Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Besano Formation »

A new species of stem actinopterygian, Helmolepis cyphognatus sp. nov., is reported from the Lower Triassic Sulphur Mountain Formation of western Canada (probably Smithian). This taxon differs from the only other known Early Triassic platysiagid, H. gracilis from the Lower Triassic Wordie Creek Formation of East Greenland (Griesbachian), in counts of branchiostegal rays, shape of the maxilla, shape (and possibly counts) of extrascapulars, and the size ratio of major opercular bones. In spite of their overall unfavorable preservation, the numerous available specimens amend our knowledge of the little known genus Helmolepis considerably: it has become evident that the morphology of Helmolepis cyphognatus sp. nov. comes closest to Platysiagum minus (Middle Triassic Besano Formation of central Europe). This study suggests placement of the two genera in the family Platysiagidae. Investigation of this new species also shows certain features of the cheek and the caudal fin are more primitive than previously believed, whereas the snout region is probably derived but of yet uncertain affinities in Helmolepis.

Besanosaurus leptorhynchus Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996 was described on the basis of a single fossil excavated near Besano (Italy) nearly three decades ago. Here, we re-examine its cranial osteology and assign five additional specimens to B. leptorhynchus, four of which were so far undescribed. All of the referred specimens were collected from the Middle Triassic outcrops of the Monte San Giorgio area (Italy/Switzerland) and are housed in various museum collections in Europe. The revised diagnosis of the taxon includes the following combination of cranial characters: extreme longirostry; an elongate frontal not participating in the supratemporal fenestra; a prominent ‘triangular process’ of the quadrate; a caudoventral exposure of the postorbital on the skull roof; a prominent coronoid (preglenoid) process of the surangular; tiny conical teeth with coarsely-striated crown surfaces and deeply-grooved roots; mesial maxillary teeth set in sockets; distal maxillary teeth set in a short groove. All these characters are shared with the holotype of Mikadocephalus gracilirostris Maisch & Matzke, 1997, which we consider as a junior synonym of B. leptorhynchus. An updated phylogenetic analysis, which includes revised scores for B. leptorhynchus and several other shastasaurids, recovers B. leptorhynchus as a basal merriamosaurian, but it is unclear if Shastasauridae form a clade, or represent a paraphyletic group. The inferred body length of the examined specimens ranges from 1 m to about 8 m. The extreme longirostry suggests that B. leptorhynchus primarily fed on small and elusive prey, feeding lower in the food web than an apex predator: a novel ecological specialisation never reported before the Anisian in a large diapsid. This specialization might have triggered an increase of body size and helped to maintain low competition among the diverse ichthyosaur fauna of the Besano Formation.

The new neopterygian genusTicinolepis, including two new speciesT. longaevaandT. crassidensis described from Middle Triassic carbonate platform deposits of the Monte San Giorgio. The anatomy of this fish shows a mosaic of halecomorph and ginglymodian characters and, thus, the new taxon probably represents a basal holostean. During the latest Anisian to earliest Ladinian the two new species coexisted in the intraplatform basin represented by the uppermost Besano Formation, but onlyT. longaevasp. nov. inhabited the more restricted basin represented by the Ladinian Meride Limestone (except for the Kalkschieferzone). The more widely distributed type species shows interesting patterns of intraspecific variation including ontogenetic changes and morphological variation over time. The second species presents anatomical features that strongly indicate a strictly durophagous diet. The different distribution of the species is interpreted as a result of habitat partitioning and different adaptability to palaeoenvironmental changes.

AbstractThe thick disc is a major component of the Milky Way but its epoch of formation and characteristics are still not yet well constrained. The Besançon Galaxy Model (BGM, Robin et al. 2003) is a population synthesis model based on a scenario of formation and evolution of the Galaxy, a star formation history, and a set of stellar evolution models. Thanks to Lagarde et al. (2017), new evolutionary tracks have been introduced into the Besancon Galaxy Model (STAREVOL, Lagarde et al. 2012) to provide global asteroseismic and surface chemical properties along the evolutionary stages. This updated Galaxy model will allow us to constrain the thick disc structure and history using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo fitting method (MCMC). We show preliminary results applying this MCMC method on the 2MASS photometric survey.

