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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Bilirubin neurotoxicity"

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Painter, Michael J. « BILIRUBIN NEUROTOXICITY ». Developmental Medicine & ; Child Neurology 14, no 3 (12 novembre 2008) : 395–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1972.tb02607.x.

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Ahlfors, Charles. « Plasma bilirubin binding and bilirubin neurotoxicity ». Developmental Medicine & ; Child Neurology 59, no 3 (27 octobre 2016) : 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13303.

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Ostrow, J. Donald, Lorella Pascolo et Claudio Tiribelli. « Mechanisms of bilirubin neurotoxicity ». Hepatology 35, no 5 (mai 2002) : 1277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2002.33432.

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Cashore, William J. « The Neurotoxicity of Bilirubin ». Clinics in Perinatology 17, no 2 (juin 1990) : 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-5108(18)30577-3.

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Zhang, Fanhui, Lihua Chen et Kewen Jiang. « Neuroinflammation in Bilirubin Neurotoxicity ». Journal of Integrative Neuroscience 22, no 1 (5 janvier 2023) : 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31083/j.jin2201009.

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Stevenson, David K., Hendrik J. Vreman et Ronald J. Wong. « Bilirubin Production and the Risk of Bilirubin Neurotoxicity ». Seminars in Perinatology 35, no 3 (juin 2011) : 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2011.02.005.

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Bortolussi, Giulia, et Andrés F. Muro. « Experimental models assessing bilirubin neurotoxicity ». Pediatric Research 87, no 1 (7 septembre 2019) : 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41390-019-0570-x.

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Ahlfors, Charles E. « Predicting bilirubin neurotoxicity in jaundiced newborns ». Current Opinion in Pediatrics 22, no 2 (avril 2010) : 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mop.0b013e328336eb28.

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Kaplan, Michael, Ruben Bromiker et Cathy Hammerman. « Hyperbilirubinemia, hemolysis, and increased bilirubin neurotoxicity ». Seminars in Perinatology 38, no 7 (novembre 2014) : 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2014.08.006.

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Ostrow, J. Donald, Lorella Pascolo, Dora Brites et Claudio Tiribelli. « Molecular basis of bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity ». Trends in Molecular Medicine 10, no 2 (février 2004) : 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2003.12.003.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Bilirubin neurotoxicity"

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Bhatia, Inderjeet. « An in vivo model of bilirubin neurotoxicity ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31222213.

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Coda, Zabetta Carlos Daniel. « Determinants of bilirubin neurotoxicity by an in vitro molecular approach ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/7861.

