Articles de revues : « Bank notes – Belgium – History »

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Martin-Aceña, Pablo. "Ivo Maes, A Century of Macroeconomic and Monetary Thought at the National Bank of Belgium (Brussels: National Bank of Belgium, 2010, 154 pp.)." Financial History Review 18, no. 1 (2011): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565010000363.

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Dotti, Nicola Francesco, Bas Van Heur, and Colin C. Williams. "Mapping the Shadow Economy: Spatial Variations in the use of High Denomination Bank Notes in Brussels." European Spatial Research and Policy 22, no. 1 (2015): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/esrp-2015-0014.

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The aim of this paper is to map the spatial variations in the size of the shadow economy within Brussels. Reporting data provided by the National Bank of Belgium on the deposit of high denomination banknotes across bank branches in the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region, the finding is that the shadow economy is concentrated in wealthier populations and not in deprived or immigrant communities. The outcome is a call to transcend the association of the shadow economy with marginalized groups and the wider adoption of this indirect method when measuring spatial variations in the shadow economy.

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SCHILTZ, MICHAEL. "An ‘ideal bank of issue’: the Banque Nationale de Belgique as a model for the Bank of Japan." Financial History Review 13, no. 2 (2006): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565006000230.

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It is established historical knowledge that the Bank of Japan (1882) was modelled upon the Banque Nationale de Belgique (1850). In this article, I point out how Japan's recurrent frustration with foreign dependence nurtured a social Darwinist view of international politics and finance: Japan's capability to survive in the world was believed to be dependent on its capability to assimilate foreign knowledge and institutions. In the field of finance, Matsukata Masayoshi, Japan's most enlightened financial policy maker at the time, turned to Belgium. I explain that Matsukata was dedicated to the emulation of Belgium's financial infrastructure, in which several public institutions would each be responsible for a specific area of the credit system. I indicate how efforts to adopt Belgian institutions and banking ideas proceeded meticuluously; yet, in the end, Japanese and Belgian finance developed along quite distinct pathways.

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Clay, Christopher. "The Bank Notes of the Imperial Ottoman Bank, 1863-1876." New Perspectives on Turkey 9 (1993): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600002235.

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During the middle and later decades of the nineteenth century successive generations of Ottoman statesmen made a sustained effort to transform the traditional-style Islamic empire, responsibility for which they had inherited, into a modern state. The difficulties they faced were enormous and, as is well known, ultimately proved insurmountable, so that what was left of the their territories finally disintegrated in the decade following the revolution of 1908. However, if there was one problem above all others to which could be ascribed the failure in turn of the Tanzimat, Hamidian, and Young Turk reformers, it was the financial weakness of the central government. Partly because of the inadequate tax base provided by an overwhelmingly agricultural economy, partly because of an inadequate administrative machine (especially in respect of tax collection and the control of expenditure), and partly because of the high level of military expenditure necessitated by constant external and internal threats to its integrity, the nineteenth century Ottoman state never had enough money, and from this one overwhelming fact derived a host of other woes.

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Fiege, M., and S. Mihm. "Mark Fiege and Stephen Mihm on Bank Notes." Environmental History 13, no. 2 (2008): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/13.2.351.

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Deloof, Marc, Annelies Roggeman, and Wouter Van Overfelt. "Bank affiliations and corporate dividend policy in pre-World War I Belgium." Business History 52, no. 4 (2010): 590–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791003753178.

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Game, Chantal S., Lisa M. Cullen, and Alistair M. Brown. "The rise of financial accountability in British joint stock banks: 1825 to 1845." Financial History Review 27, no. 2 (2020): 234–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000086.

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This study explores parliamentary reforms related to the financial accountability of banks following the 1825–6 and 1836–7 financial crises in England. An appraisal of nineteenth-century parliamentary Hansard transcripts reveals early banking legislative pursuits. The study observes the laissez-faire and interventionist approaches towards the banking enactments of 1826, 1833 and 1844 that underpin the transformation of financial accountability during this era. The Bank Notes Act 1826 imposed financial accountability on the Bank of England by requiring the mandatory disclosure of notes issued. The Bank Notes Act 1833 extended this requirement to all other banks. The Bank Charter Act 1833 increased the financial accountability of the Bank of England by requiring it to provide an account of bullion and securities belonging to the governor and company, as well as deposits held by the bank. Thereafter, the Joint Stock Banks Act 1844 pioneered the regular publication of assets and liabilities and communication of the balance sheet and profit and loss account to shareholders. State intervention in the financial accountability of banks during the period from 1825 to 1845 appears to have been cumulative.

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Shi, Ji Long, Yi Mu, Yang Zhi Zhang, Wu Gan Luo, Rong Wang, and Xiao Yang Fang. "The Nondestructive Identification of Printing Pigments in Bank Notes Issued by Yantai XiGongshun, the Republic of China." Advanced Materials Research 174 (December 2010): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.174.533.

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Two kinds of bank note issued by YanTai XiGongShun, the Republic of China, are collected by Laboratory of Printing History, School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication. The colors on these bank notes are bright and the patterns and signs can be easily recognized. All bank notes are of the elongated shape, and are printed with bank name, par value, circulation area, anti-counterfeiting characters and decorative pictures in the front of the bank notes. The two colors on these bank notes were analyzed using laser Raman microscopy, and the results showed that the red, blue and green pigments are cinnabar, Lapis lazuli, respectively.

