Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Bernardo Nuti »

The theatre of Bernard-Marie Koltès as a theatre of transgression When we define specific theatrical forms, the work of Bernard-Marie Koltès transcends the boundaries between the forms. La nuit juste avant les forêts was a soliloquy or a quasi-monologue, Dans la solitude des champs de coton related to the form of the eighteenth-century philosophical dialogue, and Roberto Zucco provoked scandal due to the eponymous character of a serial murderer. All of Koltès’s texts, including the above, transgress the boundaries, either through their form or through the philosophy included in them. The violence that is inseparable from Koltès’s theatre is often devoid of any motivation, it is not grounded in any reasoning, it often acquires a mythical meaning, aggression becomes a desire, and evil becomes a source of fascination and something beautiful. The article is an attempt to demonstrate the unusual cooperation of form and content in Koltès’s theatre, while both of the elements balance between what is acknowledged, acceptable, and definable.

Tout, dans l'inscription littéraire médiévale, paraît échapper à la conception moderne du texte, à la pensée textuaire.—Bernard Cerquiglini, Éloge de la variante (42)Everything about medieval literary inscription seems to elude the modern conception of the text, of textual thought.The history of the book is everywhere. Intersecting with the thoroughgoing historicism that has dominated scholarly conversation in the last several decades, the study of material texts has flourished in all fields of literary study. An already vast bibliography is growing exponentially as graduate courses in the history of the book proliferate, universities establish centers for those who study material texts, presses publish series dedicated to book history, and more and more scholars recognize the fascination of studying anything “… and the book.” This field of inquiry has been newly codified, not only within numerous institutional structures but also in the most etymological sense, for codify ultimately derives, through code, from codex. Scholars of book history are eager to excavate the codes that are embedded within the codex—that is, more generally, the systems of thought that are both revealed and created by the physical structures through which ideas are expressed. Their true subject is neither the disembodied poem floating free of its material support nor the nuts and bolts of quiring and print runs but “the sociology of texts,” in D. F. McKenzie's memorable phrase (Bibliography). The history of the book thus offers scholars their own kind of system, for it draws methodologies together with theories in a particularly compelling way.

Artemisia tridentata Nutt. (Asteraceae), commonly called sagebrush or big sagebrush, is a coarse, hardy, silvery-gray bush growing in arid sections of the Great Basin Desert of intermountain plateau covering portions of California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming in the western United States. Sagebrush is a key component of these ecosystems, providing canopy cover, nesting habitat, and a food source for numerous species of small animals and birds (4). During a plant disease survey in the Treasure Valley Region of southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon, symptoms and signs of rust were observed on leaves of sagebrush in July 2007. Ten of fifteen plants (~70%) observed at the site were infected. Leaf samples of sagebrush with rust were also collected from a hedge in a home garden in Canyon County, ID in May 2006 and September 2007. Symptoms on both samples included cinnamon-brown, raised uredinia, primarily on the adaxial leaf surfaces. Initially, sori were scattered, increasing in density and becoming confluent. Urediniospores were thick walled, subglobose to obovoid, golden brown, echinulate, with three +/– equatorial germ pores, and measured 28 to 32 × 23 to 27 μm. Telia appeared late in the season (July to August) and were mostly scattered, becoming confluent and forming raised, ovoid, brown-to-dark red streaks on leaves and stems. Teliospores were brown to dark red, two-celled, averaging 45 × 26 μm, thick walled (average 0.75 to 1.5 μm), thickening at the apex, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, with thin-walled, hyaline pedicels, 26 to 31 μm broad at attachment, tapering below, equal to or up to twice as long as the spore. On the basis of morphology, this pathogen was identified as Puccinia similis Ellis & Everh. (2), an autoecious rust previously reported from Arizona and Wyoming on A. tridentata and A. nova A. Nels. (3). To confirm the identification of the specimens from Idaho, an ~1,000 bp of DNA from the ribosomal 28S large subunit was amplified and sequenced with rust-specific primers (1) (GenBank No. GU168942). Since there are no sequences of P. similis available in GenBank for comparison, a sequence of the same gene was also obtained from a specimen of P. similis that had been collected on A. cana Pursh in Utah in 1995 by C. T. Rogerson and deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 863644; GenBank No. GU168943). The sequences shared 100% identity and did not match any other species of rust in GenBank. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. similis in Idaho and Oregon on sagebrush, and the first report, based on herbarium data, of this rust on A. cana in Utah. Voucher specimens from Idaho have been deposited in BPI (878064) and the Bernard Lowy Mycological Herbarium (LSUM). References: (1) M. C. Aime. Mycoscience 47:112, 2006. (2) G. B. Cummins. Rust Fungi on Legumes and Composites in North America. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1978. (3) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Online publication. USDA-ARS, 8 July 2009. (4) B. L. Welch and C. Criddle, USDA Forest Service Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-40. 2003.