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2010/2011
Unconjugated Bilirubin (UCB) is the final product of the heme catabolism. The high serum UCB concentrations in the first days of life of the newborns, due to immature mechanisms for hepatic uptake, conjugation and biliary secretion, is called physiological neonatal jaundice. This common condition is generally a benign and transient phenomenon, but in some cases the hyperbilirubinemia can progress to bilirubin encephalopaties ranging from minimally neurological injury to severe and permanent neurodevelopmental dysfunction. In the present thesis the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line was used to approach the molecular events associated to bilirubin neurotoxicity and highlight the biochemical and molecular events that are induces in the neurons when get contact with the UCB. Depending on the bilirubin concentration and the time of exposure to UCB, we were able to define experimental setups for the study of bilirubin resistance and bilirubin toxicity. Using the model to study bilirubin resistance, it was demonstrated that the resistance is not entirely achieved by limiting the entrance or increasing extrusion of the pigment from the cell, but rather by enhancing the cellular defensive mechanisms, in particular against the oxidative stress. This was achieved by increasing the intracellular glutathione content via the specific induction of the genes and activity of the System Xc-. Furthermore, the cells exposed to bilirubin over-expressed several additional genes that encode for important antioxidant and detoxifying proteins like Heme Oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1. As far as the mechanisms of bilirubin neurotoxicity, we showed that UCB exposure lead to the induction of the intracellular ROS accumulation. Moreover, the data presented report evidences that the bilirubin toxicity could be displayed by a mechanism of excitotoxicity carried out by the cellular release of glutamate. Further studies will be necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which bilirubin produces neurotoxicity and to understand how the cells avoid the damage. The information presented here could contribute to the identification of targets to avoid the bilirubin damage.
La bilirubina non coniugata (UCB) è il prodotto finale del catabolismo dell’eme. L’ alta concentrazione di bilirubina nei primi giorni di vita del neonato è conosciuto come ittero neonatale. Questa condizione è generalmente benigna e transitoria, ma in alcuni casi l’iperbilirubinemia può portare a encefalopatie che vanno da minimi danni neurologici a severe e permanenti disfunzioni neuronali. Nella presente tesi la linea cellulare di neuroblastoma umano SH-SY5Y è stata utilizzata per identificare gli eventi molecolari associati alla neurotossicità della bilirubina ed evidenziare gli eventi biochimici e molecolari che sono indotti nelle cellule neuronali quando queste sono esposte alla UCB. A seconda della concentrazione e del tempo di esposizione all’ UCB che viene utilizzato, si sono definiti due modelli sperimentali per studiare sia la resistenza delle cellule alla bilirubina che la sua tossicità. Utilizzando il modello per studiare la resistenza alla bilirubina, è stato dimostrato che la resistenza non è completamente dovuta alla limitazione dell’ entrata o alla rapida eliminazione del pigmento dalla cellula, ma da un aumento dei meccanismi di difesa cellulare, in particolare quelli contro lo stress ossidativo. Si è dimostrato che questo’ultimo è dovuto all’aumento intracellulare di glutatione attraverso l’induzione specifica di alcuni geni e ad un aumento dell’attività del Sistema Xc-. Inoltre, le cellule esposte a bilirubina overesprimono vari geni addizionali che codificano per importanti proteine antiossidanti e detossificanti come l’emossigenasi 1 e la NAD(P)H quinone ossidoreduttasi. Per quanto riguarda ai meccanismi di neurotossicità della bilirubina, è stato dimostrato che l’ esposizione a UCB induce l’accumulo intracellulare di ROS. Inoltre, i dati presentati evidenziano che la tossicità della bilirubina può essere dovuta a meccanismi di esototossicità prodotti dalla liberazione cellulare di glutammato. Ulteriori studi servirebbero per completare l’ identificazione dei meccanismi molecolari cui attraverso i quali la bilirubina produce il danno neuronale e capire come le cellule riescono a evitare il danno. L’informazione presentata in questo lavoro potrebbe contribuire all’identificazione di possibili targets che potrebbero prevenire il danno indotto da bilirubina.
XXIV Ciclo
1982
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Walker, Lori. « Tacrolimus is not Neuroprotective Against Bilirubin Induced Auditory Impairment ». VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1736.

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In newborns, unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) is not readily excreted, and when bilirubin levels exceed the serum albumin binding capacity, pathological levels of UCB exist. Hyperbilirubinemia may lead to auditory damage and ultimately cause a hearing disorder called auditory neuropathy/dys-synchrony, characterized by absent or abnormal brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) with evidence of normal inner ear function assessed by either otoacoustic emissions or cochlear microphonic responses. Phototherapy and double volume exchange transfusion are used as treatment methods for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Spontaneously jaundiced Gunn rat pups given sulfadimethoxine to displace bilirubin from serum albumin develop bilirubin encephalopathy and have abnormal BAEPs comparable to human neonates. BAEPs are a noninvasive electrophysiological measure of neural function of the auditory system. High levels of calcineurin activity are believed to be involved in the mechanism of this bilirubin induced auditory neuropathy. FK506, a calcineurin inhibitor, was administered 3 hours prior to sulfa in concentrations of 0.1mg/kg, 1.0mg/kg, and 10.0mg/kg body weight. Due to the observation that all animals had abnormal BAEPs after treatment with FK506 and sulfa, it can be concluded that none of the treatment doses protected against bilirubin induced auditory impairment.
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Vodret, Simone. « Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia : in vivo characterization of mechanisms of bilirubin neurotoxicity and pharmacological treatments ». Thesis, Open University, 2016. http://oro.open.ac.uk/48122/.

