a group with intervention. The experimental group underwent three weekly sessions of aerobic exercise, performed during hemodialysis sessions, with a duration of 30 minutes, for 12 weeks. The blood parameters of both groups were compared. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between pre (p=0.001) and post-exercise protocol for urea (p=0.006), calcium (p=0.001), alanine aminotransferase (p=0.020) and sodium (p=<0.001). In the control group, we observed significant differences for the calcium variable (p<0.001), alanine aminotransferase (p=0.024), hematocrit (p=0.015), calcium vs phosphorus (p=0.018), and sodium (p=0.023), before and after the period. Conclusion: Aerobic training during hemodialysis was able to maintain blood level stability in patients with chronic kidney disease, both during and at the end of the protocol, even considering increased blood flow. This trial is registered in the Brazilian registry of clinical Trials - number RBR-7354r6. Registration date: July 5, 2018 at 12:59 PM. Last Update: July 24, 2018 at 10:24 AM. Identification of the test - UTN Number: U1111-1216-8272.

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Kim, Yoon, Jinserk Seo, So-Yeon An, Dong Hyun Sinn et Ji Hye Hwang. « Efficacy and Safety of an mHealth App and Wearable Device in Physical Performance for Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma : Development and Usability Study ». JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, n^o 3 (11 mars 2020) : e14435. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14435.

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Background Exercise is predicted to have a positive effect among hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, these patients are hesitant to start and build up an exercise program for one major reason: the vague fear of developing hepatic decompensation, a potentially fatal condition that can lead to death. Integrating mobile health (mHealth) with individualized exercise programs could be a possible option for promoting physical capacity among HCC patients. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rehabilitation exercises, which have been individually prescribed via an mHealth app, on physical fitness, body composition, biochemical profile, and quality of life among HCC patients. Methods A total of 37 HCC patients were enrolled in a 12-week course with an mHealth app program targeted to HCC patients. The wearable wristband device Neofit (Partron Co) was provided to participants, and recorded daily physical data, such as the number of steps, calorie expenditure, exercise time, and heart rate. Each participant was given an individualized rehabilitation exercise program that was prescribed and adjusted at the 6-week midintervention period based on the assessment results. At baseline, 6-week, and 12-week sessions, participants’ physical fitness levels (ie, 6-minute walk test, grip strength test, and 30-second chair stand test) were measured. Physical activity levels, as measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF); body composition (ie, body mass index, body fat percentage, and muscle mass); biochemical profiles; and quality of life, as measured by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality-of-Life Questionnaire C30, were assessed at baseline and at the end point. At the 6-week midpoint, exercise intensity was individually adjusted. Results Of the 37 patients, 31 (84%) completed the 12-week intervention. Grip strength improved significantly after 12 weeks of the intervention. The 30-second chair stand test and the 6-minute walk test showed significant improvement from 0 to 6 weeks, from 0 to 12 weeks, and from 6 to 12 weeks. Muscle mass and the IPAQ-SF score increased significantly after 12 weeks of the intervention without biochemical deterioration. Conclusions Following 12 weeks of mHealth care, including an individually prescribed rehabilitation exercise program, we saw significant improvements in physical fitness, body composition, and physical activity without any complication or biochemical deterioration among compensated HCC patients who had completed therapy.

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Kim, A.-Ram, So-Eun Lee, Yoo-Jin Shim et Seung-Wook Choi. « The Effect of 6-Month Complex Exercise on Serum Bone Metabolism : Focused on the Elderly over 75 Years Old ». Applied Sciences 12, n^o 22 (9 novembre 2022) : 11373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211373.

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Korea already entered the aging society (August 2017), in which 14% of the population is 65 years or older, and it is expected to enter as a super-aged society, in which 20% of the population is elderly at the world’s fastest rate by 2025. This means that a health management plan is needed to effectively manage the health of the elderly in preparation for the upcoming super-aging society. Therefore, this study analyzed the effects of exercise on serum osteocalcin, bone ALP, and estradiol, which are representative indicators of bone formation after six months of complex exercise, and confirmed the usefulness of exercise programs and biochemical indicators for the elderly in late years to provide basic data for the prevention of osteoporosis. The subjects of this study were the elderly in late years (exercise group = 14, control group = 15), those 75 years or older in Korea, who performed complex exercises twice a week for six months. As a result of analyzing the effect of exercise performance on osteocalcin in the elderly in late years for six months in this study, no significant difference was found. However, osteocalcin decreased by 7.7% in the control group and increased by 18.66% in the exercise group, while ALP increased by 18.92% in the control group and significantly increased by 69.81% in the exercise group. As a result of analyzing the effect on estradiol, there was no significant difference, but it decreased by 55.09% in the control group and decreased by 1.85% in the exercise group. Based on the results showing that exercise clearly plays a positive role in improving bone density even for middle- and late-aged elderly people, in the future, the exercise will be useful to maintain and improve health related to the skeleton of the elderly through the combined participation of aerobic, resistance, and balance exercises. In addition, it is necessary to conduct repeated studies targeting the elderly of various age groups to evaluate the effects of exercise according to period and gender.