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Overfelt, Wouter Van, Jan Annaert, Marc De Ceuster, and Marc Deloof. "Do universal banks create value? Universal bank affiliation and company performance in Belgium, 1905–1909." Explorations in Economic History 46, no. 2 (2009): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2008.07.001.

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Waelkens, Marc, Edwin Owens, Ann Hasendonckx, and Burcu Arikan. "The Excavations at Sagalassos 1991." Anatolian Studies 42 (December 1992): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642953.

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During 1991 large-scale excavations at Sagalassos continued for their second season from 13 July until 5 September. The work was directed by Professor Marc Waelkens (Dept. of Archaeology, Catholic University of Leuven). A total of 42 scientists from various countries (Belgium, Turkey, Great Britain, Germany and Portugal) as well as 25 local workmen (supervised by Mr. Ali Toprak) carried out the work. The team included 20 archaeologists, 4 illustrators (supervised by G. Evsever and R. Kotsch), 4 architect-restorers (directed by Prof. R. Lemaire and Dr. K. Van Balen), 3 cartographers (directed by Prof. F Depuydt), 2 geologists (directed by Prof. W. Viaene), 2 geomorphologists (Prof. J. De Ploey and Prof. E. Paulissen), 1 archaeozoologist (Dr. W. Van Neer), 1 anthropologist (Dr. Chr. Charlier), 2 restorers for the small finds (directed by Miss K. Norman) and 1 photographer (P. Stuyven). The Turkish Antiquities Department was represented by Muhammet Alkan from the Sivas Museum, whom we thank for his help. Financial support came from the Research Council of the Catholic University of Leuven, the Belgian Fund for Collective Fundamental Research (F.K.F.O.), the Belgian Programme on Interuniversity Poles of Attraction (I.U.A.P. no 28), the National Bank of Belgium, the ASLK/CGER Bank, the tour operator ORION, the car rental company Interleasing, the restoration company E. G. Verstraete & Vanhecke N. V., Agfa-Gevaert films and the association “Friends of Sagalassos”.

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Hetherington, Bruce W. "Bank Entry and the Low Issue of National Bank Notes: A Re-examination." Journal of Economic History 50, no. 3 (1990): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700037220.

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Buyst, Erik, and Ivo Maes. "Central banking in nineteenth-century Belgium: was the NBB a lender of last resort?" Financial History Review 15, no. 2 (2008): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565008000140.

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AbstractThe creation of the National Bank of Belgium (NBB) in 1850 marked a fundamental reform of the Belgian financial system. It clearly aimed at rendering the financial system more crisis resistant, especially by restricting the leverage of the banking sector. The NBB, which received the privilege to issue banknotes, was subject to strict rules to grant only short-term credit against collateral. The NBB took up a key role in maintaining monetary stability, especially by safeguarding the convertibility of banknotes. The NBB also took part in certain rescue operations of financial institutions. However, this was mostly on explicit demand from the finance minister and for crises concerning discount banks. It would then be an exaggeration to consider it as a lender of last resort, in the sense of taking responsibility for the stability of the financial system. This should be no surprise, given the limitations imposed by its statutes, especially the limitation to short-term credits and the strict rules on collateral, the role of the profit motive in its commercial activities and the priority for safeguarding the convertibility of banknotes.

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Skeehan, Danielle. "Bank Notes and Shinplasters: The Rage for Paper Money in the Early Republic." American Nineteenth Century History 22, no. 2 (2021): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664658.2021.1973256.

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BAKKER, GERBEN. "Quarter notes and bank notes: the economics of music composition in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries." Economic History Review 57, no. 4 (2004): 796–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00295_23.x.

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Arzumanova, L. L., and A. O. Logvencheva. "The history of legal regulation of metallic monetary systems in Russia." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 9 (November 7, 2020): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.73.9.171-179.

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The article presents a study of the history of the use of precious metals as the basis of metal monetary systems in Russia.The formation of metal monetary systems in Russia is associated with the need to ensure the release of paper money — notes. In the first part of the article, the use of precious metals for minting coins from the Х century is investigated. before the introduction of bank notes in 1768.Further, after analyzing the primary measures for providing bank notes with precious metals, it is substantiated that in the Russian Empire the regulatory consolidation of the transition to metal monetary systems occurred only in the ХIХ century. According to the results of the reforms: E. F. Kankrin, during which silver monometallism was established, then — S. Yu. Witte, in the framework of which the transition to the gold standard, which existed before the First World War in 1914, was carried out.

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Groessens, Eric, and Marie-Claire Dyck. "Two Hundred Years of Geological Mapping in Belgium, From D'omalius D'halloy to the Belgian Federal State." Earth Sciences History 26, no. 1 (2007): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.26.1.80j02357x222n732.

