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Brennan, Troyen. « The Settlement of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Antitrust Litigation ». JAMA Health Forum 3, no 12 (16 décembre 2022) : e224737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2022.4737.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ImportanceThe recent settlement of the class action antitrust lawsuit against the Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS) Association and 34 plans will bring substantial change to insurance markets in the US; however, not enough is known about the implications for insurance markets and health policy.ObjectiveTo detail the nature of the antitrust claims against the BCBS plans and their Association, and the required changes in their business practices that are a critical part of the settlement.Evidence ReviewThis analysis relies on the court documents that will set the new parameters under which BCBS plans must operate.FindingsFor many of the past 70 years, BCBS plans have enjoyed substantial market power in the state in which each operates. Other BCBS plans were not allowed to compete against other “Blues” plans, and any corporation resident in a plan’s territory was allowed to deal solely with the local plan if the corporation sought BCBS insurance for its employees. The settlement recognizes that these restrictions reduced competition; therefore, they are not allowed under federal antitrust laws going forward. The BCBS Association also will have less control over mergers and acquisitions by individual BCBS plans. Finally, the BCBS plans and the Association must pay $2.67 billion in damages to clients.Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings suggest that BCBS plans will face competition from their fellow plans for business, and they will be allowed to diversify the services they provide. These changes will be likely to threaten the smaller BCBS plans and could bring consolidation to the health insurance industry. These changes should also promote sharper efforts toward health care cost management, with broad implications for other parts of the health insurance industry, and for hospitals and other health care services.
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Junqueira, Alessandra Costa Pereira, Tracy L. Tylka, Sebastião de Sousa Almeida, Telma Maria Braga Costa et Maria Fernanda Laus. « Translation and Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese Version of the Broad Conceptualization of Beauty Scale With Brazilian Women ». Psychology of Women Quarterly 45, no 3 (17 mai 2021) : 351–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03616843211013459.
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In many countries, women are socialized to adopt a narrow definition of beauty. Research has revealed that, in the United States and China, the ability to broadly conceptualize beauty (perceive beauty in diverse body sizes, shapes, and appearances) is linked to women’s lower anti-fat attitudes, higher body appreciation, and higher well-being. In this study, we translated an existing measure of this construct, the Broad Conceptualization of Beauty Scale (BCBS), into Brazilian Portuguese and evaluated the factor structure and reliability and validity of its scores with a diverse sample of 563 Portuguese women. Findings revealed that the Brazilian Portuguese BCBS contains two factors—external/appearance features of beauty (BCBS-E) and internal features of beauty (BCBS-I)—contrary to the unidimensional factor structure found in previous studies. Support for internal consistency and 3-week test–retest reliability was garnered. Total BCBS and BCBS-E scores evidenced convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity, whereas the BCBS-I did not accrue substantial convergent or incremental validity support beyond its inverse bivariate association with anti-fat attitudes. We recommend the use of the Brazilian Portuguese BCBS in body image research programs as well as clinical practice and prevention programs with Brazilian women seeking support for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating.
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Flores-Méndez, David Antonio, José Roberto Ramos-Ibarra, Guillermo Toriz, Enrique Arriola-Guevara, Guadalupe Guatemala-Morales et Rosa Isela Corona-González. « Bored Coffee Beans for Production of Hyaluronic Acid by Streptococcus zooepidemicus ». Fermentation 7, no 3 (17 juillet 2021) : 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7030121.
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Bored coffee beans (BCBs) are the residues left from the pest Hypothenemus hampei that attacks coffee crops, resulting in enormous economic losses. The bioconversion of monosaccharides from BCBs into hyaluronic acid (HA) is appealing both for using the residues and given the high commercial value of HA. This study dealt with the production of HA using Streptococcus zooepidemicus by employing either acid (AcH) or enzymatic (EnH) hydrolyzates from BCBs. The highest release of monosaccharides (evaluated using surface response methodology) was obtained with EnH (36.4 g/L); however, S. zooepidemicus produced more HA (1.5 g/L) using AcH compared to EnH. Hydrolyzates from acetone-extracted BCBs yielded 2.7 g/L of HA, which is similar to the amount obtained using a synthetic medium (2.8 g/L). This report demonstrates the potential of hydrolyzates from bored coffee beans to produce HA by S. zooepidemicus.
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Prieto Muñoz, Jose Gustavo. « Governance of the Global Financial System : The Legitimacy of the BCBS 10 years after the 2008 Crisis ». Journal of International Economic Law 22, no 2 (1 juin 2019) : 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz011.
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ABSTRACT This article explores the question of legitimacy that underpins Basel III. First, I present a general framework for assessing how legitimacy operates within the global financial system through an analysis of the internal and external dimensions. I next address the internal dimension, exploring the legitimacy of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) as a body that exercises a type of public authority through the generation of norms/standards. I then analyse how the public law standards of transparency and accountability are currently being implemented within the BCBS system. Finally, I examine the external dimension, considering how the legitimacy of the BCBS is related to the international system. In particular, it is argued that because of the direct link between bailouts and human rights violations, the legitimacy of the BCBS is also tied to its role in promoting financial stability in the post-crisis architecture by protecting social rights within states.
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Orgeldinger, Joerg. « The Implementation of Basel Committee BCBS 239 : Short analysis of the new rules for Data Management ». Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 7, no 3 (1 septembre 2018) : 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2018-0023.
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Abstract In January 2013, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision issued 14 principles for effective risk data aggregation and risk reporting (BCBS 239) and outlined the paths to compliance for globally systemically important banks (G-SIBs) and domestic systemically important banks (D-SIBs).The Basel Committee devised BCBS 239 in order to ensure that banks and other financial institutions could monitor risks more effectively through superior data aggregation, enabling an overall more reliable and efficient risk management process. In a McKinsey report from June 2015 (Harreis et al, 2017) it is estimated that an average G-SIB would have to spend approximately 230 million USD and an average D-SIB 75 million USD to aggregate risk data that was previously dispersed over a wide variety of systems, geographic locations and banking groups. As the BCBS 239 for G-SIBs deadline was - at the time of writing – 10 months overdue, what approach towards compliance will prove to be more effective? In this article, the new principles according to BCBS 239 are described, criticized and one possible solution to meet the requirements is presented.
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Toland, Michael D., John Eric M. Lingat et David M. Dueber. « The Brief Course Belonging Scale : Developing a Measure of Postsecondary Students' Course-Level Sense of Belonging Across Online and Face-To-Face Modalities ». Journal of School and Educational Psychology 2, no 2 (7 juillet 2022) : 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47602/josep.v2i2.18.
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Sense of belonging is an important topic in higher education. However, few studies have examined this important construct at the course level and in the online learning context; even fewer are quantitative by design. The aim of our study was to develop and evaluate a measure of sense of belonging that could be used across different postsecondary learning contexts. A psychometric investigation was conducted at a large, US southeastern university on data using the newly developed Brief Course Belonging Scale (BCBS). Results provide evidence for the unidimensional treatment of BCBS data across delivery context, convergent validity for BCBS scores as they relate positively to belonging at the university level, connectedness, and academic motivation, and discriminant validity for BCBS scores as they related minimally with loneliness. Differential item functioning was detected on one item, but this did not jeopardize score validity and reliability. Specific psychometric implications regarding the domain-specificity of the course delivery context as well as the administration of the novel instrument to a more broad, and diverse student population are recommended.
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Prorokowski, Lukas, et Hubert Prorokowski. « Solutions for risk data compliance under BCBS 239 ». Journal of Investment Compliance 16, no 4 (2 novembre 2015) : 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-01-2015-0015.