<p><em>Majaga-jaga is a legacy of ancestors who should be preserved. The uniqueness is very visible at the time of execution of the master-guard traditions in the village of Pakraman Besang Kawan Tohjiwa during the ceremony using the means of cattle, cows used in cattle jagiran (male) and without mala (physical defect), the cow must be red. At the time of the ceremony took place cow paraded from the intersection of Agung (Catus Pata) to the north of the temple puseh then in upacarai. The conduct of the drill-keeping ceremony aims to invoke the clarity of the universe and to ward off the mala or disturbance of the bhuta kala.</em></p><p><em>Formulation of problem in this research that is; 1) What is the religious system in the practice of majaga-jaga traditions in Pakraman Village Besang Kawan Tohjiwa, Klungkung Sub-district, Klungkung Regency ?, 2) What is the deconstruction of the meaning of non-violent teachings / himsa karma in the tradition of the majaga-jaga master tradition in Pakraman Village Besang Kawan Tohjiwa, Klungkung Sub-district, Klungkung Regency, and 3) What is the expectation of the non-violent teachings / himsa karma in the majaga-jaga tradition in Pakraman Village Besang Kawan Tohjiwa, in the context of the values of socio-religious education?</em></p><p><em>This research uses three theories namely; religious theory, deconstruction theory, and theory of meaning, in which these three theories will dissect the problem formulation in this study. This research is qualitative, the source of data collected through observation, interview and documentation study. Determination of informants using purposive sampling method.</em></p><p><em>The results of the study are as follows; (1) Implementation of the majaga-jaga traditions in Pakraman Village Besang Kawan Tohjiwa is one of the forms of bhuta yadnya implementation with its facilities and infrastructures. The use of upakara or banten is a supporting or auxiliary facilities that become the main means of cattle. The time and place of the execution is very important, in which case the holding of the majaga-jaga ceremony is sasih karo and the place of execution is the village area with five directions, namely north, south, east, west and center. The ceremony is led by the village stakeholders, especially the stakeholders and the puseh dibanru by other stakeholders and the customary and all the community, (2) Deconstruction of the Meaning of Maknawi Nir Violence / Himsa Karma in Tradition The majaga-jaga in Pakraman Village Besang Kawan Tohjiwa is 1) The Reason of Religious Emotions and 2) Reasons for Preserving Dresta's Village-Based Traditions. (3) Expectation of Socio-religious Education in the guardian-watch tradition in Pakraman Village Besang Kawan Tohjiwa are: 1) Dekrakruksi Based Ahimsa's Teachings, 2) Expectation of Socio-Religious Education which is divided into three namely; a) Expectation of the Non-Violent Teachings of Harmony in Religious Life, b) Expectations on Harmonization in Religious Life, and c) Expectations on the Formation of Behavior / Ethics.</em></p>

The article considers the prerequisites for the creation of the concept of «space education» in the pedagogical system of M. Montessori. The necessity of its introduction into the work practice of preschool institutions of Ukraine is argued. The 21st century education paradigm is aimed at finding such an education system that would teach a person to live and act in accordance with the universal laws of Nature and the Cosmos. The versions of the researchers of the life and scientific work of the Italian teacher are presented regarding the time frame of the appearance of the term «space education», the formation and generalization of the material, which took shape in a separate educational course. The meaning of the concept of «space education» is revealed. It was found out that the work on the formation of the theory took place in stages and lasted for a long time. The influence of the Indian period of M. Montessori's life on the formation of her philosophical and pedagogical views in the last years of her life was studied. The closeness of the ideas and worldview of M. Montessori with the representatives of the Indian intelligentsia of those times – J. Arundale, A. Besant, M. Gandhi, J. Nehru, R. Tagore is traced. They admired her method, were like-minded and belonged to the Theosophical Society, which, as it turned out, actively helped M. Montessori during his stay in India. Attention is focused on a detailed analysis of the philosophical and pedagogical views of A. Besant, M. Gandhi, and R. Tagore. Three conditions are named that contributed to the creation of the concept of «space education» during his stay in India. The indisputable role of Mario Montessori's son and Lena Wickramaratne's student in creating a class of children of various ages (6-12 years old), selection and production of didactic materials, implementation of Maria Montessori's theory of «space education» in practice is emphasized. The publication outlines a topic that needs further research. Key words: M. Montessori's method, humanistic pedagogy, theosophy, cosmic education, preschool age, Indian period.