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Keawtep, Puntarik, Wanachaporn Wichayanrat, Sirinun Boripuntakul, Siriporn C. Chattipakorn et Somporn Sungkarat. « Cognitive Benefits of Physical Exercise, Physical–Cognitive Training, and Technology-Based Intervention in Obese Individuals with and without Postmenopausal Condition : A Narrative Review ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 20 (16 octobre 2022) : 13364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013364.

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Obesity and estrogen deprivation have been identified as significant risk factors for cognitive impairment. Thus, postmenopausal conditions when paired with obesity may amplify the risks of developing dementia. Physical exercise has been recommended as a primary treatment for preventing obesity-related comorbidities and alleviating menopausal symptoms. This narrative review aimed to summarize the effects of exercise on cognition in obese individuals with and without menopausal condition, along with potential physiological mechanisms linking these interventions to cognitive improvement. Research evidence has demonstrated that exercise benefits not only physical but also cognitive and brain health. Among various types of exercise, recent studies have suggested that combined physical–cognitive exercise may exert larger gains in cognitive benefits than physical or cognitive exercise alone. Despite the scarcity of studies investigating the effects of physical and combined physical–cognitive exercise in obese individuals, especially those with menopausal condition, existing evidence has shown promising findings. Applying these exercises through technology-based interventions may be a viable approach to increase accessibility and adherence to the intervention. More evidence from randomized clinical trials with large samples and rigorous methodology is required. Further, investigations of biochemical and physiological outcomes along with behavioral changes will provide insight into underlying mechanisms linking these interventions to cognitive improvement.

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Cattano, Nicole M., Jeffrey B. Driban, Mary F. Barbe, Ryan T. Tierney, Mamta Amin et Michael R. Sitler. « Biochemical Response to a Moderate Running Bout in Participants With or Without a History of Acute Knee Injury ». Journal of Athletic Training 52, n^o 6 (1 juin 2017) : 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.5.09.

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Context: Individuals with an acute knee-injury history are 4 times more likely to develop knee osteoarthritis than those without a prior knee injury, and it is unknown why. Individuals with an injury history may exhibit aberrant changes in tissue turnover after physical activity (eg, running), which could lead to osteoarthritis, but this has yet to be determined among young, physically active individuals. Objective: To determine collagen degradation and synthesis and inflammatory biomarker concentration levels before exercise and changes in response to an acute running bout in injured participants compared with healthy control participants. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 22 physically active individuals between 18 and 25 years of age were recruited for the study: 11 injured participants (knee injury within 4 years of the study) who were medically cleared for physical activity and 11 matched healthy control participants. Main Outcome Measure(s): The independent variable was group (injured or control). Dependent variables were serum biomarker concentrations for cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, matrix metalloproteinase-13, proinflammatory marker interleukin-1β, c-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type II collagen, and type II collagen synthesis marker. Each participant provided prerun and postrun blood samples for biomarker-concentration analysis. Results: No group differences existed in serum biomarker concentrations before exercise or in serum biomarker changes from pre-exercise to postexercise. Conclusions: After an acute bout of moderate-intensity running, young, active individuals in a high-risk postinjury population had similar biochemical responses as matched healthy controls. However, the external generalizability of these findings to other exercises and populations has yet to be determined.

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Goldshmit, Yona, Evgeni Banyas, Nicole Bens, Alex Yakovchuk et Angela Ruban. « Blood glutamate scavengers and exercises as an effective neuroprotective treatment in mice with spinal cord injury ». Journal of Neurosurgery : Spine 33, n^o 5 (novembre 2020) : 692–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2020.4.spine20302.