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The career of Jean-Baptiste-Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy (1783-1875), commencing with brilliant scientific activities and proceeding to his attainment of the highest administrative and political positions, in itself demonstrates that he was an exceptional individual. His scientific career started with a long voyage through the French Empire and adjacent regions, during which he gained an understanding of the geological structure of most of Europe. The geological map he compiled based on his travel notes formed the basis of all future geological maps in the areas that he covered. After the independence of Belgium in 1830, André Dumont was made responsible for the mapping of the whole country, resulting in the publication of a 9-sheet map of Belgium in 1853 on a scale of 1:160.000. In 1878, Belgium decided to produce a more detailed map on the scale of 1:20.000, entrusting the work to Edouard Dupont., but as this appointment was controversial and the mapping at this scale was abandoned and than, the newly created Geological Survey of Belgium published a new 226-sheet map on a scale of 1:40.000. Starting from 1993, after the federalisation of the country, new geological maps of the regional states are mapped and produced.

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Selgin, George A., and Lawrence H. White. "Monetary Reform and the Redemption of National Bank Notes, 1863–1913." Business History Review 68, no. 2 (1994): 205–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3117442.

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It is well known that contemporary critics of the National Banking System complained about its failure to meet peak demands for currency. Less often discussed are complaints about the system's inability to remove excess notes from circulation during periods of slack demand for currency—a problem that critics attributed to the lack of an effective redemption mechanism. Beginning in 1864, important attempts were made to reform redemption arrangements, both privately and through legislation, and redemption reform was a key component of the “asset currency” movement to deregulate note issue. This article examines the motives and outcomes of redemption reform efforts up to the passage of the Federal Reserve Act, which substituted a discretionary control over the currency stock for the automatic elasticity that the asset currency movement had originally sought.

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Decker, Frank. "Bills, notes and money in early New South Wales, 1788–1822." Financial History Review 18, no. 1 (2010): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565010000272.

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This article provides a revised account of the development of financial instruments, money and banking in the early penal colony of New South Wales. It is found that private instruments monetised the economy, while the role of state debt, coin and commodities was to finally settle remaining balances. Money originated in the form of small merchant notes. These were created by the need to pay labourers and underpinned a local pound currency standard. A detailed review of colonial court cases and currency legislation reveals that the first bank was founded, contrary to colonial orders, to remove the disruptive impact of exchange rate fluctuations and to achieve a stable private note issue at par with pound sterling bills on London.

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Lawack, Vivienne. "Case Notes: An Exploratory Analysis of Central Bank Digital Currencies — Some Considerations." South African Mercantile Law Journal 34, no. 1 (2022): 118–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/samlj/v34/i1a5.

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The history of central banking began with payment services. Ever since then, payment-related innovation has always been an integral part of central banking (BIS Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures and Markets Committee Report, ‘Central Bank Digital Currencies’ (2018) iii). Payments have evolved extensively over the years with the emergence of various technologies, from the development of real-time gross settlement (‘RTGS’) systems, to electronic money and mobile money, to name a few. The arrival of financial technologies or ‘fintech’ has led to cryptocurrencies and now central bank digital currency (‘CBDC’) (on cryptocurrencies, see Reddy & Lawack, ‘An overview of the regulatory developments in South Africa regarding the use of cryptocurrencies’ (2019) 31 SA Merc LJ 1–28; see also Deloitte, ‘Are Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) the money of tomorrow?’, available at https://www2.deloitte.com/ie/en/pages/financial-services/ articles/central-bank-digital-currencies-money-tomorrow.html, accessed on 3 May 2021). A CBDC represents another potential innovation in the area of an evolving branch of the law called ‘fintech law’. This exploratory analysis provides an overview of the meaning of CBDC and the legal nature of money and CBDC. In addition, it provides a broad overview of some legal implications, policy considerations and regulatory issues. Challenges and risks are also highlighted.

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HORTLUND, PER. "Is the law of reflux valid? Sweden, 1880-1913." Financial History Review 13, no. 2 (2006): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565006000254.

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In the classical monetary debates, the Banking School held that notes would be equally demand-elastic whether supplied by many issuers or a single one. The Free Banking School held that notes would be less demand-elastic if supplied by a single issuer. These assertions have rarely, if ever, been subject to more stringent statistical testing. In this study the elastic properties of the note stock of the Swedish note banking system in 1880–95 is compared with those of the regime in 1904–13, when the Bank of Sweden held a note monopoly. Evidence suggests that notes did not become less elastic after monopolisation, thus lending support to the views of the Banking School.

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Goldberg, Dror. "Why was America's First Bank Aborted?" Journal of Economic History 71, no. 1 (2011): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050711000088.

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In 1686 the leadership of Massachusetts became involved in the first operational bank scheme in America. In 1688 this note-issuing bank was mysteriously aborted at an advanced stage. I suggest a new, simple explanation for the bank's demise. The bank's notes were supposed to be backed mostly by private land in Massachusetts, but a new royal governor invalidated all the land titles. This episode demonstrates the importance of clearly defined and enforced property rights for the development of financial institutions.“After showing him an Indian deed for land, he said that their hand was no more worth than a scratch with a bear's paw, undervaluing all my titles, though everyway legal under our former charter government.”1Joseph Lynde

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O'Brien, Patrick K., and Nuno Palma. "Danger to the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street? The Bank Restriction Act and the regime shift to paper money, 1797–1821." European Review of Economic History 24, no. 2 (2019): 390–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez008.