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Neonatal jaundice or hyperbilirubinemia is the result of alterations in the bilirubin metabolism. Prolonged and uncontrolled high levels of unconjugated bilirubin lead to bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction and, if untreated, eventually death by kernicterus. Severe hyperbilirubinemia results in the saturation of the bilirubin binding capacity of plasma albumin, with the consequent increase in the fraction of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) not bound to albumin (free bilirubin, Bf) that, due to its lipophilicity, crosses the blood brain barrier accumulating in the brain and triggering the neuronal injury. In the developing central nervous system, a wide range of cellular functions are affected and the concerted disruption of their regulation results in cellular damage. Patients experiencing prolonged toxic bilirubin levels are characterized by a number of neurological deficits, such as abnormalities in motor, sensitive and cognitive functions. Despite intensive studies, several aspects of the mechanisms operating at the onset of the disease are still partially understood. To study severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and possible therapies, I took advantage of the Ugt1-/- mouse model previously generated in my laboratory. Homozygous mutant mice develop jaundice and accumulate bilirubin in the brain due to the lack of the Ugt1a1 enzyme. If untreated, mutant mice show neurological deficits leading to early neonatal lethality. The work performed in this Thesis explores three different aspects of bilirubin neurotoxicity: 1. The role of Bf in vivo by the administration of human serum albumin; 2. The events preceding death by a time-course analysis of mutant pups; 3. The investigation of the role of neuroinflammation by the administration of a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory drug. The obtained results showed that increasing plasma bilirubin-binding capacity by albumin supplementation decreases bilirubin neurotoxicity. In fact, daily albumin administration avoided the accumulation of Bf in the brain by its mobilization from tissues to plasma, resulting in the complete rescue of bilirubin-induced brain impairment and lethality. Moreover, this study highlighted the reliability of Bf as the best marker to predict neurotoxicity risk. The time-course investigation of the events occurring in the cerebellum of Ugt1-/- pups leading to bilirubin-brain damage showed the prevalence of ER stress, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation at the onset of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia that, in turn, affected brain integrity by their concerted effect resulting in neurodegeneration. Finally, the administration of minocycline (MNC), an antibiotic with neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties, partially prevented lethality by hyperbilirubinemia and rescued animals by significantly reducing neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory features that characterized the untreated Ugt1-/- mouse model. This study demonstrates the contribution of ER stress and inflammation in the onset of the disease, the relevance of these mechanisms during the attenuation of neurodegeneration by MNC administration, and that albumin supplementation is a potential therapeutic alternative to treat bilirubin neurotoxicity in acute cases in which prompt exchange transfusion is required.
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Giraudi, Pablo Jose'. « Mechanism involved in the UCB neurotoxicity on cellular models ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3048.