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Purpose – BCBS 239 sets out a challenging standard for risk data processing and reporting. Any bank striving to comply with the principles will be keen to introspect how risk data is organized and what execution capabilities are at their disposal. With this in mind, the current paper advises banks on the growing number of solutions, tools and techniques that can be used to support risk data management frameworks under BCBS 239. Design/methodology/approach – This paper, based on a survey with 29 major financial institutions, including G-SIBs and D-SIBs from diversified geographical regions such as North America, Europe and APAC, aims to advise banks and other financial services firms on what is needed to become ready and compliant with BCBS 239. This paper discusses best practice solutions for master data management, data lineage and end user implementations. Findings – The primary conclusion of this paper is that banks should not treat BCBS 239 as yet another compliance exercise. The BCBS 239 principles constitute a driving force to restore viability and improve risk governance. In light of the new standards, banks can benefit from making significant progress towards risk data management transformation. This report argues that banks need to invest in a solution that empowers those who use the data to manage risk data. Thus, operational complexities are lifted and no data operations team is needed for proprietary coding of the data. Only then banks will stay abreast of the competition, while becoming fully compliant with the BCBS 239 principles. Practical implications – As noted by Prorokowski (2014), “Increasingly zero accountability, imposed, leveraged omnipresent vast endeavors, yielding ongoing understanding […] of the impact of the global financial crisis on the ways data should be treated” sparked off international debates addressing the need for an effective solution to risk data management and reporting. Originality/value – This paper discusses the forthcoming regulatory change that will have a significant impact on the banking industry. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision published its Principles for effective risk data aggregation and risk reporting (BCBS239) in January last year. The document contains 11 principles that Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs) will need to comply with by January 2016. The BCBS 239 principles are regarded as the least known components of the new regulatory reforms. As it transpires, the principles require many banks to undertake a significant amount of technical work and investments in IT infrastructure. Furthermore, BCBS 239 urges financial services firms to review their definitions of the completeness of risk data.
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Viljanen, Mika Veli-Pekka. « CVA : the first sign of BCBS strategic change ? » Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 23, no 3 (13 juillet 2015) : 230–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-05-2014-0021.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to aid understanding of the changes in Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) regulatory strategies after the global financial crisis. Design/methodology/approach – The author uses the credit valuation adjustment (CVA) charge reform as a test case for inquiring whether BCBS has departed from its pre-crisis facilitative regulatory strategy path. The regulatory strategy of the CVA charge is discussed. Findings – The charge exhibits a new regulatory strategy that BCBS has adopted. It seeks to manipulate market structures by imposing risk-insensitive capital charge methodologies. Originality/value – The paper offers a new heuristic to analyse regulatory initiatives and their significance. The CVA charge has not been subject to a regulatory theory-based analysis in prior literature.
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Vasiliauskienė, Dovilė, Renata Boris, Giedrius Balčiūnas, Agnė Kairytė et Jaunius Urbonavičius. « Impact of Cellulolytic Fungi on Biodegradation of Hemp Shives and Corn Starch-Based Composites with Different Flame-Retardants ». Microorganisms 10, no 9 (14 septembre 2022) : 1830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091830.
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Biocomposite boards (BcBs) composed of hemp shives and corn starch are known as thermal insulating or structural building materials. Therefore, they must be stable during exploitation. However, BcBs are exposed to microorganisms present in the environment, and it is of great interest to investigate the biodegradation behaviour of these materials. This work identified microorganisms growing on BcBs that contain either Flovan CGN or expandable graphite as flame retardants and selected fungi such as Rhizopus oryzae and Aspergillus fumigatus to test the way they affect the materials of interest. For this purpose, the enzymatic activity of cellulases and amylases produced by these organisms were determined. In addition, the apparent density as well as compressive strength of the affected boards were evaluated. The results showed that apparent density and compressive strength deteriorated in BcB composition with the Flovan CGN flame retardant. At the same time, the level of deterioration was lower when the expandable graphite was used, suggesting that it also acts as an antimicrobial agent. A scanning electronic microscopy analysis was employed to monitor the growth of microorganisms in the BcBs. Such analysis demonstrated that, regardless of BcB composition, fungi easily penetrate into the middle layers of the material.
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Zhu, Xiaoqian, Jianping Li et Dengsheng Wu. « Should the Advanced Measurement Approach for Operational Risk be Discarded ? Evidence from the Chinese Banking Industry ». Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 22, no 01 (mars 2019) : 1950007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091519500073.
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The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) states that in addition to the fact that it lacks simplicity, the Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA) must be discarded because the flexibility of AMAs does not narrow as envisioned prior. This paper discusses whether this judgment of the BCBS holds for the Chinese banking industry. We first review the development of operational risk data collection and AMAs in China over the past decade. Then, capital requirement results for Chinese banks based on these datasets and approaches are summarized and analyzed. It is shown that along with the accumulation of operational risk data and the refinement of AMAs, operational risk results for the Chinese banking industry have shown a clear trend of convergence that is exactly opposed to judgments of the BCBS. Therefore, the removal of the AMA from regulatory frameworks may not be reasonable.
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Hoch, Caroline P., Daniel J. Scott, Daniel J. Scott et Christopher E. Gross. « Does Medicaid Expansion Improve Access to Care for Ankle Sprains ? » Foot & ; Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no 1 (janvier 2022) : 2473011421S0024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s00243.
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Category: Ankle; Sports; Other Introduction/Purpose: Prior research has found Medicaid patients face greater difficulty scheduling appointments with orthopaedic surgeons compared to those with other insurance. Recently, a number of states have expanded Medicaid coverage as part of the affordable care act, although it is unclear how this expansion impacts the ability of these patients to obtain access to orthopaedic surgeons. We questioned whether Medicaid patients face additional barriers to care for treatment of ankle sprains, an extremely common athletic injury. Our goal was to determine whether individual state Medicaid expansion status, as well as type of insurance accepted, affected access to care for ankle sprains. Methods: Four pairs of Medicaid expanded (Kentucky, Louisiana, Iowa, Arizona) and unexpanded (North Carolina, Alabama, Wisconsin, Texas) states in similar geographic locations were chosen. Twelve foot and ankle practices from each state (N=96) were randomly selected from the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society directory. Each clinic was called twice to request an appointment for a fictitious 16-year-old with a first-time ankle sprain with either in-state Medicaid insurance or Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS) private insurance. Results: An appointment was obtained at 63 (65.6%) clinics when calling with BCBS and 44 (45.8%) clinics with Medicaid (P=.006). There was a significant difference in appointment scheduling based on insurance status in Medicaid unexpanded states (Medicaid=21, 43.8% vs. BCBS=34, 70.8%; P=.007). However, this difference was not significant in Medicaid expanded states (Medicaid=23, 47.9% vs. BCBS=29, 60.4%; P=.219). In addition, in all states except Iowa, a Medicaid expanded state, more appointments were scheduled using BCBS than Medicaid. The three most common reasons for appointment denial were inability to provide an insurance identification number (47.1%), insurance status (23.5%), and lack of referral (17.6%). The waiting period for an appointment was not significantly different depending on insurance status or Medicaid expansion status (Medicaid=3.30 days, BCBS=3.43 days, P=.152). Conclusion: For patients with first-time ankle sprains, access to care is more difficult using Medicaid insurance rather than private insurance, especially in Medicaid unexpanded states. However, when granted an appointment, Medicaid patients waited a comparable amount of time to the appointment as those using private insurance.
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Chalmers, Adam William. « When Banks Lobby : The Effects of Organizational Characteristics and Banking Regulations on International Bank Lobbying ». Business and Politics 19, no 1 (1 février 2017) : 107–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2016.7.
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AbstractThis article examines bank lobbying in the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). While excessive bank lobbying is routinely linked to weakened banking regulations, we still know little about bank mobilization patterns. In particular, when and why do some banks lobby the BCBS while others do not? I argue that the decision to lobby is a function of two factors: banks’ organizational characteristics and domestic banking regulations. I test my argument using a unique dataset of over 33,000 banks worldwide during the period in which Basel III was negotiated. My findings confirm a pronounced bias in bank mobilization patterns toward wealthy, internationally active banks. I also find that banks facing more stringent banking regulations at home tend to lobby the BCBS in an effort to level the playing field with international competitors. This effect is particularly salient for stringent regulations on banking activities as well as higher capital adequacy requirements.1
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Duggan Goldstein, Sarah Ford, Jennifer Wisner et Carole Redding Flamm. « Evaluating systems of care. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no 34_suppl (1 décembre 2012) : 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.34_suppl.100.
