Thèses sur le sujet « Banche mature »
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Rachele, Anna Ambrosio. « Le sofferenze nel mercato del credito italiano : effetti strutturali e impatto sulle economie locali ». Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/283.
Texte intégralLa tesi mira non solo ad analizzare le dinamiche evolutive delle sofferenze bancarie, mediante l’analisi di fattori sia interni che esterni alla banca in grado di condizionarne l’andamento, ma anche a correlare successivamente tali variabili con la crescita economica dei mercati locali. In particolare, partendo dalle affermazioni della letteratura precedente, descrive il comportamento delle banche operanti nei mercati provinciali italiani nel corso degli ultimi dieci anni e cerca di metterne in luce i punti di forza e di debolezza anche in relazione al contesto geo-economico in cui esse operano. Nel percorso logico che si è cercato di compiere, si è scelto di analizzare il sistema finanziario e le sue interrelazioni in maniera graduale, focalizzando l’attenzione in primo luogo sulla banca come soggetto autonomo ed in seguito verificando il suo comportamento in relazione alle altre variabili del mercato. Nel primo capitolo, infatti, si è cercato di verificare in quale fase della vita delle banche esse incorrono in sofferenze più elevate, e se quindi l’età delle banche è un fattore che può incidere sull’incremento del tasso di sofferenza. Per tale ragione, mediante un’analisi empirica si sono confrontati i tassi di sofferenza di banche che competono sul mercato da meno di cinque anni, definite de novo banks, e i tassi di banche mature, dimostrando che anche nelle province italiane le banche “più giovani” sperimentano dei tassi di sofferenza persistentemente più elevati di quelle mature (per un periodo di tempo di almeno dieci anni). Successivamente, si è cercato di individuare, tra le diverse tipologie di banche che competono sul mercato del credito italiano, quali possono risentire maggiormente degli effetti di età rispetto all’incremento delle sofferenze. L’analisi effettuata sui sottogruppi estratti dal campione utilizzato ha dimostrato che le banche di credito cooperativo risentono maggiormente degli effetti di età rispetto ai gruppi bancari o a banche con interessi sull’intero territorio nazionale, permettendo così di asserire che banche più giovani e di dimensioni minori hanno maggiori probabilità di incorrere in sofferenze più elevate. Nel secondo capitolo, invece, l’analisi si è focalizzata sul comportamento delle banche nei mercati locali del credito e ha cercato di verificare se la competizione tra un maggior numero di banche su tali mercati può ridurre la probabilità di incorrere in sofferenze più elevate. Nell’effettuare la stima sono stati considerati anche i diversi fattori interni ed esterni alle banche che potessero incidere sull’incremento delle sofferenze. I risultati della stima hanno consentito di affermare che un maggior affollamento del mercato bancario aumenta la percentuale di crediti in sofferenza e pertanto funge da elemento destabilizzante dell’equilibrio finanziario degli intermediari, poiché le banche che competono in mercati affollati non sono in grado di effettuare una corretta analisi del mercato e di selezionare in modo efficiente la clientela a cui concedere il prestito. Alla luce di questi risultati, nello stesso capitolo si è cercato di verificare se, rispetto al campione considerato, fosse possibile individuare il livello efficiente di banche in grado di competere sui mercati provinciali italiani. L’analisi ha permesso di asserire che nei mercati locali italiani è preferibile mantenere il numero di banche inferiore alla media delle banche già presenti. L’ultimo capitolo, infine, cerca di verificare se l’incremento delle sofferenze bancarie possa ridurre la crescita economica delle province italiane. In primo luogo, si è cercato di verificare se l’affollamento del mercato del credito, considerato, nel capitolo secondo, una variabile in grado di incidere negativamente sulle sofferenze, possa influenzare direttamente la crescita di un paese. Successivamente, non avendo trovato riscontro positivo in questa indagine, si è cercato di verificare se esiste una correlazione significativa tra crescita economica e incremento delle sofferenze bancarie. [a cura dell'Autore]
X n.s.
Ghadimi, nassiri Mikaël. « Mise en forme topologique large-bande de la lumière ». Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0187/document.
