Thèses sur le sujet « Bimodal Interaction »

Människan inhämtar och bearbetar information via sina sinnen för att skapa en bild av omvärlden. Mängden information som människan kan bearbeta är begränsad, speciellt i komplexa miljöer där flera uppgifter ska utföras. Fokus för denna studie är att reducera piloters kognitiva belastning för att underlätta i svåra flygsituationer. Ett stort problem idag är att när en pilot förlorar yttre visuella referenser så kan spatial desorientering uppstå. Ett resultat av det kan vara att helikoptern börjar driva utan att piloten märker något. Förutom en grundpanel som piloter alltid har tillgång till har fyra olika potentiella stöd, för att motverka drift, jämförts i ett experiment. Displayerna som skulle kunna ge stöd avseende drift är en visuell display, en taktil väst samt en kombination av den visuella displayen och den taktila västen, även kallad bimodal display. 12 deltagare deltog i experimentet och 8 av dem var studenter. Resultatet visar att deltagarna presterar signifikant sämre med grundpanelen än med de övriga displayerna. Resultatet visar också att prestationen med en taktil väst eller bimodal display inte skiljer sig från en visuell display. Detta är ett lovande resultat som tyder på att prestationen av att undvika drift med en taktil- eller en bimodal display är likvärdig en välbeprövad visuell display. Det i sin tur betyder att informationen skulle kunna delas upp på flera sinnen och reducera kognitiv belastning. Om informationen avseende drift kan delas upp på flera sinnen finns det resurser kvar att lägga på andra uppgifter, till exempel att spana ut i luftrummet istället för att titta på instrument inne i cockpit.

Lo spazio peripersonale (SPP) rappresenta una regione privilegiata di spazio immediatamente circostante il nostro corpo in cui stimoli visivi e tattili vengono integrati nelle aree cerebrali fronto-parietali (Hunley & Lourenco, 2018). L’ampiezza di SPP non è fissa ma può essere regolata da diversi fattori (Fogassi et al., 1996). Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di indagare come l’integrazione visuo-tattile possa essere modulata dalla valenza intrinseca e acquisita degli stimoli visivi e da stati emotivi legati all’ansia. Negli Studi 1 e 3 è stato utilizzato il paradigma di interazione visuo-tattile (Canzoneri et al., 2012) in cui stimoli tattili venivano somministrati mentre stimoli visivi in avvicinamento a valenza intrinseca (Studio 1) e acquisita (Studio 3) si trovavano a specifiche distanze dal corpo dei partecipanti. I risultati dei due studi sono analoghi: a brevi distanze, tutti gli stimoli visivi comportano una facilitazione dell’elaborazione del tattile, a lunghe distanze dal corpo, invece, solo gli stimoli connotati da valenza modulano le interazioni visuo-tattili. Lo studio 2 è stato condotto per escludere che possibili effetti di aspettativa tattile potessero spiegare i risultati ottenuti nei due precedenti studi. Utilizzando lo stesso paradigma di interazione visuo-tattile, ora gli stimoli visivi si allontanano dal corpo anziché avvicinarsi ad esso. Contrariamente ai due studi summenzionati, si è qui riscontrato che la valenza degli stimoli non esercita nessun effetto sulla percezione spaziale, confermando dunque la validità degli Studi 1 e 3. Lo Studio 4 si propone di indagare le oscillazioni neurali sottostanti le interazioni visuo-tattili. Nello specifico, si vorrebbe replicare il risultato ottenuto da Wamain et al. (2016) il quale ha riportato un gradiente di attivazione della corteccia sensorimotoria dallo spazio peripersonale a quello extrapersonale, soltanto quando il compito richiedeva al soggetto una chiara intenzione motoria. Utilizzando un compito di discriminazione tattile, i partecipanti venivano invitati a rispondere ad una vibrazione consegnata sulla mano destra mentre osservavano stimoli visivi a valenza positiva e negativa, posizionati a varie distanze dal corpo. I risultati mostrano una chiara attivazione motoria quando tutti gli stimoli sono posizionati nello spazio peripersonale ma non in quello extrapersonale, portando prove a sostegno dell’esistenza di un sistema di codifica di SPP sottostante l’integrazione visuo-tattile (Maravita et al., 2003, Làdavas & Farnè, 2004). Nessun effetto legato alla valenza è stato registrato, avvalorando dunque i dati ottenuti nei precedenti esperimenti. Lo studio 5 è volto ad indagare come la congruenza tra stimoli visivi e tattili nello spazio sia modellata da stati emotivi legati ad ansia di stato e di tratto (Spielberger, 1983). Adottando una versione rivisitata del paradigma di Ordine di Giudizio Temporale (Filbrich et al., 2017), i partecipanti venivano invitati a riportare l’ordine di presentazione di stimoli visivi posizionati vicino o