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Abstract The Bank Restriction Act of 1797 was the unconventional monetary policy of its time. It suspended the convertibility of the Bank of England's notes into gold, a policy that lasted until 1821. The current historical consensus is that it was a result of the state's need to finance the war, France’s remonetization, a loss of confidence in the English country banks, and a run on the Bank of England’s reserves following a landing of French troops in Wales. We argue that while these factors help us understand the timing of the suspension, they cannot explain its success. We deploy new long-term data that leads us to a complementary explanation: the policy succeeded thanks to the reputation of the Bank of England, achieved through a century of prudential collaboration between the Bank and the Treasury.

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Redenius, Scott A. "Designing a national currency: antebellum payment networks and the structure of the national banking system." Financial History Review 14, no. 2 (2007): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565007000546.

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As reflected in the April 2006 issue of the Financial History Review, monetary historians remain divided over the central features of the US monetary union and their contribution to US economic development. In that issue – which focused on the monetary union formed by the Constitution and early federal monetary legislation – Ronald Michener and Robert E. Wright focused on the creation of a uniform unit of account defined in terms of specie. The establishment of a uniform unit of account ‘simplified domestic and international transactions’ compared with the colonial period when ‘[e]conomic calculations across regions were complicated by the fact that people had to reckon with different units of account, without the aid of electronic calculators’. By contrast, Richard Sylla emphasised the role the Bank of the United States played in reducing the costs and risks of clearing and settling interregional payments. An institution, like the Bank, that operated on a national scale was particularly important in the United States because of the limited geographical scope of state bank operations. The Bank's notes and deposits became a truly national monetary standard, and the Bank helped to maintain the value of state bank notes, the principal means of cash payment in the antebellum economy, by enforcing par redemption.

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Gray, William Glenn. "“Number One in Europe”: The Startling Emergence of the Deutsche Mark, 1968–1969." Central European History 39, no. 1 (2006): 56–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000033.

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The dollars—and pounds, and francs—came pouring in. Speculators and small savers across Western Europe raced to exchange their currencies for the Deutsche Mark. “Hot money” flowed into Germany at astounding rates. The reserves of West Germany's central bank, the Bundesbank, shot up by DM 9.4 billion ($2.15 billion) in the first three weeks of November 1968—with DM 7.3 billion arriving in just three days of trading. Airports in Germany barred exchanges of more than one hundred francs at a time; train stations in Zurich stopped accepting French notes altogether.

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Castel, Guillaume, François Chevenet, Maria Razzauti, et al. "Phylogeography of Puumala orthohantavirus in Europe." Viruses 11, no. 8 (2019): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11080679.

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Puumala virus is an RNA virus hosted by the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and is today present in most European countries. Whilst it is generally accepted that hantaviruses have been tightly co-evolving with their hosts, Puumala virus (PUUV) evolutionary history is still controversial and so far has not been studied at the whole European level. This study attempts to reconstruct the phylogeographical spread of modern PUUV throughout Europe during the last postglacial period in the light of an upgraded dataset of complete PUUV small (S) segment sequences and by using most recent computational approaches. Taking advantage of the knowledge on the past migrations of its host, we identified at least three potential independent dispersal routes of PUUV during postglacial recolonization of Europe by the bank vole. From the Alpe-Adrian region (Balkan, Austria, and Hungary) to Western European countries (Germany, France, Belgium, and Netherland), and South Scandinavia. From the vicinity of Carpathian Mountains to the Baltic countries and to Poland, Russia, and Finland. The dissemination towards Denmark and North Scandinavia is more hypothetical and probably involved several independent streams from south and north Fennoscandia.

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SHIN, HIROKI. "PAPER MONEY, THE NATION, AND THE SUSPENSION OF CASH PAYMENTS IN 1797." Historical Journal 58, no. 2 (2015): 415–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x14000284.

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AbstractThis article considers British society's response to the suspension of cash payments in February 1797. Although this event marked the beginning of the so-called Bank Restriction Period, during which the Bank of England's notes were inconvertible, there have been no detailed studies on the social and political situation surrounding the suspension. This article provides an in-depth examination of the events leading up to and immediately following the suspension. It questions existing accounts of the suspension as a smooth transition into the nationwide use of paper money and describes the complex process that came into play to avert a nationwide financial collapse. The decision to suspend the Bank's cash payments stemmed from deep-rooted financial instability, exacerbated by recurrent invasion scares that heightened after the French attempt on Bantry Bay, Ireland, in December 1796. Under such circumstances, national support for drastic financial measures could not be taken for granted. The article demonstrates that the declaration movement, which was a form of consolidated and visualized trust in the financial system, played a crucial role in the 1797 suspension crisis.

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Blasco-Martel, Yolanda. "REPUTATION AND THE PALMER RULE IN THE ORIGINS OF BANKING IN SPAIN." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 37, no. 1 (2019): 139–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610918000228.

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ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the reasons why provincial issuing banks in Spain maintained high reserves in the 19th century and the effects this had. The introduction of banknotes into the economy meant that convertibility had to be guaranteed. If convertibility was respected, this gave banks a good reputation and made them reliable. The Palmer Rule was a control mechanism stating that a well-managed bank should keep one-third of its liabilities as cash in hand and two-thirds in securities. In Spain the banking system, constituted in the mid-19th century, was characterised by a plurality of issuing banks. Regulations required reserves only to secure notes, with no mention of reserve requirements for banks’ other types of liabilities. However, Spanish provincial banks of issue adopted the Palmer Rule. The Bank of Spain did not follow the same path.