e4910061The object of this study is to identify the contents about Food and Nutrition Education (FNE) in textbooks of sixth to ninth grades of Brazilian elementary school and to comprehend the teaching conceptions related to possible links between those concepts and the FNE. The National Program of School Feeding - NPSF guides the FNE actions towards different pieces of knowledge considering culture, history, geography (BRASIL, 2020). FNE can be a pedagogical resource of contextualization to many knowledge areas. It is a qualitative research, which results were obtained through discursive textual analysis of twenty didactic books, semi-structured interviews, and discussions between the nutritionist, the teachers and the students that took part in the study. Analysis showed that didactic books present few contents of FNE, generally referring to biomedical aspects. Teachers recognized the importance of FNE as a constitutive element of the curriculum, but they found it difficult to link such a theme with disciplinary concepts. The study reveals the importance of collective work of both health and education professionals since school age is propitious to create healthy habits and lifestyles.Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os conteúdos sobre Educação Alimentar e Nutricional (EAN) presentes em livros didáticos do 6º ao 9º anos do Ensino Fundamental brasileiro e compreender as concepções docentes relacionadas às possíveis articulações entre os conceitos específicos disciplinares e EAN. O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) orienta que as ações de EAN se articulem com os diferentes saberes que consideram a cultura, a história e a geografia (BRASIL, 2020). A EAN pode ser um recurso pedagógico de contextualização das diferentes áreas do conhecimento. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, cujos resultados foram obtidos por meio da análise textual discursiva de 20 livros didáticos, de entrevistas semiestruturadas e discussões entre nutricionista, professores e alunos participantes do estudo. A análise mostra que os livros didáticos apresentam poucos conteúdos de EAN, normalmente centrados em aspectos biomédicos. As professoras reconhecem a importância da EAN como constitutiva do currículo escolar, mas têm dificuldades em articular a temática com os conceitos disciplinares. O estudo mostra a importância da realização de trabalho coletivo entre profissionais da saúde, no caso EAN, e da educação, pois a idade escolar é a mais propícia para a formação de estilo de vida e hábitos alimentares saudáveis.Palavras chave: Educação alimentar, Currículo, Ensino contextualizado.Keywords: Food Education, Curriculum, Contextualized teaching.ReferencesALBUQUERQUE, A. G.; PONTES, C. M. E.; OSÓRIO, M. M. Conhecimento de educadores e nutricionistas sobre educação alimentar e nutricional no ambiente escolar. Rev. Nutr., Junho de 2013, vol.26, no.3, p.291-300.ALMEIDA, D. R. D. S. Pierre Bourdieu: a transformação social no contexto de “A reprodução”. Revista Inter Ação, Goiás, v. 30, n. 1, p. 139-155, 2005. BERNARD, A.; BOFF, E. T.O.; CARVALHO, M. G. F. S. Eating habits associated with nutritional deviation in elementary school students. O Mundo da Saúde (Impresso). v.42, p.478 - 498, 2018.BOFF, E. T. O. Processo Interativo: Uma Possibilidade de Produção de um Currículo Integrado e Constituição de um Docente Pesquisador-Autor e Ator - de seu fazer Cotidiano Escolar. Tese de doutorado. Porto Alegre: UFRGS, 2011.BOFF, E. T.O; DEL PINO, J. C. Processo interativo de formação docente: uma perspectiva emancipatória na constituição do currículo escolar. Curitiba: Appris, 2018.BOOG, M. C. F. Educação em nutrição: integrando experiências. Campinas: Komedi, 2014.BOURDIEU, P.; PASSERON, J.C. A reprodução: elementos para uma teoria do sistema de ensino. Rio de Janeiro: Francisco Alves, 2014.BOURDIEU, P. Gostos de classe e estilos de vida. In: ORTIZ, R (org.). Pierre Bourdieu: sociologia. 2. ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1983. p. 82-121. BOURDIEU, P. A distinção: crítica social do julgamento.2. ed. Porto Alegre: Zouk, 2017.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação. Base Nacional Comum Curricular. Brasília, DF: MEC, 2018. Disponível em: http:base-nacionalcomum.mec.gov.br/ima-ges/BNCC_EI_EF _1105 18_ versaofinal_site.pdf. Acesso em: 20 set. 2020.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação. Secretaria de Educação Fundamental. Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais: ciências naturais. Brasília, DF, 1998.BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Políticas de Saúde. Projeto Promoção da Saúde. As Cartas da Promoção da Saúde, 2002. 56 p.BRASIL. Resolução/CD/FNDE nº 38, de 16 de julho de 2009. Dispõe sobre o atendimento da alimentação escolar aos alunos da educação básica no Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar – PNAE. Brasília, DF, 2009a. BRASIL. Manual técnico de promoção da saúde e prevenção de riscos e doenças nasaúde suplementar. Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar(Brasil). 3. ed. rev. e atual.Rio de Janeiro: ANS, 2009b. 244 p.BRASIL. Lei n° 11.947 de 16 junho 2009c. Dispõe sobre o atendimento da alimentaçãoescolar e do Programa Dinheiro Direto na escola aos alunos da Educação Básica.Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2009/Lei/L11947.htmAcesso em: 7 jul. 2020.BRASIL. Lei Nº 5.692, DE 11 de agosto de 1971. Brasília, DF, 1971. https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/lei/1970-1979/lei-5692-11-agosto-1971-357752publicacaooriginal-1-pl.htmlBRASIL. Resolução nº 466/2012. Diretrizes e normas regulamentadoras de pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos. Brasília, DF. 2012a.BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de AtençãoBásica. Guia alimentar para a população brasileira. Brasília, 2014.BRASIL. Secretaria Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome. Marco de Referência de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional para as Políticas Públicas. Brasília, 2012b.BRASIL. Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar. Resolução N° 6, de 8 de maio de2020 – PNAE. 2020. Disponível em: http://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-n-6-de-8de-maio-de-2020-256309972.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação. Ministério da Saúde. Institui o Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE) e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 2007.CAMOZZI, A. B. Q. et al. Promoção da alimentação saudável na escola: realidade ou utopia? Cad. Saúde Colet., Rio de Janeiro, v.23, n.1, p. 32-37, 2015.DIEZ-GARCIA, R. W.; CASTRO, I. R. R. A culinária como objeto de estudo e de intervenção no campo da alimentação e nutrição. Ciênc. Saúde Coletiva[on-line], v.16, n.1, p. 91-98, 2011.DORNELLES, A.D.; ANTON, M. C.; PIZZINATO, A. O papel da sociedade e da família na assistência ao sobrepeso e à obesidade infantil: percepção de trabalhadores da saúde em diferentes níveis de atenção. Saúde Soc., v.23, n.4, p. 1.275-1.287, 2014.FIORE, E. G. et al. Abordagem dos temas alimentação e nutrição no material didático do Ensino Fundamental: interface com segurança alimentar e nutricional e parâmetros curriculares nacionais. Saúde Soc., São Paulo, v.21, n.4, p. 1.063-1.074, 2012.MARQUES, R. F. R.; GUTIERREZ, G. L. Contribuições teóricas da obra de Pierre Bourdieu à educação nutricional. In:MENDES, R. T.;VILARTA, R.;GUTIERREZ, G. L. (org.). Qualidade de vida e cultura alimentar. Campinas: Ipês, 2009. p. 97-106.MORAES, R.; GALIAZZI, M. C. Análise textual discursiva. Ijuí: Editora Unijuí, 2020.MOREIRA, A. F. B. O campo do currículo no Brasil: os anos noventa. Currículo sem Fronteiras, v.1, n.1, p.35-49, 2001.PASTORIO, Eduardo. Horta Escolar nas Escolas do Campo de São Gabriel/RS. RELACult – Revista Latino-Americana de Estudos em Cultura e Sociedade, [S. l.], v. 6, maio 2020. ISSN 2525-7870. Disponível em: http://periodicos.claec.org/index.php/relacult/article/view/1675.PIPITONE, M. A. P.et al. A educação nutricional no programa de Ciências para o Ensino Fundamental. Saúde Rev., Piracicaba, v.5, n.9, p. 29-37, 2003.RAMOS, F. P.; SANTOS, L. A. S.; REIS, A. B. C. Educação alimentar e nutricional em escolares: uma revisão de literatura. Cad. Saúde Pública, v.29, n.11, p. 2.147-2.161, 2013.SANTIAGO, L. A. S et al. O que os livros didáticos dizem sobre a temática indígena: o antes e o depois da Lei 11.645/2008. Debates em Educação, v.10, n.21, maio/ago. 2018.SILVA, J. G.; TEIXEIRA, M. L. O.; FERREIRA, M. A. Alimentação na adolescência e as relações com a saúde do adolescente. Texto Contexto Enferm. Florianópolis, v.23, n.4, p. 1.095-1.103, out/dez. 2014.THIESEN, J. S. 