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OBJECTIVEExcitotoxicity due to neuronal damage and glutamate release is one of the first events that leads to the progression of neuronal degeneration and functional impairment. This study is based on a paradigm shift in the therapeutic approach for treating spinal cord injury (SCI). The authors tested a new treatment targeting removal of CNS glutamate into the blood circulation by injection of the blood glutamate scavengers (BGSs) recombinant enzyme glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (rGOT1) and its cosubstrate oxaloacetic acid (OxAc). Their primary objective was to investigate whether BGS treatment, followed by treadmill exercises in mice with SCI, could attenuate excitotoxicity, inflammation, scarring, and axonal degeneration and, at a later time point, improve functional recovery.METHODSA pharmacokinetic experiment was done in C57BL/6 naive mice to verify rGOT1/OxAc blood activity and to characterize the time curve of glutamate reduction in the blood up to 24 hours. The reduction of glutamate in CSF after BGS administration in mice with SCI was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Next, SCI (left hemisection) was induced in the mice, and the mice were randomly assigned to one of the following groups at 1 hour postinjury: control (underwent SCI and received PBS), treadmill exercises, rGOT1/OxAc treatment, or rGOT1/OxAc treatment followed by treadmill exercises. Treatment started 1 hour postinjury with an injection of rGOT1/OxAc and continued for 5 consecutive days. Starting 1 week after SCI, the exercises and the combined treatment groups recommenced the treadmill exercise regimen 5 days a week for 3 months. Locomotor function was assessed for 3 months using the horizontal grid walking test and CatWalk. Axonal anterograde and wallerian degenerations were evaluated using tetramethylrhodamine dextran. Tissue sections were immunofluorescently stained for Iba1, GFAP, GAP-43, synaptophysin, and NeuN.RESULTSBGS treatment decreased the CSF glutamate level up to 50%, reduced axonal wallerian degeneration, and increased axonal survival and GAP-43 expression in neuronal cells. Combined treatment reduced inflammation, scarring, and lesion size. Additionally, the combination of BGS treatment and exercises increased synapses around motor neurons and enhanced axonal regeneration through the lesion site. This resulted in motor function improvement 3 months post-SCI.CONCLUSIONSAs shown by biochemical, immunohistochemical, and functional analysis, BGSs exhibit a substantial neuroprotective effect by reducing excitotoxicity and secondary damage after SCI. Furthermore, in combination with exercises, they reduced axonal degeneration and scarring and resulted in improved functional recovery.

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Bevzo, V. V. « Assessment of Changes in the Biochemical Composition of Oral Fluid during High Intensity Physical Exercises ». Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 7, n^o 5 (21 novembre 2022) : 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs07.05.263.

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The purpose of the work was to study changes in the mineral composition, lactate content and pH of oral fluid under the influence of high-intensity physical exertion on the body of students with different physical training. Materials and methods. 28 students who were divided into 2 groups, depending on the level of physical training, took part in the study. Group 1 – students who attended only physical education classes. Group 2 – students who, in addition to academic classes, attended sports sections 3-4 times a week. Study participants were tested on a treadmill, performing high-intensity physical activity for 30 minutes. The research was conducted for 7 days. Saliva was taken at rest, in the morning on an empty stomach, and immediately after the end of the exercise test. The study of the content of inorganic phosphorus and total calcium was carried out using a ready-made set of chemical reagents, the pH of the oral fluid was determined using a laboratory pH meter. Lactate content was determined colorimetrically according to the Buchner method. Results and discussion. Under the conditions of intense physical exertion, in the oral fluid of students with a low level of physical training, a probable increase in the content of lactate, a decrease in the pH level and indicators of mineralization of hard tissues of the tooth, such as total calcium and inorganic phosphorus, were observed, which may indirectly indicate a violation of enamel mineralization processes and lead to the development of dental pathologies. In the oral fluid of students with a high level of physical training, only a tendency to a decrease in indicators of mineral metabolism and pH was noted against the background of a probable increase in lactate after intense exercise compared to a state of rest. Such changes may be related to the body's adaptation to intense physical exertion after several years of training. So, the proposed complex of biochemical research of oral fluid in students during constant intense physical activity made it possible to reveal the peculiarities of metabolic changes in oral fluid, which is important for more accurate diagnosis of dental diseases and the development of individual dental caries prevention programs. Conclusion. High-intensity physical exertion leads to slight fluctuations in the lactate content, pH indicator, and mineral composition in the oral fluid of students. The established changes depend entirely on the level of physical training of students and tolerance of physical load, and also reflect the adaptation capabilities of the body to physiological stress