Context. Dynamically self-consistent galactic models are necessary for analysing and interpreting star counts, stellar density distributions, and stellar kinematics in order to understand the formation and the evolution of our Galaxy. Aims. We modify and improve the dynamical self-consistency of the Besançon Galaxy model in the case of a stationary and axisymmetric gravitational potential. Methods. Each stellar orbit is modelled by determining a Stäckel approximate integral of motion. Generalised Shu distribution functions (DFs) with three integrals of motion are used to model the stellar distribution functions. Results. This new version of the Besançon model is compared with the previous axisymmetric BGM2014 version and we find that the two versions have similar densities for each stellar component. The dynamically self-consistency is improved and can be tested by recovering the forces and the potential through the Jeans equations applied to each stellar distribution function. Forces are recovered with an accuracy better than one per cent over most of the volume of the Galaxy.

AbstractRecent optical and near-infrared surveys have considerably improved our knowledge of galactic structure and galactic evolution. Two ways can be used to infer this knowledge from datasets: either inversing the data to get parameters describing the Galaxy, or using a synthetic approaches to test scenarios of formation and theoretical models for star and galaxy formation and evolution, both approaches being complementary. Using the synthetic approach the Besancon Galaxy model allows to test scenarios for the structure and evolution of the Galaxy by comparing simulations with the survey data. Examples are given using the 2MASS survey. Future uses of astrometric survey data are shown to be able to efficiently constrain the kinematics and dynamics of the Galaxy.

We use Gaia data release 2 (DR2) magnitudes, colours, and parallaxes for stars with G < 12 to explore a parameter space with 15 dimensions that simultaneously includes the initial mass function (IMF) and a non-parametric star formation history (SFH) for the Galactic disc. This inference is performed by combining the Besançon Galaxy Model fast approximate simulations (BGM FASt) and an approximate Bayesian computation algorithm. We find in Gaia DR2 data an imprint of a star formation burst 2–3 Gyr ago in the Galactic thin disc domain, and a present star formation rate (SFR) of ≈1 M⊙/yr. Our results show a decreasing trend of the SFR from 9–10 Gyr to 6–7 Gyr ago. This is consistent with the cosmological star formation quenching observed at redshifts z < 1.8. This decreasing trend is followed by a SFR enhancement starting at ∼5 Gyr ago and continuing until ∼1 Gyr ago which is detected with high statistical significance by discarding the null hypothesis of an exponential SFH with a p-value = 0.002. We estimate, from our best fit model, that about 50% of the mass used to generate stars, along the thin disc life, was expended in the period from 5 to 1 Gyr ago. The timescale and the amount of stellar mass generated during the SFR enhancement event lead us to hypothesise that its origin, currently under investigation, is not intrinsic to the disc. Thus, an external perturbation is needed for its explanation. Additionally, for the thin disc we find a slope of the IMF of α3 ≈ 2 for masses M > 1.53 M⊙ and α2 ≈ 1.3 for the mass range between 0.5 and 1.53 M⊙. This is the first time that we consider a non-parametric SFH for the thin disc in the Besançon Galaxy Model. This new step, together with the capabilities of the Gaia DR2 parallaxes to break degeneracies between different stellar populations, allow us to better constrain the SFH and the IMF.