lontano dal proprio corpo, ignorando degli stimoli tattili consegnati 200 ms prima degli stimoli bersaglio. Tale procedura è stata somministrata prima e dopo il compito di induzione dell’ansia. Nonostante non sia stato replicato il generale effetto di facilitazione di congruenza visuo-tattile nello spazio vicino, è stato riscontrato che i soggetti con alta ansia di stato e di tratto mostrano rispettivamente un effetto inibitorio e facilitatorio dello stimolo tattile sull’elaborazione del visivo. Questo risultato è compatibile con studi già presenti in letteratura indicanti un ridotto controllo top-down per stimoli minacciosi nei soggetti ad alta ansia di stato (Bishop et al., 2004) e un compromesso controllo esecutivo nei soggetti ad alta ansia di tratto (Pacheco-Unguetti et al., 2010).
Peripersonal Space (PPS) is a privileged region of space, immediately surrounding our body, in which visual and bodily signals are promptly integrated in fronto-parietal areas of the brain (Hunley & Lourenco, 2018). PPS amplitude is not fixed, but it can be dynamically shaped by specific experimental manipulations (Fogassi et al., 1996). In Study 1 and 3, we tried to disentangle how visuo-tactile integration in space can be shaped by intrinsic and learned valence of objects. By using a visuo-tactile interaction paradigm, participants were asked to respond to a tactile stimulus while an approaching visual one (with intrinsic and learned valence in Study 1 and 3, respectively) was located at specific distances from their body (Canzoneri et al., 2012). The results of Study 1 and 3 seem aligned to each other: positive and negative stimuli entail larger visuo-tactile interactions in space than neutral ones. Indeed, at longer distances from the body, visuo-tactile interactions are dynamically modulated by valence-connoted looming visual stimuli. At shorter distances, instead, all stimuli acquire saliency regardless of their intrinsic or acquired valence, due to their proximity to the body. Study 3 aims to exclude that the above-mentioned results might be due to tactile expectancy (Kandula et al., 2017). Indeed, the more the visual stimulus approaches the body without tactile input, the more the bodily stimulus expectancy increases (Umbach et al. 2012). By using the same visual stimuli – that now recede away from participants’ body - and spatial distances as in Study 1, it was shown that the different valence of the stimuli is not able to produce any kind of effect in space, thus stressing the validity of the findings reported in Studies 1 and 3. Study 4 investigates the neuronal oscillations related to visuo-tactile coupling in near and far space for both positive and negative visual stimuli. In particular, we would like to replicate Wamain et al. (2016) results, which state that objects in near space are coded in motor terms, but only when the goal of the perceiver is to interact with them. By using a tactile discrimination task while valence-connoted visual stimuli were presented in near or far space, we found beta power desynchronization in near space over sensorimotor cortex, thus revealing a motor activation for valence-connoted visual stimuli close to the body but not when they were located far from it. This result corroborates the presence of such a multisensory system in the human brain (Maravita et al., 2003, Làdavas & Farnè, 2004). However, no effect of valence was found in the present EEG task, thus confirming Study 1 and 3 results. Study 5 explores how state and trait anxiety (Spielberger, 1983) can alter the prioritizing effect of congruent visuo-tactile stimulation in space. By adopting a revised version of the Temporal Order Judgment task as in Filbrich et al. (2017), participants were asked to report the order of near or far visual stimulus presentation before and after doing an anxiety provoking task, trying to ignore a tactile cue. Despite we were unable to report an overall prioritizing effect of congruent visuo-tactile interaction in near space, it has been found that participants who experienced a higher temporary state of anxiety showed an inhibitory effect of the congruent tactile cue on the near visual stimulus processing. On the other side, high trait anxiety participants’ response to the congruent multisensory stimulation seems to be more facilitated in near than in far space. This finding seems to be compatible with the reduced top-down control over threat-related distractors showed by high state anxiety individuals (Bishop et al., 2004) and with a reduced executive control in trait anxious subjects (Pacheco-Unguetti et al., 2010). Taken together, these five studies stress the privileged integration of visual and tactile stimuli inside PPS and its permeability to emotional related states.