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Ezhov, V. V., V. I. Mizin, A. Yu Tsarev et T. E. Platunova. « Training of Respiratory Muscles in Motion in the Physical Rehabilitation of Patients with Chronic Cerebral Ischem ». Bulletin of Restorative Medicine 100, n^o 6 (30 novembre 2020) : 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2020-100-6-19-24.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of respiratory muscles training in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia at thehealth resort stage of medical rehabilitation. Materials and methods. An open randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in 60 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia,who underwent a course of sanatorium-resort rehabilitation treatment on the southern coast of Crimea (Yalta, Republic of Crimea). Men - 11.0%, women - 89.0%, age - 62.3 ± 2.3 years, disease duration - 4.5 ± 1.2 years. In control group 1 (n = 30), climatotherapy, physical training (morning exercises, remedial gymnastics, health path), massage, hardware physiotherapy and medications were carried out. In the main group 2 (n = 30), a similar basic complex was used, but therapeutic exercises were carried out with a breathing simulator and included walking, exercises for diaphragm training, general motor skills, coordination, dexterity, mobility, and joint flexibility. Number 10–12. Before and after the treatment, clinical, laboratory, biochemical, functional (spirography, electrocardiography, fitness test), psychological (Reeder and Back tests) studies were carried out; the indicators of the quality of life were studied; the state of 23 selected domains of the “International classification of functioning, disabilities and health”, included in the section “Body functions”, was assessed. Results. During the sanatorium-resort stage of medical rehabilitation, significant systemic effects were noted in the form of a decrease in clinical manifestations of the disease, an improvement in physical performance indicators and an increase in reserves for overcoming psychological stress. In patients, there was an improvement in static-coordination and psycho emotional state, reduction of dizziness and cephalgia, fatigue, increase in exercise tolerance, general physical endurance, normalization of carbohydrate metabolism indicators and blood lipids.Conclusion. A method of physical rehabilitation based on the principle of external respiration modification by using a breathing trainer with vibration function has been developed. The study allows us to recommend the inclusion in the complex of medical rehabilitation of patients with chronic cerebral ischemia, physical exercises with a breathing simulator, focused on increasing the functional body reserves.

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Saidwaly, Dr Saddah Ibraheem. « The effect of acuspike exercises in some biochemical variables and the transmitting accuracy facing from the top for the young players in volleyball ». Modren Sport Journal 19, n^o 2 (3 novembre 2020) : 0164. http://dx.doi.org/10.54702/msj.2020.19.2.0164.

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The use of training exercises in learning and training is now a major stone and important in this aspect, so the researcher wanted to use the acuspike device after determining the existence of some weakness in some of the variant of the skills of the transmitter of the face of the top (tennis) in volleyball, Direct and effective in achieving a point directly or back a weak ball from the opponent team to build a successful attack, the aim of the research to identify the impact of exercises in the acuspike in the development of some kinetic variables and their relation to the accuracy of the forward facing of the top of the players in the volleyball, A team of 12 players from the Diyala team .

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Mieczkowska, J., E. Rutkowska, J. Mosiewicz et B. Mosiewicz. « Relationship between Serum Levels of Metalloproteinase-8 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 and Exercise Test Results in Postmenopausal Women ». Disease Markers 2016 (2016) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7169531.

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Physical activity as a part of the lifestyle is a significant factor influencing health condition. Exercises that require stamina are of particular importance. Oxygen metabolism, which is a significant part of all longer training processes, has an influence on cardiovascular and respiratory system functioning as well as all the processes taking part in maintenance of efficient homeostasis. Presentation of the correlation between exercise test results and MMP-8 (metalloproteinase-8) and TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1) levels was attempted in this work. MMP-8 is a proteolytic enzyme taking part in progression of diseases related to process of ageing. 62 healthy women in postmenopausal period were qualified for the study (mean age:54±3.6). There was exercise test on the treadmill according to Bruce’s protocol performed. MMP-8 and TIMP-1 serum levels were measured. There was statistically important correlation between increased level of MMP-8 and increased level of TIMP-1 with lower results of exercise test observed. The conducted study provides further biochemical arguments for prophylactic role of physical activity, which lowers the risk of noninfectious diseases, typical for middle adulthood, by influencing physical capacity.

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Ngai, Courtney, et Hannah Sevian. « Probing the Relevance of Chemical Identity Thinking in Biochemical Contexts ». CBE—Life Sciences Education 17, n^o 4 (décembre 2018) : ar58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1187/cbe.17-12-0271.

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The solving of problems in biochemistry often uses concepts from multiple disciplines such as chemistry and biology. Chemical identity (CI) is a foundational concept in the field of chemistry, and the knowledge, thinking, and practices associated with CI are used to answer the following questions: “What is this substance?” and “How is it different from other substances?” In this study, we examined the relevance of CI in biochemical contexts and first explored the ways in which practicing biochemists consider CI relevant in their work. These responses informed the development of creative exercises (CEs) given to second-semester biochemistry students. Analysis of the student responses to these CEs revealed that students incorporated precursors to CI thinking in more than half of their responses, which were categorized by seven previously identified themes of CI relevant to the presented biochemical contexts. The prevalence of these precursors in student responses to the CEs, coupled with the examples provided by practicing biochemists of contexts in which CI is relevant, indicate that CI thinking is relevant for both students training to be biochemists and practicing biochemists.