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To date, discrete event stochastic simulations of large scale biological reaction systems are extremely compute-intensive and time-consuming. Besides, it has been widely accepted that spatial factor plays a critical role in the dynamics of most biological reaction systems. The NSM (the Next Sub-Volume Method), a spatial variation of the Gillespie’s stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA), has been proposed for spatially stochastic simulation of those systems. While being able to explore high degree of parallelism in systems, NSM is inherently sequential, which still suffers from the problem of low simulation speed. Fine-grained parallel execution is an elegant way to speed up sequential simulations. Thus, based on the discrete event simulation framework JAMES II, we design and implement a PDES (Parallel Discrete Event Simulation) TW (time warp) simulator to enable the fine-grained parallel execution of spatial stochastic simulations of biological reaction systems using the ANSM (the Abstract NSM), a parallel variation of the NSM. The simulation results of classical Lotka-Volterra biological reaction system show that our time warp simulator obtains remarkable parallel speed-up against sequential execution of the NSM.I.IntroductionThe goal of Systems biology is to obtain system-level investigations of the structure and behavior of biological reaction systems by integrating biology with system theory, mathematics and computer science [1][3], since the isolated knowledge of parts can not explain the dynamics of a whole system. As the complement of “wet-lab” experiments, stochastic simulation, being called the “dry-computational” experiment, plays a more and more important role in computing systems biology [2]. Among many methods explored in systems biology, discrete event stochastic simulation is of greatly importance [4][5][6], since a great number of researches have present that stochasticity or “noise” have a crucial effect on the dynamics of small population biological reaction systems [4][7]. Furthermore, recent research shows that the stochasticity is not only important in biological reaction systems with small population but also in some moderate/large population systems [7].To date, Gillespie’s SSA [8] is widely considered to be the most accurate way to capture the dynamics of biological reaction systems instead of traditional mathematical method [5][9]. However, SSA-based stochastic simulation is confronted with two main challenges: Firstly, this type of simulation is extremely time-consuming, since when the types of species and the number of reactions in the biological system are large, SSA requires a huge amount of steps to sample these reactions; Secondly, the assumption that the systems are spatially homogeneous or well-stirred is hardly met in most real biological systems and spatial factors play a key role in the behaviors of most real biological systems [19][20][21][22][23][24]. The next sub-volume method (NSM) [18], presents us an elegant way to access the special problem via domain partition. To our disappointment, sequential stochastic simulation with the NSM is still very time-consuming, and additionally introduced diffusion among neighbor sub-volumes makes things worse. Whereas, the NSM explores a very high degree of parallelism among sub-volumes, and parallelization has been widely accepted as the most meaningful way to tackle the performance bottleneck of sequential simulations [26][27]. Thus, adapting parallel discrete event simulation (PDES) techniques to discrete event stochastic simulation would be particularly promising. Although there are a few attempts have been conducted [29][30][31], research in this filed is still in its infancy and many issues are in need of further discussion. The next section of the paper presents the background and related work in this domain. In section III, we give the details of design and implementation of model interfaces of LP paradigm and the time warp simulator based on the discrete event simulation framework JAMES II; the benchmark model and experiment results are shown in Section IV; in the last section, we conclude the paper with some future work.II. Background and Related WorkA. Parallel Discrete Event Simulation (PDES)The notion Logical Process (LP) is introduced to PDES as the abstract of the physical process [26], where a system consisting of many physical processes is usually modeled by a set of LP. LP is regarded as the smallest unit that can be executed in PDES and each LP holds a sub-partition of the whole system’s state variables as its private ones. When a LP processes an event, it can only modify the state variables of its own. If one LP needs to modify one of its neighbors’ state variables, it has to schedule an event to the target neighbor. That is to say event message exchanging is the only way that LPs interact with each other. Because of the data dependences or interactions among LPs, synchronization protocols have to be introduced to PDES to guarantee the so-called local causality constraint (LCC) [26]. By now, there are a larger number of synchronization algorithms have been proposed, e.g. the null-message [26], the time warp (TW) [32], breath time warp (BTW) [33] and etc. According to whether can events of LPs be processed optimistically, they are generally divided into two types: conservative algorithms and optimistic algorithms. However, Dematté and Mazza have theoretically pointed out the disadvantages of pure conservative parallel simulation for biochemical reaction systems [31]. B. NSM and ANSM The NSM is a spatial variation of Gillespie’ SSA, which integrates the direct method (DM) [8] with the next reaction method (NRM) [25]. The NSM presents us a pretty good way to tackle the aspect of space in biological systems by partitioning a spatially inhomogeneous system into many much more smaller “homogeneous” ones, which can be simulated by SSA separately. However, the NSM is inherently combined with the sequential semantics, and all sub-volumes share one common data structure for events or messages. Thus, directly parallelization of the NSM may be confronted with the so-called boundary problem and high costs of synchronously accessing the common data structure [29]. In order to obtain higher efficiency of parallel simulation, parallelization of NSM has to firstly free the NSM from the sequential semantics and secondly partition the shared data structure into many “parallel” ones. One of these is the abstract next sub-volume method (ANSM) [30]. In the ANSM, each sub-volume is modeled by a logical process (LP) based on the LP paradigm of PDES, where each LP held its own event queue and state variables (see Fig. 1). In addition, the so-called retraction mechanism was introduced in the ANSM too (see algorithm 1). Besides, based on the ANSM, Wang etc. [30] have experimentally tested the performance of several PDES algorithms in the platform called YH-SUPE [27]. However, their platform is designed for general simulation applications, thus it would sacrifice some performance for being not able to take into account the characteristics of biological reaction systems. Using the similar ideas of the ANSM, Dematté and Mazza have designed and realized an optimistic simulator. However, they processed events in time-stepped manner, which would lose a specific degree of precisions compared with the discrete event manner, and it is very hard to transfer a time-stepped simulation to a discrete event one. In addition, Jeschke etc.