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100 Background: Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association (BCBSA) is an association of 38 independent, locally operated Blue Cross and/or Blue Shield Plans (each, a BCBS Company). BCBSA and the 38 Blue Companies developed the Blue Distinction (BD) Program, a hospital based quality recognition program with clinical focus on six areas of specialty care, including complex and rare cancers. In 2010, BCBSA and 7 BCBS companies engaged in a pilot study with 25 systems of cancer care, to examine the feasibility of measuring key components of quality that were developed with input from a national multidisciplinary expert panel. Breast and/or colon cancer programs were examined on a range of settings, to understand similarities and differences between systems of cancer care in various regions across the country. Methods: A series of structured discussions and a three-part survey were used to gather information about systems of cancer care. The surveys explored various structures and processes of care that support multidisciplinary, coordinated, evidence-based and patient-centered care across the continuum of care. Results: A diverse group of established multidisciplinary systems of cancer care [n =17 responses (68%)] participated, representing tertiary, community, urban, and rural settings from various regions. Approximately one-third of the responding systems provided written treatment plans or written treatment summaries to patients, and less than one-half had formal processes for comprehensive survivorship care. A majority provided patient navigators, care coordination, or case management services, and a similar majority communicated with the primary care provider at identified points in course of patient’s treatment (e.g., initial assessment, change in treatment, completion of treatment). Conclusions: The pilot study identified gaps in oncology care, similar to those found by the Institute of Medicine (National Cancer Policy Board, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council. Ensuring Quality Cancer Care. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1999) and others. Opportunities exist for oncology stakeholders to promote quality improvement efforts to narrow these gaps and to improve the quality of cancer care.
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Elhassouni, Jalil, Abderrahim El qadi, Yasser El madani El alami et Mohamed El haziti. « The Implementation of Credit Risk Scorecard Using Ontology Design Patterns and BCBS 239 ». Cybernetics and Information Technologies 20, no 2 (1 juin 2020) : 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cait-2020-0019.
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AbstractNowadays information and communication technologies are playing a decisive role in helping the financial institutions to deal with the management of credit risk. There have been significant advances in scorecard model for credit risk management. Practitioners and policy makers have invested in implementing and exploring a variety of new models individually. Coordinating and sharing information groups, however, achieved less progress. One of several causes of the 2008 financial crisis was in data architecture and information technology infrastructure. To remedy this problem the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) outlined a set of principles called BCBS 239. Using Ontology Design Patterns (ODPs) and BCBS 239, credit risk scorecard and applicant ontologies are proposed to improve the decision making process in credit loan. Both ontologies were validated, distributed in Ontology Web Language (OWL) files and checked in the test cases using SPARQL. Thus, making their (re)usability and expandability easier in financial institutions. These ontologies will also make sharing data more effective and less costly.
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Pitts, Charles C., Haley M. McKissack, Jun Kit He, Bradley Alexander, Charles R. Sutherland, Benjamin B. Cage et Ashish Shah. « Do Geographic Region, Pathologic Chronicity, and Hospital Affiliation Affect Access to Care Among Medicaid- and Privately-Insured Foot and Ankle Surgery Patients ? » Foot & ; Ankle Orthopaedics 5, no 4 (1 octobre 2020) : 2473011420S0038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011420s00387.
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Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: Studies have shown that patients enrolled in Medicaid have difficulty obtaining access to care compared to patients with private insurance. Whether variables such as geographic location, state expansion vs. non-expansion, and private versus academic affiliation affect access to care among foot and ankle surgery patients enrolled in Medicaid has not been previously established. Methods: Twenty providers from each of five Medicaid-expanded and five non-expanded states in different U.S. geographic regions were randomly chosen via the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) directory. One investigator contacted each office requesting the earliest available appointment for their fictitious relative’s acute Achilles tendon rupture or hallux valgus. Investigator insurance was stated to be Medicaid for half of phone calls, and Blue-Cross Blue-Shield (BCBS) for the other half. Appointment success rate and average time to appointment were compared between private insurance and Medicaid. Results were further compared across geographic regions, between private and academic practices, and between urgent acute injury (Achilles rupture) and chronic non-urgent injury (hallux valgus). Results: Appointments were successful for all 100 (100%) calls made with BCBS, in comparison to 73 of 100 calls (73%) with Medicaid (p<0.001). Both acute and chronic injury had significantly higher success rates with BCBS than Medicaid (p<0.001). Appointment success rate was significantly lower with Medicaid than with BCBS (p<=0.01) in all geographic regions. Success rate with Medicaid (66.7%) was significantly lower than with BCBS (100.0%, p<0.001) for private practice offices, but not for academic practices. Conclusion: Patients with Medicaid experience difficulty in obtaining appointments for common non-emergent foot and ankle problems and may experience increased difficulty scheduling appointments at private rather than academic institutions. The medical community should continue to seek and identify potential interventions which can improve access to orthopaedic care for all patients, regardless of insurance status. [Table: see text]
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Sandstrom, Robert W., Jedd Lehman, Lee Hahn et Andrew Ballard. « Structure of the Physical Therapy Benefit in a Typical Blue Cross Blue Shield Preferred Provider Organization Plan Available in the Individual Insurance Market in 2011 ». Physical Therapy 93, no 10 (1 octobre 2013) : 1342–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20120203.
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BackgroundThe Affordable Care Act of 2010 establishes American Health Benefit Exchanges. The benefit design of insurance plans in state health insurance exchanges will be based on the structure of existing small-employer–sponsored plans.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to describe the structure of the physical therapy benefit in a typical Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS) preferred provider organization (PPO) health insurance plan available in the individual insurance market in 2011.DesignA cross-sectional survey design was used.MethodsThe physical therapy benefit within 39 BCBS PPO plans in 2011 was studied for a standard consumer with a standard budget. First, whether physical therapy was a benefit in the plan was determined. If so, then the structure of the benefit was described in terms of whether the physical therapy benefit was a stand-alone benefit or part of a combined-discipline benefit and whether a visit or financial limit was placed on the physical therapy benefit.ResultsPhysical therapy was included in all BCBS plans that were studied. Ninety-three percent of plans combined physical therapy with other disciplines. Two thirds of plans placed a limit on the number of visits covered.LimitationsThe results of the study are limited to 1 standard consumer, 1 association of insurance companies, 1 form of insurance (a PPO), and 1 PPO plan in each of the 39 states that were studied.ConclusionsPhysical therapy is a covered benefit in a typical BCBS PPO health insurance plan. Physical therapy most often is combined with other therapy disciplines, and the number of covered visits is limited in two thirds of plans.
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Yan, Qun, Melissa J. Karau, Kerryl E. Greenwood-Quaintance, Jayawant N. Mandrekar, Douglas R. Osmon, Matthew P. Abdel et Robin Patel. « Comparison of Diagnostic Accuracy of Periprosthetic Tissue Culture in Blood Culture Bottles to That of Prosthesis Sonication Fluid Culture for Diagnosis of Prosthetic Joint Infection (PJI) by Use of Bayesian Latent Class Modeling and IDSA PJI Criteria for Classification ». Journal of Clinical Microbiology 56, no 6 (11 avril 2018) : e00319-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00319-18.