Föreliggande studie har undersökt flera gränssnitt i en helikoptersimulator som visar horisontell och vertikal drift; en taktil, en visuell och en bimodal display. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det är med fördel att använda displayer som visar på drift horisontellt och vertikalt. Dessutom var syftet att undersöka om taktil display leder till lika bra prestation som med en visuell display, eller kommer kunna användas som komplement till den visuella i en bimodal kombination. I studien deltog 12 försöksdeltagare som fick i uppgift att i en helikoptersimulator försöka stå stilla i luften (s.k. hovra) på en höjd på 8000 fot med hjälp av varje driftdisplay under två minuter. Förutom de tre driftdisplayerna skulle även försöksdeltagarna hovra utan några hjälpmedel som visar på drift. Resultatet visade att det är med fördel att använda alla tre driftdisplayer för att minska drift horisontellt. Resultatet visade dessutom att det är med fördel att använda en visuell display och en bimodal display för att minska drift vertikalt. Slutsatsen av studien är således att det är med fördel att använda driftdisplayer för att minska på drift. Den taktila displayen fungerar inte lika bra som den visuella i undvikandet av drift, men går att användas som komplement i en bimodal kombination.

Cette Thèse vise à préparer et caractériser des microbulles fonctionnelles stabilisées par un fluorocarbure gazeux et décorées des nanoparticules magnétiques dendronisées. L’influence du mode d’introduction du perfluorohexane sur les monocouches de phospholipides, ainsi que sur les propriétés des microbulles, a été évaluée. Les comportements en monocouches de Langmuir de dendrons, ainsi que des mélanges de dendrons et de phospholipides ont été étudiés.Les interactions fluor-fluor qui s’établissent entre le gaz fluoré et le groupe terminal fluoré des dendrons promeuvent l’adsorption des nanoparticules dendronisées à l’interface air/eau. Des microbulles petites et stables décorées de nanoparticules dendronisées ont été préparées. Ces microbulles magnétiques ont été évaluées en tant que agents de contraste bimodaux pour l’IRM et pour l’imagerie par ultrasons sur un modèle murin, en collaboration avec l’Universitätklinikum de Freiburg. Ce travail a été soutenu par INTERREG V (Nanotransmed)
This Thesis focuses on the preparation and characterization of microbubbles stabilized with a fluorocarbon gas and decorated with dendronized magnetic nanoparticles. The impacts of perfluorohexane exposure mode on Langmuir monolayers formed by phospholipids and on the properties of microbubbles were evaluated. The behaviours of Langmuir monolayers formed by dendrons and of the mixtures of dendrons and phospholipids were investigated. The attractive fluorine-fluorine interactions that develop between the fluorocarbon gas and the fluorinated terminal group prompt the adsorption of nanoparticles grafted with dendrons to the air/water interface. Small and stable microbubbles decorated with dendronized iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared. The magnetic microbubbles were examined as bimodal contrast agents for MRI and ultrasound imaging on a murine model in collaboration with the Universitätklinikum in Freiburg. This work was supported by the INTERREG V (Nanotransmed)

Our ability to interact with the environment requires the integration of multisensory information for the construction of spatial representations. The peripersonal space (i.e., the sector of space closely surrounding one's body) and the integrative processes between visual and tactile inputs originating from this sector of space have been at the center of recent years investigations. Neurophysiological studies provided evidence for the presence in the monkey brain of bimodal neurons, which are activated by tactile as well as visual information delivered near to a specific body part (e.g., the hand). Neuropsychological studies on right brain-damaged patients who present extinction and functional neuroimaging findings suggest the presence of similar bimodal systems in the human brain. Studies on the effects of tool-use on visual-tactile interaction revealed similar dynamic properties of the peripersonal space in monkeys and humans. The functional role of the multisensory coding of peripersonal space is, in our hypothesis, that of providing the brain with a sensori-motor interface for body-objects interactions. Thus, not only it could be involved in driving involuntary defensive movements in response to objects approaching the body, but could be also dynamically maintained and updated as a function of manual voluntary actions performed towards objects in the reaching space. We tested the hypothesis of an involvement of peripersonal space in executing both voluntary and defensive actions. To these aims, we joined a well known cross-modal