The Besano Formation consists of an alternation of laminated dolomitic banks and bituminous shales, and sparse cineritic tuffs that are dated as Late Anisian–Early Ladinian. It is one of the richest fossil-bearing formations from the Monte San Giorgio area; on the Italian side of Monte San Giorgio, the Sasso Caldo site is the one from which the greatest part of the Besano collection housed at the Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano is from. This Ph.D. thesis aims to the study of the Besano Formation macrofauna, through biochronostratigraphic zonation of the Sasso Caldo Site, revision of the large ichthyosaur Besanosaurus leptorhynchus), and study of the most important specimens, chosen for their preservation and rarity, but also to test the hypothesis of variations in the influence of open sea on the Besano basin. All the available ammonoids and bivalves from the Sasso Caldo site (Besano Formation), housed in the collections of the Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano, were examined and determined. The systematic study led to the recognition of 15 ammonoid taxa belonging to 10 genera, and five species belonging to the bivalve genus Daonella. The study of bed-by-bed collected specimens allowed the biochronostratigraphic classification of the Sasso Caldo section and the time-calibration of invertebrate and vertebrate bioevents. Results evidence that at Sasso Caldo site crops out almost the entire middle to upper Besano Formation. corresponding the Nevadites secedensis ammonoid zone. The trend of distribution of specimens reflects the establishment of an intraplatform basin with discontinuous open-marine influence in the middle Besano Formation, while the upper Besano Formation corresponds to a shallower subtidal restricted platform environment. Among the terrestrial taxa recovered at Sasso Caldo from the upper Besano Formation, a remarkably well-preserved fossil scorpion (BES SC 1973) is described in this thesis. This finding corroborates the hypothesized existence of a near shoreline during the deposition of the upper Besano Formation. BES SC 1973 is assigned to a new taxon gen. et sp. nov., included in the family Protobuthidae. This finding represents the first arachnid recorded from the Besano Formation, and the second genus attributed to the family Protobuthidae. This specimen is also the first reported Italian Mesozoic fossil scorpion. Regarding vertebrates, MSNM V927 and 928, a portion of the axial skeleton of a large diapsid, is attributed to Helveticosaurus zollingeri, a rare diapsid known only from the Besano Formation. This animal was recovered in association with the ammonoid Ticinites, at the base of the N. secedensis Zone, in coincidence with the establishment of the intraplatform basin of the middle Besano Formation. This specimen is the first record of skeletal remains and the second specimen assigned to the taxon in Italy. In this work the niche occupied by this animal in the Middle Triassic coastal ecosystems and its swimming style are also revised and discussed. MSNM V926, and SMNS 50010, respectively a portion of ribcage and an isolated partial forefin of a large ichthyosaur, were attributed to Cymbospondylus buchseri. MSNM V926 represents the first specimen attributed to this taxon and recovered on the Italian side of Monte San Giorgio. A great part of this thesis is dedicated to the revision of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus. The specimens studied and attributed to Besanosaurus leptorhynchus preserve a remarkably complete cranial and postcranial anatomy so that this taxon can be now accounted among the best-understood Middle Triassic ichthyosaur taxa. The revision of the skull morphology of this taxon clarified long-standing controversies regarding its cranial anatomy and the taxonomy of shastasaurids from Monte San Giorgio. The six specimens here described represent a potential ontogenetic series composed of an embryo (inside the maternal cavity of BES SC 999), likely two subadults, and four adults. They can be ordered by increasing size as follows: embryonic material of BES SC 999, PIMUZ T 4376, PIMUZ T 1895, BES SC 999, BES SC 1016, GPIT 1793/1, PIMUZ T 4847. Also, Besanosaurus resulted the largest Middle Triassic ichthyosaur taxon of the Western Tethys to date, since a full adult size is confidently estimated to be almost 8 m in PIMUZ T 4847. Besanosaurus is characterized by a long, slender, and gracile snout, representing an ecological specialization never seen before the Anisian in a large-sized diapsid. The study of the postcranial anatomy of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus is based on four specimens: PIMUZ T 4376, PIMUZ T 1895, BES SC 999, PIMUZ T 4847. The results suggest that this taxon possesses a peculiar bauplan, which in its proportions fits in between Cymbospondylus and the shastasaur-grade ichthyosaurs. Swimming capabilities of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus were tested and compared with Cymbospondylus and Mixosaurus. Among the ichthyosaurs from the Besano-Monte San Giorgio fauna (Cymbopondylus, mixosaurids, and Besanosaurus), different hunting strategies, demonstrated by different morphologies and dimensions of the rostra, as well as different body proportions and swimming styles, should have led to niche partitioning. The key phylogenetic position occupied by Besanosausurus leptorhynchus in the ichthyosaurian phylogeny was investigated: the analysis shows that this taxon represents the basalmost member of shastasaur-grade ichthyosaurs, recovered to be a paraphyletic group. Eventually is addressed a study of the embryonic material preserved in BES SC 999. We deem the material in the body cavity of BES SC 999 unambiguously embryonic and attributable to Besanosaurus leptorhynchus. Here the embryonic material is described in detail and qualitatively compared with the maternal specimen and to other known ichthyosaur prenatal specimens.