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Macedo, D. V., R. Hohl, L. S. Tessutti, F. L. Lazarim, F. O. C. Silva, P. G. Gandra, F. Gadelha et al. « Practical approach for the study of metabolic regulation ». Revista de Ensino de Bioquímica 2, n^o 2 (15 mai 2004) : 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.16923/reb.v2i2.149.

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First year students in Physical Education must understand metabolic regulation to comprehend thewhole integration of biochemical pathways in attempt to establish the relation with exercise. Thiswhole view is not easy to learn and the task becomes even harder with the lack of time at theend of course, when normally the students think about metabolic integration. Trying to get thestudents attention to this important issue, we developed practical works beginning in the middle ofthe course, in parallel with theory classes. Blood and urine were collected for metabolite analysis ineach practice. The students were divided in groups (10 students) and they created the protocols in formthat they only have been guided and directed by the teacher and monitors. The practical activitiesand biochemical analysis were: six 30m sprints with dierent recovery times (blood lactate and meanvelocities), lactate removal from muscle to blood after high intensity exercise (blood lactate), anaerobicthreshold (blood lactate and heart rate), the eect of glycogen depletion after high and moderateintensity exercises (plasma glucose and urea concentrations) and low carbohydrate diet vs. normaldiet (plasma glucose and urine ketone bodies). After data collection, discussion and interpretation, thestudents presented orally each work in the same order above. Each presentation had the focus on themetabolic pathways involved in each practice. Group 1: phosphocreatine utilization and resynthesis.Group 2: anaerobic glycolysis, lactate production and removal. Group 3: transition between anaerobicglycolysis and oxidative metabolism. In attempt to promote the integration between muscle and liver-Group 4: protein catabolism after high intensity exercise with low muscular glycogen concentration(transamination, Cori Cycle and gluconeogenesis). Group 5: liver ketogenesis in low carbohydratediet. This sequence was intended to promote the comprehension of integrated metabolism. As a nalactivity, the students showed their results in the form of poster. All activities were part of disciplineevaluation. All students approved this practical approach.

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Ali Hussein Al Kufi, Hussein. « Effect of Exercises Using a Pressing Tool on Some Biochemical and Skilled Variables of Tennis Players ». Indian Journal of Public Health Research & ; Development 11, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2020) : 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/v11/i1/2020/ijphrd/193996.

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Courtney, Rosalba. « Breathing exercises for asthma – Importance of addressing biochemical, biomechanical and psycho-physiological dimensions of dysfunctional breathing ». Advances in Integrative Medicine 2, n^o 2 (août 2015) : 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aimed.2015.07.011.

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Esgalhado, Marta Gormicho Boavida Marques, Milena Barcza Stockler-Pinto, Ludmila Ferreira Medeiros de França Cardozo, Jorge Eduardo Barboza et Denise Mafra. « Does high intensity exercise affects irisin plasma levels in hemodialysis patients ? A pilot study ». Brazilian Journal of Nephrology 40, n^o 1 (23 avril 2018) : 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-jbn-3802.

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ABSTRACT Background: Irisin is a recently identified exercise-induced hormone that stimulates the "browning" of the white adipose tissue, at least in mice. In chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, irisin regulation is not fully understood, and little attention has been given to the effects of exercise on irisin levels in these patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of high intensity exercise on irisin plasma levels in CKD patients under hemodialysis (HD). Methods: Fifteen HD patients (5 men, 44.4 ± 15.1 years old) were studied and served as their own controls. High intensity (single session) intradialytic strength exercises consisted of three sets of ten repetitions with four different movements in both lower limbs during 30 minutes. Blood samples were collected on different days (exercise and non-exercise day) at exactly the same time (30 and 60 minutes after the start of dialysis session). Plasma irisin levels were measured by ELISA assay and anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Results: Irisin plasma levels were significantly reduced in both exercise day (125.0 ± 18.5 to 117.4 ± 15.0 ng/mL, p=0.02) and non-exercise day (121.5 ± 13.7 to 115.4 ± 17.2 ng/mL, p=0.02) after 60 minutes of dialysis. Conclusion: These data suggest that intense intradialytic strength exercise was unable to increase the circulating concentration of irisin in HD patients. Moreover, our data show that after one hour of dialysis session, irisin plasma levels may be reduced.

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Cirino, Carolina, Anita B. Marostegan, Charlini S. Hartz, Marlene A. Moreno, Claudio A. Gobatto et Fúlvia B. Manchado-Gobatto. « Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Warm-Up on Physical Exercise : A Systematic Review ». Biology 12, n^o 2 (20 février 2023) : 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12020333.