congruency effect between visual and tactile information to a kinematic approach to demonstrate that voluntary grasping actions induce an on-line re-weighting of multisensory interactions in the peripersonal space. We additionally show that this modulation is handcentred. We also used a motor evoked potentials approach to investigate which coordinates system is used to code the peripersonal space during motor preparation if real objects rapidly approach the body. Our findings provide direct evidence for automatic hand-centred coding of visual space and suggest that peripersonal space may also serve to represent rapidly 3 approaching and potentially noxious objects, thus enabling the rapid selection of appropriate motor responses. These results clearly show that peripersonal space is a multisensori-motor interface that might have been selected through evolution for optimising the interactions between the body and the objects in the external world.

L’imagerie par Résonance des Plasmons de Surface (SPRI) est une technique d’analyse d’interactions moléculaires présentant de nombreux avantages. Elle peut être appliquée en temps réel et sans marquage, pour étudier un grand nombre d’interactions simultanément sur un même échantillon. La transduction d’un événement d‘interaction entre deux molécules complémentaires en un signal optique, repose sur la perturbation de l’onde plasmonique évanescente créée à la surface d’un film métallique mince.Toutefois, bien que la mesure SPR soit directe et sans marquage, sa spécificité repose entièrement sur celle des molécules sondes déposées à la surface de la puce et donc sur la chimie ayant servi à les immobiliser. Cette limitation devient problématique pour adresser les grands enjeux de santé actuels, liés à la détection de molécules à l’état de traces. En particulier, de nouveaux systèmes d’analyse plus sensibles sont requis pour pouvoir diagnostiquer le cancer au plus tôt, ou encore détecter la présence de contaminants agro-alimentaires en faible concentration.Dans cette perspective d’amélioration de la spécificité de détection, ce travail porte sur la mise au point d’un instrument bimodal couplant la SPRI, capable de quantifier la capture de molécules cibles, à la Spectrométrie Raman Exaltée de Surface (SERS), qui permet d’identifier la nature des molécules capturées en déterminant leur « empreinte » moléculaire. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans un projet ANR regroupant un consortium de partenaires académiques et un industriel.Ce document se concentre sur le développement de l’instrument optique combinant les deux systèmes de détection en un seul prototype. La mesure SPRI est réalisée en configuration Kretschmann, tandis que l’analyse SERS s’effectue par le dessus, en milieu liquide, à travers un hublot. Ces deux mesures simultanées sont rendues possibles grâce à la mise au point d’un substrat métallique nanostructuré. Une caractérisation détaillée du système optique est tout d’abord présentée, puis de premiers résultats de validation de la mesure bimodale sur un cas modèle d’interaction biomoléculaire ADN sont démontrés. Ces expériences prometteuses confirment le fonctionnement de l’instrument bimodal dans la perspective d’applications d’intérêt biologique
Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging (SPRI) is a powerful technique to study molecular interactions providing a real time, label free and high throughput analysis. The transduction of an interaction between complementary molecules into an optical signal is based on the perturbation of a plasmonic evanescent wave supported by a thin metallic film.However, despite its direct and label free assets, the specificity of SPR measurements is only guaranteed by the probe molecules grafted on the metallic surface and therefore by the quality of the surface chemistry. This limitation becomes an issue when addressing major health concerns relying on the detection of trace molecules. In particular, new systems are required to help early diagnosis and the control of food contaminants.In view of improving measurement’s specificity, this work reports the development of a bimodal instrument coupling SPRI, allowing the quantification of captured molecules, with Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), adding the precise identification of the molecules by measuring their spectroscopic fingerprint. This PhD is part of an ANR project bringing together academic and industrial partners.This manuscript focuses on the development of the optical instrument combining the two detection systems in a unique prototype. SPRI measurements are performed in the Kretschmann configuration while SERS analysis is implemented from the top, in solution, through a glass window. Nanostructured substrates have been designed and realized to allow the simultaneous experiment.The optical system is described, characterized and validated on the model case of a DNA hybridization. These first results prove the capabilities of the bimodal instrument in the perspective of more complex biological applications