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2007/2008
Summary This doctoral thesis covers three years period (2006-2008) during which I have investigated the bilirubin neurotoxicity in the neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line, a neuronal cell model widely used in the study of the pathogenesis and in the development of new therapeutic compounds for neurodegenerative diseases. In the first chapter is summarized the current knowledge about bilirubin chemistry and metabolism including disorders of bilirubin metabolism and the neuronal disturbances associated. In addition, the main discoveries in bilirubin toxicity mechanisms are described. Chapter two describes how we have chosen the cellular model to study the unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) damage. We first compared the bilirubin accumulation and cell viability in two neuronal cell lines (2a1 mouse neuronal progenitor cell line and SH-SY5Y cell line) and one non neuronal cell line (HeLa cells). In addition, we performed studies on cellular localization of Mrp1 (involved in UCB extrusion) and mRNA expression. We observed that SH-SY5Y cells show higher accumulation of bilirubin and lower survival than 2a1 and HeLa cells. SH-SY5Y cells shows a clear localization of Mrp1 at membrane level. Based on these observations we selected the SH-SY5Y cell line as our experimental model, and we characterized this cell line for molecular events linked with bilirubin neurotoxicity. Chapter three revises original data published by mainly our group, about “the free bilirubin hypothesis”. It has been suggested that cell injury correlates better with free unconjugated bilirubin (Bf) than total unconjugated bilirubin (BT). To directly test this hypothesis we evaluated cell viability in four cell lines (SH-SY5Y, MEF, HeLa and 2a1 cell lines) after incubation with different Bf/BT ratios, obtained by mixing varied UCB concentrations and albumins with different binding affinities (bovine, fetal calf and human); Bf was measured in each solution by the peroxidase method. Our data show that the loss of viability is dependent on the Bf but not on BT although bilirubin sensitivity varied with the different cell line tested. This in vitro study reinforces the proposal that Bf or Bf combined with total serum bilirubin should improve risk assessment for neurotoxicity in both term and premature infants. Chapter four describes our studies about the biochemical and molecular changes in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to a rather high Bf (140 nM) for 24 hours. Biochemical changes (cell viability, proliferation, cellular redox environment -ROS and GSH content) and gene expression profile were evaluated in the cells which survived after the treatment. Results suggest that the surviving cells become more resistant to a second oxidative exposition (Bf or H2O2) and this was associated with an increases expression of various genes involved both in ER stress response and in the transport system Xc- (cystine-glutamate exchanger). This transport system is of great relevance in maintaining the redox homeostasis within the cell, and together with the ER stress genes may contribute to the activation of an adaptative response to bilirubin damage. Further studies will be necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that confer resistance to bilirubin toxicity; these mechanisms could help understanding the different sensitivity of the cells to bilirubin damage, and why some neuronal cells die (as the Purkinje cells) while others don’t. Furthermore, these studies may achieve to the identification of target proteins useful to develop new drugs: this may be the case of the system Xc-.