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ABSTRACT We have previously demonstrated that culturing periprosthetic tissue in blood culture bottles (BCBs) improves sensitivity compared to conventional agar and broth culture methods for diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection (PJI). We have also shown that prosthesis sonication culture improves sensitivity compared to periprosthetic tissue culture using conventional agar and broth methods. The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of tissue culture in BCBs (subsequently referred to as tissue culture) to prosthesis sonication culture (subsequently referred to as sonicate fluid culture). We studied 229 subjects who underwent arthroplasty revision or resection surgery between March 2016 and October 2017 at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Using the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) PJI diagnostic criteria (omitting culture criteria) as the gold standard, the sensitivity of tissue culture was similar to that of the sonicate fluid culture (66.4% versus 73.1%, P = 0.07) but was significantly lower than that of the two tests combined (66.4% versus 76.9%, P < 0.001). Using Bayesian latent class modeling, which assumes no gold standard for PJI diagnosis, the sensitivity of tissue culture was slightly lower than that of sonicate fluid culture (86.3% versus 88.7%) and much lower than that of the two tests combined (86.3% versus 99.1%). In conclusion, tissue culture in BCBs reached sensitivity similar to that of prosthesis sonicate fluid culture for diagnosis of PJI, but the two tests combined had the highest sensitivity without compromising specificity. The combination of tissue culture in BCBs and sonicate fluid culture is recommended to achieve the highest level of microbiological diagnosis of PJI.
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Su, Tao, Weiwei Men, Zhiqiang Wang, Lixin Xuan et Weiwei Zhao. « POSS-benzocyclobutene (POSS-BCB) resin ». High Performance Polymers 30, no 9 (27 novembre 2017) : 1123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008317740194.
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Organic-inorganic hybrid materials with a high thermal stability and a low dielectric constant show great potential in the microelectronics industry. In this work, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-benzocyclobutenes (POSS-BCBs) were synthesized by a hydrosilylation reaction of octavinyloctasilasesquioxane (OVPOSS) and 4-(1,1-dimethyl-1-hydro)-silyl-benzocyclobutene with H2PtCl6 as a catalyst. The ring-opening reaction of BCB on POSS-BCBs resulted in POSS-BCB resins with a highly cross-linked network structure. This resin exhibited good thermal stability (T5% is 495°C in N2), low dielectric constants (<2.1 at 20 MHz) and low water absorption.
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Wang, Meng, Yingchao Huang, Chunyu Li et Ping Lu. « Diastereoselective synthesis of 1,1,3,3-tetrasubstituted cyclobutanes enabled by cycloaddition of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes ». Organic Chemistry Frontiers 9, no 8 (2022) : 2149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2qo00167e.
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Guembe, María, María Jesús Pérez Granda, Raquel Cruces, Luis Alcalá et Emilio Bouza. « The NeutraClear® Needleless Connector is Equally Effective against Catheter Colonization Compared to MicroClave® ». Journal of Vascular Access 18, no 5 (29 juillet 2017) : 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jva.5000775.
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Introduction Neutral-valve closed-system connectors can reduce the frequency of catheter colonization. Commercially available closed system connectors need to be tested and compared with each other to assess how they protect against contamination. We aimed to compare, in vitro, the efficacy of connectors NeutraClear® and MicroClave® against contamination under conditions of daily clinical practice. Methods The model consisted of a set of 200 blood culture bottles (BCBs) with a cannula inserted (100 closed with NeutraClear® and 100 closed with MicroClave®) that were assessed in two experiments while instilling 1 mL of saline: manipulation based on the standard of care and manipulation using gloves impregnated with a 0.05 McFarland Staphylococcus aureus solution. The BCBs were incubated in a BACTEC System at 37°C under continuous shaking for up to 7 days. When a bottle turned positive, 100 µL of the fluid was cultured. The positivity rate and time to positivity of the BCB in each experiment was compared. Results In the aseptic model in the NeutraClear® and MicroClave® groups, only 1 BCB and 2 BCBs were positive, respectively, (p = 0.55). In the contaminated model, all BCBs were positive in both groups at the end of the incubation time. We did not find differences for the MTP between NeutraClear® and MicroClave® (36.04 vs. 20.13 hours, p = 0.09). Conclusions The NeutraClear® needleless connector proved to be as efficient as the MicroClave® connector in the prevention of catheter colonization and migration of S. aureus from the surface to the inside of the hub in an in vitro model.
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Dafny, Leemore. « Does It Matter if Your Health Insurer Is For Profit ? Effects of Ownership on Premiums, Insurance Coverage, and Medical Spending ». American Economic Journal : Economic Policy 11, no 1 (1 février 2019) : 222–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20130370.
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There is limited empirical evidence about the impact of for-profit health insurers on various outcomes. I study the effects of conversions to for-profit status by Blue Cross and Blue Shield (BCBS) affiliates in 11 states, spanning 28 geographic markets. I find both the BCBS affiliate and its rivals increased premiums following conversions in markets where the converting affiliate had substantial market share. Medicaid enrollment rates also increased in these markets, a pattern consistent with “crowd in” of families who were formerly privately insured. The results suggest for-profit insurers are likelier than not-for-profit insurers to exercise market power when they possess it. (JEL G22, I13, I18, I38)
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McCarty, Janet. « BCBS Drops Cognitive Rehabilitation Report ». ASHA Leader 16, no 14 (novembre 2011) : 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/leader.otp.16142011.3.
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Jarbou, Tariq, et Jorge Katsumi Niyama. « Avaliação comparativa, por país, da situação econômico-financeira de bancos islâmicos ». REVISTA AMBIENTE CONTÁBIL - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - ISSN 2176-9036 12, no 2 (1 juillet 2020) : 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21680/2176-9036.2020v12n2id19456.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Objetivo: Este estudo visa promover uma avaliação comparativa por país da situação econômico-financeira de bancos islâmicos.
Metodologia: Foi utilizada uma abordagem analítica descritiva e documental. Realizou-se uma coleta de dados sobre indicadores financeiros de bancos islâmicos em 21 países e procedeu-se a análise desses dados à luz das normas recomendadas pelo Conselho de Serviços Financeiros Islâmicos (IFSB) e pelo Comitê de Supervisão Bancária de Basileia (BCBS). A amostra foi composta pelos países com dados disponíveis na base de dados do IFSB (PSIFIs). Os dados referem-se ao segundo trimestre de 2018 agrupados por países. Uma estatística descritiva simples, na forma de figuras, foi utilizada para analisar os dados coletados.
Resultados: Este documento ressalta que 90% das instituições financeiras islâmicas (IFIs) nos países da amostra calculam o índice de adequação de capital (CAR) de acordo com as recomendações do BCBS. Além disso, 95% apresentam CAR superior a 8% (o mínimo estabelecido pelo BCBS e IFSB). Portanto, 95% dos países possuem sistemas financeiros seguros em termos da solvência bancária. Em termos de qualidade de ativos, o sistema financeiro islâmico em Omã apresentou a melhor qualidade no gerenciamento dos seus recursos. O Sudão demonstrou os maiores índices de rentabilidade em seus bancos islâmicos. Na análise de liquidez, não foi possível identificar com precisão qual é o país de melhor índice de liquidez no curto e longo prazo uma vez que mais de 60% dos países não apresentaram dados suficientes. Em termos de ativos líquidos sobre o total de ativos, e o cumprimento de obrigações a curto prazo, os sistemas financeiros islâmicos do Egito e do Afeganistão, respectivamente, lideraram com melhores índices de liquidez da amostra, mostrando capacidade e segurança para cumprir suas obrigações.
Contribuições do Estudo: Identificar os países com maior/menor risco considerando os requerimentos e recomendações do IFSB e do BCBS.
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Payen, Mathilde, Alice Gaudart, Kevin Legueult, James Kasprzak, Audrey Emery, Grégoire Mutambayi, Christian Pradier, Frédéric Robin, Romain Lotte et Raymond Ruimy. « Evaluation of an Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Method on Enterobacterales-Positive Blood Cultures in Less Than 8 h Using the Rapid Mueller-Hinton Diffusion Method in Conjunction with the SIRscan 2000 Automatic Reading Device ». Microorganisms 10, no 7 (8 juillet 2022) : 1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071377.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Enterobacterales bloodstream infections are life-threatening and require rapid, targeted antibiotherapy based on antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST). A new method using Muller-Hinton Rapid-SIR (MHR-SIR) agar (i2a, Montpellier, France) allows complete direct AST (dAST) to be read from positive blood culture bottles (BCBs) for all Enterobacterales species after 6–8 h of incubation. We evaluated (i) the performance of dAST from positive BCBs on MHR-SIR agar using two different inoculum protocols; (ii) the categorical agreement between dAST results obtained with MHR-SIR agar vs. those obtained with Muller-Hinton (MH) agar; and (iii) the ability of the MHR-SIR medium to detect β-lactam resistant Enterobacterales. Finally, we estimated the saved turnaround time (TAT) with MHR-SIR compared with MH agar in our 24/7 laboratory. Our results showed that the most suitable inoculation protocol for dAST on MHR-SIR agar was 1 drop of BCB/5 mL H2O. For monomicrobial Enterobacterales BCBs, dAST performed on MHR-SIR medium showed 99.3% categorical agreement with AST on MH agar. Furthermore, MHR-SIR agar allows early detection of β-lactam resistance mechanisms, including AmpC hyperproduction, extended-spectrum β-lactamase, and carbapenemase. Finally, TAT reduction in our 24/7 laboratory was 16 h, enabling a significantly faster provision of antibiotic advice.