Cette thèse a examiné le traitement des visages, des voix et des interactions entre ces traitements en utilisant la technique des potentiels évoqués, qui a permis d'étudier le décours temporels de ces différents processus. Mes études sur la perception des visages montre que 3 traitements relationnels différents sont recrutés successivement ; chacun sous-tend une étape de la perception des visages, de leur détection à leur identification. Dans une deuxième partie, la perception des voix est abordée ; il est montré que le traitement des voix diffèrent légèrement de celui du visage. Dans la dernière partie, les résultats obtenus dans l'étude des interactions bimodales des visages et des voix confirment la différence entre traitements des voix et traitements des visages ; les informations portées par le visage semblent prévaloir sur celle portée par la voix dans la perception du genre des individus. Un modèle résumant les résultats des différentes études menées pendant cette thèse est proposé à la fin. Ce modèle suggère une différence entre traitement des voix et des visages due à la spécialisation des systèmes sensoriels dans la communication verbale et non verbale respectivement
This thesis examined the processing of faces and voices, as well as the interaction between them, using evoked potentials; this technique informs on the temporal course of these processes. My experiments on face processing revealed that faces recruit successively the three configural processes described in the literature; each process underlies a stage of face perception from detection to identification. In a second part of this thesis, voice perception was approached. I showed that voices are processed in a slightly different way than faces. In the last part of this thesis, bimodal interactions between auditory and visual information was investigated using gender categorisation of faces and voices presented simultaneously. This study reinforced the view that face and voice processing differed; information carried by faces overruled voice information in gender processing. A summary model is presented at the end of the thesis. This model suggests that face and voice processing differ due to the specialisation of the auditory and visual systems in verbal and non verbal communication, respectively; these differences lead to a dominance of visual information in non verbal social interactions and a dominance of auditory information in language processing

This dissertation based on a case study explores the acquisition and the guidance of Swedish Sign Language and spoken Swedish over a span of seven years. Interactions between a pair of fraternal twins, one deaf and one hearing, and their Deaf[1] family were video-observed within the home setting. The thesis consists of a frame which provides an overview of the relationship between four studies. These describe and analyze mainly storytime sessions over time. The first article addresses attentional expressions between the participants; the second article studies the mediation of the deaf twin’s first language acquisition; the third article analyses the hearing twins acquisition of parallel bimodal bilingualism; the fourth article concerns second language acquisition, sequential bimodal bilingualism following a cochlear implant (CI). In the frame, theoretical underpinnings such as mediation and language acquisition were compiled, within a sociocultural frame. This synthesis of results provides important information; in the 12- and 13-month sessions simultaneous-tactile-looking was noted in interchanges between the twins and their mother; mediation of bilingualism was scaffolded by the caregivers with the hearing twin by inserting single vocal words or signs into the language base used at that time, a finding that differs from other reported studies; a third finding is the simultaneousness in which the deaf child’s Swedish Sign Language skill worked as a cultural tool, to build a second and spoken language. The findings over time revealed actions that included all the family members. Irrespective of the number of modes and varied types of communication with more than one child, mediation included following-in the child’s initiation, intersubjective meaningfulness and encouragement. In accordance with previous research, these factors seem to promote the acquisition of languages. In conclusion, these findings should also prove useful in the more general educational field. [1] Deaf with a capital ‘D’ is commonly used for cultural affiliation whereas lower case ‘d’, as in deaf, refers to audiological status (Monaghan, Schmaling, Nakamura & Turner, 2003).