[29] have designed and implemented a dynamic time-window simulator to execution the NSM in parallel on the grid computing environment, however, they paid main attention on the analysis of communication costs and determining a better size of the time-window.Fig. 1: the variations from SSA to NSM and from NSM to ANSMC. JAMES II JAMES II is an open source discrete event simulation experiment framework developed by the University of Rostock in Germany. It focuses on high flexibility and scalability [11][13]. Based on the plug-in scheme [12], each function of JAMES II is defined as a specific plug-in type, and all plug-in types and plug-ins are declared in XML-files [13]. Combined with the factory method pattern JAMES II innovatively split up the model and simulator, which makes JAMES II is very flexible to add and reuse both of models and simulators. In addition, JAMES II supports various types of modelling formalisms, e.g. cellular automata, discrete event system specification (DEVS), SpacePi, StochasticPi and etc.[14]. Besides, a well-defined simulator selection mechanism is designed and developed in JAMES II, which can not only automatically choose the proper simulators according to the modeling formalism but also pick out a specific simulator from a serious of simulators supporting the same modeling formalism according to the user settings [15].III. The Model Interface and SimulatorAs we have mentioned in section II (part C), model and simulator are split up into two separate parts. Thus, in this section, we introduce the designation and implementation of model interface of LP paradigm and more importantly the time warp simulator.A. The Mod Interface of LP ParadigmJAMES II provides abstract model interfaces for different modeling formalism, based on which Wang etc. have designed and implemented model interface of LP paradigm[16]. However, this interface is not scalable well for parallel and distributed simulation of larger scale systems. In our implementation, we accommodate the interface to the situation of parallel and distributed situations. Firstly, the neighbor LP’s reference is replaced by its name in LP’s neighbor queue, because it is improper even dangerous that a local LP hold the references of other LPs in remote memory space. In addition, (pseudo-)random number plays a crucial role to obtain valid and meaningful results in stochastic simulations. However, it is still a very challenge work to find a good random number generator (RNG) [34]. Thus, in order to focus on our problems, we introduce one of the uniform RNGs of JAMES II to this model interface, where each LP holds a private RNG so that random number streams of different LPs can be independent stochastically. B. The Time Warp SimulatorBased on the simulator interface provided by JAMES II, we design and implement the time warp simulator, which contains the (master-)simulator, (LP-)simulator. The simulator works strictly as master/worker(s) paradigm for fine-grained parallel and distributed stochastic simulations. Communication costs are crucial to the performance of a fine-grained parallel and distributed simulation. Based on the Java remote method invocation (RMI) mechanism, P2P (peer-to-peer) communication is implemented among all (master-and LP-)simulators, where a simulator holds all the proxies of targeted ones that work on remote workers. One of the advantages of this communication approach is that PDES codes can be transferred to various hardwire environment, such as Clusters, Grids and distributed computing environment, with only a little modification; The other is that RMI mechanism is easy to realized and independent to any other non-Java libraries. Since the straggler event problem, states have to be saved to rollback events that are pre-processed optimistically. Each time being modified, the state is cloned to a queue by Java clone mechanism. Problem of this copy state saving approach is that it would cause loads of memory space. However, the problem can be made up by a condign GVT calculating mechanism. GVT reduction scheme also has a significant impact on the performance of parallel simulators, since it marks the highest time boundary of events that can be committed so that memories of fossils (processed events and states) less than GVT can be reallocated. GVT calculating is a very knotty for the notorious simultaneous reporting problem and transient messages problem. According to our problem, another GVT algorithm, called Twice Notification (TN-GVT) (see algorithm 2), is contributed to this already rich repository instead of implementing one of GVT algorithms in reference [26] and [28].This algorithm looks like the synchronous algorithm described in reference [26] (pp. 114), however, they are essentially different from each other. This algorithm has never stopped the simulators from processing events when GVT reduction, while algorithm in reference [26] blocks all simulators for GVT calculating. As for the transient message problem, it can be neglect in our implementation, because RMI based remote communication approach is synchronized, that means a simulator will not go on its processing until the remote the massage get to its destination. And because of this, the high-costs message acknowledgement, prevalent over many classical asynchronous GVT algorithms, is not needed anymore too, which should be constructive to the whole performance of the time warp simulator.IV. Benchmark Model and Experiment ResultsA. The Lotka-Volterra Predator-prey SystemIn our experiment, the spatial version of Lotka-Volterra predator-prey system is introduced as the benchmark model (see Fig. 2). We choose the system for two considerations: 1) this system is a classical experimental model that has been used in many related researches [8][30][31], so it is credible and the simulation results are comparable; 2) it is simple but helpful enough to test the issues we are interested in. The space of predator-prey System is partitioned into a2D NXNgrid, whereNdenotes the edge size of the grid. Initially the population of the Grass, Preys and Predators are set to 1000 in each single sub-volume (LP). In Fig. 2,r1,r2,r3stand for the reaction constants of the reaction 1, 2 and 3 respectively. We usedGrass,dPreyanddPredatorto stand for the diffusion rate of Grass, Prey and Predator separately. Being similar to reference [8], we also take the assumption that the population of the grass remains stable, and thusdGrassis set to zero.R1:Grass + Prey ->2Prey(1)R2:Predator +Prey -> 2Predator(2)R3:Predator -> NULL(3)r1=0.01; r2=0.01; r3=10(4)dGrass=0.0;dPrey=2.5;dPredato=5.0(5)Fig. 2: predator-prey systemB. Experiment ResultsThe simulation runs have been executed on a Linux Cluster with 40 computing nodes. Each computing node is equipped with two 64bit 2.53 GHz Intel Xeon