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Peihani, Maziar. « Basel Committee on Banking Supervision ». Brill Research Perspectives in International Banking and Securities Law 1, no 2 (30 septembre 2016) : 1–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056936-12340002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Part 1 of this project overviewed the literature on the Basel Committee of Banking Supervision (bcbs) and provided a primer on the Committee’s governance and functions. It also engaged with the current theories on legitimacy and discussed what legitimacy meant for the global governance of banking and how it could be assessed. This part investigates the bcbs’s governance, operation, and policy outcomes to determine the extent to which it is and has been legitimate. The assessment is conducted based on three principles of reasoned decision making, transparency, and accountability. I argue that the bcbs has gradually become a more legitimate institution but there still exists significant room for improvement. I highlight a number of areas for reform and set out policy prescriptions to enhance the bcbs’s legitimacy.
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Jain, Mohit, Haley McKissack, Jun Kit He, Aaradhana J. Jha, Matthew Anderson, Charles Pitts, Ashish Brahmbhatt et Amit Momaya. « Do Type of Insurance, Geographical Variation and Type of Practice Impact Access to Foot and Ankle Care ? » Foot & ; Ankle Orthopaedics 4, no 4 (1 octobre 2019) : 2473011419S0023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011419s00230.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Category: Foot & Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Medical coverage gap in United States refers to people who are uninsured because the state they are living has still opted-out of Medicaid expansion under Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) and they are too poor to be benefited from subsidies designed for middle-class Americans. A large percentage of this population lives in south. Despite increasing participation of the states in expanded Medicaid, it is still unclear that if such an expansion has led to improve the access to care. However, approximately one in three American is covered under Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS) private insurance. The purpose of this study is to determine the access to foot and ankle care based on medical insurance, nature of illness and Medicaid expansion of the state. Methods: Five pairs of Medicaid expended (California, New York, Ohio, Minnesota and Washington) and non-expanded (Utah, Texas, Alabama, Missouri, and North Carolina) states with different geographic location were selected for the study. Twenty providers from each state were randomly selected via American Orthopedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) directory with private or academic affiliations. Each provider’s office was contacted by fictitious call for the earliest available appointment in foot and ankle clinic. A standardized script was used by the same researcher every time for a 30 year old male patient with acute Achilles tendon rupture or chronic bunion with either Medicaid or BCBS insurances. Available appointment for physician was considered as an access to foot and ankle care. We registered time until appointment (if given) and reason for denial (if denied) on phone. We also recorded requirements for insurance details, PCP (Primary Care Physician) referral or imaging records. Results: 200 providers’ offices were contacted on phone for foot and ankle clinic appointment. Successful appointment was given by 36%(72/200) offices irrespective of condition and insurance. 29% of calls with Medicaid could successfully schedule an appointment compared to 43% when calling with BCBS(P=0.03). Success rate for appointment was same for Achilles rupture and Bunion (36% each). The mean time until earliest appointment was 10.7(range 1-37) days with Medicaid and 10.5 (range 1-45) days with BCBS. For Medicaid patients, no significant difference was found in appointment rates between expanded states (30%) and non-expanded (28%) states (P=0.82). Overall appointment success rate was highest in Utah (65%) and lowest in New York (10%). Differences were observed across geographical locations, as well as between academic and private institutes. Conclusion: In our study, access to foot and ankle care clinic seems to be significantly better with BCBS private insurance compared to Medicaid. Sample size is surely a limitation, but we have included more states than similarly-designed studies for better geographic variability. There was no significant difference for appointment wait-time between Achilles tendon rupture and Bunion as well as Medicaid and BCBS insurance. Medicaid expansion facility in the state has not been associated with higher success rate but associated with lengthening of wait-time. Inability to provide insurance details or PCP-referral is definitely an important barrier for the access to podiatric care.
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Canady, Valerie A. « Massachusetts BCBS report highlights BH disparities ». Mental Health Weekly 32, no 7 (12 février 2022) : 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mhw.33113.
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Peihani, Maziar. « Basel Committee on Banking Supervision ». Brill Research Perspectives in International Banking and Securities Law 1, no 1 (18 juillet 2016) : 1–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056936-12340001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (bcbs) was established in 1974 as an informal group of central bankers and bank supervisors with the mandate to formulate supervisory standards and guidelines. Although the Committee does not have any formal supranational authority, it is the de facto global banking regulator and its recommendations have been widely implemented by member and non-member states. This project investigates the bcbs’s governance, operation, and policy outcomes to determine the extent to which it is and has been legitimate. The project is comprised of two parts. This part overviews the literature on the bcbs, outlines its contribution, and provides a primer on the Committee’s governance and functions. In addition, it engages with the current theories on legitimacy and discusses what legitimacy means for the global governance of banking and how it can be assessed.
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Que, Xianfeng, Zhiming Qiu et Yurong Yan. « Synthesis and properties of benzocyclobutene-terminated imide-containing cyano group ». High Performance Polymers 31, no 9-10 (6 janvier 2019) : 1062–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318821710.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Benzocyclobutene (BCB) resins have aroused much interest because of their excellent physical and chemical properties. Unfortunately the temperature required to induce cross-linking in typical BCBs is higher than 250°C, which restricts their applications. In this study, a novel cyano-containing BCB-terminated imide monomer was synthesized through the reaction of 1-cyano-5-amino-benzocyclobutene with 4,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride. This monomer allows a 50–100°C lower curing temperature in comparison with typical BCBs, and it is highly soluble in various solvents and can easily convert to cured film at 150–200°C. Because of the presence of rigid imide group and strong polar cyano group, the cured film exhibits excellent mechanical strength with tensile strength up to 87.8 MPa, high glass transition temperature up to 350°C, low coefficient of thermal expansion (36.9 ppm K−1), and outstanding planarity with the average surface roughness as low as 0.26 nm.
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Philippidis, Alex. « ExoDx, CareFirst BCBS Launch Evidence Development Partnership ». Clinical OMICs 4, no 5 (septembre 2017) : 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/clinomi.04.05.18.
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Goodspeed, Ronald B., et Philip R. Alper. « ACP/BCBS guidelines for common diagnostic tests ». Journal of General Internal Medicine 5, no 3 (mai 1990) : 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02600551.
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Naim, Nizar Yousef Ahmed, et Nora Azureen Abdul Rahman. « Thematic analysis of the responsibilities of the board of directors in OECD, BCBS, and IFSB principles ». Journal of Governance and Regulation 11, no 4, special issue (2022) : 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv11i4siart6.
Texte intégralRésumé :
At the center of this ongoing debate is the board of directors’ responsibilities, nevertheless, there are differences and similarities among the principles and guidelines of corporate governance worldwide when it comes to responsibilities of the board of directors. The interest in corporate governance and, specifically, the focus on bank governance have received increased attention from academics and policymakers after the global financial crisis of 2007–2009 (Pathan & Faff, 2013). Given the gap in the literature investigating these differences and similarities, this theoretical article aims to conduct a thematic analysis of the principles and guidelines of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), and Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB), on board of directors’ responsibilities. This article provides a reference thematic analysis for policymakers, regulators, and researchers in developing national corporate governance principles and guidelines. The article highlights the shares themes between the principles of OECD, BCBS, and IFSB, and concludes with recommendations for future research in the area of the board of directors’ responsibilities.