Disputationen tolkas till svensk teckenspråk, hörselslinga finns.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Accepted. Paper 4: Submitted.

L'objectif de ce travail de recherche est le développement, la mise au point et la validation d'une méthode de spectroscopie multi-modalités en diffusion élastique et autofluorescence pour caractériser des tissus biologiques in vitro et in vivo. Ces travaux s'organisent en quatre axes.
La première partie des travaux présente l'instrumentation : développement, réalisation et caractérisation expérimentale d'un système de spectrométrie bimodale multi-points fibrée permettant l'acquisition de spectres in vivo (distances variables, acquisition rapide).
La deuxième partie porte sur la modélisation des propriétés optiques du tissu : développement et validation expérimentale sur fantômes d'un algorithme de simulation de propagation de photons en milieux turbides et multi-fluorescents.
La troisième partie propose une étude expérimentale conduite ex vivo sur des anneaux artériels frais et cryoconservés. Elle confirme la complémentarité des mesures spectroscopiques en diffusion élastique et autofluorescence et valide la méthode de spectroscopie multi-modalités et l'algorithme de simulation de propagation de photons. Les résultats originaux obtenus montrent une corrélation entre propriétés rhéologiques et optiques.
La quatrième partie développe une seconde étude expérimentale in vivo sur un modèle pré-clinique tumoral de vessie. Elle met en évidence une différence significative en réflectance diffuse et/ou en autofluorescence et/ou en fluorescence intrinsèque entre tissus sains, inflammatoires et tumoraux, sur la base de longueurs d'onde particulières. Les résultats de la classification non supervisée réalisée montrent que la combinaison de différentes approches spectroscopiques augmente la fiabilité du diagnostic.

AL’objectif de ce travail de recherche est le développement, la mise au point et la validation d’une méthode de spectroscopie multi-modalités en diffusion élastique et autofluorescence pour caractériser des tissus biologiques in vitro et in vivo. Ces travaux s’organisent en quatre axes. La première partie des travaux présente l’instrumentation : développement, réalisation et caractérisation expérimentale d’un système de spectrométrie bimodale multi-points fibrée permettant l’acquisition de spectres in vivo (distances variables, acquisition rapide). La deuxième partie porte sur la modélisation des propriétés optiques du tissu : développement et validation expérimentale sur fantômes d’un algorithme de simulation de propagation de photons en milieux turbides et multi-fluorescents. La troisième partie propose une étude expérimentale conduite ex vivo sur des anneaux artériels frais et cryoconservés. Elle confirme la complémentarité des mesures spectroscopiques en diffusion élastique et autofluorescence et valide la méthode de spectroscopie multi-modalités et l’algorithme de simulation de propagation de photons. Les résultats originaux obtenus montrent une corrélation entre propriétés rhéologiques et optiques. La quatrième partie développe une seconde étude expérimentale in vivo sur un modèle pré-clinique tumoral de vessie. Elle met en évidence une différence significative en réflectance diffuse et/ou en autofluorescence et/ou en fluorescence intrinsèque entre tissus sains, inflammatoires et tumoraux, sur la base de longueurs d’onde particulières. Les résultats de la classification non supervisée réalisée montrent que la combinaison de différentes approches spectroscopiques augmente la fiabilité du diagnostic
This research activity aims at developing and validating a multimodal spectroscopy method in elastic scattering and autofluorescence to characterize biological tissues in vitro and in vivo. It is articulated in four axes. At first, instrumentation is considered with the development, the engineering and the experimental characterization of a fibers bimodal, multi-points spectrometry system allowing the acquisition of spectra in vivo (variable distances, fast acquisition). Secondly, the optical properties of tissues are modelled with the development and the experimental validation on phantoms of a photons propagation simulation algorithm in turbids media and multi-fluorescent. Thirdly, an experimental study has been conducted ex vivo on fresh and cryopreserved arterial rings. It confirms the complementarity of spectroscopic measurements in elastic scattering and autofluorescence, and validates the method of multi-modality spectroscopy and the simulation of photons propagation algorithm. Results have well proved a correlation between rheological and optical properties. Finally, one second experimental study in vivo related to a pre-clinical tumoral model of bladder has been carried out. It highlights a significant difference in diffuse reflectance and/or autofluorescence and/or intrinsic fluorescence between healthy, inflammatory and tumoral tissues, on the basis of specific wavelength. The results of not supervised classification show that the combination of various spectroscopic approaches increases the reliability of the diagnosis

