Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Barasat town »

Let us now look at the roads and side streets in the Roman Palestinian town. The literary evidence about the width of such streets is somewhat problematic. In the baraita in B. Baba Batra 99ab we read as follows: . . .A private path is four cubits wide, a path from one town to another is eight cubits, a public path 16 cubits, and a path to the cities of refuge 32 cubits wide. . . . Likewise, M. Baba Kama .5, in the name of Rabbi Eliezer (late first century C.E.), tells us that a standard public path is 16 cubits wide. If we assume the cubit equals approximately 70 cm, we arrive at the following approximate road widths: . . .private path 2.80 m (=8.5 ft.). . . . . .from one town to another 5.60 m (=17 ft.). . . . . .public path 11.20 m (=34 ft.). . . . . .to cities of refuge 22.40 m (=68 ft.). . . This pattern does not correspond to the standard Roman road measurement. Most major Roman roads were about 16 ft. wide (10.5 cubits) and rarely more than 21.5 ft. wide (14 cubits). The narrower streets (angipontus or semitae) had to be at least 9.57 ft. (2.9 m) wide (a little more than 4 cubits) to allow for projecting balconies. The great trunk roads through Gaul or Italy or along the Euphrates frontier in Syria might be 24 ft. wide (16 cubits). Apparently, some roads were even broader than this, since the Pergamene law states that the minimum width of a main country road must be 30 ft. and that of a byroad 12 ft. Krauss noted these discrepancies, writing that “ordinary Roman stratae were about 5 m wide, making the Rabbinic stratae some 3 m broader, and we do not know wherefore there was this great difference between them.” He adds that in the “Palestinian town of Petra there are remains of the Roman road, which is only 2.8 m wide, and must therefore be considered as a via secundaria, but we cannot determine what is its equivalence in Rabbinic parlance.”

This chapter explores how the Marīnid sultans expressed their authority to their subjects, especially those living beyond Fes, their capital city, during their first century of rule. The construction of palatine cities and madrasas were important marks of Marīnid authority in urban space but, as a dynasty ruling over a large rural tribal population, the Marīnids also needed to express their power and authority beyond the city. The chapter begins with analysis of the textual image of kingship presented in Marīnid chronicles and then considers how that image was disseminated to the population. It looks at Marīnid military progresses (ḥarakāt) between their fortresses and towns and Marīnid military engagements in the rural environment and shows how they used a number of symbols of monarchy, from the historically resonant Qurʾān of ʿUthmān to generic items such as drums and banners to make their power manifest.

Tanaman kelapa sawit adalah salah satu komoditas yang banyak dikembangkan di lahan gambut saat ini. Kegiatan budidaya kelapa sawit ini mengubah kondisi alamiah gambut yang selalu tergenang menjadi relatif lebih kering. Selain itu, budidaya kelapa sawit memerlukan pemupukan untuk memperbaiki status hara lahan gambut agar dapat menunjang pertumbuhan tanaman secara optimal. Sisi lingkungan, aktivitas budidaya tersebut dapat mempengaruhi laju dekomposisi bahan organik gambut yang selanjutnya menentukan laju emisi CO2 yang dilepaskan ke atmosfer. Emisi CO2 yang diakibatkan oleh fluktuasi muka air tanah sudah banyak dilaporkan, namun data emisi CO2 sebagai dampak pemupukan belum banyak tersedia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur emisi CO2 pada lahan gambut yang telah dipupuk menggunakan pupuk hayati dan pupuk NPK. Penelitian dilaksanakan di salah satu perkebunan swasta di Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Kalimantan Barat selama dua bulan, Oktober sampai November 2020. Pengukuran emisi CO2 dilakukan dengan metode sungkup tertutup, dengan sensor Vaisala GMP343, dan dilakukan setiap minggu. Bersamaan dengan pengukuran emisi CO2 juga dilakukan pengukuran variabel lingkungan dan beberapa sifat gambut. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan emisi CO2 pada lahan kelapa sawit yang telah dipupuk berkisar antara 50-110 ton CO2 ha-1 . Ada kecenderungan peningkatan emisi CO2 pada minggu pertama setelah pemupukan NPK, namun peningkatan ini tidak signifikan.