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Vasiliauskienė, Dovilė, Giedrius Balčiūnas, Renata Boris, Agnė Kairytė, Arūnas Kremensas et Jaunius Urbonavičius. « The Effect of Different Plant Oil Impregnation and Hardening Temperatures on Physical-Mechanical Properties of Modified Biocomposite Boards Made of Hemp Shives and Corn Starch ». Materials 13, no 22 (21 novembre 2020) : 5275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225275.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this study, tung tree and linseed drying oils, as well as semi-drying hempseed oil, were analyzed as the protective coatings for biocomposite boards (BcB) made of hemp shives, corn starch binder, and the performance-enhancing additives. The hydrophobization coatings were formed at 40, 90, and 120 °C temperatures, respectively. The physical-mechanical properties such as the compressive strength, thermal conductivity, dimensional stability, water absorption, and swelling were tested. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed for the analysis of the board microstructure to visualize the oil fills and impregnation in pores and voids. It was demonstrated that the compressive strength of oil-modified BcBs compared to uncoated BcBs (at 10% of relative deformation) increased by up to 4.5-fold and could reach up to 14 MPa, water absorption decreased up to 4-fold (from 1.34 to 0.37 kg/m2), swelling decreased up to 48% (from 8.20% to 4.26%), whereas the thermal conductivity remained unchanged with the thermal conductivity coefficient of around 0.085 W/m·K. Significant performance-enhancing properties were obtained due to the formation of a protective oil film when the tung tree oil was used.
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Lotte, Romain, Audrey Courdurié, Alice Gaudart, Audrey Emery, Alicia Chevalier, Albert Tran, Mathilde Payen et Raymond Ruimy. « Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis : The Incremental Value of a Fast and Direct Bacterial Identification from Ascitic Fluids Inoculated in Blood Culture Bottles by MALDI-TOF MS for a Better Management of Patients ». Microorganisms 10, no 6 (9 juin 2022) : 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061188.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a severe infection that requires fast and accurate antibiotic therapy to improve the patient outcome. Direct bacterial identification using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry from ascitic fluid inoculated in blood culture bottles (BCBs) could therefore improve patients’ management. We evaluated the impact of the implementation of this method for the treatment of patients. Our identification protocol was performed on 136 positive BCBs collected from 61 patients between December 2018 and December 2020. The therapeutic impact of our protocol was evaluated using a before (2015–2016) and after (2019–2020) case–control study in two populations of 41 patients diagnosed with SBP and treated with antibiotics. The decrease in time to first identification and the optimization of antibiotic therapy following communication of the identification result were evaluated. Our protocol allowed us to identify 78% of bacteria in ascitic fluids. The transmission of the direct identification allowed the introduction or adaption of the antibiotic therapy early in 37% of SBP, with a mean decrease in time to first antibiotic change of 17 h. Our direct identification protocol for positive inoculated ascitic fluids is fast, reliable and inexpensive. Its routine integration into a microbiology laboratory allows the early introduction of appropriate antibiotic therapy and improves the management of patients with SBP.
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Delimatsis, Panagiotis. « Financial Innovation and Prudential Regulation : The New Basel III Rules ». Journal of World Trade 46, Issue 6 (21 janvier 2012) : 1309–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2012041.
Texte intégralRésumé :
With the benefit of hindsight, financial markets and institutions proved to be much more fragile to shocks than regulators and supervisors expected. Financial innovation was accused of having played a decisive role in the recent financial turmoil. In the wake of the crisis and after the adoption of generous rescue packages and liquidity facilities by several governments, a coordinated effort is being made to revise prudential standards, both at the micro- and the macro-prudential level. In these efforts, governments appear to follow the rules promulgated within the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). After an examination of the interaction between prudential regulation and financial innovation, the paper critically reviews the new prudential standards adopted within the BCBS known as 'Basel III', in particular those relating to regulatory capital and liquidity. One of the essential lessons of the crisis is that such requirements can no longer be limited to banks, in view of the contribution of the shadow banking system to the crisis. Furthermore, relevant national initiatives in the EU and the US are discussed and potential conflicts with the Basel III framework are pinpointed. In addition, the relevance of the prudential carve-out within the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is examined. As rule creation outside the GATS grows, rule outsourcing in the area of financial services becomes well-established, thereby increasingly pointing to the limited role of the GATS in this area.
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Smith, Zoe G., Lynn McNicoll, Timothy L. Clark, Andrew J. Cohen, Antonia L. Ross, Joao Filipe G. Monteiro et Lance D. Dworkin. « Medical Neighborhood Model for the Care of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients ». American Journal of Nephrology 44, no 4 (2016) : 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000448294.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background: The patient-centered medical home is a popular model of care, but the patient-centered medical neighborhood (PCMN) is rarely described. We developed a PCMN in an academic practice to improve care for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of CKD in this practice and describe baseline characteristics, develop an interdisciplinary team-based approach to care and determine cost associated with CKD patients. Methods: Patients with CKD stage 3a with comorbidities through stage 5 were identified. Data collected include demographics, comorbidities and whether patients had a nephrologist. Using a screening tool based on the 2012 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines, a nurse care manager (NCM) made recommendations about management including indications for referral. A pharmacist reviewed patients' charts and made medication-related recommendations. Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS) insurance provided cost data for a subset of patients. Results: A total of 1,255 patients were identified. Half did not have a formal diagnosis of CKD and three-quarters had never seen a nephrologist. Based on the results of the screening tool, the NCM recommended nephrology E-consult or full consult for 85 patients. The subset of BCBS patients had a mean healthcare cost of $1,528.69 per member per month. Conclusions: We implemented a PCMN that allowed for easy identification of a high-risk, high-cost population of CKD patients and optimized their care to reflect guideline-based standards.
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Ginena, Karim. « Sharī‘ah risk and corporate governance of Islamic banks ». Corporate Governance 14, no 1 (28 janvier 2014) : 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-03-2013-0038.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to help directors, senior management, and stakeholders of Islamic banks understand sharī‘ah risk, a crucial consideration in the corporate governance of Islamic banks, and its impact on these banks. Design/methodology/approach – This conceptual paper links dispersed insights drawn from the emerging body of sharī‘ah governance literature, and the guidance issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB), and the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) with new insights to clarify the sharī‘ah risk that Islamic banks face. Findings – Sharī‘ah risk, an operational risk, poses a credible hazard to Islamic banks and their stakeholders. Possible consequences of sharī‘ah non-compliance include higher costs, financial losses, liquidity problems, bank runs, bank failure, industry smearing and financial instability. This study defines shariah risk, identifies credit, legal, compliance, market, and reputational risk that it may evoke, and categorizes its causes and events. Research limitations/implications – Future research could empirically test the ideas posited. In this paper claims were substantiated by logic and examples. Practical implications – The study devises an instrument for assessing sharī‘ah risk, and suggests measures for directors, senior management, and regulators to mitigate this risk. Originality/value – This is the first study to focus on the implications of sharī‘ah risk, delineate examples of events and incorporate them within the BCBS operational risk causes, and develop a tool for measuring sharī‘ah risk.
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Philippidis, Alex. « Interpace Diagnostics Drives Payment Strategy via BCBS Association's Evidence Street ». Clinical OMICs 4, no 1 (janvier 2017) : 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/clinomi.04.01.09.
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Metcalfe, Marcia. « Advancing the Role of Nonprofit Health Care ». INQUIRY : The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 39, no 2 (mai 2002) : 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5034/inquiryjrnl_39.2.96.