Riassunto Questo lavoro di tesi è il frutto delle ricerche svolte nei tre anni del mio dottorato (2006-2008), durante i quali mi sono occupato dello studio della neurotossicità da bilirubina nella linea cellulare di neuroblastoma umano SH-SY5Y; si tratta di un modello cellulare neuronale ampiamente utilizzato nello studio della patogenesi di malattie neurodegenerative, nonché nello sviluppo di composti neuroprotettivi. Nel primo capitolo si trovano riassunte le conoscenze attuali riguardanti la chimica della bilirubina, il suo metabolismo ed eventuali disordini ed i disturbi neuronali associati ad essa; inoltre, sono descritte le principali scoperte sui suoi meccanismi di tossicità. Nel secondo capitolo viene descritta come è stata effettuata la scelta di un modello cellulare adeguato allo studio del danno da bilirubina non coniugata (UCB). A questo scopo sono stati confrontati l’accumulo in bilirubina triziata e la vitalità cellulare dopo un trattamento con bilirubina libera, in due linee cellulari neuronali (progenitori neuronali di striato di topo -cellule 2a1- , neuroblastoma umano -cellule SH-SY5Y-) ed in una linea cellulare non neuronale (cellule HeLa). Oltre a ciò, sono stati eseguiti alcuni studi sulla localizzazione del trasportatore Mrp1 (coinvolto nell’estrusione di UCB), e sull’espressione dei geni Mrp1 ed Mdr1 (il cui prodotto proteico è un possibile trasportatore di bilirubina). Abbiamo osservato che le cellule SH-SY5Y presentano un accumulo di bilirubina più elevato ed una più bassa sopravvivenza rispetto alle cellule 2a1 ed HeLa, sebbene nelle cellule SH-SY5Y la localizzazione di Mrp1 risulti essere a livello di membrana plasmatica. Basandoci su queste osservazioni abbiamo scelto di lavorare con il modello cellulare già noto SH-SY5Y, e ci siamo occupati di caratterizzarlo per la neurotossicità da bilirubina. Nel terzo capitolo vengono presentati dati sperimentali pubblicati dal nostro gruppo a supporto dell’ “ipotesi della bilirubina libera”, la quale postula che il danno cellulare da bilirubina correli in modo migliore con la concentrazione di bilirubina libera (Bf) piuttosto che con quella di bilirubina totale (BT). Al fine di testare quest’ipotesi abbiamo valutato la vitalità in quattro diverse linee cellulari (SH-SY5Y, MEF, HeLa e 2a1) dopo aver incubato le cellule in soluzioni con un diverso rapporto Bf/BT. Tali soluzioni sono state ottenute sciogliendo diverse quantità di UCB in terreno con diversi tipi di albumina (bovina, umana e di siero fetale bovino); questi binders possiedono differenti affinità per la bilirubina. La Bf è stata determinata in ciascuna soluzione utilizzando il metodo della perossidasi. I dati ottenuti suggeriscono che, sebbene la sensibilità alla bilirubina vari nelle diverse linee cellulari, la riduzione in vitalità dipenda dalla Bf e non dalla BT. Quindi, questi studi in vitro costituiscono un’evidenza in più a favore della teoria della bilirubina libera, e sostengono la necessità di valutare il rischio di Kernittero mediante la misura della Bf serica e non solo della bilirubina totale. Nel quarto capitolo si descrivono le modificazioni a livello biochimico e molecolare nella linea cellulare SH-SY5Y dovute ad un trattamento di 24 ore in presenza di un’elevata concentrazione di bilirubina libera. Nelle cellule sopravvissute al trattamento abbiamo valutato diversi parametri biochimici tra cui vitalità e proliferazione cellulare ed ambiente redox cellulare (contenuto di ROS e GSH), nonché il pattern di espressione genica indotto dalla bilirubina. I risultati ottenuti suggeriscono che le cellule SH-SY5Y sopravvissute siano più resistenti all’esposizione ad un secondo stress ossidativo (Bf o H2O2), inoltre queste cellule mostrano un’aumentata espressione di diversi geni coinvolti nella risposta allo stress di reticolo endoplasmatico e dei geni i cui prodotti proteici fanno parte del sistema di trasporto Xc- (antiporto cistina-glutammato). Questo sistema di trasporto è estremamente importante nel mantenimento dell’omeostasi redox cellulare, ed insieme ai geni dello stress di ER potrebbe contribuire all’attivazione di una risposta adattativa al danno da bilirubina. Ulteriori studi che ci consentano di comprendere i meccanismi molecolari che conferiscono resistenza alla neurotossicità da bilirubina potrebbero aiutarci a capire la differenza di sensibilità dei diversi tipi di cellule alla bilirubina stessa, ed il motivo per cui alcune cellule neuronali muoiano (come ad esempio le cellule di Purkinje) mentre altre no. Inoltre questi studi possono portarci all’identificazione di target proteici utili allo sviluppo di nuovi farmaci, quale può essere ad esempio il caso del trasportatore Xc-.
XXI Ciclo
1978
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Bortolussi, Giulia. « A new animal model in the study of UCB metabolism and neurotoxicity ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3049.