Cette thèse porte sur la construction d'une famille de groupoïdes quantiques de transformations qui dans le cadre algébrique sont des algébroïdes de Hopf de multiplicateurs mesurés au sens de Timmermann et Van Daele et qui dans le cadre des algèbres d'opérateurs sont des C*-bimodules de Hopf sur une C*-base au sens de Timmermann.Dans le contexte purement algébrique, nous définissons d'abord une algèbre involutive de Yetter-Drinfeld tressée commutative sur un groupe quantique algébrique au sens de Van Daele et une intégrale de Yetter-Drinfeld sur elle. En utilisant ces objets nous construisons après un algébroide de Hopf de multiplicateurs involutif mesuré, ce nouvel objet nous l'appellons groupoïde quantique algébrique de transformations.Pour être capables de passer au cadre des algèbres d'opérateurs, nous donnons des conditions sur l'intégral de Yetter-Drinfeld qui vont nous permettre d'utiliser la construction Gelfand–Naimark–Segal pour étendre tous nos objets purement algébriques en des objets C*-algébriques. Dans ce contexte, notre construction se fait d'une manière similaire à celle présentée dans le travail de Enock et Timmermann, nous obtenons un nouvel objet mathématique que nous appellons un groupoïde quantique C*-algébrique de transformations, qui est définit en utilisant le langage des C*-bimodules de Hopf sur une C*-base
This thesis is concerned with the construction of a family of quantum transformation groupoids in the algebraic framework in the form of the measured multiplier Hopf *-algebroids in the sense of Timmermann and Van Daele and also in the context of operator algebras in the form of Hopf C*-bimodules on a C*-base in the sense of Timmermann.In the purely algebraic context, we first give a definition of a braided commutative Yetter-Drinfeld *-algebra over an algebraic quantum group in the sense of Van Daele and a Yetter-Drinfeld integral on it. Then, using these objects we construct a measured multiplier Hopf *-algebroid, we call to this new object an algebraic quantum transformation groupoid.In order to pass to the operator algebra framework, we give some conditions on the Yetter-Drinfeld integral inspired by the properties of KMS-weights on C*-algebras which will allow us to use the Gelfand–Naimark–Segal construction to extend all the purely algebraic objects to the C*-algebraic level. At this level, we construct in a similar way to that used in the work of Enock and Timmermann, a new mathematical object that we call a C*-algebraic quantum transformation groupoid, which is defined using the language of Hopf C*-bimodules on C*-bases

Lo scopo principale di questa tesi è la realizzazione di una faccia parlante facilmente integrabile in una pagina html e che fornisca il servizio di sintesi audio-visiva di un qualsiasi testo in lingua italiana con una produzio- ne del parlato visuale deve essere di elevata qualità. ` Il framework realizzato si chiama LUCIA-WebGL. E una versione completamente reingegnerizzata dell’applicazione LUCIA Talking Head (sviluppata presso lo ISTC-CNR di Padova negli anni 2003-2006) utilizzando la nuova tecnologia WebGL. LUCIA e LUCIA-WebGL sono sviluppate con tecnologie differenti, ma condividono gran parte delle logiche di progettazione e animazione. Sono entrambe totalmente basate sullo standard MPEG-4 SNHC (Synthetic/Natural Hybrid Coding) che fornisce le funzionalità per creare una animazione facciale in tempo reale guidata dai Parametri di Animazione Facciale (FAPs) con l’emulazione delle funzionalità dei muscoli mimici e la loro influenza sulla pelle della faccia. L’azione muscolare è resa esplicita per mezzo della deformazione del reticolo poligonale costruito attorno ai punti chiave FPs (feature points) che corrispondono alla giunzione dei muscoli mimici con la pelle. Tale deformazione dipende dal valore dei Parametri di Animazione Facciale FAPs (Facial Animation Parameters) che afferiscono ai movimenti dei singoli punti chiave. LUCIA-WebGL soddisfa le specifiche del Predictable Facial Animation Object Profile di MPEG-4 ovvero è in grado di importare modelli esterni per mezzo della ricezione dei Parametri di Definizione FDP (Facial Definition Parameters). Il sistema è stato integrato nel prototipo realizzato per il progetto ’Wikimemo.it: Il portale della lingua e della cultura italiana’ finanziato dal M.I.U.R. per promuovere la cultura italiana attraverso la lettura e l’ascolto. Il sistema permette all’utente di navigare nei contenuti, effettuare ricerche di frasi e parole e sentire come sono pronunciate in un contesto specifico. I risultati di una query di ricerca possono essere ascoltati con la voce di un italiano nativo o con la voce sintetica di LUCIA-WebGL che ne mostra il movimento labiale.