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This article comes out of a series of discussions among a diverse group of chief executive officers (CEOs) and other leaders of nonprofit hospitals, long-term care facilities, health maintenance organizations, and other insurance providers, including several nonprofit Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS) plans. The group was convened as part of Howard Berman's Walter J. McNerney Fellowship project. (Berman is CEO of Excellus, Inc., a nonprofit Blue Cross Blue Shield affiliate that insures the health of more than 2.15 million people in upstate New York. He was awarded the McNerney Fellowship in April 2001 by the Health Research and Educational Trust, an American Hospital Association affiliate. The Fellowship goes annually to at least one fellow to highlight or pursue work that will provide new insights into how different sectors of the health care system can better work together for improved outcomes.) The group has met several times over the past year around a shared concern: the current challenges to nonprofit health care organizations and the future role for nonprofits in the re-visioning and creation of an American health care system that is characterized by universal access, patient-centered quality, and national affordability. Members have supported the public relations campaign of the “Alliance for Advancing Nonprofit Health Care,” an effort initiated by the Caucus, an independent group of nonprofit BCBS plans. The group continues to explore the need for a broad-based coalition of providers, insurers, and other organizations to effectively protect and enhance the role of nonprofit health care.
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Skorepa, Michal, et Jakub Seidler. « Capital buffers based on banks’ domestic systemic importance : selected issues ». Journal of Financial Economic Policy 7, no 3 (3 août 2015) : 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-07-2014-0040.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assist the numerous regulators around the globe who are currently considering ways to impose domestic systemic importance-based capital requirements on banks. Design/methodology/approach – The article discusses in some detail a number of issues from the viewpoint of regulatory practice, mentioning relevant literature where available. Comments partly reflect the experience that the Czech National Bank gathered over the past two years while preparing its own regime of domestic systemic importance-based capital requirements on banks. Findings – The authors stress, among other points, one weakness of the (otherwise well-designed) method suggested by the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision (BCBS) for assessment of banks’ systemic importance: the method is “relative” in that it does not reflect the absolute importance of the banking sector for the economy. The paper also explains that in some cases, use of individual-level rather than consolidated-level data may be preferable, in contrast to what the BCBS guidance suggests. Further, implications of the buffers over a longer term are pointed out. Originality/value – As far as the authors are aware, this article is the first to comprehensively discuss the main issues surrounding both key steps (systemic importance assessment and determination of buffer level) in the process of introducing buffers based on domestic systemic importance. A number of questions related to these two steps are raised which regulators may appreciate to be reminded of, even if some of the questions are such that it is not possible to give a generally applicable answer to them.
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Kumar, Krishna, et Sharon Bishop. « Financial impact of spinal cord stimulation on the healthcare budget : a comparative analysis of costs in Canada and the United States ». Journal of Neurosurgery : Spine 10, no 6 (juin 2009) : 564–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.2.spine0865.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Object Many institutions with spinal cord stimulation (SCS) programs fail to realize that besides the initial implantation cost, budgetary allocation must be made to address annual maintenance costs as well as complications as they arise. Complications remain the major contributing factor to the overall expense of SCS. The authors present a formula that, when applied, provides a realistic representation of the actual costs necessary to implant and maintain SCS systems in Canada and the US. Methods The authors performed a retrospective analysis of 197 cases involving SCS (161 implanted and 36 failed trial stimulations) between 1995 and 2006. The cost of patient workup, initial implantation, annual maintenance, and resources necessary to resolve complications were assessed for each case and a unit cost applied. The total cost allocated for each case was determined by summing across healthcare resource headings. Using the same parameters, the unit cost was calculated in both Canadian (CAD) and US dollars (USD) at 2007 prices. Results The cost of implanting a SCS system in Canada is $21,595 (CAD), in US Medicare $32,882 (USD), and in US Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS) $57,896 (USD). The annual maintenance cost of an uncomplicated case in Canada is $3539 (CAD), in US Medicare $5071 (USD), and in BCBS $7277 (USD). The mean cost of a complication was $5191 in Canada (range $136–18,837 [CAD]). In comparison, in the US the figures were $9649 (range $381–28,495) for Medicare and $21,390 (range $573–54,547) for BCBS (both USD). Using these calculations a formula was derived as follows: the annual maintenance cost (a) was added to the average annual cost per complication per patient implanted (b); the sum was then divided by the implantation cost (c); and the result was multiplied by 100 to obtain a percentage (a + b ÷ c × 100). To make this budgetary cap universally applicable, the results from the application of the formula were averaged, resulting in an 18% premium. Conclusions For budgeting purposes the institution should first calculate the initial implantation costs that then can be “grossed up” by 18% per annum. This amount of 18% should be in addition to the implantation costs for the individual institution for new patients, as well as for each actively managed patient. This resulting amount will cover the costs associated with annual maintenance and complications for every actively managed patient. As the initial cost of implantation in any country reflects their current economics, the formula provided will be applicable to all implanters and policy makers alike.
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Canady, Valerie A. « BCBS Health Index fuels need for access to quality MH care ». Mental Health Weekly 26, no 47 (12 décembre 2016) : 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mhw.30860.
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Ding Xiao Ling, Razali Haron et Aznan Hasan. « BASEL III CAPITAL REGULATION FRAMEWORK AND ISLAMIC BANK’S RISK ». IIUM Law Journal 30, S2 (12 novembre 2022) : 93–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v30is2.765.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Basel III modified the requirements for approving new regulatory capital norms to improve capital quality. Because bank liquidity problems were a defining feature of the crisis, Basel III established new requirement ratios while also tightened capital requirements. The Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) was developed to safeguard banks' short-term liquidity, whereas the Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) is being proposed to strengthen banks' medium- and long-term liquidity shock resilience. As a necessary consequence, Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) must issue instruments that satisfy both Basel III and Shari’ah requirements. This study aims to identify the regulatory requirements for Basel III and the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB)'s new capital and liquidity rules, as well as the implications for Islamic banks (IB). This study employs a mixed research methodologies approach which includes document analysis of primary and secondary sources, as well as the relevant regulations published by BCBS and IFSB. This study relies on the identification of Standards for each criterion before conducting a systematic review of the 23 publications that meet the study's requirements published between 2013 and 2022. There is a scarcity of Shari’ah-compliant research on capital buffers, tier 1 capital, and common equity tier 1 capital, according to certain findings. Furthermore, the empirical literature suggests that Basel III has a significant impact on the financial risk of the IB sector in the samples collected. However, there is still a significant gap in studies investigating the influence of Basel III/IFSB capital and liquidity regulations on Islamic bank risk, or more precisely, supportive data from empirical investigations. The wealth of research will provide new insights to standard-setters (BCBS and IFSB), regulators, researchers, and academicians.
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Figurelli, Nicoletta, Carlo Frazzei, Alessandro Garufi, Tommaso Giordani, Luca Miraldi, Marco Peron, Andrea Rodonò, Edoardo Siccardi, Gaetano Stellacci et Pietro Tenuta. « Fundamental review of the trading book : state of art on implementation of Standardised Approach ». Risk Management Magazine 16, no 2 (18 août 2021) : 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47473/2020rmm0087.
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Following the publication of the regulatory framework for the Fundamental Review of the Trading Book (FRTB) by both the Basel Committee (BCBS) and the EU Regulator, the Financial Institutions have started the mandatory actions to comply with the new regulatory requirements. This article aims to provide an overview of the key challenges that banks have had to face in recent years, with a particular focus on the most significant methodological key points and the main impacts on business from the technicalities of the new regulatory framework, in order to provide guidelines and best practices on Standardized Approach (SA) topics shared between Risk Management and Front Office
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Kabraji, Sheheryar Kairas, Liam F. Spurr, Melissa E. Hughes, Yvonne Y. Li, Jose Pablo Leone, Ana Christina Garrido-Castro, Romualdo Barroso-Sousa et al. « Genomic profiling of breast cancer brain metastases reveals targetable alterations. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no 15_suppl (20 mai 2020) : 2525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.2525.