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Barnes, Victoria, and Lucy Newton. "Corporate identity, company law and currency: a survey of community images on English bank notes." Management & Organizational History 17, no. 1-2 (2022): 43–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449359.2022.2078371.

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Guest, Philip. "Indonesia: Family Planning Perspectives in the 1990s. By The World Bank. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1990. Pp. xxii, 143. Figures, Tables, Notes, Bibliography." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23, no. 1 (1992): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400011632.

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Reyes-Mercado, Pável. "Bankaool Bank: architecting an online-only financial brand." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 7, no. 3 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-02-2017-0016.

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Subject area Marketing of financial products. Study level/applicability Graduate level. Occasionally, for undergraduate students with a strong background on branding strategies and strategic analysis. Applicable to analyze how companies can improve their branding strategies in highly regulated industries. Case overview In 2016, Claire Solís was discussing with her team the paths to ignite growth and brand awareness of the only digital bank in Mexico. To better position the brand on the Mexican financial market, Bankaool had decided to go 100 per cent online, a branch-less institution. The case presents a condensed history of banking and the shifts in digital consumer behavior. As the case continues, Bankaool products are introduced along with some concerns to keep the business going, particularly, regarding the bank’s health and further growth. The newly appointed CMO and her team have to decide next steps to boost product growth just before the Fintech industry grows more mature and competitive – a scenario of more complex decisions. While they reckoned the potential of Bankaool in sales for the short term, they also need a strategy to position the Bankaool brand in the long term while they struggle with a need to accelerate growth and generate a return for investors. Expected learning outcomes To understand the launching of a new bank in the digital arena. To understand consumer behavior in a setting of increasingly higher digital coverage and diffusion of smart devices. To recognize that brand value goes well beyond product development and launch. To gain awareness on the perks and perils of a digital-only bank. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing.

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Andes, Stephen J. C. "A CATHOLIC ALTERNATIVE TO REVOLUTION: The Survival of Social Catholicism in Postrevolutionary Mexico." Americas 68, no. 4 (2012): 529–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2012.0049.

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Alfredo Méndez Medina, writing from Belgium in January 1911, was possessed by the idea that Mexico's social and economic organization required radical change. Méndez Medina, a Mexican Jesuit priest and developing labor activist, had spent just a few years in Europe, sent by his superiors to learn the techniques, strategies, and ideology of Catholic social action. What he saw and experienced there helped shape his vision for Mexico and guided his work upon his return in late 1912. In Europe, the young Méndez Medina observed firsthand the Catholic unions, ministries, and propagandists of L'Action Populaire, an influential French social Catholic institution founded by Gustave Desbuquois, S.J. (1869-1959) in Reims. In a few brief notes, Méndez Medina wrote that Desbuquois's earthy, no-nonsense way of speaking to ordinary workers, and his profound spirituality, had impressed him deeply. To Méndez Medina, Desbuquois appeared to link seamlessly his religious faith, his social commitments, his sense of duty, and his politics.

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Mayer, Judith. "Indonesia: Sustainable Development of Forests, Land, and Water. By The World Bank. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1990. Pp. xl, 190. Maps, Tables, Figures, Notes." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23, no. 1 (1992): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400011620.

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Pettier, Jean-Baptiste. "“A question of bank notes, cars, and houses!” Matchmaking and the Moral Economy of Love in Urban China." Comparative Studies in Society and History 64, no. 2 (2022): 510–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417521000499.

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AbstractChinese practices of matchmaking have been controversial for over a century. Their continued transformations reveal a complex nexus of sentimental and material dimensions in the marriage-decision process at the heart of the negotiations between families and in their selections of proper candidates. This interplay between personal sentiments, concrete considerations, and the desire for success makes marriage controversial, as “love” is claimed and proclaimed at the same time. Moral debates around materialism, which have reverberated through the public sphere over the last decade, show how “love” acts as a tool of social reproduction while it also expresses sincere aspirations for an emotionally satisfying life. In comparative perspective, the complex of romantic love examined here reveals a recent, original synthesis of the tradition of parental arrangement and the political question of the place of love in modernity. The paper elucidates one of the contradictions within Chinese society today: the family remains central, but wider trends of individualization continue to unfold. A multifaceted understanding of love clarifies how it can bind families together while it also discourages others from pursuing romance.

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Moore, Katie A. "Bank Notes and Shinplasters: The Rage for Paper Money in the Early Republic by Joshua R. Greenberg." Journal of the Early Republic 41, no. 4 (2021): 679–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2021.0089.

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Jellinek, Lea. "Indonesia - Indonesia: Strategy for a Sustained Reduction in Poverty. By The World Bank. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1990. Pp. xxv, 181. Maps, Figures, Tables, Notes." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23, no. 2 (1992): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400006470.

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Sørensen, Anders Ravn. "At designe danskhed: Forestillinger om nationen på danske pengesedler." Kulturstudier 4, no. 1 (2013): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ks.v4i1.8143.