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2007/2008
Hyperbilirubinemia is the most common clinical situation during neonatal life and it is observed in 60% of full−term and 80% of pre−term infants. A combination of factors still not well defined such as: prematurity, infections, genetic disorders, brest-feed under-nourishing, may cause hazardous, toxic levels of UnConjugated Bilirubin (UCB) during neonatal period (neonatal jaundice) that pose a direct threat of brain bamage (kernicterus). The deposition of UCB in the Central Nervous System (CNS) causes Bilirubin Encephalopathy (BE) with lifelong motor, auditory and mental impairment. The in vivo knowledge on kernicterus derives almost totally from the investigation on Gunn rat that is a natural model for BE. In this animal model the genetic lesion are closely parallel those present in the Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I and the neuropathological lesions are also similar to those found in humans. The Gunn rat is a mutant strain of Wistar rats that lack the uridin di phospho glucoronosyl transferase (UDPGT) activity toward bilirubin. Although the Gunn rat the classical laboratory model for bilirubin encephalopathy its use for the study of molecular mechanisms involved and the determination of other genes modulating the disease is limited by the existence of different strains and by the impossibility to generate targeted mutations in rats, preventing the in vivo study of the role of other genes in BE (i.e. Mrp1). The aim of my PhD project was to generate a mouse model of hyperbilirubinemia due to a one base deletion in the UGT1a1 gene, identical to the one present in the Gunn rat. To reach this goal, we took advantage to the “Gene Targeting” technique. This genetic technique uses the homologous recombination to modify an endogenous gene. First we constructed the targeting vector specific for the gene of interest. To target genes in mice, the targeting vector was inserted into mouse embryonic stem cells (ES) in culture. At the same time we set up two screening strategies to verify the presence of the targeted mutation in electroporated ES cells (Southern blot and Multiplex PCR). Two positive clones were identified (A9 and G7). Then the positive ES clones were amplified and injected into the blastocysts. Blastocysts were implanted in to a foster mother to obtain the so-called “chimera.” Chimeric mice have two different populations of genetically distinct type of cells originated from different mouse strains and can be selected by the fur colour. We obtained two chimeras, one deriving from A9 clone and one from G7. These chimeras were mated with wild type mice to check for germ line transmission. If the modified ES cells made up the reproductive organ, the offspring will inherit the mutated allele (heterozygous). At the present time we are screening the offspring of the chimeras, to check for germ line transmission. Mating the heterozygous mice, the offspring will have the entire body based on the previously mutated embryonic stem cell (homozygous). Obtaining this new animal model for bilirubin neurotoxicity (Gunn mouse) will be crucial to understand the mechanisms regulating the disease, together with an improvement of the diagnosis, prediction of the prognosis, and development of new therapeutic strategies.
Più del 60% dei neonati a termine e l’80% dei neonati prematuri sviluppa un ittero fisiologico nella prima settimana di vita a causa dell’immaturità dei processi fisiologici correlati al metabolismo della bilirubina durante il periodo neonatale. Tuttavia, una combinazione di fattori non ancora ben definiti quali: prematurità, disidratazione, sepsi, disordini di tipo genetico e/o malnutrimento durante l’allattamento, possono causare livelli di bilirubina non coniugata (UCB) eccezionalmente alti durante il periodo neonatale (iperbilirubinemia neontale). Questa condizione fa si che l’UCB possa attraversare in maniera massiva la barriera ematoncefalica (BBB) e depositarsi in specifiche aree cerebrali, ponendo il neonato a rischio di sviluppare encefalopatia da bilirubina (kernittero). Questa grave patologia (tipica della sindrome di Crigler-Najjar-I) si caratterizza per: sordità e disfunzioni uditive, gravi disordini motori (atetosi, spasticità muscolare e ipotonia), disfunzioni visive e displasia dentale. Il modello animale classico per il kernittero è rappresentato dal ratto Gunn. In questo ceppo di ratti è presente una mutazione nel gene dell’UGT che determina la completa inattività dell’enzima epatico bilirubin-glucuronil transferasi (UGT1A1) responsabile della coniugazione dell’UCB a due acidi glucuronici e la successiva eliminazione della bilirubina coniugata attraverso la bile. Gli effetti fisiologici della mutazione a carico dell’UGT1A1 sono molto simili a quelli riscontrati nei pazienti affetti da sindrome di Crigler-Najjar I. L’esistenza di questo modello animale ha consentito un approccio sperimentale al problema della neurotossicità da bilirubina. Tuttavia il modello del ratto Gunn possiede innumerevoli limitazioni, come: l’esistenza di diversi ceppi e, ancora più importante, l’impossibilità di ottenere ceppi mutanti per altri geni coinvolti nel metabolismo della bilirubina (i.e. Mrp1). Pertanto l’obiettivo del mio progetto di dottorato è stata la generazione di un modello murino di iperbilirubinemia dovuto ad una delezione di una base nel gene UGT1, identica a quella presente nel ratto Gunn. La tecnica utilizzata per raggiungere tale scopo è denominata “Gene Targeting”; tale tecnica biotecnologica si serve della ricombinazione omologa per modificare uno specifico gene d’interesse. Il primo passo è stata la costruzione di un vettore specifico per il gene di interesse (UGT1a1) contenete la delezione di una base nell’Esone 4. Parallelamente alla costruzione del vettore di targeting abbiamo messo a punto due tecniche che permettano lo screening dei cloni resistenti alla doppia selezione (positiva e negativa): Soutern blot e Multiplex PCR. Il vettore è stato poi inserito all’intero del genoma murino di cellule staminali embrionali (ES). Dopo lo screening dei cloni resistenti abbiamo identificato due cloni positivi, ovvero che hanno subito ricombinazione omologa del vettore di targeting: A9 e G7. Questi cloni sono stati ulteriormente vagliati per escludere la presenza di eventi di ricombinazione non omologa. Successivamente i positivi cloni sono stati amplificati ed iniettati all’interno di blastocisti. Le blastocisti sono state impiantate in una madre adottiva (forster mother), da esse si originano topi chimera. Abbiamo ottenuto due chimere, una dal clone A9 ed una dal clone G7. Queste chimere sono state incrociate a loro volta con topi wilde type per verificare la trasmissione della mutazione per via germinale (in eterozigosi). Al momento stiamo analizzando la progenie delle due chimere ottenute per trovare degli eterozigoti. I topi eterozigoti verranno poi incrociati tra lo per ottenere l’omozigote. Questo nuovo modello animale permetterà di studiare i meccanismi coinvolti nella neuro-tossicità da bilirubina, analizzando in vivo gli eventi biologici che si sviluppano in caso di mutazione a carico del gene UGT1 ed in futuro potrà anche essere usato per testare nuovi approcci diagnostici e terapeutici per il trattamento di neonati affetti da questa malattia.
XXI Ciclo
1981
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JOUVENCEAUX, FRANCOIS. « Contribution a l'estimation du risque neurotoxique de l'hyperbilirubinemie neonatale ». Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO1M051.