QuadCore Processors with 24GB RAM, and nodes are interconnected with Gigabit Ethernet connection. The operating system is Kylin Server 3.5, with kernel 2.6.18. Experiments have been conducted on the benchmark model of different size of mode to investigate the execution time and speedup of the time warp simulator. As shown in Fig. 3, the execution time of simulation on single processor with 8 cores is compared. The result shows that it will take more wall clock time to simulate much larger scale systems for the same simulation time. This testifies the fact that larger scale systems will leads to more events in the same time interval. More importantly, the blue line shows that the sequential simulation performance declines very fast when the mode scale becomes large. The bottleneck of sequential simulator is due to the costs of accessing a long event queue to choose the next events. Besides, from the comparison between group 1 and group 2 in this experiment, we could also conclude that high diffusion rate increased the simulation time greatly both in sequential and parallel simulations. This is because LP paradigm has to split diffusion into two processes (diffusion (in) and diffusion (out) event) for two interactive LPs involved in diffusion and high diffusion rate will lead to high proportional of diffusion to reaction. In the second step shown in Fig. 4, the relationship between the speedups from time warp of two different model sizes and the number of work cores involved are demonstrated. The speedup is calculated against the sequential execution of the spatial reaction-diffusion systems model with the same model size and parameters using NSM.Fig. 4 shows the comparison of speedup of time warp on a64X64grid and a100X100grid. In the case of a64X64grid, under the condition that only one node is used, the lowest speedup (a little bigger than 1) is achieved when two cores involved, and the highest speedup (about 6) is achieved when 8 cores involved. The influence of the number of cores used in parallel simulation is investigated. In most cases, large number of cores could bring in considerable improvements in the performance of parallel simulation. Also, compared with the two results in Fig. 4, the simulation of larger model achieves better speedup. Combined with time tests (Fig. 3), we find that sequential simulator’s performance declines sharply when the model scale becomes very large, which makes the time warp simulator get better speed-up correspondingly.Fig. 3: Execution time (wall clock time) of Seq. and time warp with respect to different model sizes (N=32, 64, 100, and 128) and model parameters based on single computing node with 8 cores. Results of the test are grouped by the diffusion rates (Group 1: Sequential 1 and Time Warp 1. dPrey=2.5, dPredator=5.0; Group 2: dPrey=0.25, dPredator=0.5, Sequential 2 and Time Warp 2).Fig. 4: Speedup of time warp with respect to the number of work cores and the model size (N=64 and 100). Work cores are chose from one computing node. Diffusion rates are dPrey=2.5, dPredator=5.0 and dGrass=0.0.V. Conclusion and Future WorkIn this paper, a time warp simulator based on the discrete event simulation framework JAMES II is designed and implemented for fine-grained parallel and distributed discrete event spatial stochastic simulation of biological reaction systems. Several challenges have been overcome, such as state saving, roll back and especially GVT reduction in parallel execution of simulations. The Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey system is chosen as the benchmark model to test the performance of our time warp simulator and the best experiment results show that it can obtain about 6 times of speed-up against the sequential simulation. The domain this paper concerns with is in the infancy, many interesting issues are worthy of further investigated, e.g. there are many excellent PDES optimistic synchronization algorithms (e.g. the BTW) as well. Next step, we would like to fill some of them into JAMES II. In addition, Gillespie approximation methods (tau-leap[10] etc.) sacrifice some degree of precision for higher simulation speed, but still could not address the aspect of space of biological reaction systems. The combination of spatial element and approximation methods would be very interesting and promising; however, the parallel execution of tau-leap methods should have to overcome many obstacles on the road ahead.AcknowledgmentThis work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSF) Grant (No.60773019) and the Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (No. 200899980004). The authors would like to show their great gratitude to Dr. Jan Himmelspach and Dr. Roland Ewald at the University of Rostock, Germany for their invaluable advice and kindly help with JAMES II.ReferencesH. Kitano, "Computational systems biology." Nature, vol. 420, no. 6912, pp. 206-210, November 2002.H. Kitano, "Systems biology: a brief overview." 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Des plongées techniques (TEK) en recycleur et mélanges gazeux spéciaux ont été réalisées autour de l’île de Mayotte sur les pentes externes récifales à des profondeurs comprises entre 50 et 120 m, et plus particulièrement aux alentours de 70-80 m, de 2017 à 2020. L’objectif de ces plongées était de réaliser un premier inventaire faunistique de la zone mésophotique, difficile d’accès et encore mal connue. Ce travail présente les résultats obtenus pour le groupe des Crustacés Décapodes et Stomatopodes avec au total 44 espèces photographiées en haute définition, dont 30 déterminées avec confiance, sept avec doute et sept identifiées provisoirement, peut-être nouvelles pour la nomenclature taxonomique. Les crevettes carides (16 espèces), les anomoures (15 espèces) et les crabes (sept espèces) sont les trois taxons les mieux représentés. Les stomatopodes, crevettes sténopides, langoustines et langoustes comptent chacun deux espèces. Ces observations permettent d’ajouter 32 nouvelles espèces à la faune mahoraise, dont quatre signalements nouveaux pour l’océan Indien. Les espèces sont présentées dans une liste illustrée avec une sélection de photographies. La liste est documentée avec indication des travaux ou guides consultés, des commentaires sur les déterminations et la mise à jour des distributions géographiques et bathymétriques. Pour 15 espèces traditionnellement observées sur des petits fonds (< 50 m), la profondeur maximale est augmentée entre 3 et 45 m. Plus de la moitié des espèces sont des formes libres (26 espèces). Les autres vivent en association avec les coraux ou hydraires (12 espèces), échinodermes (trois espèces), poissons (deux espèces) et éponges (une espèce). Quelques espèces sont à tendance cavernicole, observées dans des grottes ou sous des surplombs. À partir des données d’inventaire des Crustacés Décapodes de l’outre-mer tropical français, 212 espèces sont identifiées comme potentiellement présentes dans la zone mésophotique de Mayotte. Le présent inventaire de 44 espèces est donc assez modeste mais les photographies réalisées in situ permettent de mettre en évidence certaines associations ou modes de vie qui n’étaient pas soupçonnés avec les moyens d’étude classiques. À l’avenir, les observations pourront être améliorées en accordant plus d’importance aux coquilles, parfois occupées par des Bernard l’ermite non déterminés car photographiés de trop loin, et/ou en effectuant des plongées de nuit, lorsque les Crustacés sont plus actifs. La poursuite de ce programme de recherche prévoit la récolte de quelques spécimens, en particulier pour les espèces reconnues comme probablement nouvelles pour la nomenclature taxonomique.

