Articles de revues : « Biochemical markers of transformation »

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Lindström-Seppä, Pirjo, Katalin Urban, Ulla Honkalampi-Hämäläinen et Sashwati Roy. « Biochemical Responses in Aquatic Plants as Markers of Environmental Contamination ». Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 29, n^o 3 (mai 2001) : 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290102900312.

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This short review gives several examples of the current status of xenobiotic bio-transformation reactions and oxidative stress responses in plants as biomarkers of organic pollution in aquatic environments. Based on previous basic knowledge, several biomonitoring programmes have been successfully applied during the last decade.

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Havelková, Marcela, Tomáš Randák, Jana Blahová, Iveta Slatinská et Zdeňka Svobodová. « Biochemical markers for the assessment of aquatic environment contamination ». Interdisciplinary Toxicology 1, n^o 2 (1 septembre 2008) : 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10102-010-0034-y.

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Biochemical markers for the assessment of aquatic environment contaminationThe need for assessment of aquatic ecosystem contamination and of its impact on water dwelling organisms was developed in response to rising aquatic environmental pollution. In this field study, liver enzymes of phase I and phase II of xenobiotic transformation, namely cytochrome P450, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, glutathione-S-transferase and tripeptide glutathione were used to assess the contamination of the aquatic environment at different rivers in the Czech Republic. The indicator species selected was the male chub (Leuciscus cephalusL.) and male brown trout (Salmo trutta fario). Chemical analyses included also the assessment of the most important inductors of previously mentioned biochemical markers. The major inductors of monitored biomarkers are industrial contaminants which belong to a large group of organic pollutants (PCB, PAH, PCDD/F, DDT, HCH, HCB and OCS), persistent in the environment. Four different groups of river basins were assessed: the River Tichá Orlice and its tributary the Kralický brook; important tributaries of the River Elbe (the rivers Orlice, Chrudimka, Cidlina, Jizera, Vltava, Ohře and Bílina); major rivers in the Czech Republic (the rivers Lužnice, Otava, Sázava, Berounka, Vltava, Labe, Ohře, Svratka, Dyje, Morava and Odra) and the River Vltava. The use of the biochemical markers together with chemical analyses seems to be an effective way to monitor the quality of aquatic environment.

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Bates, P. A. « Complete developmental cycle ofLeishmania mexicanain axenic culture ». Parasitology 108, n^o 1 (janvier 1994) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000078458.

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SUMMARYA complete developmental sequence ofLeishmania mexicanahas been produced in axenic culture for the first time. This was achieved by manipulation of media, pH and temperature conditions over a period of 16 days. All experiments were initiated with lesion amastigotes that were transformed to multiplicative promastigotes by culture in HOMEM, 10% foetal calf serum, pH 7·5, at 25 °C. Metacyclogenesis was induced by subpassage in Schneider'sDrosophila medium, 20% foetal calf serum, pH 5·5, and the resulting forms transformed to axenically growing amastigotes by subpassage in the same medium and raising the temperature to 32 °C. Parasites from each day were characterized with respect to their general morphology using light microscopy of Giemsa-stained smears, and biochemically by analysis of total protein content, proteinases, nucleases and secretory acid phosphatase. The results demonstrated that the three main stages identified - amastigotes, multiplicative promastigotes and metacyclic promastigotes - each exhibited the expected suite of biochemical properties. Further, the changes in morphology observed as the developmental sequence proceeded from stage to stage were accompanied by appropriate changes in biochemical properties. These results provide both useful biochemical markers and a culture system in which to examine the regulation of differentiation and transformation during theLeishmanialife-cycle.

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Desjardins, M., LA Huber, RG Parton et G. Griffiths. « Biogenesis of phagolysosomes proceeds through a sequential series of interactions with the endocytic apparatus ». Journal of Cell Biology 124, n^o 5 (1 mars 1994) : 677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.124.5.677.

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We have examined the modifications occurring during the transformation of phagosomes into phagolysosomes in J-774 macrophages. The use of low density latex beads as markers of phagosomes (latex bead compartments, LBC) allowed the isolation of these organelles by flotation on a simple sucrose gradient. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunocytochemistry, and biochemical assays have been used to characterize the composition of LBC at different time points after their formation, as well as their interactions with the organelles of the endocytic pathway. Our results show that LBC acquire and lose various markers during their transformation into phagolysosomes. Among these are members of the rab family of small GTPases as well as proteins of the lamp family. The transfer of the LBC of lamp 2, a membrane protein associated with late endocytic structures, was shown to be microtubule dependent. Video-microscopy showed that newly formed phagosomes were involved in rapid multiple contacts with late components of the endocytic pathway. Collectively, these observations suggest that phagolysosome formation is a highly dynamic process that involves the gradual and regulated acquisition of markers from endocytic organelles.

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Alves, Adriana Cristina, Vera Maria Quecini et Maria Lucia Carneiro Vieira. « PLANT TRANSFORMATION : ADVANCES AND PERSPECTIVES ». Scientia Agricola 56, n^o 1 (1999) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90161999000100001.

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Genetic transformation is a powerful tool for plant breeding and genetical, physiological or biochemical research, consequently it is an extremely dynamic field. Transgenic plants are commonly used to complete or substitute mutants in basic research, helping the studies of complex biological situations such as pathogenesis process, genome organization, light reception and signal transduction. In this review, recent approaches for foreign gene introduction (e.g. Agrobiolistics, whole tissue electroporation, in planta Agrobacterium transformation), screening (reporter gene possibilities and performance) and transformant selection (ipt selective marker) are discussed. Transgene expression and mechanisms underlying (trans)gene inactivation are presented. Practical applications of genetically modified plants, field tests and commercial transgenic crops worldwide and in Brazil are listed, as well as the main traits and species modified. Potential uses of transgenic plants for animal compound production, biological remediation and synthetic polymer assembly are also shown.

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Djukic, Vojko, Ljiljana Janosevic, Milovan Dimitrijevic, Svetozar Damjanovic, Predrag Pesko et Jelena Dotlic. « Genetic markers for head and neck cancers : Current state of art and perspectives ». Jugoslovenska medicinska biohemija 22, n^o 4 (2003) : 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmh0304273d.

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This article analyzes the genetic markers of planocellular head and neck cancers from the aspect of theoretical basis for their identification and application, actual state of research in this field and benefit that could be expected from their introduction into clinical practice. In spite of unquestionable progress of diagnostics and treatment of planocellular cancer of the head and neck, there has been no evident improvement of five-year survival during the last two decades, due to which the attempts have been made for global diagnostics and therapeutic orientation to be directed towards the detection of changes at molecular level. Tumor markers are defined as biochemical indicators of the existing tumors. They include the structural changes of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), when genetic markers are in question, the development of new or modified antigens at the cell surface, the synthesis of specific plasma proteins and eutopic/ectopic hormone production. The changes of gene structure, in tumor tissue or somatic cells that are easily accessible are verified by molecular-biological techniques, and the initial step is the amplification of the genome part which is considered significant (polymerase chain reaction technique). The presence or absence of specific tumor marker, as well as its phenotypic characteristics may be verified in tumor tissue or body fluids by immunochemical methods including the immunohistochemistry before all, owing to availability of a large number of mono- and polyclonal antibodies. While some fields of oncology have been using the benefits of specific tumor markers for years, no adequate solution for the treatment of planocellular head and neck cancers can be seen yet. Currently, it is clear that there is not a single specific marker for head and neck cancer or for the group of planocellular cancers as a whole, while the literature is plentiful of different and very often contradictory findings. The greatest attention has been paid to the study of P53 gene, either isolated or in the group of other potential markers such as cycline D1, growth transformation factor, vascular endothelium growth factor, E-katherin and collagen VII. The insights obtained by these studies have encouraged the attempts to use the genetic markers for managing several crucial clinical issues, such as early detection of premalignant and malignant lesions, early detection of local recurrence and distant metastasis, early prevention of secondary tumors, and especially, the selection of patients for specific therapy.

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Adamczyk, Maciej, Srinivasa Rao Akireddy et Rajarathnam E. Reddy. « Transformation of Vitamin B6 to (+)-Deoxypyridinoline, a useful Biochemical Marker for Diagnosis of Bone Diseases ». Tetrahedron 56, n^o 16 (avril 2000) : 2379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00121-6.

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Alonso, Teresa, et Eugenio Santos. « Increased intracellular glycerophosphoinositol is a biochemical marker for transformation by membrane-associated and cytoplasmic oncogenes ». Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 171, n^o 1 (août 1990) : 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(90)91349-w.

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Xu, Jing, et Jian Guo. « Markov chain based simulation analysis of bone mineral density and changes in the level of biochemical markers of bone transformation in postmenopausal women ». Cluster Computing 22, S2 (2 mars 2018) : 4737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10586-018-2320-y.