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Specq, Marie-Laure. « Effet d'une hyperbilirubinémie modérée sur le contrôle cardiorespiratoire chez l'agneau prématuré ». Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6253.

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L’hyperbilirubinémie (HB) se développe chez 90% des nouveau-nés prématurés. L’HB modérée peut induire des désordres neurologiques aigus. L'HB sévère a été liée à une augmentation des apnées-bradycardies du prématuré. L'objectif de cette étude est de tester notre hypothèse selon laquelle une HB modérée perturbe le contrôle cardiorespiratoire chez les nouveau-nés prématurés, via une accumulation et/ou une neurotoxicité de la bilirubine au niveau des centres de contrôle cardiorespiratoire. Méthodes : Deux groupes d'agneaux prématurés (14 jours avant terme), contrôle (n=6) et HB (HB, n=5) ont été étudiés. À 5 jours de vie (J0), une HB modérée (150-250 ?mol/L) a été induite par injection iv de bilirubine durant 17h chez les agneaux HB. Les effets de l’HB modérée sur la commande respiratoire de base, la variabilité du rythme cardiaque (VRC) et respiratoire ont été évalués durant des polysomnographies, à J0 et 72h après (J3), après normalisation de la bilirubinémie. L'effet de l’HB sur la réactivité cardiorespiratoire a été analysé à J0 et J3 durant i/ des chémoréflexes laryngés (CRL) induits par injection supra-glottique de HCI, ii/ des chémoréflexes pulmonaires (CRP) provoqués par injection iv de capsaïcine et iii/ une exposition à l’hypoxie. Les cerveaux ont été analysés en imagerie magnétique par résonance (IRM) et histopathologie afin de mettre en évidence les dépôts centraux de bilirubine et d'éventuelles anomalies neuroanatomiques. Résultats : À J0, l’HB modérée augmente le temps passé en apnée spontanée. Elle est responsable d'une co-activation sympatho-vagale avec augmentation de la VRC et d'une perturbation de la rythmogenèse respiratoire. Elle altère la réactivité du système de contrôle cardiorespiratoire, comme l’attestent la diminution de l’inhibition cardiorespiratoire liée aux CRL et aux CRP, ainsi que l’augmentation de la réponse cardiaque à l’hypoxie. Ces effets sont pour la plupart réversibles à J3. Les analyses IRM et histopathologiques n'ont révélé aucune différence majeure entre les 2 groupes. Conclusions : L’HB modérée perturbe le contrôle cardiorespiratoire chez les agneaux prématurés. Bien que cela n'ait pu être démontré dans cette thèse, ces anomalies fonctionnelles pourraient être liées à la neurotoxicité de la bilirubine au niveau des centres de contrôle cardiorespiratoire. L’HB, même modérée, apparait donc comme un facteur important à prendre en compte dans la pathogénie et le traitement des apnées du prématuré.
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Palmela, Inês Maria Simões 1985. « Behind bilirubin neurotoxicity : discovering what’s left at the blood-brain barrier ». Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/9919.