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2525 Background: Genomic characterization of breast cancer brain metastases (BCBMs) has thus far been limited. The objective of this study was to describe the landscape of genomic alterations in patients (pts) with BCBMs. Methods: Targeted next-generation DNA sequencing of > 300 cancer-related genes (OncoPanel) was prospectively performed on primary and metastatic (met) tumors in 321 pts with a diagnosis of BCBM between August 2016 and April 2019 at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (table). Enrichment analysis of genomic alterations was performed using a two-sided Fisher exact test and differences in tumor mutation burden (TMB) between groups were assessed using two-sided Mann-Whitney U test. Multiple comparison correction was performed using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. Results: All subtypes were represented in BCBM (25 HR+/HER2-; 24 HR+/HER2+; 27 HR-/HER2+; 18 TNBC; 5 unknown; n = 99) and extracranial (EC) samples: (96 HR+/HER2-; 32 HR+/HER2+; 22 HR-/HER2+; 41 TNBC; 31 unknown; n = 222). BCBMs were found most commonly to have mutations or copy number alterations in TP53, ERBB2, PIK3CA, GATA3, PTEN, ESR1, CDH1, BRCA2, ARID1A, BRCA1 (>5% frequency, table). Two pts acquired ERBB2 amplification (amp) between the matched primary breast sample and brain met. In pair-wise comparisons of BCBMs to unmatched primaries or EC mets, only ERBB2 amp was significantly enriched (table, † = adjusted p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in TMB between BCBM and EC mets (median 9.12 vs 7.26, p = 0.15). In contrast, TMB was significantly higher in BCBMs compared to unmatched primaries (median 9.12 vs 7.26, p=0.005). Conclusions: BCBMs display similar mutations and copy number alterations compared to primary tumors and EC mets in pts with BCBM. These data suggest that BCBMs contain actionable genomic alterations that are most often also reflected in EC disease. Alterations in ERBB2, PIK3CA/PTEN, and BRCA1/2 represent potentially targetable alterations in pts with BCBM. [Table: see text]
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Bhattacharya, Soumalya, et H. D. Shashikala. « Optical and structural properties of BCBS glass system with and without alumina ». Physica B : Condensed Matter 548 (novembre 2018) : 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2018.08.013.
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Lavelle, Kathryn C. « U.S. Foreign Policy and the Governance of Finance ». Business and Politics 21, no 1 (11 juillet 2018) : 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2018.12.
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AbstractWhat factors explain U.S. participation in multilateral forums that govern finance? Current literature misses the key features of the Federal Reserve, Treasury, and Congress that result in their distinct manners of support for various multilateral arrangements. I revisit the archival record and apply a new understanding to American participation in the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) and Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) as the financial regime has evolved since the collapse of fixed parity in the IMF after 1971. I thus explain the puzzle of American ambivalence through an exploration of the fragmented U.S. regulatory system, which inhibits the United States from acting as a unitary, lead actor of multilateral negotiations. Hence, American coordination must take place both domestically and internationally for an agreement to emerge.
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Kovalenko, V., S. Sheludko, N. Radova, F. Murshudli et K. Gonchar. « INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR BANK CAPITAL REGULATION ». Financial and credit activity : problems of theory and practice 1, no 36 (17 février 2021) : 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v1i36.227609.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The paper analyzes the evolution of the introduction of international standards for bank capital regulation.
The aim of the research is to study international standards for bank capital regulation and their impact on financial stability and sustainability of domestic banking systems.
The 2007—2009 Global Financial Crisis was perhaps the greatest banking and financial crisis since bank failures and the financial panic of the Great Depression in early 1930s. According to academics and professionals, there has been much debate over the last decade as to whether the 2007—2009 banking crisis was primarily a solvency crisis or a liquidity crisis. Capital adequacy of banks today is the main indicator of increasing society’s confidence in banking systems. The flexible and balanced implementation of Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) recommendations on the assessment of bank capital adequacy is of particular importance in the context of the deepening economic crisis caused by COVID-19 quarantine restrictions.
Regulation of bank capital is primarily settles by the ability to execute basic functions inherent in it. A number of shocks in connection with the crisis require the renewal and search for a new paradigm of regulation, which today is focused on achieving financial stability, overcoming pro-cyclicality, especially in the banking sector. One of the latest developments in the field of bank capital regulation has been the implementation of international banking supervision standards recommended by BCBS, which have been transformed from Basel I, Basel II, Basel III, Basel 3.5 to Basel IV.
The new ideology suggests that in times of financial and economic crisis or in anticipation of growing uncertainty in the economy, it is necessary to abandon the idea of bank capital management and the creation of financial reserves to maintain liquidity and stability of financial institutions. These measures will not be able to protect the bank from default and bankruptcy. This ideology has become a new paradigm of effective banking regulation, which can be formulated as an accepted set of three vectors: risk; risk management; risk-oriented supervision.
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Polak, Katherine. « Recent Developments in Health Law : ERISA : Subrogation, Sereboff, and the “Make Whole” Doctrine : The D.C. Circuit Defines Ambiguity in ERISA Subrogation Clauses—Moore v. Capital Care, Inc. » Journal of Law, Medicine & ; Ethics 34, no 4 (2006) : 828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00105.x.
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On August 29, 2006, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held that an injured ERISA plan beneficiary need not be “made whole” by any injury-related recovery from a third party in order for her ERISA plan to assert subrogation or reimbursement rights if the plan's terms either 1) “unambiguously establish a plan priority” to any funds a beneficiary recovers from a third party, or 2) are reasonably interpreted to establish such a priority by an ERISA plan fiduciary clearly authorized to do so.In 1991, appellants William and Judith Moore (the Moores) purchased an ERISA health insurance policy (the plan) from Blue Cross Blue Shield of the National Capital Area and its wholly-owned subsidiary CapitalCare (CC/BCBS). On September 10, 1992, the Moores’ daughter Alistaire, a plan beneficiary, was seriously injured in an automobile accident.
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Koeller, Jim M., et Eugene Kreys. « Second-year results of the first large-scale, multistate BCBS clinical oncology pathway program. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no 15_suppl (20 mai 2012) : e16522-e16522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e16522.
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e16522 Background: Clinical pathways (CP) are viewed as valuable practice tools leading to presumed cost savings, however none have been fully implemented on a state-wide scale. CareFirst BCBS partnering with P4 Pathways implemented a multi-state oncology CP program in Aug., 2008. The CP included both chemotherapy (chemo) and supportive care (SC). Our study goals were to determine year (yr) 2 physician (MD) compliance (compl) to CP, their effects on drug and hospitalization (hosp) cost, and their ability to curb projected cost increases. Methods: This study used a retrospective single-group, pretest-posttest design. Data representing pre-CP yr -1 (2007-08) and two years after CP initiation, yr +1 and +2 (08-10) were obtained from claims data. The dataset contained breast, colorectal and lung cancer. One claim from each of the 3 yrs was needed for site eligibility. First and 2nd yr compl was defined as 65% and 80%, respectively, use of chemo regimens according to CP by site. Compl for SC was defined as 80% use of agents per CP for each year. Drug and hosp (occurring within 30 days of chemo regimen) cost were calculated. Savings were determined by extrapolating results on a per patient basis and comparing them to projections cost increases for yr +2. Results: Overall, 46 sites representing 193 MD’s, 4713 pts and 110,203 claims met inclusion criteria. The uncorrected site compl rate for chemo was 83% and 54% for yrs +1 and +2 respectively, while SC site compl was 74% for both yrs. Compared to yr -1, per patient drug expenditures ↑ by 5.8% in yr +1 and 2.7% in yr +2. Per patient hosp costs ↓ by 4.2% in yr +1 and 8.3% in yr +2 compared to yr -1. Total hosp costs ↓ by 28.4% in yr +1 and 63.4% in yr +2 compared to yr -1. Using national data to project drug cost ↑ of 14.5% and hosp cost ↑ of 9.5% yearly over yrs +1 and +2, the CP provided an estimated $36 million in savings by yr +2, with $23 million due to drug and $13 million due to hosp. An absolute $7+ million savings for yr +2 would still have been seen if we assume no ↑ in drug & hosp spending over the 2 yr period. Conclusions: Reasonable MD compliance can be achieved on broad scale use of CP. CP reduce chemotherapy and hosp expenditures, although an increase use in supportive care was seen. Total costs savings can be substantial.