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To design Danishness: performances of the nation on Danish banknotes In this article, I analyse four different banknote-design competitions that were hosted by Denmark’s National Bank (Nationalbanken) between 1908 and 2007. The proposals for new banknotes have evoked different narratives about the national community, and I describe how these proposals were characterised by two opposing trends: one style alluded to a romantic national narrative by using ancient relics, barrows and classical landscapes to highlight a common history of origin; the other included more popular and commonplace motifs, such as foodstuff, industry and leisure activities. Historically, Nationalbanken has struggled to balance these different trends while preserving the notes’ legitimacy, and it has endeavoured to make the notes reflect contemporary Danish values. However, as the design processes unfolded over 100 years, the bank’s governors seemed to reconsider such ideas and, despite being given different suggestions, they have always chosen the most conservative iconography. I suggest that decision-makers within the bank have been reluctant to innovate banknote designs and make the notes reflect contemporary values, out of fear that such motives might jeopardise the trustworthiness of Danish paper currency. In maintaining this attitude, Nationalbanken has ultimately reinforced a romanticist narrative about the Danish nation.

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Van Gorp, Angelo. "«Like Air Bricks on Earth»: Notes on Developing a Research Agenda Regarding the Post-War Legacy of New Education." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 7, no. 1 (2020): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.297.

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This article presents the building blocks of a new research agenda through which the author aims to fill a gap in the existing scholarship on the history of new education in Belgium and its international links. In particular, the War years and the decades immediately following the Second World War remain un(der)explored. Since the author has only just begun to tackle this research agenda, the article presents preliminary thoughts, questions, and a critical reflection on issues related to developing such an agenda. It does this in a programmed way. The article is built on a review of the research that the author has already undertaken on the history of new education, on Ovide Decroly in particular, in search of the elements he considers equally important for a study of the post-War period. The article is organised into two main sections, focusing on the dimensions of space and time, respectively. The article distinguishes the Epoch of new education from the recuperation of the new education legacy through appropriation processes in the post-War period; it discusses the need for a transnational dimension and calls for international collaboration; moreover, it introduces the notion of contemporariness as a concept for critical assessment of the post-War legacy of new education.

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Khorosheva, Aleksandra. "Socialist Jules Destrée at the Head of Belgian Diplomatic Mission in Russia, August 1917 – March 1918." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 5 (2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640016556-9.

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The article examines the diplomatic mission of the Belgian socialist Jules Destrée to Russia in August 1917 – March 1918. He was appointed to Petrograd at the height of internal political changes in Russia when the country began its withdrawal from World War I. Following the previously set goal of participating in the war to the victorious end, Belgium tried to keep Russia as an ally, expecting that as her neutrality guarantor it will render assistance in restoring Belgian political independence. Furthermore, one of the urgent problems was to take care of Belgian companies and enterprises in Russia, their workers and employees who were in Russia. To achieve these goals, the Belgian Foreign Ministry attempted to establish a dialogue with the new Bolshevik government, appointing as its official ambassador a left-wing politician instead of a professional diplomat. He was well-known for his patriotism and his views about the necessity to continue the war to the end. The analysis of diplomatic documents and J. Destrée’s private notes allows the author to identify the diplomatic strategy pursued by the Belgian government, the specifics of the tasks assigned to the diplomat, and the fruits of his mission. The author concludes that Destrée’s mission failed due to the lack of understanding of the Russian internal contradictions on the part of the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs which could not be counterbalanced by the ambassador’s political views.

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Capie, Forrest. "Eric Buyst Ivo Maes, Walter Plum and Marianne Dannneel, The Bank, the Franc and the Euro: A History of the National Bank of Belgium (Tielt: Lannoo, 2005) pp. 296, EUR 49.95, ISBN 978-90-209-6255-0." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 29, no. 4 (2007): 502–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200010026.

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Rose, Edward P. F. "‘Abstract from Geology at the Western Front’ by T. W. Edgeworth David." Earth Sciences History 34, no. 1 (2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-34.1.1.

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The central text of this paper has been transcribed directly from the handwritten, unpublished ‘Abstract of Notes' by Tannatt William Edgeworth David (1858–1934), an Australian geologist of great distinction, from which he lectured at the Geological Society of London on 26 February 1919. He was then en route home to Australia after serving on the Western Front, across parts of Belgium and northern France, in the First World War&mdash;as the senior of two geologists at General Headquarters, British Expeditionary Force. His text provides the first overall account of military applications of geology on a battlefield by any geologist to serve as such in action with British troops. An introduction, illustrations, references, footnotes and concluding discussion have been added by E. P. F. Rose to amplify (and slightly amend) David's hastily-compiled personal record.

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Kwiatkowski, Wojciech. "PIERWSZY BANK STANÓW ZJEDNOCZONYCH JAKO PIERWOWZÓR SYSTEMU REZERWY FEDERALNEJ." Zeszyty Prawnicze 9, no. 1 (2017): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2009.9.1.07.