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This study aimed to systematically review the literature to examine the effects of inspiratory-muscle warm-up (IMW) on the inspiratory, metabolic, respiratory and performance parameters of a main exercise performed by athletes and healthy and active individuals. Methods: This systematic review included randomized studies in English based on the criteria of the PICOS model. The exclusion criteria adopted were studies that applied inspiratory exercise to: i. promote long-term adaptations through inspiratory training (chronic responses); ii. obtain acute responses to inspiratory load (overload) during and in breaks from physical effort and in an inspiratory-exercise session (acute training effect); iii. evaluate the effects of IMW on participants with cardiorespiratory and/or metabolic disease. Data Sources: PubMed, Embase, MedLine, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar (until 17 January 2023). Results: Thirty-one studies were selected. The performance and respiratory parameters were the most investigated (77% and 74%, respectively). Positive effects of IMW were reported by 88% of the studies that investigated inspiratory parameters and 45% of those that evaluated performance parameters. Conclusions: The analyzed protocols mainly had positive effects on the inspiratory and performance parameters of the physical exercises. These positive effects of IMW are possibly associated with the contractile and biochemical properties of inspiratory muscles.

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GÖÇMEN, Ayşe Yeşim, Kasım ÇAĞLAYAN et Emir SILIT. « Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Oxidative Stress and Thyroid Functions. » Journal of Digestive Disorders and Diagnosis 1, n^o 4 (12 mars 2019) : 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2574-4526.jddd-19-2683.

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Ramadan fasting might be beneficial for digestive health, if appetite control and balanced diet is achieved. In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of Ramadan fasting on thyroid glands and some biochemical parameters in Turkish people living in Yozgat region. A total of 40 healthy subjects (20 men and 20 women) aged between 21-50 years were randomly recruited. Thyroid nodule volumes, thyroid hormones, body weights, glucose, total Cholesterol (TC), and oxidant stress index (OSI) were measured before Ramadan and at the end of Ramadan. There were beneficial changes in blood parameters and thyroid volumes, after one month of fasting during Ramadan compared with baseline. The Ramadan fasting might affect the radiological and biochemical parameters in healthy Turkish subjects. To improve the favorable digestive health in Ramadan fasting, diet and lifestyle modifications such as, increased intake of healthy foods and physical exercises might be recommended.

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Marchon, Claudia, Elisabete de Marco Ornelas, Katia Aparecida da Silva Viegas, Silvia Lacchini, Romeu Rodrigues de Souza, Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca et Laura Beatriz Mesiano Maifrino. « Effects of Moderate Exercise on the Biochemical, Physiological, Morphological and Functional Parameters of the Aorta in the Presence of Estrogen Deprivation and Dyslipidemia : an Experimental Model ». Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 35, n^o 1 (2015) : 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000369705.

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Background: The estrogen deficiency, abnormal lipid profile, weight gain and a sedentary lifestyle are factors associated with the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in menopausal women. However, physical exercise practice reduces some of these risk factors. Moreover, it has been shown that exercise has an impact on inflammation, in sympathetic activity and improves endothelial function. Aims: The present study aims to evaluate the effects of moderate aerobic training on biochemical, morphological and physiological parameters in LDL Knockout mice with estrogen deprivation, evaluating the components of the ascending aortic wall. Methods: The animals were randomly divided into six groups (n=5): sedentary control (SC), sedentary control ovariectomized (SCO), trained control ovariectomized (TCO), LDL-Knockout sedentary (KS), LDL-Knockout sedentary ovariectomized (KOS) and LDL-Knockout trained ovariectomized (KOT). The trained groups underwent a protocol of moderate training for 4 weeks on a treadmill with speed and progressive load. After training, blood samples were collected for biochemical assessments and the aorta was removed for dissection and histological morphometry study. In addition, the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II proteins were examined by immunohistochemistry in all groups of animals. Results: Changes of expressions of ACE and angiotensin II were found when the group was subjected to exercise. The concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides were lower in the groups of animals with estrogen deprivation and dyslipidemia. In animals that performed exercises we found significant increase (p<0.05) in Vv[lam]; decrease in Vv[col] and CWT, and a tendency for decrease both in TS and IMT when compared to the SC groups. The histological morphometry findings showed consistency in the results of the aorta study when the ovariectomized group underwent the exercise protocol. Conclusion: We conclude that physical training contributed to reducing vessel rigidity and to improvements in vascular compliance, with the increase in volume density of elastic lamellae in the estrogen-deprived groups who had normal cholesterol levels.