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Tese de doutoramento, Farmácia (Biologia Celular e Molecular), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2013
During neonatal life, elevation of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) levels may lead to minor neurological dysfunction or even to bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus). The pathogenesis of this condition involves UCB passage across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but it is still unknown the role of this barrier in the consequent brain injury. Thus, this thesis intended to investigate the response of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), a simplified in vitro model of the BBB, to UCB, to evaluate the modulation of these effects by therapeutic molecules, and to dissect the neuro-glialvascular alterations in brain parenchyma of neonatal kernicterus cases.First, we observed that HBMEC incubation with UCB induced cell death,cytokine release and oxidative stress. As some of the molecules that the HBMEC produced are known modulators of permeability and angiogenesis, we continued our studies with the evaluation of barrier integrity. Our second study showed that prolonged exposure to high concentrations of UCB caused monolayer fragility and compromised barrier integrity. To complement these studies, we investigated the action of the neuroprotective bile acids, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) against UCB toxicity. The bile acids showed optimal protective abilities in distinct parameters: GUDCA was effective in preventing cell death, while UDCA reduced the production of angiogenic-related molecules and prevented the elevation of permeability. Importantly, the bile acids efficiency was demonstrated in a broad window of opportunity, with both protective and recovery properties. Next, we continued our work by analysing brain regions with great susceptibility to bilirubin, as the cerebellum, hippocampus and basal ganglia, which showed marked neuronal loss. Additionally, the results revealed new players in the neuropathology of kernicterus, including increased vascularization and dysfunction in several BBB components, as astrocytes, pericytes and basement membrane.In conclusion, high levels of UCB compromise endothelial integrity, mainly after prolonged exposure, ultimately leading to BBB breakdown and enhanced UCB passage into the brain. Additionally, our data shows the potential of UDCA and GUDCA as preventive, but also restorative therapeutic molecules against UCB-injury. Moreover, evaluation of kernicterus cases suggests a link between region-specific susceptibility and marked vascular dysfunction. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the neurotoxic steps involved in the irreversible brain damage cause by severe jaundice.
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, SFRH/BD/61646/2009, projetos PEst-OE/SAU/UI4013/2011 e PTDC/SAU-FCF/68819/2006)
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