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First Bank of the United States as a Prototype for the Federal Reserve SystemSummaryThe article describes the history of the First Bank of the United Statesfirst banking- institution, that was charted in XVII-th century North America as an effect of a cooperation of two federal bodies – Congress and the President. Although, the federal government possessed only 20 %, of the shares with federal licences it could conduct its activity on territory of the whole country. Moreover – the Bank is now referred to as the first central bank in the United States because of its national scope and services rendered to the federal government. The Bank helped the government to obtain emergency loans, facilitated the payment of taxes, and served as the receiver and disburser of the public funds. In addition, it issued bank notes and made them fully redeemable in coin. During a 20-years period the Bank achieved a commercial success and maintained a financial stability. However, in 1811 Congress did not renew the charter because the Bank’s constitutionality was questioned.Alexander Hamilton (the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury), who was [the followerof creation of the bank, already in 1790 assumed that the federal government had the power to charter banks because the Constitution granted the government the right to establish institutions necessary for its operations. Addifferent viewpoint was presented by Thomas Jefferson who favored a more decentralized government and believed that only the states could charter banks under the Constitution. Furthermore – because the Constitution did not expressly grant the power to Congress, he reasoned that federally chartered banks were unconstitutional. Finally in 1819, as a far-reaching decision, the Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall followed Hamilton’s reasoning and ruled in case McCulloch vs Maryland that the Second Bank of the United States was constitutional. For U.S. federal government this decision of the Supreme Court was very important about 200 years later – in 1913, when president Wilson, many politicians’ and main U.S. bankers decided to create the Federal Reserve System.

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Chernikina, A. N. "The problem of the politicization of ethnic communities in the Flemish region of Belgium." Post-Soviet Issues 6, no. 1 (2019): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2019-6-1-92-100.

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This article seeks to trace the reasons for the emergence of separatist sentiments in the European Union states, particularly in Belgium. The article gives its brief assessment of the current state of the issue mentioned and undertakes an analysis of the situation pertaining the Flemish region. Significant attention is being given to the consideration of the economic reasons for the existing disparities and positions of the major nationalistic parties of the region of Flanders. Ethnic and cultural factors continue to play a significant role in the political life of modern European states and often become a major point of contention. The author notes that ethno-political conflicts are quite common, but almost insoluble problems. The origins of such conflicts are usually grounded firmly in the history of resettlement and development of a particular nation or an ethnic group. Besides, they reflect the processes of the restructuring of the global political space and are typically accompanied by political and national self-identification crises. It is equally important to understand the importance of certain historic periods to a nation, inhabiting the specific territory of a state.In the case of Belgium, the period of its formation, and the developments, contributing to the country’s independence in the 19th century, are directly related to the Flemish people’s national memory — a key factor needed to determine the specifics of the existing differences between the two regions. Over the centuries, one ethnic group has been suppressed by the neighboring one. It couldn’t not fully fulfil its cultural and economic potential.The change of the status of the Flemings in Belgium in the 20th century, the equalization of both nations in their rights have failed to resolve all the contradictions existing for centuries. The traditional Flemish desire to promote and protect the region’s interests has generated separatist sentiments, which still make up a significant part of the country’s domestic political agenda. However, owing to the fragmentation of the nationalist groups and the lack of coherent policy among them, it is currently impossible to make a statement on the region’s secession.

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Pandoman, Agus. "Islamic Financial Infrastructure towards the Establishment of Sharia Central Banks." Formosa Journal of Applied Sciences 1, no. 5 (2022): 873–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/fjas.v1i5.1459.

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History notes that America has gotten two giant economic crises both the Great Depression of 1930s and the Financial Crisis of 2008’s. On August 15, 1971 the United States Dollar went down drastically. Without Congressional approval, President Nixon ended the coinage between the United States Dollar and the gold. Consequently the dollar becomes Monopoly Money. After that, the biggest economic boom in history has begun. In 2009, when the economy ran aground, Central Bankers in the world created trillion dollars, yen, pesos, euros and pounds by following a monopoly for bankers.1 The concept has changed to the present time. The distribution of money has become a concept of debt in various forms, including the use of money as a capital instrument. The main contributors to capital in Islamic trade traffic (muamalah) are economic real, not loans (non-loans), actors who direct money used for business capital are concentrated in the form of financing, but after the end of the Gold standard (fiat money), how far the meaning of financing can fulfill justice based on Islamic economics. The concept of the Bank is any camouflage with the money industry, and it is not clear enough, exactly the difference between the Bank and Islamic nuances, because all financial industries are under one container, namely the interest-base central bank. In short, Islamic banking with a financing system, while conventional banking with a loan system. Two different central banks are greatly needed.

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Mansoor, Jaleh. "Militant Landscape: Notes on Counter-Figuration from Early Modern Genre Formation to Contemporary Practices, or, Landscape after the Failure of Representation." ARTMargins 10, no. 1 (2021): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00282.