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Ribeiro, Victor Barbosa, Daiana Cristina Chielli Pedroso, Gislaine Satyko Kogure, Iris Palma Lopes, Barbara Aparecida Santana, Hugo Celso Dutra de Souza, Rui Alberto Ferriani, Rodrigo Tocantins Calado, Cristiana Libardi Miranda Furtado et Rosana Maria dos Reis. « Short-Term Aerobic Exercise Did Not Change Telomere Length While It Reduced Testosterone Levels and Obesity Indexes in PCOS : A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Study ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n^o 21 (27 octobre 2021) : 11274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111274.

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Metabolic and hormonal outcomes of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have implications on telomere biology and physical activity may prevent telomere erosion. We sought to observe the effects of continuous (CAT) and intermittent (IAT) aerobic training on telomere length, inflammatory biomarkers, and its correlation with metabolic, hormonal, and anthropometric parameters of PCOS. This randomized controlled clinical trial study included 87 PCOS randomly stratified according to body mass index (BMI) in CAT (n = 28), IAT (n = 29) and non-training control group (CG, n = 30). The exercises were carried out on a treadmill, three times per week for 16 weeks. The participants’ anthropometric characteristics and biochemical and hormonal concentrations were measured before and after aerobic training or observation period, as the telomere length that was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR. Four months of aerobic exercises (CAT or IAT) did not alter telomere length and inflammatory biomarkers in PCOS women. Obesity index as BMI and waist circumference (WC), and inflammatory biomarkers negatively affect telomeres. The hyper-andro-genism measured by testosterone levels was reduced after both exercises (CAT, p ≤ 0.001; IAT, p = 0.019). In particular, the CAT reduced WC (p = 0.045), hip circumference (p = 0.032), serum cholesterol (p ≤ 0.001), and low-density lipoprotein (p = 0.030). Whereas, the IAT decreased WC (p = 0.014), waist-to-hip ratio (p = 0.012), free androgen index (FAI) (p = 0.037). WC (p = 0.049) and body fat (p = 0.015) increased in the non-training group while total cholesterol was reduced (p = 0.010). Booth exercises reduced obesity indices and hyperandrogenism on PCOS women without changes in telomere length or inflammatory biomarkers.

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Warfa, Abdi-Rizak M., et N. Odowa. « Creative exercises (CEs) in the biochemistry domain : an analysis of students' linking of chemical and biochemical concepts ». Chemistry Education Research and Practice 16, n^o 4 (2015) : 747–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5rp00110b.

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Creative exercises (CEs), a specific form of open-ended assessment tools, have been shown to promote students' linking of prior and newly learned concepts within a course. In this study, we examined how often students in an upper-division undergraduate biochemistry course linked prior chemical concepts to biochemical ones in response to CE prompts. Thematic analysis of participant responses showed students making in response to the CEs multiple connections between prior chemical concepts and biomolecule structure, thermodynamics and enzyme kinetics. In the case of thermodynamics and enzyme kinetics CEs, most students tended to rely on contexts and concepts focused on specific materials from their current course whereas responses to biomolecule structure CEs mostly invoked foundational concepts in acid–base and organic chemistry, such as pH/pK_a, pI, ionization, stereochemistry, and organic functional groups. Invoking the cognitive resources activation framework in discussing the findings, we highlight the utility and relevance of CEs in upper division courses that rely on the application of prior chemical knowledge to explain new ones as well as the implications of the findings for research and teaching.

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Braga, Auro César, Fernando Q. Almeida, Vinicius P. Silva, Maria I. V. Almeida, Kelly M. Keller, Vinícius A. Diegues, Freddy R. Thomes et Carlos A. R. Rosa. « Horses fed meal contaminated with mycotoxins performing short-term exercises ». Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 40, n^o 9 (septembre 2020) : 717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6220.

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ABSTRACT: This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of mycotoxins on the performance of horses through physiological parameters, and hematology and serum biochemistry analyses. The essay lasted 40 days, with 12 days for adaptation and 28 days of experimentation. In the experimental stage, the horses were distributed in a completely randomized design, with three treatments with four animals each. The treatments used were 0 (control), 50 ppb and 100 ppb of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) added to a concentrate in a basal diet. The basal diet contained mycotoxins from feedstuffs naturally contaminated. The exercise test was performed over the 21th day of the experimental stage. The exercise consisted in an interval training test with a warm-up of 17 mins at a trot followed by three gallops of 450m/min. The heart rate was monitored between the gallops. Before the exercise test and immediately after the third gallop, the physiological and blood parameters were evaluated, and continued up to 48 hours after the exercise. The results of the physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and compared by the Tukey test at 5% of significance. The presence of AFB1 in the diet influenced the alkaline phosphatase activity, which presented higher values in horses fed diet with inclusion of 100 ppb AFB1, suggesting a hepatotoxic activity associated with the others mycotoxins naturally present in the feedstuffs.