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Dini, Elisa, Sonia Mazzucchi, Ciro De Luca, Martina Cafalli, Lucia Chico, Annalisa Lo Gerfo, Gabriele Siciliano, Ubaldo Bonuccelli, Filippo Baldacci et Sara Gori. « Plasma Levels of Oxidative Stress Markers, before and after BoNT/A Treatment, in Chronic Migraine ». Toxins 11, n^o 10 (19 octobre 2019) : 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100608.

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The pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine transformation are debated. Modifications of plasma oxidative stress biomarkers have been described in chronic migraine. OnabotulintoxinA (BoNT/A) treatment, approved for chronic migraine prophylaxis, possibly reduces pain neurotransmitters release and oxidative stress products. Aims of our study were to investigate differences in the levels of selected plasmatic oxidative stress biomarkers (Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPP), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), Thiolic Groups (SH)) comparing chronic migraineurs (CM) and healthy controls (HC). We also explored possible clinical and biochemical modifications in the CM group after six months of treatment with BoNT/A. At the baseline, we found higher values of AOPP (p < 0.001), and lower values of SH (p < 0.001) and FRAP (p = 0.005) in the CM group. At the six-month follow-up we found a reduction of AOPP (p < 0.001) and an increase of FRAP (p < 0.001) and SH (p = 0.023) within the CM group. BoNT/A treatment improved migraine symptoms in the CM group. We confirmed previous reports of imbalanced antioxidant mechanisms in chronic migraine showing lower antioxidant capacities in patients than controls. BoNT/A improved the levels of plasma oxidative stress biomarkers and confirmed its role as an effective prophylactic treatment for CM. Other studies should investigate the potential antioxidant properties of BoNT/A treatment.

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Krachulec, Justyna, Melanie Vetter, Anja Schrade, Ann-Kathrin Löbs, Malgorzata Bielinska, Rebecca Cochran, Antti Kyrönlahti et al. « GATA4 Is a Critical Regulator of Gonadectomy-Induced Adrenocortical Tumorigenesis in Mice ». Endocrinology 153, n^o 6 (28 mars 2012) : 2599–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-2135.

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In response to gonadectomy certain inbred mouse strains develop sex steroidogenic adrenocortical neoplasms. One of the hallmarks of neoplastic transformation is expression of GATA4, a transcription factor normally present in gonadal but not adrenal steroidogenic cells of the adult mouse. To show that GATA4 directly modulates adrenocortical tumorigenesis and is not merely a marker of gonadal-like differentiation in the neoplasms, we studied mice with germline or conditional loss-of-function mutations in the Gata4 gene. Germline Gata4 haploinsufficiency was associated with attenuated tumor growth and reduced expression of sex steroidogenic genes in the adrenal glands of ovariectomized B6D2F1 and B6AF1 mice. At 12 months after ovariectomy, wild-type B6D2F1 mice had biochemical and histological evidence of adrenocortical estrogen production, whereas Gata4+/− B6D2F1 mice did not. Germline Gata4 haploinsufficiency exacerbated the secondary phenotype of postovariectomy obesity in B6D2F1 mice, presumably by limiting ectopic estrogen production in the adrenal glands. Amhr2-cre-mediated deletion of floxed Gata4 (Gata4F) in nascent adrenocortical neoplasms of ovariectomized B6.129 mice reduced tumor growth and the expression of gonadal-like markers in a Gata4F dose-dependent manner. We conclude that GATA4 is a key modifier of gonadectomy-induced adrenocortical neoplasia, postovariectomy obesity, and sex steroidogenic cell differentiation.

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Picard, F. J., et J. R. Dillon. « Biochemical and genetic studies with arginine and proline auxotrophs of Neisseria gonorrhoeae ». Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35, n^o 12 (1 décembre 1989) : 1069–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m89-179.

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The prevalence of specific arginine biosynthesis gene defects was studied for 319 arginine-requiring clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by using the ability of the strains to utilize intermediates of arginine biosynthesis. Only 11 % of the uracil-requiring strains defective in the carbamylation of ornithine to yield citrulline had a defective carbamoylphosphate synthetase gene (carAB). Strains defective in carAB were of auxotype CUH. The other strains (89%) having a dual requirement for citrulline and uracil, which were mostly of auxotype PCU, were defective in the ornithine transcarbamoylase gene (argF). Over 90% of the strains were defective either in argJ (174 strains) or in argF (126 strains). Three argininosuccinate-requiring strains (i.e., defective in argG) of auxotype PAU were identified. Some of the arginine auxotrophs of N. gonorrhoeae defective in carAB, argJ, argF, or argG were complemented by genetic transformation with DNA from recombinant bacteriophages carrying characterized gonococcal arginine biosynthesis genes. Gene defects in proA (five strains) and in proB (six strains) were identified by gonococcal transformation assays with recombinant bacteriophages or plasmids carrying proline biosynthesis genes from N. gonorrhoeae. None of the 11 proline-requiring strains tested was defective in proC.Key words: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, arginine biosynthesis, proline biosynthesis, gene defect, marker rescue.

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Schroeder, D. F., et J. D. McGhee. « Anterior-posterior patterning within the Caenorhabditis elegans endoderm ». Development 125, n^o 24 (15 décembre 1998) : 4877–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.24.4877.

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The endoderm of higher organisms is extensively patterned along the anterior/posterior axis. Although the endoderm (gut or E lineage) of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans appears to be a simple uniform tube, cells in the anterior gut show several molecular and anatomical differences from cells in the posterior gut. In particular, the gut esterase ges-1 gene, which is normally expressed in all cells of the endoderm, is expressed only in the anterior-most gut cells when certain sequences in the ges-1 promoter are deleted. Using such a deleted ges-1 transgene as a biochemical marker of differentiation, we have investigated the basis of anterior-posterior gut patterning in C. elegans. Although homeotic genes are involved in endoderm patterning in other organisms, we show that anterior gut markers are expressed normally in C. elegans embryos lacking genes of the homeotic cluster. Although signalling from the mesoderm is involved in endoderm patterning in other organisms, we show that ablation of all non-gut blastomeres from the C. elegans embryo does not affect anterior gut marker expression; furthermore, ectopic guts produced by genetic transformation express anterior gut markers generally in the expected location and in the expected number of cells. We conclude that anterior gut fate requires no specific cell-cell contact but rather is produced autonomously within the E lineage. Cytochalasin D blocking experiments fully support this conclusion. Finally, the HMG protein POP-1, a downstream component of the Wnt signalling pathway, has recently been shown to be important in many anterior/posterior fate decisions during C. elegans embryogenesis (Lin, R., Hill, R. J. and Priess, J. R. (1998) Cell 92, 229–239). When RNA-mediated interference is used to eliminate pop-1 function from the embryo, gut is still produced but anterior gut marker expression is abolished. We suggest that the C. elegans endoderm is patterned by elements of the Wnt/pop-1 signalling pathway acting autonomously within the E lineage.

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Langner, Josana A., Alencar J. Zanon, Nereu A. Streck, Lia R. S. Reiniger, Marielen P. Kaufmann et Alexandre F. Alves. « Maize : Key agricultural crop in food security and sovereignty in a future with water scarcity ». Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 23, n^o 9 (septembre 2019) : 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n9p648-654.

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ABSTRACT The objective in this review was to discuss the importance of maize currently and the crucial role it may play in the future for food production in scenarios of water shortage, as well as the importance of conserving its landrace cultivars, which have a considerable portion of the reserve of genetic variability. Maize plants, when exposed to water deficit, may develop physiological, morphological, biochemical and anatomical adaptation mechanisms. With the aid of genetic improvement, characteristics that impart tolerance are fixed in plants through conventional methods. In this context, ‘Tuxpeño Sequia’ cultivars were developed in Mexico, while in Africa, one of the most important strategies was the development of ‘DT’ (Drought-tolerant) cultivars. In the United States, one of the most important processes was the development of PionerAquamax® hybrids, while in Brazil, it was the development of cultivars with the ‘Maya Latente’ gene. Through genetic transformation, the hybrid ‘MON 87460’ was developed. However, it should be mentioned that, for a cultivar to be well accepted by producers, besides having one or more adaptation characteristics, it must have a high grain yield. Biotechnological tools such as the use of molecular markers, genetic transformation, and modeling through bioinformatics, associated with conventional selection, will be fundamental to guarantee the advancement of water deficit tolerance in maize.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. « Estimation of Testosterone, Estradiol and some Markers in Sera of Iraqi Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. » Baghdad Science Journal 10, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2013) : 1162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.10.4.1162-1171.