AIMS: We develop a new theoretical framework to generate Besançon Galaxy Model Fast Approximate Simulations (BGM FASt) to address fundamental questions of the Galactic structure and evolution performing multi-parameter inference. The flexibility of BGM FASt allows the inference of fundamental parameters related to the stellar initial mass function (IMF), the star formation history (SFH), the density distribution, the kinematics and the chemo-dynamics, among others. BGM FASt allows the study of different Milky Way (MW) components. In this thesis we are focused in a first application of our strategy to simultaneously infer the IMF and the SFH of the MW disc. METHOD: BGM FASt is based on a reweighing scheme, that uses a specific pre-sampled simulation. We use BGM FASt together with an approximate Bayesian computation algorithm to obtain the posterior probability distribution function of the inferred parameters, by automatically comparing synthetic versus observed data. Our full strategy is codified to run on Apache Spark and Hadoop, suited to deal with large surveys. BGM FASt is implemented in the big data infrastructure known as Gaia Data Analytics Framework (GDAF) at the University of Barcelona. To evaluate the performance of BGM FASt we execute a set of validation tests comparing density, colour, mass and age distributions of BGM FASt versus BGM standard simulations. We present two scientific cases that compare synthetic versus Tycho-2 colour-magnitude diagrams. We obtain for the first time using BGM an IMF and SFH of the thin disc by exploring a 6-Dimensional parameter space. We use Gaia data-release 2 magnitudes, colours, and parallaxes for stars with G<12 to explore a parameter space with 15 dimensions. This includes simultaneously the IMF and, for the first time, a non-parametric SFH for the Galactic disc. RESULTS: The set of tests applied show a very good agreement between equivalent simulations performed with BGM FASt and standard BGM. It has resulted to be 10000 times faster. We demonstrate it is a very valuable tool to perform multi-parameter inference using large catalogues. The two scientific demonstration cases of our strategy applied to Tyhco-2 data gives us, for the first time using BGM, a full 6D posterior probability distribution function of the parameters involved in the IMF and the SFH of the thin disc component. Using Gaia DR2 we find an imprint of a star formation burst 2-3 Gyr ago in the Galactic thin disc domain. Our results show a decreasing trend followed by a Star Formation Rate (SFR) enhancement starting at about 5 Gyr ago and continuing until about 1 Gyr ago. This enhancement is detected with high statistical significance by discarding the null hypothesis of an exponential SFH. The timescale and the amount of stellar mass generated during this SFR enhancement event lead us to hypothesise that its origin, currently under investigation, is not intrinsic to the disc. When we adopt a non-parametric SFH the resulting IMF for the thin disc has an alpha3 of approximately 2 for masses M larger than 1.53 Msun and alpha2 approximately 1.3 for the mass range between 0.5 and 1.53Msun. CONCLUSIONS: BGM FASt has allowed us to increase our knowledge about the IMF and the SFH of the MW disc. Our results have shown that the evolution of the SFR with time is much more complex than a simple mathematical exponential decreasing shape. We have seen how the imposition of a mathematical shape for the SFH has a clear impact into the derivation of the IMF at high masses. The good performance of our whole strategy opens very promising perspectives, among them, the possibility to study whether the IMF variates with the time or not.