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MacInnis, Martin J., Chris McGlory, Martin J. Gibala et Stuart M. Phillips. « Investigating human skeletal muscle physiology with unilateral exercise models : when one limb is more powerful than two ». Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 42, n^o 6 (juin 2017) : 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0645.

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Direct sampling of human skeletal muscle using the needle biopsy technique can facilitate insight into the biochemical and histological responses resulting from changes in exercise or feeding. However, the muscle biopsy procedure is invasive, and analyses are often expensive, which places pragmatic restraints on sample sizes. The unilateral exercise model can serve to increase statistical power and reduce the time and cost of a study. With this approach, 2 limbs of a participant are randomized to 1 of 2 treatments that can be applied almost concurrently or sequentially depending on the nature of the intervention. Similar to a typical repeated measures design, comparisons are made within participants, which increases statistical power by reducing the amount of between-person variability. A washout period is often unnecessary, reducing the time needed to complete the experiment and the influence of potential confounding variables such as habitual diet, activity, and sleep. Variations of the unilateral exercise model have been employed to investigate the influence of exercise, diet, and the interaction between the 2, on a wide range of variables including mitochondrial content, capillary density, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Like any model, unilateral exercise has some limitations: it cannot be used to study variables that potentially transfer across limbs, and it is generally limited to exercises that can be performed in pairs of treatments. Where appropriate, however, the unilateral exercise model can yield robust, well-controlled investigations of skeletal muscle responses to a wide range of interventions and conditions including exercise, dietary manipulation, and disuse or immobilization.

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Światowy, Witold Józef, Hanna Drzewiecka, Michalina Kliber, Maria Sąsiadek, Paweł Karpiński, Andrzej Pławski et Paweł Piotr Jagodziński. « Physical Activity and DNA Methylation in Humans ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n^o 23 (30 novembre 2021) : 12989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312989.

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Physical activity is a strong stimulus influencing the overall physiology of the human body. Exercises lead to biochemical changes in various tissues and exert an impact on gene expression. Exercise-induced changes in gene expression may be mediated by epigenetic modifications, which rearrange the chromatin structure and therefore modulate its accessibility for transcription factors. One of such epigenetic mark is DNA methylation that involves an attachment of a methyl group to the fifth carbon of cytosine residue present in CG dinucleotides (CpG). DNA methylation is catalyzed by a family of DNA methyltransferases. This reversible DNA modification results in the recruitment of proteins containing methyl binding domain and further transcriptional co-repressors leading to the silencing of gene expression. The accumulation of CpG dinucleotides, referred as CpG islands, occurs at the promoter regions in a great majority of human genes. Therefore, changes in DNA methylation profile affect the transcription of multiple genes. A growing body of evidence indicates that exercise training modulates DNA methylation in muscles and adipose tissue. Some of these epigenetic markers were associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the influence of physical activity on the DNA methylation status in humans.

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Vieira, Lucas, Rafaela Soares, Stela Felipe, Felipe Moura, Christina Pacheco, Vânia Ceccatto, Paula Soares et Gerly Brito. « Neuromuscular, cognitive and metabolic implications of McArdle Syndrome : a global overview ». International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 4, n^o 4 (7 novembre 2015) : 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbas.v4i4.5199.

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<p>Carbohydrates are the main source of body energy and they can be stored in the organism in form of glycogen and degraded when there is a need for energy. However, McArdle Syndrome patients exhibit problems to degrade glycogen due to a deficiency in myophosphorylase enzyme, making these patients intolerant to high intensity exercises because a lack of ATP available in muscle cells. It has been found muscular weakness and subsarcolemmal accumulation of glycogen in muscle fibers and in neuronal cells in McArdle Syndrome patients. In its later-onset form, it is associated to muscular dysmorphia, myoglobinuria and rhabdomyolisis. Analyzing the biochemical aspects, it is possible to notice that these patients have a low rate of ATP production due to a reduction in the availability of glucose, reducing oxidative phosphorylation. However, the metabolic “second wind” effect allows the use of other energy sources. Excessively decreased exercise-induced lactate is also characteristic of patients with McArdle Syndrome. Electromyography studies describe alterations in nerve conduction and the necessity of recruiting more motor units to contract muscle in these patients. McArdle Syndrome produces several metabolic changes in patients due to absence of myophophorylase activity. The practice of aerobic exercise acts positively in these patients probably by increasing mitochondrial metabolism.</p>

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