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Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common disease and major cause of morbidity in elderly men which may lead to bladder outflow obstruction and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Although sex steroid hormones play fundamental roles in prostate growth, their clinical significance is not completely clear. In the present study we assessed whether serum hormones levels as markers of prostate disease. This study includes (40) patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy and (40) control group with age rang (41-79) and (42-71) years respectively. The following biochemical investigations have been studied: Testosterone, Estradiol (E2), and Prostatic Specific Antigen (PSA) levels using ELISA method which correlated with the disease. Also body mass index (BMI), the prostate size by digital rectal examination (DRE), flow rate, and American Urology Association Symptoms Index (AUASI), of the patients which correlate hormones levels with age. The testosterone concentrations were significantly lower in patients with BPH than control group (p?0.05), while the Estradiol and PSA concentrations were significantly higher in patients with BPH than control group (p?0.05). The net result is a significant decrease in the T/E2 ratio allowing the imbalance between androgens and estrogen regulation of prostate growth to shift towards estrogen dominance. It has been proposed that increased estrogenic stimulation of the prostate in the aging male may lead to reactivation of growth and subsequent hyperplasia transformation

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Halahan, Yu V., O. Ye Maievskyi, Yu Yo Guminskyi et A. P. Korol. « The effect of hyperhomocysteinemia on the patterns of electron microscopic changes in the liver of adult rats ». Biomedical and Biosocial Anthropology, n^o 36 (10 juillet 2020) : 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/bba36-2019-03.

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One of the important tasks of modern science is to find biochemical markers that would be able to reflect the risks of development and the nature of the course of various diseases, as well as to predict their possible consequences. In recent years, a significant number of compounds that can affect the biochemical profile of the organism have been identified. Homocysteine – a product of methionine metabolism, belongs to one of these markers, and the effects of its influece on the structure and function of various organs are being actively studied by modern researchers. The aim of the study is to find the patterns of electron microscopic changes in the liver structure of adult rats with hyperhomocysteinemia. The experimental study was performed on 22 white nonlinear mature male rats, which were divided into a control group and an experimental group. A model of persistent hyperhomocysteinemia was created by administering to rats of experimental group thiolactone homocysteine at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight intragastrically for 60 days. The study of ultrastructural changes in the liver of rats was performed using an electron microscope PEM-125K. In adult rats with experimental hyperhomocysteinemia at the ultrastructural level, dystrophic and destructive changes in hepatocytes, endotheliocytes in the walls of sinusoids and Kupffer cells were found. These changes were more pronounced than in young rats with experimental hyperhomocysteinemia. Revealed structural changes in decompensation (depletion) of mitochondria – fewer number of cristae and enlightened matrix. In contrast to young rats, adult rats with hyperhomocysteinemia in the perisinusoidal spaces showed elongated Ito cells, a significant proportion of the cytoplasm is occupied by the Golgi complex and granular endoplasmic reticulum tanks, indicating protein synthesis for export. In Ito cells, the content of fat droplets, which are located on opposite poles of cells, is reduced. This morphological picture manifests the transformation of Ito cells into fibroblasts.

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Horvat, B., H. A. Multhaupt et I. Damjanov. « Glycoproteins of mouse vaginal epithelium : differential expression related to estrous cyclicity. » Journal of Histochemistry & ; Cytochemistry 41, n^o 9 (septembre 1993) : 1351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/41.9.8354876.

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We used lectin overlay blotting and SDS-PAGE to analyze the estrous cycle-specific expression of mouse vaginal epithelial glycoproteins. Seven lectins chosen for their differential carbohydrate-binding specificity revealed 15 glycoproteins that showed cycle-related expression. Each lectin had a unique binding pattern different from the patterns revealed by other lectins. However, several estrous cycle phase-specific glycoproteins reacted with more than one lectin. The most prominent of these glycoproteins (M(r) 92-95 KD) was weakly expressed in late diestrus and fully expressed only in proestrus, coincident with the transformation of two superficial layers of vaginal squamous epithelium into mucinous cuboidal cells. Electron microscopic lectin histochemistry revealed the glycoproteins in the mucinous granules of surface cuboidal cells and in the lumen of the vagina. Our results illustrate the complexity of glycoconjugate synthesis in mouse vagina and reveal the distinct cycle-specific patterns of individual glycoprotein expression. These cyclic glycoproteins could serve as vaginal biochemical markers for the specific phases of the estrous cycle.

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Gumińska, M., J. Ignacak, T. Kedryna et M. B. Stachurska. « Tumor-specific pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 involved in biochemical strategy of energy generation in neoplastic cells. » Acta Biochimica Polonica 44, n^o 4 (31 décembre 1997) : 711–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1997_4373.

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The differences in properties of pyruvate kinase (EC 2.1.7.40) from normal tissues and animal or human tumors are described and their significance for various metabolic abnormalities is reviewed. The tumor variant gamma3 from M2 isoenzyme of pyruvate kinase sensitive to L-cysteine inhibition, when over-expressed, can be used as a marker of tumorigenic transformation. It seems that this variant represents a tumor-specific oncoprotein, involved in a novel metabolic strategy of energy generation during increased cell proliferation.

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Adamczyk, Maciej, Srinivasa Rao Akireddy et Rajarathnam E. Reddy. « ChemInform Abstract : Transformation of Vitamin B6 to (+)-Deoxypyridinoline, a Useful Biochemical Marker for Diagnosis of Bone Diseases. » ChemInform 31, n^o 30 (7 juin 2010) : no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200030184.

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Majkic-Singh, Nada. « The choice of the diagnostic biomarkers of acute coronary syndromes ». Jugoslovenska medicinska biohemija 24, n^o 1 (2005) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmh0501001m.

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Cardiac markers have undergone an amazing transformation from asparatate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to the three cardiac markers families available at present for routine use in Emergency Department for the evaluation of the chest discomfort: myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK) and the MB isoenzyme of CK (CK-MB), and the troponins I and T (cTnI and cTnT). Each of these has well known kinetics of release from dying myocardial cells and should be carefully applied to each patient as directed by timing of symptoms and presentation. Myoglobin has been touted as an early marker with a high negative predictive value but low specificity. CK and CK-MB represent the "gold standard" for the diagnosis of MI as defined by the WHO criteria. The toponins are cardiac-specific proteins with high degrees of both sensitivity and specificity for myocardial necrosis. These serum markers of necrosis have been well studied in high-risk groups with a high prevalence of AMI. Promising research has also proven benefit in lower-risk patients in the chest pain units. Inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and markers of platelet such as P-selectin are currently being studied but have not yet been accepted for widespread use. Cardiac markers have proved extremely valuable for diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment of patients in the emergency setting. However, the ideal cardiac marker evaluation protocol varies between institutions, laboratories, patient's populations, and resource availability. Specific marker regimens should be tailored to meet the objectives of diagnosis myocardial infarction and providing risk stratification. New tests are developed at a fast rate and the technology of existing test is continuously being improved. A rigorous evaluation process of diagnostic tests before introduction into clinical practice could not only reduce the number of unwanted clinical consequences related to misleading estimates of test accuracy, but also limit health care costs by preventing unnecessary testing. The evaluation of diagnostic tests is complex but analytical accuracy and diagnostic accuracy is recognized as two of the pillars. Earlier recognition of problems with the quality of reporting of randomized, controlled clinical trials resulted in the Consolited Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) Statement, on the basis of which a checklist of items that should be easily identified in the report of any study on diagnostic accuracy has been developed. The Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) group has tried to provide the evidence supporting the various components of the Statement. On the basis of these approach, the concept of Evidence- Based Laboratory Medicine (EBLM) should be taken seriously, therefore, for several reasons. First, we should all take pride in producing the best results possible to aid physicians in making diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment decisions. Second, the enormous increase in diagnostic testing is under scrutiny. Third, modern health services question whether laboratory tests offer good value for the money. Biochemical markers of myocardial injury are universally accepted as important for the diagnosis of patients with acute coronary syndromes. In addition to very well established biomarkers, many potential biomarkers are introduced as natriuretic peptides, cardiotonic steroids, cytokines, ischemia-modified albumin, free fatty acids, etc. and their significance and usefulness for acute coronary syndromes will be discussed, as well.

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Koljančić, Nemanja, Olga Vyviurska, Milica Balaban et Ivan Špánik. « Determination of biological markers of organic substances in sediment and soil samples by gas chromatography ». Acta Chimica Slovaca 13, n^o 1 (1 avril 2020) : 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2020-0006.

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AbstractOnce they reach the environment, petroleum hydrocarbons undergo various chemical, physico-chemical and biochemical transformation processes. Organic compounds which are not or are very poorly subject to these processes are thermodynamically the most stable isomers and they are called biological markers (biomarkers). This paper presents the results of the determination of organic substances in twelve samples taken in the area of the city of Banja Luka (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Two soil samples were taken in the Banja Luka city heating plant area and ten river sediment and soil samples were taken in the upper and lower basin of the Vrbas river in the Banja Luka city area. The aim of this study was to determine the biomarkers of oil-type pollutants in contaminated samples as well as the type of organic substances in samples taken near the contaminated area. Assisted solvent extraction was used to isolate the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) from all twelve samples. Fractionation of the extracts into saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions was performed by column chromatography. The fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). On basis of the obtained chromatograms, biomarkers of petroleum pollutants and specific correlation parameters of organic substances in the samples were determined. The dominance of n-alkanes with odd C atoms as well as the presence of an unresolved complex mixture (UCM) on chromatograms of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons showed the presence of anthropogenic organic substances of petroleum origin in the analyzed samples. Based on the obtained chromatograms, it can be concluded that microbial degradation of hydrocarbons in all samples occurred.