L’Histoire des écoles d’horlogerie de Besançon est inhérente à la naissance et à la continuité d’une industrie spécifique très localisée sur un territoire. Avec elles nous partons de l’ère « proto-industrielle » qui plonge ses racines dans les idéaux révolutionnaires de 1793 pour aboutir aux bouleversements technologiques de l’électronique et du « quartz » des années 1970… S’inscrivant sur la longue durée, trois « écoles » vont se succéder. Pour répondre aux attentes d’une industrie horlogère qui doit constamment faire face aux évolutions techniques, chacune à sa manière, va innover pour constituer un « corpus » original de formation qui n’est pas sans bousculer les rites et usages du temps. Si les deux premières « écoles » eurent une durée de vie limitée, la dernière entité, née en 1861 de la volonté municipale, va pendant plus d’un siècle, accompagner toute une ville (et sa région) dans sa réussite industrielle. Dès sa création, et au fur et à mesure des adaptations qu’elle a su mettre en place, par la qualité et la spécificité des formations dispensées, elle va irriguer de ses élèves toute une industrie toujours à l’affût de personnels qualifiés. Au plan national elle va diffuser le nom de Besançon comme « capitale française de l’horlogerie » en formant nombre d’horlogers-rhabilleurs tenant boutiques et autres ateliers de réparation par tout le territoire… Elle va servir de référence pour implanter dans la Cité des laboratoires de recherche et d’enseignement supérieur : un Observatoire chronométrique, une École d’ingénieurs, un Centre d’études horlogères et de développement industriel (Cétéhor)… Elle va contribuer à la diversification industrielle de la ville dans des domaines connexes à l’horlogerie, notamment dans le découpage, la micromécanique, l’appareillage et les microtechniques… Nationalisée en 1891, elle fait dès lors partie de la petite élite des Écoles Nationales Professionnelles (par assimilation), qui vont marquer le développement industriel du Pays. En 1933, quand elle intègre ses nouveaux locaux, par le nombre et l’originalité de ses filières (de l’ouvrier qualifié à l’ingénieur), par sa dotation en matériels modernes, elle est signalée comme étant le « premier établissement de l’enseignement technique » en France. Le cheminement de cette dernière école fait aussi ressortir une histoire « humaine », « prosopographique », qui met en exergue les nombreux anciens élèves qui se sont lancés avec grande réussite dans la création d’entreprises. Restés fidèles à leur école, ils ont contribué au renom et au développement de la richesse économique de la cité et de sa région… Avec ces écoles d’horlogerie, on aborde enfin l’histoire de l’Enseignement Technique en France. Pour répondre à la demande d’une industrie horlogère en pleine croissance qui déplorait les carences de l’apprentissage en atelier, elles ont été pionnières en ouvrant la voie de « la scolarisation » de la formation professionnelle. Par leurs innovations pédagogiques, et soutenues par les Anciens Élèves, elles ont su établir un lien « École-Entreprise » des plus fructueux qui marque encore la mémoire collective des Bisontins…En 1974 elle perd toute référence à l’horlogerie pour devenir le Lycée Jules Haag. Le temps de l’histoire est désormais advenu pour tenter de comprendre ce qui a fait la force et la réussite de ces « Écoles d’horlogerie » dans leur participation active, sur la durée, à la prospérité économique et industrielle d’une ville et de sa région…
The history of the watchmaking schools in Besançon is part of the birth and continuous development of a specific industry in a very limited sector of the French territory. When studying those schools we start at the « protoindustrial » time with its roots in the revolutionary ideals of 1793 and end up with the technological upheavals of electronics and the « quartz » technology in the 1970s. Three « schools » followed one another over the long term. Each school aimed at satisfying the demands of a watchmakng industry confronted to rapidly changing technical evolutions ; so it innovated in its own way by creating an original « corpus » in the students training and most of the time upset the practices and common ideas of the time. If the first two « schools » had a limited lifespan, the last one created in 1861 by the town council itself has been supporting the industrial growth of the city and the surrounding region. Since its foundation it has stuck to the industrial reality by placing the emphasis on high standards and opening new specific branches whenever necessary, thus answering the needs of firms always looking for highly qualified staff. For a large number of French people Besançon became the « capital town of the watchmaking industry » thanks to the shops or repair workshops kept by Besançon-trained former students all over France… It served as a background to set up research and university laboratories in the city : Observatoire Chronométrique, Ecole d’Ingénieurs, Centre d’Etudes Horlogères et de Développement Industriel (Cétéhor)… It contributed to the industrial diversification of the town in fields related to watchmaking such as mechanical cutting, micromechanics, equipment and microtechniques. It was nationalized in 1891 and then belonged to the very small elite goup of the Professional National Schools that influenced the future industrial development of the country. In 1933 it moved into sparkling-new premises and was acknowledged as the flagship of technical education in France : it offered a large number of innovating courses ranging from the skilled worker to the engineer and was granted the latest equipments in every field. The path of this new school also enhanced a « humane » and « prosopographical » history ; it highlighted the part played by the numerous former students who created their own successful businesses. Being faithful to their old school they contributed to the renown and economic growth and prosperity of the city and its region… Beyond the local impact we must regard the history of the watchmaking schools as an important part of the history of Technical Education in France. To meet the needs of a soaring watchmaking industry they opened the way to the transfer of professional training from apprenticeship in workshops with its observed shortcomings to education in technical high schools. Their pedagogical innovations, the strong support of their former students created a vital school-business link that still lives on in the collective memory of the town inhabitants.In 1974 its name changed to Lycée Jules Haag thus losing any reference to watchmaking. Let us now try and understand the strong influence and success of those watchmaking schools, the active part they played in the economic industrial prosperity of a town and its surrounding region…