A aquisição de uma língua requer que o gestuante/falante esteja imerso a esse sistema linguístico para que a experiência de exposição a esse input linguístico resulte num conhecimento e domínio proficiente da língua adquirida. Na existência de um ensino bilingue bimodal para a comunidade surda portuguesa, a Língua Gestual Portuguesa (LGP) passa a ser um veículo de comunicação não só utilizado em contextos doméstico e de comunidade, mas também um sistema linguístico a ser ensinado e praticado dentro do ambiente escolar. Por conseguinte, para a aquisição e desenvolvimento linguístico da LGP, as crianças deverão não só estar expostas formalmente à língua, por meio do ensino direto desta, mas também informalmente expostos através da interação com pares gestuantes de várias faixas etárias e estratos sociais. No entanto, num país pequeno como Portugal em que as crianças surdas estão muitas vezes isoladas geograficamente de outras crianças surdas, esta exposição informal não é real. Conhecendo o papel crucial que a interação tem no desenvolvimento linguístico de um gestuante/falante, este estudo explora a influência da interação conversacional no desenvolvimento linguístico de um aluno geográfica e linguisticamente isolado na ilha do Pico com duas alunas surdas da ilha de São Miguel ativas na comunidade surda escolar e associativa. Para tal foi criado um protocolo de conversação entre as escolas de ambos os alunos, de forma a proporcionar sessões de conversação em LGP entre os alunos com o objetivo de verificar quais os benefícios linguísticos que poderão advir desta interação conversacional. No presente estudo de caso, é possível destacar a aquisição de novos gestos e por conseguinte o aumento do vocabulário, a aquisição de elementos próprios das modalidade gestual role shift, o conhecimento da cultura surda e um sentimento de identificação pela comunidade surda.
Language acquisition requires that the signer/speaker is linguistic immersed in such way that experience of linguistic input exposure results in proficient knowledge and domain of the acquired language. The bimodal bilingual education of the Portuguese deaf community allows that Portuguese Sign Language (LGP) becomes a vehicle of communication not only used in domestic and community contexts, but also a linguistic system to be taught and praticed within the school environment. Therefore, for the acquisition and development of LGP, children should not only be formally exposed to the language, but also informally exposed through interaction with signed pairs of different age groups and social strata. However, in a small country as Portugal, where deaf children are often geographically isolated from other deaf children, this informal exposure is not real. Knowing the crucial role of interaction in linguistic development of a signer/ speaker, this study explores the influence of conversational interaction in language development of a geographically and linguistically isolated student in Pico Island with two students from São Miguel Island, who are active deaf students in school and in deaf community. For this, it was created a conversation protocol between schools of both students groups to provide conversational sessions in LGP among students in order to verify language benefits that may result from this conversational interaction. In this study case, it is possible to highlight the acquisition of new signs and therefore the increase of vocabulary, the acquisition of proper elements of sign modality such as role shift, the knowledge of deaf culture and the deaf identification.