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Pasechnikova, E. A., V. N. Bodnya, D. V. Kadomtsev, A. Yu Georgieva, V. A. Porhanov et D. D. Shevchuk. « The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer : pathogenetic features ». Innovative Medicine of Kuban, n^o 2 (27 juin 2022) : 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35401/2541-9897-2022-25-2-85-92.

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The epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular biological process, that occurs in a wide range of cells and tissues and is triggered by complex regulatory networks involving transcriptional control with SNAIL, ZEB1, ZEB2, Twist, SLUG, E‑cadherin, vimentin, tumor microenvironment and genetic characteristics. EMT is represented by the multi‑stage development and transformation of cells of the epithelial phenotype into cells that acquire mesenchymal features of various severity. These quasi‑mesenchymal cells are characterized by stemness, tumor heterogeneity, increasing invasiveness, drug resistance and a tendency to distant metastasis, which leads to the proliferation of neoplastic cells, tumor dissemination and initiation of metastasis, which induces the therapy resistance and the oncological recurrence.This review is based on the latest scientific publications about the EMT phenomenon, indexed in PubMed. The aim of the study was to evaluate the biochemical and molecular pathogenetic mechanisms of EMT and the effect of EMT markers on the progression of neoplastic processes and the effectiveness of the treatment. Nowadays the proper EMT scheme that combines all the molecular transformations of sells with quasi‑mesenchymal phenotype doesn’t exist. But analyzing the features of this cellular program, we can find the proper therapy, that could be able to suppress the plasticity of cancer cells, prevent EMT induction by blocking contextual signals, and induce mesenchymal‑epithelial transition. All these aspects will lead to the reduction of the risk of tumor dissemination and the increase of the effectiveness of cancer treatment.

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Sundström, B. E., et T. I. Stigbrand. « Cytokeratins and Tissue Polypeptide Antigen ». International Journal of Biological Markers 9, n^o 2 (avril 1994) : 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/172460089400900207.

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Cytokeratins (CKs), which are biochemically related to intermediate filaments (IFs), form an intracellular network of filaments that is believed to participate in maintaining the structural integrity of cells. Twenty individual polypeptides, divided into two groups, constitute the cytokeratin family. Each type of epithelial cell can be characterized by its content of cytokeratin polypeptides since the expression pattern varies with the type of epithelium. During transformation of normal epithelial cells into malignant cells, the cytokeratin patterns are usually maintained. This property has enabled the use of cytokerations as histological tumor markers, especially for tumors that are not easily classified. Cytokeratins 8, 18 and 19 are the most abundant cytokeratins in carcinomas. They are released into necrotic areas and can be found intratumorally and in blood, circulating as partially degraded complexes, and can as such be used as tumor markers. Cytokeratin deposits in tumors make these structures potential targets for radioimmunodetection and immunotherapy. The usefulness of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) as a serological tumor marker has been known for a long time. TPA is a molecular complex containing CK8, 18 and 19 and determinations of TPA in serum samples can be used in the follow-up of patients with many types of cancer.

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Lisanti, M. P., P. E. Scherer, J. Vidugiriene, Z. Tang, A. Hermanowski-Vosatka, Y. H. Tu, R. F. Cook et M. Sargiacomo. « Characterization of caveolin-rich membrane domains isolated from an endothelial-rich source : implications for human disease. » Journal of Cell Biology 126, n^o 1 (1 juillet 1994) : 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.126.1.111.

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Caveolae are 50-100-nm membrane microdomains that represent a subcompartment of the plasma membrane. Previous morphological studies have implicated caveolae in (a) the transcytosis of macromolecules (including LDL and modified LDLs) across capillary endothelial cells, (b) the uptake of small molecules via a process termed potocytosis involving GPI-linked receptor molecules and an unknown anion transport protein, (c) interactions with the actin-based cytoskeleton, and (d) the compartmentalization of certain signaling molecules, including G-protein coupled receptors. Caveolin, a 22-kD integral membrane protein, is an important structural component of caveolae that was first identified as a major v-Src substrate in Rous sarcoma virus transformed cells. This finding initially suggested a relationship between caveolin, transmembrane signaling, and cellular transformation. We have recently developed a procedure for isolating caveolin-rich membrane domains from cultured cells. To facilitate biochemical manipulations, we have applied this procedure to lung tissue--an endothelial and caveolin-rich source-allowing large scale preparation of these complexes. These membrane domains retain approximately 85% of caveolin and approximately 55% of a GPI-linked marker protein, while they exclude > or = 98% of integral plasma membrane protein markers and > or = 99.6% of other organelle-specific membrane markers tested. Characterization of these complexes by micro-sequencing and immuno-blotting reveals known receptors for modified forms of LDL (scavenger receptors: CD 36 and RAGE), multiple GPI-linked proteins, an anion transporter (plasma membrane porin), cytoskeletal elements, and cytoplasmic signaling molecules--including Src-like kinases, hetero-trimeric G-proteins, and three members of the Rap family of small GTPases (Rap 1--the Ras tumor suppressor protein, Rap 2, and TC21). At least a fraction of the actin in these complexes appeared monomeric (G-actin), suggesting that these domains could represent membrane bound sites for microfilament nucleation/assembly during signaling. Given that the majority of these proteins are known molecules, our current studies provide a systematic basis for evaluating these interactions in vivo.

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Suarez-Cabrera, Cristian, Isabel Ojeda-Perez, Raquel Sanchez-Baltasar, Angustias Page, Ana Bravo, Manuel Navarro et Angel Ramirez. « ERAS, a Member of the Ras Superfamily, Acts as an Oncoprotein in the Mammary Gland ». Cancers 13, n^o 21 (8 novembre 2021) : 5588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13215588.

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ERAS is a relatively uncharacterized gene of the Ras superfamily. It is expressed in ES cells and in the first stages of embryonic development; later on, it is silenced in the majority of cell types and tissues. Although there are several reports showing ERAS expression in tumoral cell lines and human tumor samples, it is unknown if ERAS deregulated expression is enough to drive tumor development. In this report, we have generated transgenic mice expressing ERAS in myoepithelial basal cells of the mammary gland and in basal cells of stratified epithelia. In spite of the low level of ERAS expression, these transgenic mice showed phenotypic alterations resembling overgrowth syndromes caused by the activation of the AKT-PI3K pathway. In addition, their mammary glands present developmental and functional disabilities accompanied by morphological and biochemical alterations in the myoepithelial cells. These mice suffer from tumoral transformation in the mammary glands with high incidence. These mammary tumors resemble, both histologically and by the expression of differentiation markers, malignant adenomyoepitheliomas. In sum, our results highlight the importance of ERAS silencing in adult tissues and define a truly oncogenic role for ERAS in mammary gland cells when inappropriately expressed.

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Zhao, Linjing, Hongbing Wu, Mingfeng Qiu, Wei Sun, Runmin Wei, Xiaojiao Zheng, Yiting Yang et al. « Metabolic Signatures of KidneyYangDeficiency Syndrome and Protective Effects of Two Herbal Extracts in Rats Using GC/TOF MS ». Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/540957.

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KidneyYangDeficiency Syndrome (KDS-Yang), a typical condition in Chinese medicine, shares similar clinical signs of the glucocorticoid withdrawal syndrome. To date, the underlying mechanism of KDS-Yanghas been remained unclear, especially at the metabolic level. In this study, we report a metabolomic profiling study on a classical model of KDS-Yangin rats induced by hydrocortisone injection to characterize the metabolic transformation using gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. WKY1, a polysaccharide extract fromAstragalus membranaceusandLycium barbarum, and WKY2, an aqueous extract from a similar formula containingAstragalus membranaceus,Lycium barbarum,Morinda officinalis,Taraxacum mongolicum, andCinnamomum cassia presl, were used separately for protective treatments of KDS-Yang. The changes of serum metabolic profiles indicated that significant alterations of key metabolic pathways in response to abrupt hydrocortisone perturbation, including decreased energy metabolism (lactic acid, acetylcarnitine), lipid metabolism (free fatty acids, 1-monolinoleoylglycerol, and cholesterol), gut microbiota metabolism (indole-3-propionic acid), biosynthesis of catecholamine (norepinephrine), and elevated alanine metabolism, were attenuated or normalized with different degrees by the pretreatment of WKY1 or WKY2, which is consistent with the observations in which the two herbal agents could ameliorate biochemical markers of serum cortisone, adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), and urine 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS).

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DeClue, J. E., K. Zhang, P. Redford, W. C. Vass et D. R. Lowy. « Suppression of src transformation by overexpression of full-length GTPase-activating protein (GAP) or of the GAP C terminus ». Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, n^o 5 (mai 1991) : 2819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.5.2819-2825.1991.