Duke Charles’s harassment of Geneva from the 1510s led to the arrest and execution of leading councillors and the formation of a pro-Swiss party, the Eidguenots, led by Besançon Hugues. Savoy claimed the office of justiciar (vidomne) by virtue of its imperial vicariate, which also threatened the rights of the bishop, whose supporters styled themselves Mammelus, though many were pro-Savoy. In 1519, prompted by refugees from the city, Fribourg concluded a Burgrecht with Geneva, whereupon Savoy laid siege to Geneva. The Burgrecht was rescinded, but renewed aggression against Lausanne led to a Burgrecht between it and Bern and Fribourg in 1525, followed by another with Geneva in 1526. By then Duke Charles had abandoned neutrality as Savoy lent towards Emperor Charles V, much to the chagrin of France.

The works of the Theosophist Annie Besant represent a modern effort to reinterpret Christ’s passion in light of non-Christian religions and universal experience. They introduce perspectives and questions that were formative for the postmodern period.

The chapter explores the turn to the twentieth century as a watershed in the formation of modern Hinduism. It compares two core texts, Dayanand’s Satyarth Prakash (1875) and the catechism Sanatana Dharma: An Elementary Textbook of Hindu Religion and Ethics of Annie Besant and Bhagawan Das (1903). The significant point of difference lies in how the two texts deal with religious difference and pluralities. While in the earlier mode of reformulation of Hinduism, other Hinduistic belief systems and practices were dealt with by denying their validity, but engaging with them, the new mode was one of claiming overarching validity for a singular belief system by subsuming difference, without engaging with the other forms. The other, non-Hinduistic religions were now put strictly outside the Hindu fold. Differences between Hindu traditions were glossed over and the attempt was made to close ranks between even radically different Hindu formations. At the same time, varnashramadharma was confirmed.

This map is situated in the Hyland Plateau, west of the Mackenzie Mountains, southeast Yukon. The area was inundated by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the Late Wisconsinan glaciation. Ice advanced east to northeast across the rolling bedrock terrain, producing dense networks of sometimes cross-cutting bedrock flutings and drumlinoid ridges. During deglaciation, ice flow became increasingly topographically constrained, shifting to more northward flow along major valleys. Meltwater flowing north initially crossed the divide into the Nahanni River basin. Later, as ice retreated south and eastwards, ice-contact deltas and kame terraces formed along the retreating margins. The area is largely covered by till veneer, with bedrock exposed along most ridge crests and glacially-incised valley walls. Shale units within the Besa River and Mattson formations appear prone to failure, and large rotational landslides are common.