Photograph by Gonzalo Echeverria (2010)Declaring War Soon after Al Qaeda’s terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, the Bush Administration described its new grand strategy: the “Global War on Terror”. This underpinned the subsequent counter-insurgency in Afghanistan and the United States invasion of Iraq in March 2003. Media pundits quickly applied the Global War on Terror label to the Madrid, Bali and London bombings, to convey how Al Qaeda’s terrorism had gone transnational. Meanwhile, international relations scholars debated the extent to which September 11 had changed the international system (Brenner; Mann 303). American intellectuals adopted several variations of the Global War on Terror in what initially felt like a transitional period of US foreign policy (Burns). Walter Laqueur suggested Al Qaeda was engaged in a “cosmological” and perpetual war. Paul Berman likened Al Qaeda and militant Islam to the past ideological battles against communism and fascism (Heilbrunn 248). In a widely cited article, neoconservative thinker Norman Podhoretz suggested the United States faced “World War IV”, which had three interlocking drivers: Al Qaeda and trans-national terrorism; political Islam as the West’s existential enemy; and nuclear proliferation to ‘rogue’ countries and non-state actors (Friedman 3). Podhoretz’s tone reflected a revival of his earlier Cold War politics and critique of the New Left (Friedman 148-149; Halper and Clarke 56; Heilbrunn 210). These stances attracted widespread support. For instance, the United States Marine Corp recalibrated its mission to fight a long war against “World War IV-like” enemies. Yet these stances left the United States unprepared as the combat situations in Afghanistan and Iraq worsened (Ricks; Ferguson; Filkins). Neoconservative ideals for Iraq “regime change” to transform the Middle East failed to deal with other security problems such as Pakistan’s Musharraf regime (Dorrien 110; Halper and Clarke 210-211; Friedman 121, 223; Heilbrunn 252). The Manichean and open-ended framing became a self-fulfilling prophecy for insurgents, jihadists, and militias. The Bush Administration quietly abandoned the Global War on Terror in July 2005. Widespread support had given way to policymaker doubt. Why did so many intellectuals and strategists embrace the Global War on Terror as the best possible “grand strategy” perspective of a post-September 11 world? Why was there so little doubt of this worldview? This is a debate with roots as old as the Sceptics versus the Sophists. Explanations usually focus on the Bush Administration’s “Vulcans” war cabinet: Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfield, and National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, who later became Secretary of State (Mann xv-xvi). The “Vulcans” were named after the Roman god Vulcan because Rice’s hometown Birmingham, Alabama, had “a mammoth fifty-six foot statue . . . [in] homage to the city’s steel industry” (Mann x) and the name stuck. Alternatively, explanations focus on how neoconservative thinkers shaped the intellectual climate after September 11, in a receptive media climate. Biographers suggest that “neoconservatism had become an echo chamber” (Heilbrunn 242) with its own media outlets, pundits, and think-tanks such as the American Enterprise Institute and Project for a New America. Neoconservatism briefly flourished in Washington DC until Iraq’s sectarian violence discredited the “Vulcans” and neoconservative strategists like Paul Wolfowitz (Friedman; Ferguson). The neoconservatives' combination of September 11’s aftermath with strongly argued historical analogies was initially convincing. They conferred with scholars such as Bernard Lewis, Samuel P. Huntington and Victor Davis Hanson to construct classicist historical narratives and to explain cultural differences. However, the history of the decade after September 11 also contains mis-steps and mistakes which make it a series of contingent decisions (Ferguson; Bergen). One way to analyse these contingent decisions is to pose “what if?” counterfactuals, or feasible alternatives to historical events (Lebow). For instance, what if September 11 had been a chemical and biological weapons attack? (Mann 317). Appendix 1 includes a range of alternative possibilities and “minimal rewrites” or slight variations on the historical events which occurred. Collectively, these counterfactuals suggest the role of agency, chance, luck, and the juxtaposition of better and worse outcomes. They pose challenges to the classicist interpretation adopted soon after September 11 to justify “World War IV” (Podhoretz). A ‘Two-Track’ Process for ‘World War IV’ After the September 11 attacks, I think an overlapping two-track process occurred with the “Vulcans” cabinet, neoconservative advisers, and two “echo chambers”: neoconservative think-tanks and the post-September 11 media. Crucially, Bush’s “Vulcans” war cabinet succeeded in gaining civilian control of the United States war decision process. Although successful in initiating the 2003 Iraq War this civilian control created a deeper crisis in US civil-military relations (Stevenson; Morgan). The “Vulcans” relied on “politicised” intelligence such as a United Kingdom intelligence report on Iraq’s weapons development program. The report enabled “a climate of undifferentiated fear to arise” because its public version did not distinguish between chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear weapons (Halper and Clarke, 210). The cautious 2003 National Intelligence Estimates (NIE) report on Iraq was only released in a strongly edited form. For instance, the US Department of Energy had expressed doubts about claims that Iraq had approached Niger for uranium, and was using aluminium tubes for biological and chemical weapons development. Meanwhile, the post-September 11 media had become a second “echo chamber” (Halper and Clarke 194-196) which amplified neoconservative arguments. Berman, Laqueur, Podhoretz and others who framed the intellectual climate were “risk entrepreneurs” (Mueller 41-43) that supported the “World War IV” vision. The media also engaged in aggressive “flak” campaigns (Herman and Chomsky 26-28; Mueller 39-42) designed to limit debate and to stress foreign policy stances and themes which supported the Bush Administration. When former Central Intelligence Agency director James Woolsey’s claimed that Al Qaeda had close connections to Iraqi intelligence, this was promoted in several books, including Michael Ledeen’s War Against The Terror Masters, Stephen Hayes’ The Connection, and Laurie Mylroie’s Bush v. The Beltway; and in partisan media such as Fox News, NewsMax, and The Weekly Standard who each attacked the US State Department and the CIA (Dorrien 183; Hayes; Ledeen; Mylroie; Heilbrunn 237, 243-244; Mann 310). This was the media “echo chamber” at work. The group Accuracy in Media also campaigned successfully to ensure that US cable providers did not give Al Jazeera English access to US audiences (Barker). Cosmopolitan ideals seemed incompatible with what the “flak” groups desired. The two-track process converged on two now infamous speeches. US President Bush’s State of the Union Address on 29 January 2002, and US Secretary of State Colin Powell’s presentation to the United Nations on 5 February 2003. Bush’s speech included a line from neoconservative David Frumm about North Korea, Iraq and Iran as an “Axis of Evil” (Dorrien 158; Halper and Clarke 139-140; Mann 242, 317-321). Powell’s presentation to the United Nations included now-debunked threat assessments. In fact, Powell