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Overexpression of the full-length GTPase-activating protein (GAP) has recently been shown to suppress c-ras transformation of NIH 3T3 cells but not v-ras transformation (36). Here, we show that focus formation induced by c-src was inhibited by approximately 80% when cotransfected with a plasmid encoding full-length GAP. In a similar assay, focus formation by the activated c-src (Tyr-527 to Phe) gene was inhibited by 33%. Cotransfection of the GAP C terminus coding sequences (which encode the GTPase-accelerating domain) with c-src or c-src527F inhibited transformation more efficiently than did the full-length GAP, while the GAP N terminus coding sequences had no effect on src transformation. When cells transformed by c-ras, c-src, c-src527F, or v-src were transfected with GAP or the GAP C terminus sequence in the presence of a selectable marker, 40 to 85% of the resistant colonies were found to be morphologically revertant. The GAP C terminus induced reversion of each src-transformed cell line more efficiently than the full-length GAP, but this was not the case for reversion of c-ras transformation. Biochemical analysis of v-src revertant subclones showed that the reversion correlated with overexpression of full-length GAP or the GAP C terminus. There was no decrease in the level of pp60src expression or the level of protein-tyrosine phosphorylation in vivo. We conclude that GAP can suppress transformation by src via inhibition of endogenous ras activity, without inhibiting in vivo tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins induced by pp60src, and that src may negatively regulate GAP's inhibitory action on endogenous ras.

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DeClue, J. E., K. Zhang, P. Redford, W. C. Vass et D. R. Lowy. « Suppression of src transformation by overexpression of full-length GTPase-activating protein (GAP) or of the GAP C terminus. » Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, n^o 5 (mai 1991) : 2819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.5.2819.

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Overexpression of the full-length GTPase-activating protein (GAP) has recently been shown to suppress c-ras transformation of NIH 3T3 cells but not v-ras transformation (36). Here, we show that focus formation induced by c-src was inhibited by approximately 80% when cotransfected with a plasmid encoding full-length GAP. In a similar assay, focus formation by the activated c-src (Tyr-527 to Phe) gene was inhibited by 33%. Cotransfection of the GAP C terminus coding sequences (which encode the GTPase-accelerating domain) with c-src or c-src527F inhibited transformation more efficiently than did the full-length GAP, while the GAP N terminus coding sequences had no effect on src transformation. When cells transformed by c-ras, c-src, c-src527F, or v-src were transfected with GAP or the GAP C terminus sequence in the presence of a selectable marker, 40 to 85% of the resistant colonies were found to be morphologically revertant. The GAP C terminus induced reversion of each src-transformed cell line more efficiently than the full-length GAP, but this was not the case for reversion of c-ras transformation. Biochemical analysis of v-src revertant subclones showed that the reversion correlated with overexpression of full-length GAP or the GAP C terminus. There was no decrease in the level of pp60src expression or the level of protein-tyrosine phosphorylation in vivo. We conclude that GAP can suppress transformation by src via inhibition of endogenous ras activity, without inhibiting in vivo tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins induced by pp60src, and that src may negatively regulate GAP's inhibitory action on endogenous ras.

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Micchelli, S. T. L., D. Thomas, J. K. Boitnott et M. Torbenson. « Hepatic giant cells in hepatitis C virus (HCV) mono-infection and HCV/HIV co-infection ». Journal of Clinical Pathology 61, n^o 9 (4 août 2008) : 1058–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2008.058560.

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Background:The clinical and biological significance of syncytial giant cell change of hepatocytes in hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection is poorly understood.Aim:To investigate the clinical and histological correlates of giant cell transformation in the setting of HCV mono-infection and co-infection with HCV and HIV.Methods:The prevalence of hepatocyte giant cell transformation was determined and serological, biochemical and histological findings examined.Results:Among 856 liver biopsy specimens, 22 cases (2.6%) showed giant cell transformation, representing 18 individuals. The median serum ALT was 37 IU/l, AST 49 IU/l, and alkaline phosphatase 97 IU/l. Eleven cases had HCV RNA loads available, with a median HCV RNA of 5.52 log IU/ml. Twelve of 17 individuals with available test results were also HIV positive (71%), compared to 46% of controls (p = 0.08). Giant cell transformation was found exclusively in zone 3 hepatocytes; the accompanying histological findings were otherwise typical of chronic HCV. The hepatic giant cells typically had a cytoplasmic appearance that resembled smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation. Most cases had only mild inflammation and fibrosis, with a median modified hepatic activity index (MHAI) grade of 3/18 and a median MHAI stage of 1/6. Three individuals had follow-up biopsies; all continued to have giant cell change.Conclusion:Giant cell transformation occurs most commonly in the setting of HCV/HIV co-infection, but can also be seen in chronic HCV infection alone. Histologically, giant cells were located in zone 3 hepatocytes, were persistent over time, and do not appear to be a marker of aggressive hepatitis.

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Kim, Taeyun, Hyunji Choi et Sun Min Lee. « Parametric and non-parametric estimation of reference intervals for routine laboratory tests : an analysis of health check-up data for 260 889 young men in the South Korean military ». BMJ Open 12, n^o 7 (juillet 2022) : e062617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062617.

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ObjectivesDetermination of reference intervals (RIs) using big data faces several obstacles due to heterogeneity in analysers, period and ethnicity. The present study aimed to establish the RIs for routine common blood count (CBC) and biochemistry laboratory tests in homogeneous, healthy, male Korean soldiers in their 20s using a large health check-up data set, comparing parametric and non-parametric estimation.DesignA multicentre, cross-sectional study.SettingSeven armed forces hospitals in South Korea.ParticipantsA total of 609 649 men underwent health examination when promoted to corporal between January 2015 and September 2021. 260 889 eligible individuals aged 20–25 were included in the analysis.Main outcomes and measuresThe RIs were established by parametric and non-parametric methods. In the parametric approach, maximum likelihood estimation was applied to measure the Box-Cox transformation parameter and the values at the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were recalculated. The non-parametric approach adopted the Tukey’s exclusion test and the values at the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were obtained. Classification by body mass index was also performed.ResultsThe obtained RIs for haematology parameters were comparable between devices. If the values followed a Gaussian distribution, parametric and non-parametric methods were well matched for haematology and biochemical markers. When the values were right-skewed, the upper limits were higher with parametric than with non-parametric methods. Participants with obesity showed higher RIs for CBC, some liver function tests and some lipid profiles than participants without obesity.ConclusionsUsing data from healthy, male Korean soldiers in their 20s, we proposed the RIs for CBC and biochemical parameters, comparing parametric and non-parametric estimation. As such approaches based on large data sets become more prevalent, further studies are needed to discriminate eligible individuals and determine RIs in an extrapolated sample.

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Darenskaya, Marina A., Lubov I. Kolesnikova et Sergey I. Kolesnikov. « Free radical reactions in socially significant infectious diseases : HIV infection, hepatitis, tuberculosis ». Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 75, n^o 3 (31 août 2020) : 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn1328.

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The analysis of current literature data on the study of the features of the course of free-radical reactions, as well as the state of the antioxidant defense system at socially significant infectious diseases HIV infection, hepatitis, tuberculosis was carried out. The role of this kind of reaction in the genesis and progression of socially significant infections a long time has been studied. Foreign studies of recent years have been focused on the identification of specific markers of oxidative and carbonyl stress, which make it possible to identify the redox imbalance of the cell under conditions of infection and target affect it to modulate the activity of the main transcription factors of viral proteins and the bacteria pathogenicity. Numerous sources indicate the involvement of active oxygen metabolites in a wide range of events in infected cells and tissues, including neoplastic transformation processes. These biochemical markers can be used as additional criteria for monitoring the progression of infection. At the same time, noticeable gaps in this area there are that may become the goal of future research. The issues of changing free radical reactions depending on gender, age, place of residence of patients remain practically unstudied. There is little data about intensity of oxidative stress in patients of reproductive age with HIV, hepatitis B and C, and pulmonary tuberculosis, as well as the relationship of antioxidant deficiency with reproductive disorders in conditions of infection. These data could serve as the basis for the development of pathogenetically substantiated methods for the correction of socially significant infectious diseases. Modulation of the production of reactive oxygen metabolites and oxidative stress is a potentially new pharmacological approach to reduce the effects of viral and bacterial exposure.

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S., Vinod Kanna, et Jayabalan N. « Transformation and confirmation of GUS gene expression in Solanum melongena L. of PLR 1 cultivar ». Annals of Plant Sciences 7, n^o 4 (31 mars 2018) : 2185. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/aps.2018.7.4.19.

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In the present study GUS gene transformation was carried out in eggplant using Agrobacterium strain with pBAL2 vector harboring gus gene and nptII as selection marker gene. The factors which are affecting (enhancing) the frequency of transient gus gene expression are different physical and biochemical variables has been carried out. It is observed that the 4 day precultured explants showed the minimum survival rate in the medium when compared with 2-day co cultivated medium. The explants which had undergone co-cultivation for 4 to 5 days showed GUS activity, the tissues were adversely affected due to the overgrowth of bacteria. The gene specific primers for nptII and gus gene were used for amplification and it has given 680bp and 1.9 kb amplified fragments respectively and recorded. The band was detected in the selected plants, but it was absent from the negative control (non-transformed) plant in the Southern hybridization. Our experiment showed 0.80-1.60 percentage of efficiency in transformation. With a total of 849 infected shoots were undergone confirmation tests which results 9 PCR positives (1.06% efficiency). The Transformant kept in the Environmental Growth Chamber and transferred to field condition subsequently.