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Abstract In 1844, the year of Marx's Philosophical and Economic Manuscripts, J.M.W. Turner presented Rain, Steam, and Speed: The Great Western Railway, the first landscape painting to both articulate the ontological shifts brought about by new modes of extraction and production, but also to suggest concomitant transformation in perception. In this way, it collapsed the dialectical relation between perceiving subject and external landscape, suggesting the reciprocal relationship of reification. In 2013, the contemporary artist and filmmaker Zachary Formwalt produced a piece entitled Projective Geometry in which he read from Chapter 25 of Marx's Capital, the chapter on “So-called Primitive Accumulation.” This voice-over accompanies footage—each shot organized in rigorous single point perspective—of the railroad built by England, France, and Belgium extending from the Ivory Coast to the Cape. Formwalt also unearthed documents from archives in those Imperialist nation states and former/present empires casually mentioning the now unruly, now obedient, yet always “pesky” local African labor that lost life to the enterprise of transportation of local resource extraction to which they were utterly disposable. This essay will describe and analyze both works of art crossing Modernism, aka the culture wing of Modernity (itself a polite term for the ontological shifts brought about by the capitalist mode of production) through the theoretical matrix of Marx, Luxemburg, Sohn-Rethel, and Courtauld.

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Chodorow-Reich, Gabriel, Gita Gopinath, Prachi Mishra, and Abhinav Narayanan. "Cash and the Economy: Evidence from India’s Demonetization*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 135, no. 1 (2019): 57–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz027.

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Abstract We analyze a unique episode in the history of monetary economics, the 2016 Indian “demonetization.” This policy made 86% of cash in circulation illegal tender overnight, with new notes gradually introduced over the next several months. We present a model of demonetization where agents hold cash both to satisfy a cash-in-advance constraint and for tax evasion purposes. We test the predictions of the model in the cross-section of Indian districts using several novel data sets including: the geographic distribution of demonetized and new notes for causal inference; night light activity and employment surveys to measure economic activity including in the informal sector; debit/credit cards and e-wallet transactions data; and banking data on deposit and credit growth. Districts experiencing more severe demonetization had relative reductions in economic activity, faster adoption of alternative payment technologies, and lower bank credit growth. The cross-sectional responses cumulate to a contraction in aggregate employment and night lights–based output due to the the cash shortage of at least 2 percentage points and of bank credit of 2 percentage points in 2016Q4 relative to their counterfactual paths, effects that dissipate over the next few months. Our analysis rejects monetary neutrality using a large-scale natural experiment, something that is still rare in the vast literature on the effects of monetary policy.

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Shcherbak, Mykola, and Nadiia Shcherbak. "ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS ABOUT SOCIAL ANTAGONISM IN THE DNIEPER UKRAINE IN THE 19th CENTURY." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 29 (2021): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2021.29.28.

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The article highlights the specifics of the Right Bank of Ukraine and notes that it is in the XIX century was a polyethnic region, which, having its own history, was characterized by ethnic, religious, socio-economic, administrative features and even had its own legislation. Throughout this period, the right-bank Ukrainian lands remained a field of sharp political and social confrontation. Describing the situation on the Right Bank of Ukraine, the authors of the article argue that since joining the Russian Empire, the tsarist government has not taken into account all the features of this territory. He did not pay attention to the Ukrainian people, but saw here only the Polish nobility, which he tried to persuade to his side by various concessions. At the same time, the majority of the population of the Right Bank were Ukrainians, almost all of whom were peasants. At the beginning of the XIX century. There were about 3 million such peasants. Land real estate on the Right Bank of Ukraine was owned by a small number of Polish magnates. It is concluded that after the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1830-1831, an active policy of Russification began. Right-bank Ukraine has become a field of sharp political and social confrontation. This is confirmed by archival sources, first of all, the office documents of the Chancellery of the Governor-General of Kyiv, Podil and Volyn, which are preserved in the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Kyiv. The authors of the article emphasize that in the second half of the XIX century. the issue of reducing Polish land ownership on the Right Bank of Ukraine was very important in the activities of the local administration. The large number of laws and regulations contained in the collections of legislative acts, the numerous correspondence between local authorities and the center, which is stored in the archives, testify to its special relevance.

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Kayman, Martin A. "The "New Sort of Specialty" and the "New Province of Writing": Bank Notes, Fiction and the Law in Tom Jones." ELH 68, no. 3 (2001): 633–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/elh.2001.0025.

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Kraft, J. P. "F. M. Scherer. Quarter Notes and Bank Notes: The Economics of Music Composition in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004. x + 264 pp. ISBN 0-691-11621-0, $35.00 (cloth)." Enterprise and Society 5, no. 4 (2004): 701–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/khh090.

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Einaudi, Luca. "‘The Generous Utopia of Yesterday Can Become the Practical Achievement of Tomorrow’: 1000 Years of Monetary Union in Europe." National Institute Economic Review 172 (April 2000): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010017200109.

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Monetary unions have been a recurring element in European history, driven by the need to overcome obstacles to trade caused by the fragmentation of political authority. Between the 14th and the 19th centuries, a series of coinage unions were set up in the German speaking world, which served as models for the Latin and Scandinavian monetary unions in 1865 and 1872. With the growing size of participating states and the transformation of money, thanks to the end of bimetallism and the wider use of bank notes and deposits, the objectives and the practical management of monetary unions became more complex and more political. Monetary union became strictly associated with European federalism and required new common institutions after the end of the classical metallic standards in 1914.

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Vanderstraeten, Raf. "Joris Vandendriessche. Medical Societies and Scientific Culture in Nineteenth-Century Belgium. (Social Histories of Medicine.) xii + 317 pp., notes, bibl., index. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2018. £80 (cloth); ISBN 9781526133205. E-book available." Isis 112, no. 2 (2021): 410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/714729.

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