had altered the speech’s original draft by I. Lewis “Scooter” Libby, who was Cheney’s chief of staff (Dorrien 183-184). Powell claimed that Iraq had mobile biological weapons facilities, linked to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. However, the International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) Mohamed El-Baradei, the Defense Intelligence Agency, the State Department, and the Institute for Science and International Security all strongly doubted this claim, as did international observers (Dorrien 184; Halper and Clarke 212-213; Mann 353-354). Yet this information was suppressed: attacked by “flak” or given little visible media coverage. Powell’s agenda included trying to rebuild an international coalition and to head off weather changes that would affect military operations in the Middle East (Mann 351). Both speeches used politicised variants of “weapons of mass destruction”, taken from the counterterrorism literature (Stern; Laqueur). Bush’s speech created an inflated geopolitical threat whilst Powell relied on flawed intelligence and scientific visuals to communicate a non-existent threat (Vogel). However, they had the intended effect on decision makers. US Under-Secretary of Defense, the neoconservative Paul Wolfowitz, later revealed to Vanity Fair that “weapons of mass destruction” was selected as an issue that all potential stakeholders could agree on (Wilkie 69). Perhaps the only remaining outlet was satire: Armando Iannucci’s 2009 film In The Loop parodied the diplomatic politics surrounding Powell’s speech and the civil-military tensions on the Iraq War’s eve. In the short term the two track process worked in heading off doubt. The “Vulcans” blocked important information on pre-war Iraq intelligence from reaching the media and the general public (Prados). Alternatively, they ignored area specialists and other experts, such as when Coalition Provisional Authority’s L. Paul Bremer ignored the US State Department’s fifteen volume ‘Future of Iraq’ project (Ferguson). Public “flak” and “risk entrepreneurs” mobilised a range of motivations from grief and revenge to historical memory and identity politics. This combination of private and public processes meant that although doubts were expressed, they could be contained through the dual echo chambers of neoconservative policymaking and the post-September 11 media. These factors enabled the “Vulcans” to proceed with their “regime change” plans despite strong public opposition from anti-war protestors. Expressing DoubtsMany experts and institutions expressed doubt about specific claims the Bush Administration made to support the 2003 Iraq War. This doubt came from three different and sometimes overlapping groups. Subject matter experts such as the IAEA’s Mohamed El-Baradei and weapons development scientists countered the UK intelligence report and Powell’s UN speech. However, they did not get the media coverage warranted due to “flak” and “echo chamber” dynamics. Others could challenge misleading historical analogies between insurgent Iraq and Nazi Germany, and yet not change the broader outcomes (Benjamin). Independent journalists one group who gained new information during the 1990-91 Gulf War: some entered Iraq from Kuwait and documented a more humanitarian side of the war to journalists embedded with US military units (Uyarra). Finally, there were dissenters from bureaucratic and institutional processes. In some cases, all three overlapped. In their separate analyses of the post-September 11 debate on intelligence “failure”, Zegart and Jervis point to a range of analytic misperceptions and institutional problems. However, the intelligence community is separated from policymakers such as the “Vulcans”. Compartmentalisation due to the “need to know” principle also means that doubting analysts can be blocked from releasing information. Andrew Wilkie discovered this when he resigned from Australia’s Office for National Assessments (ONA) as a transnational issues analyst. Wilkie questioned the pre-war assessments in Powell’s United Nations speech that were used to justify the 2003 Iraq War. Wilkie was then attacked publicly by Australian Prime Minister John Howard. This overshadowed a more important fact: both Howard and Wilkie knew that due to Australian legislation, Wilkie could not publicly comment on ONA intelligence, despite the invitation to do so. This barrier also prevented other intelligence analysts from responding to the “Vulcans”, and to “flak” and “echo chamber” dynamics in the media and neoconservative think-tanks. Many analysts knew that the excerpts released from the 2003 NIE on Iraq was highly edited (Prados). For example, Australian agencies such as the ONA, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and the Department of Defence knew this (Wilkie 98). However, analysts are trained not to interfere with policymakers, even when there are significant civil-military irregularities. Military officials who spoke out about pre-war planning against the “Vulcans” and their neoconservative supporters were silenced (Ricks; Ferguson). Greenlight Capital’s hedge fund manager David Einhorn illustrates in a different context what might happen if analysts did comment. Einhorn gave a speech to the Ira Sohn Conference on 15 May 2002 debunking the management of Allied Capital. Einhorn’s “short-selling” led to retaliation from Allied Capital, a Securities and Exchange Commission investigation, and growing evidence of potential fraud. If analysts adopted Einhorn’s tactics—combining rigorous analysis with targeted, public denunciation that is widely reported—then this may have short-circuited the “flak” and “echo chamber” effects prior to the 2003 Iraq War. The intelligence community usually tries to pre-empt such outcomes via contestation exercises and similar processes. This was the goal of the 2003 NIE on Iraq, despite the fact that the US Department of Energy which had the expertise was overruled by other agencies who expressed opinions not necessarily based on rigorous scientific and technical analysis (Prados; Vogel). In counterterrorism circles, similar disinformation arose about Aum Shinrikyo’s biological weapons research after its sarin gas attack on Tokyo’s subway system on 20 March 1995 (Leitenberg). Disinformation also arose regarding nuclear weapons proliferation to non-state actors in the 1990s (Stern). Interestingly, several of the “Vulcans” and neoconservatives had been involved in an earlier controversial contestation exercise: Team B in 1976. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) assembled three Team B groups in order to evaluate and forecast Soviet military capabilities. One group headed by historian Richard Pipes gave highly “alarmist” forecasts and then attacked a CIA NIE about the Soviets (Dorrien 50-56; Mueller 81). The neoconservatives adopted these same tactics to reframe the 2003 NIE from its position of caution, expressed by several intelligence agencies and experts, to belief that Iraq possessed a current, covert program to develop weapons of mass destruction (Prados). Alternatively, information may be leaked to the media to express doubt. “Non-attributable” background interviews to establishment journalists like Seymour Hersh and Bob Woodward achieved this. Wikileaks publisher Julian Assange has recently achieved notoriety due to US diplomatic cables from the SIPRNet network released from 28 November 2010 onwards. Supporters have favourably compared Assange to Daniel Ellsberg, the RAND researcher who leaked the Pentagon Papers (Ellsberg; Ehrlich and Goldsmith). Whilst Elsberg succeeded because a network of US national papers continued to print excerpts from the Pentagon Papers despite lawsuit threats, Assange relied in part on favourable coverage from the UK’s Guardian newspaper. However, suspected sources such as US Army soldier Bradley Manning are not protected whilst media outlets are relatively free to publish their scoops (Walt, ‘Woodward’). Assange’s publication of SIPRNet’s diplomatic cables will also likely mean greater restrictions on diplomatic and military intelligence (Walt, ‘Don’t Write’). Beyond ‘Doubt’ Iraq’s worsening security discredited many of the factors that had given the neoconservatives credibility. The post-September 11 media became increasingly more critical of the US military in Iraq (Ferguson) and cautious about the “echo chamber” of think-tanks and media outlets. Internet sites for Al Jazeera English, Al-Arabiya and other networks have enabled people to bypass “flak” and directly access these different viewpoints. Most damagingly, the non-discovery of Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction discredited both the 2003 NIE on Iraq and Colin Powell’s United Nations presentation (Wilkie 104). Likewise, “risk entrepreneurs” who foresaw “World War IV” in 2002 and 2003 have now distanced themselves from these apocalyptic forecasts due to a series of mis-steps and mistakes by the Bush Administration and Al Qaeda’s over-calculation (Bergen). The emergence of sites such as Wikileaks, and networks like Al Jazeera English and Al-Arabiya, are a response to the politics of the past decade. They attempt to short-circuit past “echo chambers” through providing access to different sources and leaked data. The Global War on Terror framed the Bush Administration’s response to September 11 as a war (Kirk; Mueller 59). Whilst this prematurely closed off other possibilities, it has also unleashed a series of dynamics which have undermined the neoconservative agenda. The “classicist” history and historical analogies constructed to justify the “World War IV” scenario are just one of several potential frameworks. “Flak” organisations and media “echo chambers” are now challenged by well-financed and strategic alternatives such as Al Jazeera English and Al-Arabiya. Doubt is one defence against “risk entrepreneurs” who seek to promote a particular idea: doubt guards against uncritical adoption. Perhaps the enduring lesson of the post-September 11 debates, though, is that doubt alone is not enough. What is needed are individuals and institutions that understand the strategies which the neoconservatives and others have used, and who also have the soft power skills during crises to influence critical decision-makers to choose alternatives. Appendix 1: Counterfactuals Richard Ned Lebow uses “what if?” counterfactuals to examine alternative possibilities and “minimal rewrites” or slight variations on the historical events that occurred. The following counterfactuals suggest that the Bush Administration’s Global War on Terror could have evolved very differently . . . or not occurred at all. Fact: The 2003 Iraq War and 2001 Afghanistan counterinsurgency shaped the Bush Administration’s post-September 11 grand strategy. Counterfactual #1: Al Gore decisively wins the 2000 U.S. election. Bush v. Gore never occurs. After the September 11 attacks, Gore focuses on international alliance-building and gains widespread diplomatic support rather than a neoconservative agenda. He authorises Special Operations Forces in Afghanistan and works closely with the Musharraf regime in Pakistan to target Al Qaeda’s muhajideen. He ‘contains’ Saddam Hussein’s Iraq through measurement and signature, technical intelligence, and more stringent monitoring by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Minimal Rewrite: United 93 crashes in Washington DC, killing senior members of the Gore Administration. Fact: U.S. Special Operations Forces failed to kill Osama bin Laden in late November and early December 2001 at Tora Bora. Counterfactual #2: U.S. Special Operations Forces kill Osama bin Laden in early December 2001 during skirmishes at Tora Bora. Ayman al-Zawahiri is critically wounded, captured, and imprisoned. The rest of Al Qaeda is scattered. Minimal Rewrite: Osama bin Laden’s death turns him into a self-mythologised hero for decades. Fact: The UK Blair Government supplied a 50-page intelligence dossier on Iraq’s weapons development program which the Bush Administration used to support its pre-war planning. Counterfactual #3: Rogue intelligence analysts debunk the UK Blair Government’s claims through a series of ‘targeted’ leaks to establishment news sources. Minimal Rewrite: The 50-page intelligence dossier is later discovered to be correct about Iraq’s weapons development program. Fact: The Bush Administration used the 2003 National Intelligence Estimate to “build its case” for “regime change” in Saddam Hussein’s Iraq. Counterfactual #4: A joint investigation by The New York Times and The Washington Post rebuts U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell’s speech to the United National Security Council, delivered on 5 February 2003. Minimal Rewrite: The Central Intelligence Agency’s whitepaper “Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs” (October 2002) more accurately reflects the 2003 NIE’s cautious assessments. Fact: The Bush Administration relied on Ahmed Chalabi for its postwar estimates about Iraq’s reconstruction. Counterfactual #5: The Bush Administration ignores Chalabi’s advice and relies instead on the U.S. State Department’s 15 volume report “The Future of Iraq”. Minimal Rewrite: The Coalition Provisional Authority appoints Ahmed Chalabi to head an interim Iraqi government. Fact: L. Paul Bremer signed orders to disband Iraq’s Army and to De-Ba’athify Iraq’s new government. Counterfactual #6: Bremer keeps Iraq’s Army intact and uses it to impose security in Baghdad to prevent looting and to thwart insurgents. Rather than a De-Ba’athification policy, Bremer uses former Baath Party members to gather situational intelligence. Minimal Rewrite: Iraq’s Army refuses to disband and the De-Ba’athification policy uncovers several conspiracies to undermine the Coalition Provisional Authority. AcknowledgmentsThanks to Stephen McGrail for advice on science and technology analysis.References Barker, Greg. “War of Ideas”. PBS Frontline. Boston, MA: 2007. ‹http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/newswar/video1.html› Benjamin, Daniel. “Condi’s Phony History.” Slate 29 Aug. 2003. ‹http://www.slate.com/id/2087768/pagenum/all/›. Bergen, Peter L. The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict between America and Al Qaeda. New York: The Free Press, 2011. Berman, Paul. Terror and Liberalism. 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Cette recherche consiste à étudier l'apport de l'interculturalité dans un processus de création théâtrale en se basant sur les théories de communication interculturelle. La pièce choisie pour l'élaboration de ce mémoire-création est La Nuit juste avant les forêts de Bernard-Marie Koltès. Cette pièce a été interprétée par trois comédiens d'origines culturelles diverses en juin 2004. Le travail en répétition nous a permis de tirer nos conclusions sur la pertinence de la communication interculturelle dans un processus théâtral. Les bases théoriques auxquelles nous avons eu recours sont des ouvrages de Peter Brook, Edward T.Hall, Carmel Camilleri, Adam Kiss et Patrice Pavis. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Communication interculturelle, Bernard-Marie Koltès, Théâtre, Transculturalité, Interculturalité.