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Khatami, Fatemeh, et Seyed Mohammad Tavangar. « Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes from Genetic and Epigenetic Perspectives ». Biomarker Insights 13 (1 janvier 2018) : 117727191878512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177271918785129.

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Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes are infrequent inherited disorders in which more than one endocrine glands develop noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant) tumors or grow excessively without forming tumors. There are 3 famous and well-known forms of MEN syndromes (MEN 1, MEN 2A, and MEN 2B) and a newly documented one (MEN4). These syndromes are infrequent and occurred in all ages and both men and women. Usually, germ line mutations that can be resulted in neoplastic transformation of anterior pituitary, parathyroid glands, and pancreatic islets in addition to gastrointestinal tract can be an indicator for MEN1. The medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) in association with pheochromocytoma and/or multiple lesions of parathyroid glands with hyperparathyroidism can be pointer of MEN2 which can be subgrouped into the MEN 2A, MEN 2B, and familial MTC syndromes. There are no distinct biochemical markers that allow identification of familial versus nonfamilial forms of the tumors, but familial MTC usually happens at a younger age than sporadic MTC. The MEN1 gene (menin protein) is in charge of MEN 1 disease, CDNK1B for MEN 4, and RET proto-oncogene for MEN 2. The focus over the molecular targets can bring some hope for both diagnosis and management of MEN syndromes. In the current review, we look at this disease and responsible genes and their cell signaling pathway involved.

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Buckin, Vitaly. « High-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy ». Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 7, n^o 1 (29 mars 2018) : 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-207-2018.

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Abstract. High-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy (HR-US) is an analytical technique for direct and non-destructive monitoring of molecular and micro-structural transformations in liquids and semi-solid materials. It is based on precision measurements of ultrasonic velocity and attenuation in analysed samples. The application areas of HR-US in research, product development, and quality and process control include analysis of conformational transitions of polymers, ligand binding, molecular self-assembly and aggregation, crystallisation, gelation, characterisation of phase transitions and phase diagrams, and monitoring of chemical and biochemical reactions. The technique does not require optical markers or optical transparency. The HR-US measurements can be performed in small sample volumes (down to droplet size), over broad temperature range, at ambient and elevated pressures, and in various measuring regimes such as automatic temperature ramps, titrations and measurements in flow.

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Kumar, Sumit, Dushyant Kumar, Prashant Sharma et Anita Punia. « Challenges and Opportunities in Bioprospecting for Sustainable Biofuel Production : Current Status and Future Perspectives ». International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, n^o 5 (10 mai 2022) : 230–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1105.027.

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Increasing global energy demand and environmental concerns associated with petroleum have raised interest in biofuels to reduce dependency on crude oil and promote carbon-neutral energy generation. The information available suggests that biomass can become a sustainable and significant contributor to current energy demands if research and development in the field of thermochemical transformation for various biomass types are encouraged. The primary products of biofuel may be in a gas, liquid, or solid form. These products can be further converted by biochemical, physical, and thermochemical methods. The first generation of biofuels is ethanol derived from food crops rich in starch or biodiesel made from waste animal fats such as cooking grease. The second generation is bioethanol derived from non-food cellulosic biomass and biodiesel taken from oil-rich plant seeds, such as soybeans or jatropha. The third generation of biofuels is made from cyanobacteria, microalgae, and other microbes, and it is the most promising approach to meeting the world's energy demands. The era of biofuel production desires the ability to conclude formal incorporation of functional genomics metabolomics with transcriptomics will undoubtedly support the discovery. This review focuses on the production of biofuel through molecular marker technology, next-generation technology, and biochemical process.

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Joshi, Jaya, Kundendu Arya Bishen, Sonam Gehi, Pratiksha Kumar, Anand Krishna Singh et Puneet Gupta. « Association of Increased Red Cell Distribution Width with Malignant Transformation of Oral Submucous Fibrosis ». Dental Journal of Advance Studies 07, n^o 03 (décembre 2019) : 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701146.

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Abstract Introduction Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is associated with nutritional deficiencies—primarily of iron and vitamins and usually seem to be associated with anemia. Red cell distribution width (RDW) is one of the routinely assessed parameters in complete blood picture analysis of any patient. It measures range of variation in erythrocyte size. A high RDW value has been associated to adverse outcomes in several diseases and risk of death. However, the relationship of RDW and OSMF is yet to be established. Aim To analyze the association of RDW levels and other erythrocytic indices with clinical staging and prognosis of OSMF patients. Materials and Methods Analysis of clinical stage and hematologic status of 86 patients comprising the study group (OSMF cases and OSMF with malignant changes) and control group was performed. It was done using Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance test. Results The values of mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were below normal from the onset of oral submucous fibrosis and they continued to decrease as the disease progressed. On other hand, RDW values were found to be in normal range in initial stages of disease and they became high in stage IV OSMF and increased further in OSMF patients with malignant changes. Conclusion We observed that higher values of RDW are strongly and independently associated with OSMF and OSCC, suggesting that RDW may contribute as most economic novel biochemical marker for progression and malignant transformation of OSMF.

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Onelli, Elisabetta, Monica Scali, Marco Caccianiga, Nadia Stroppa, Piero Morandini, Giulio Pavesi et Alessandra Moscatelli. « Microtubules play a role in trafficking prevacuolar compartments to vacuoles in tobacco pollen tubes ». Open Biology 8, n^o 10 (octobre 2018) : 180078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.180078.

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Fine regulation of exocytosis and endocytosis plays a basic role in pollen tube growth. Excess plasma membrane secreted during pollen tube elongation is known to be retrieved by endocytosis and partially reused in secretory pathways through the Golgi apparatus. Dissection of endocytosis has enabled distinct degradation pathways to be identified in tobacco pollen tubes and has shown that microtubules influence the transport of plasma membrane internalized in the tip region to vacuoles. Here, we used different drugs affecting the polymerization state of microtubules together with SYP21, a marker of prevacuolar compartments, to characterize trafficking of prevacuolar compartments in Nicotiana tabacum pollen tubes. Ultrastructural and biochemical analysis showed that microtubules bind SYP21-positive microsomes. Transient transformation of pollen tubes with LAT52-YFP-SYP21 revealed that microtubules play a key role in the delivery of prevacuolar compartments to tubular vacuoles.

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Hodolic, Marina, Marino Cimitan et Jure Fettich. « Importance of Gleason score on 18F-choline PET/CT findings in patients with biochemical relapse of prostate cancer disease (PSA<1.0 ng/ml). » Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, n^o 6_suppl (20 février 2013) : 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.6_suppl.86.

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86 Background: Not all tumors show significant increase of metabolic activity on 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging. This is particularly true for prostate cancer, neuroendocrine tumors and hepatic tumors. As a component of cell membrane phospholipids, choline is an excellent biomarker for the malignant transformation and increased proliferation of cells. 18F-choline (18F-FCH) PET/CT is a nuclear medicine procedure that has greater sensitivity and accuracy than 18F-FDG PET/CT to detect prostate malignancy: sensitivity 73% vs. 31% and accuracy 67% vs. 53%, respectively. The efficiency of FCH to detect prostate cancer disease before and after treatment is related to the PSA levels. Evaluation of recurrent disease with 18F-FCH PET/CT imaging in patients with prostate cancer disease is becoming a routine procedure. Purpose: To investigate the role of Gleason score (GS), as a marker of proliferation, on 18F-FCH PET/CT findings in patients with biochemical relapse of prostate cancer disease defined as increased level of prostate specific antigen (PSA). Methods: 140 patients with biochemical relapse (PSA<1.0 ng/ml) underwent 18F-FCH PET/CT scan after treatment: radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy alone or combined treatment. Results: 18F-FCH PET/CT detected prostate cancer recurrence in 97% of patients with GS>7, 82% of patients with GS=7 and 63% of patients with GS<7. All patients had PSA between 0.2 and 1.0 ng/ml. Out of 140 patients 43% had recurrence in prostatic bed and 57% patients had local metastasis. Conclusions: Prostate cancer proliferation defined as Gleason score, influence 18F-FCH PET/CT findings in patients with biochemical relapse of prostate cancer disease at any PSA level.

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Stepanov, Y. M., N. V. Nedzvetskaya, V. B. Yagmur et I. S. Konenko. « The significance of hepatic transaminases and ultrasound in the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ». Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 9, n^o 1 (16 mars 2018) : 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021815.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by fatty liver infiltration without any another common cause of steatosis (severe alcohol, drugs, etc.). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with metabolic risk factors, which are diabetes type 2, dyslipidemia, obesity, and in some cases, it has a genetic predisposition as a main cause. The liver biopsy remains the “gold standard” for assessing the degree of steatosis, necrosis and liver fibrosis. However, non-invasive investigations, especially biochemical markers and visualization methods remain the first-line diagnostic analyses, as well as assessment of the response to treatment. In view of this, the aim of our research was to evaluate the validity of biochemical parameters of liver function and ultrasound in the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Patients diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were studied in this research Every patient underwent to both an examination and treatment in the Department of Liver and Pancreatic Diseases at the Institute of Gastroenterology, NAMS of Ukraine. All patients were exposed to ultrasound visualization of the abdominal organs, standard biochemical studies (content analyses of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin and its fractions, activity of alkaline phosphatase, gammaglutamyltranspeptidase, X-lipoproteins, total protein, albumin, fibrinogen, international normalized ratio) were performed in the blood serum . Increased echogenicity of the liver and distal decrement of ultrasound, as the main ultrasonographic symptoms of liver steatosis, were determined with high incidence in all patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A number of symptoms (heterogeneity of the echo-structure of the liver of medium and coarse-grained nature, roundness of the lower edge of the liver, inequalities in the liver contour), the frequency of which is more closely related to the severity of inflammatory, as well as fibrotic changes, were observed more often in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis compared with steatosis. The deterioration in the visualization of small branches of the liver veins was determined as a result of the smoothness of the vascular pattern and its depletion. Moreover, the results showed an increment of the spleen volume, along with the enlargement of the splenic vein of patients with cirrhosis. All observed changes were considered as a component of portal hypertension and were induced with fibrotic transformation of the liver. The lack of correlation of the degree of fibrosis with the content of transaminases confirms the low diagnostic significance of these indicators. Nevertheless, the moderate direct correlation of the determined ultrasonographic indexes with degree of the fibrosis in the liver indicates the possibility of using this method for screening non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

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Tugarova, M. A. « Indicator signs of carbonate microbialites in black shale formations : isotopic composition and biomarkers ». Vestnik of Geosciences 11 (2021) : 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/geov.2021.11.5.

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Carbonate rocks represented by nodules, lenses, layers of different morphology and length are typical for the black shale formations of different ages. They are of the greatest interest in oil source rocks as indicators of complex and not always unambiguously interpreted geological processes. A special place among these sedimentary bodies is occupied by microbialites, which indicate suppression of development of marine organic biocenoses, and often reflect emanation processes in ancient strata. Proof of these phenomena is fundamentally important for predicting and assessing the oil and gas potential of unconventional reservoirs. On the example of carbonate solids of Triassic and Jurassic black shale formations, we present a complex analytical method to determine the microbial biochemical genesis of rocks on the base of the isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen, together with the hydrocarbon molecular markers of organic matter. The geochemical features of the isolated microbialites suggest that they are resulted from a complex history of black shale formations, which reflects both background lithogenetic transformations and superimposed processes, including high-temperature hydrothermal ones.

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Kostyushov, V. V., et I. I. Bokal. « Role of thioldisulfid of system in mechanism of oxidative stress and distress at HIV of infection ». Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 56, n^o 2 (2010) : 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20105602290.

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In the article general conformities to law and features of violation of the thioldisulfid an redox system of whey of blood are described for patients with the without a symptom transmitter of HIV and manifestly forms AIDS. The role of her components is grounded - general, protein and non protein -SH, -S-S- groups in the mechanism of forming of oxidative stress and distress at HIV of infection. The clinic and laboratory criterions of expressed of peroxides processes are specified on the indexes of violation of redox transformations of -SH, -S-S- groups, neutralization and utilization of MDA and stability of LPC in the whey of blood at HIV of infection. Found out intercommunication between expressed of violation of the studied indexes, oxidative stress and distress and features of clinical flow of HIV of infection, allowed authors to attribute this pathology to "free radical diseases". In this connection, indicated analytic it is suggested to use as additional biochemical markers of oxidative stress and distress, and also for the ground of setting of antioxidants and their combinations in complex prophylactic or therapeutic application at HIVof infection.

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Palomero, Teresa, Francesco Abate, Ana Carolina da Silva Almeida, Sakellarios Zairis, Javier Robles-Valero, Lucile Couronne, Hossein Khiabanian et al. « VAV1 Activating Mutations and Translocations in Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas ». Blood 128, n^o 22 (2 décembre 2016) : 2741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.2741.2741.

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Abstract Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) are malignant and highly aggressive hematologic tumors arising from mature post thymic T-cells. The diagnosis of PTCL includes diverse lymphoma subgroups, altogether accounting for about 15% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Despite much effort in developing reliable diagnostic markers, the diagnosis of PTCLs is challenging and 20-30% of cases are diagnosed as PTCL-NOS (not otherwise specified). This heterogeneous and poorly defined group of lymphomas is frequently characterized by chemotherapy resistance and a very poor prognosis. Here we report the presence of recurrent driver activating genetic alterations in the VAV1 gene in PTCL, NOS. RNA-seq analysis of a comprehensive series of 154 PTCLs and targeted sequencing identified VAV1 gene fusions with different partners including VAV1-THAP4, VAV1-MYO1F and VAV1-S100A7. In all cases the resulting oncoproteins lack the C-terminal SH3 domain of VAV1, a motif implicated in the negative regulation of VAV1 signaling, leading to increased activation of VAV1 catalytic-dependent (MAPK, JNK) and non-catalytic-dependent (NFAT) VAV1 effector pathways. In addition, and most notably, we also identified focal microdeletions at the VAV1 intron 25-exon 26 boundary, which result in the activation of an alternative intraexonic splice acceptor site and the consequent expression of mis-splicing-driven mutant transcripts harboring a recurrent VAV1 Δ778-786 in-frame deletion. Mechanistically, the VAV1 Δ778-786 mutation removes 9 amino acids proximal to the C-terminal VAV1 SH3 domain and induces in increased VAV1 activation and signaling in biochemical assays. In all, these results support a driver role for oncogenic VAV1 signaling in T-cell transformation of major importance for the design of targeted therapies for the treatment of PTCL, NOS. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Coleman, Julian O. D., Richard P. Haslam et Andrew L. Downie. « Transcriptomics and Proteomics : Tools for Optimising Phytoremediation Activities ». Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 60, n^o 7-8 (1 août 2005) : 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2005-7-806.

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Negligent industrial development has greatly contributed to environmental pollution through the contamination of water and soil by xenobiotic organic chemicals. Remedial strategies to deal with chemical pollution require reliable methods to identify and monitor contamination, as well as effective procedures to attenuate or to eliminate the pollutant. In the food chain, plants are ideally placed as early bio-indicators of environmental pollution as they experience and respond to environmental toxicants sooner than organisms at higher trophic levels. Furthermore, some plants are capable of detoxifying anthropogenic chemicals by metabolic transformation and could prove useful for the remediation of contaminated water and soil: so-called phytoremediation. So far research technologies aimed at developing plants for bio-indication/bio-monitoring and for remediation have largely relied on standardised chemical and biochemical procedures to evaluate phytotoxicity, metabolic fate and persistence of organic pollutants in plants. The next stage in the evolution of these plant-based technologies is the improvement and optimisation of any innate phytoremediation activities identified in selected plants. In general, uptake followed by metabolism and compartmentation is responsible for the detoxification of organic xenobiotics in plants. These are complex cellular systems that may be organised in well-defined pathways and are often controlled by large families of genes. In order to elucidate complex traits such as detoxification, an emerging idea is to make use of global approaches such as the new “omic” technologies to identify molecular changes in plant tissues exposed to specific organic xenobiotics. From expression profiles at the messenger RNA level, transcriptomics permit the identification of function-related gene clusters and at the protein level proteomics provide information on where, when and at what level specific proteins accumulate. We conclude that these global approaches may be a useful way of widening screening capability to identify appropriate molecular markers that can be used to improve detoxification activity.

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Bryja, Artur, Marta Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska, Maurycy Jankowski, Piotr Celichowski, Katarzyna Stefańska, Agata Chamier-Gliszczyńska, Blanka Borowiec et al. « Cation homeostasis and transport related gene markers are differentially expressed in porcine buccal pouch mucosal cells during long-term cells primary culture in vitro ». Medical Journal of Cell Biology 6, n^o 3 (1 décembre 2018) : 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acb-2018-0014.

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Abstract The mucous membrane is composed of two layers. The layer of stratified squamous epithelium and the underlying layer of the connective tissue. The epithelium is composed of keratinocytes that are in different stages of differentiation, depending on their localization. In our research, after isolation of primary in vitro cultured buccal pouch mucosal cells, we observed keratinocytes in various stages of differentiation and fibroblasts. These cells, depending on the ionic dynamics, may be subject to different morphological and biochemical transformations. Understanding the expression profile of the normal oral mucosal tissue is important for further research into the effects of biomaterials on the mucosal cells, their growth, proliferation, and differentiation. The porcine buccal pouch mucosal cells were used in this study. The oral mucosa was separated surgically and isolated enzymatically. The cells were in vitro cultured for 30 days, and after each step of in vitro culture (7 days, 15 days, 30 days), samples were collected for isolation of total RNA. The gene expression profile was measured using Affymetrix microarray assays. In results, we observed genes belonging to two ontology groups: cation homeostasis and cation transport. These genes were up-regulated after 7 days of in vitro culture as compared to down-regulation after 15 and 30 days of in vitro culture. These results suggested that dynamic growth, proliferation and cell adhesion are more intense in the first 7 days of in vitro culture. We also observed, for the first time, the expression of ATP13A3 in porcine oral mucosal cells.

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Swamy, K. Mallikarjuna, et Arati Ganiger. « Level of serum lactate dehydrogenase in oral submucous fibrosis ». International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 2, n^o 4 (26 septembre 2016) : 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20163472.

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Background: Oral cancer is one of the most common form of malignancies in India. In many cases it develops at the site of premalignant lesion. Of all oral premalignant conditions, oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is of greater concern because of its disabling nature and relative greater chances of malignant transformation. Transformation of normal tissue to premalignant lesion and further to oral cancer results in alteration in glycolytic pathway and hence the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. The aim of this study was to estimate the LDH levels in serum of subjects with OSMF and to compare them with healthy controls and to correlate the relationship between pathogenesis of OSMF and the LDH enzyme.Methods: It is a case control study. The study included 40 diagnosed cases of OSMF and 40 matched healthy controls. Venous blood of 3 ml was collected in both cases and controls. Serum was separated by centrifugation and LDH was estimated by using standard kits. Statistical analysis was done using student ‘t’ test. Pearson's correlation was performed to establish the relationship between study variables. Results: It was observed that serum LDH levels were significantly increased in cases of OSMF as compared to controls (p <0.005).Conclusions: Serum LDH was significantly increased in OSMF and can be used as a valuable biochemical marker in prognosis of OSMF.

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Ahmed, Mohamed H. « Biochemical Markers ». American Journal of Clinical Pathology 127, n^o 1 (janvier 2007) : 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/jxwum661t8vt1etx.

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McGhee, J. D., J. C. Birchall, M. A. Chung, D. A. Cottrell, L. G. Edgar, P. C. Svendsen et D. C. Ferrari. « Production of null mutants in the major intestinal esterase gene (ges-1) of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. » Genetics 125, n^o 3 (1 juillet 1990) : 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/125.3.505.

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Abstract The ges-1 gene of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans codes for a nonspecific carboxylesterase that is expressed only in the intestinal lineage. This esterase has turned out to be a convenient biochemical marker for lineage-specific differentiation. In the present paper, we describe the production of several C. elegans strains that lack detectable activity of the ges-1 esterase. To isolate these ges-1 null strains, we first produced a strain of hermaphrodites in which the wild-type copy of the ges-1 gene was stably balanced over a previously isolated isoelectric focusing allele, ges-1(ca6); this parental strain was then mutagenized with EMS and isoelectric focusing gels were used to identify progeny populations that lacked either ges-1(+) or ges-1(ca6) esterase activity. This method is a straightforward and general approach to obtaining null mutations in any gene that has a biochemical or immunological assay. The ges-1 gene is not essential to worm survival, development or reproduction. Furthermore, lack of the ges-1 product has no obvious effect on the ability of worms (containing either normal or greatly reduced levels of acetylcholinesterases) to survive exposure to esterase inhibitors. The ges-1 gene product provides roughly half of the total esterase activity measured in crude extracts of L1 larvae or mixed worm populations. However, histochemical staining of individual ges-1(0) embryos shows that the ges-1 esterase is the first and essentially the only esterase to be produced during embryonic development, from the midproliferation phase up to at least the twofold stage of morphogenesis. These ges-1(0) strains now allow us to investigate the developmental control of the ges-1 gene by DNA-mediated transformation, in which the ges-1 gene acts as its own reporter.

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Sobierajska, Ciszewski, Wawro, Wieczorek-Szukała, Boncela, Papiewska-Pajak, Niewiarowska et Kowalska. « TUBB4B Downregulation Is Critical for Increasing Migration of Metastatic Colon Cancer Cells ». Cells 8, n^o 8 (1 août 2019) : 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8080810.

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Tumor metastasis, the major problem for clinical oncology in colon cancer treatment, is linked with an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The observed cellular transformation in this process is manifested by cell elongation, enhanced cell migration and invasion ability, coordinated by cytoskeleton reorganization. In the present study, we examined the role of tubulin-β4 (TUBB4B) downregulation that occurs during EMT in colon cancer cells, in the modulation of the function of microtubules. Based on biochemical and behavioral analysis (transmigration) we posit that the decrease of the TUBB4B level is critical for microtubule-vimentin interaction and contributes to the maintenance of polarity in migrating cells. The microscopic studies revealed that TUBB4B decrease is accompanied by cell elongation and increased number of matured focal adhesion sites, which is a characteristic of the cell metastatic stage. We also demonstrated faster polymerization of microtubules in cells with a lower level of TUBB4B. Simultaneous TUBB3 upregulation, reported during EMT, acts additively in this process. Our studies suggest that the protein level of TUBB4B could be used as a marker for detection of the preinvasive stages of the colon cancer cells. We also concluded that chemotherapy enriched to increase TUBB4B level and/or to stabilize microtubule polymerization might more effectively prevent metastasis in colon cancer development.

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Ramm, G. A., R. S. Britton, R. O'Neill, W. S. Blaner et B. R. Bacon. « Vitamin A-poor lipocytes : a novel desmin-negative lipocyte subpopulation, which can be activated to myofibroblasts ». American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 269, n^o 4 (1 octobre 1995) : G532—G541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1995.269.4.g532.

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Lipocytes have been classified as vitamin A-storing, desmin-positive cells. In hepatic fibrogenesis, lipocytes transform into myofibroblasts, which express alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and produce increased amounts of collagen. We isolated a population of vitamin A-poor lipocytes (VAPL) from normal rat liver and examined the morphological and biochemical differences between VAPL and vitamin A-replete lipocytes (VARL). Desmin and alpha-SMA expression were determined by Western blot in quiescent cells and in cells activated by culture on uncoated plastic. Both cell types were alpha-SMA-negative; however, in contrast to VARL, freshly isolated VAPL did not contain desmin. Desmin expression was induced in VAPL on activation. With time in culture, both VAPL and VARL expressed alpha-SMA and produced collagen, indicative of transformation to myofibroblasts. Ferritin receptor expression was demonstrated in cultured VARL after 1 day and in VAPL after 5 days, indicating that this is an early marker of lipocyte activation. After 7 days, VARL and VAPL were indistinguishable in terms of desmin, ferritin receptor expression, and collagen production. This study demonstrates the first isolation and characterization of two distinct quiescent subpopulations of lipocytes from normal rat liver: desmin-negative VAPL and desmin-positive VARL. Both populations of cells can be activated to myofibroblasts, the phenotype associated with hepatic fibrogenesis.

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Shardakov, V., E. Nazarova, J. Suchorukova et I. Dokshina. « Features of the immune status in chronic hepatitis C in patients with lymphopriliferative diseases ». Immunopathology, Allergology, Infectology 2021, n^o 2 (1 avril 2021) : 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14427/jipai.2021.2.18.

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Tumor transformation of immunocompetent cells in patients with chronic lymphoproliferative diseases (CLPD) leads to the formation of secondary immune deficiency, which increases the prevalence of infectious complications. Whether the presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the formation of chronic hepatitis (HCV) further weaken the immunoreactivity of the patient, remains poorly understood. The purpose of this work was to reveal the patterns of HCG formation in patients with CLPD with a detailed analysis of immune disorders associated with the chronicity of viral hepatitis C. Another aim of the study was to disclose the patterns of HCG formation in patients with CLP with a detailed analysis of immune disorders associated with the chronicity of viral hepatitis C. The comparative assessment of immunological and biochemical parameters was carried out in 110 patients with HCV (85 – chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 25 – non- Hodgkin lymphoma), with the presence of hepatitis C virus markers (n=20) and 90 patients negative for HCV. To identify intergroup differences, the method of nonparametric statistics was used: the Mann-Whitney criterion. Results. It was found that the group of HCV-infected patients is represented by younger persons compared to uninfected patients (median age – 44 years vs. 60 years, p=0.004). Analyzing the state of the immune system, we have revealed that regardless of the presence of chronic hepatitis C, all patients had a defect in both cellular and humoral immunity. The degree of immune deficiency did not have a direct dependence on viral liver damage. Moreover, in the presence of HCV infection, there was an increase in the microbicidal activity of neutrophils, as well as an increase in the expression of CD95+ on lymphoid cells. Cytokine levels during HCV contamination fluctuated in different directions. There was an increase in the level of ALT in the group of patients with HCV. Findings. The formation of immune deficiency in patients with CLPD is largely associated with the presence of oncopathology and practically does not depend on the presence of chronic hepatitis C.

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