Texte intégralToday, several beam shaping tools are available, some of them commercially, but most of themare designed for only one working wavelength. This thesis aims to develop several experimentalapproaches for broadband topological beam shaping of light. After the presentation of the state ofthe art, our work focuses on vortex shaping of polychromatic beam exploiting the spin-orbitinteraction of light. Concretely, we report the development of four techniques to modulate the socalledgeometric phase of polychromatic light fields. First, we describe anisotropic reflection frominterfaces that involves at least one uniaxial crystal. We identify a refractive index matchingcriterion enabling highly pure broadband phase control. Then we discuss the use of circularBragg reflection phenomenon inherent to the optics of cholesteric liquid crystals. This propertyallows the selective reflection of circularly polarized light over a bandgap while the reflected fieldacquires a geometric phase. These properties are exploited to design, fabricate and characterizestructured mirrors reflecting Laguerre-Gauss optical modes to a good approximation. The last twosolutions consist of vortex beam shaping using inhomogeneous anisotropic planar opticalelements, namely, topological defects that spontaneously appear in homeotropic nematic liquidcrystal films characterized by negative dielectric anisotropy. The first option is based on using twodefects in series while the other is based of parallel processing using an array of independentlycontrolled topological defects, each of them being dedicated to process distinct spectralchannels. The latter approach can be viewed as a spatial light modulator whose pixels areinhomogeneous and potential applications are proposed in the field of super-resolution opticalimaging and spatio-temporal beam shaping of ultrashort pulses
Kadri, Abdelaziz. « L'evolution de la doctrine de la banque mondiale en matiere de developpement ». Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05D002.
Texte intégralThe study deals with three essential steps of b. I. R. D. Tenet evolution : first the bank extolled a liberal doctrine based upon the principle of "tricle down". Second the concepts of equity and incomes repartition were introduced, so the major themes approched, in this period, were mainly concerning the satisfaction of fundamental needs. The third step began with the eighties period where - because of the crise - the bank mainly dealt with the structural adjustment programs before recently trying to find out a compromise between adjustment and struggle against poverty
Beeharry, Thtreswar. « Study of the electromagnetic interactions between radar equipment under integrated and compact mature : design and validation ». Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100011.
Texte intégralMetamaterials (MM) are artificially engineered sub wavelength materials that can provide exceptional electromagnetic properties. Their electromagnetic properties can be changed by changing their shapes. They have been used for the design of antennas, Radar Absorbers (RA), cloak devices and so on. In the aim of reducing electromagnetic interference in radomes of military vessels, in this thesis we have used Frequency Selective Surfaces, which are a family of MM, to design thin and broadband RA for the 1-10 GHz frequency band. The RA designed in this thesis have been studied for different polarizations (TE and TM) and for different incidence angles. The Radar Cross Section (RCS) of the developed RA have also been studied. These RA have been fabricated and an excellent agreement have been found between measured and simulated absorption results. In order to improve the cross-polarization absorption of our RA, a ‘chessboard’ configuration of the full structures have been proposed and studied. Furthermore, the theoretical to real thickness ratio of developed RA have been calculated and results suggest that their performances are high. Also, a theoretical study has enabled us to design conformal RA for cylindrical metallic bodies. These RA are in fact sectors of dielectrics conformed around the cylindrical target. It has been shown that the total scattering and shadow zones of cylindrical metallic bodies can be reduced. The fabrication, characterization and measurement of this concept will be a remarkable result of this thesis
Attal, Yoann. « Processeurs atomiques utilisant la propriété de creusement spectral : modélisation et application à l’analyse spectrale radiofréquence large bande sur porteuse optique ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS161/document.
Texte intégralThe Spectral Hole Burning property, found in some rare-earth ion-doped crystals at low temperature is particularly relevant for analogic processing of radiofrequency signals. Indeed, it enables processing functions to be programmed in the crystal’s absorption spectrum.Starting with the first demonstrations of a wideband radiofrequency spectrum analyser, we aim at improving its performances, which requires an accurate modelling of the light-matter interaction and all the perturbations arising from the upgrade in TRL (Technology Readiness Level). Therefore, we have developed a model and extended its validity domain to a broad variety of SHB-based protocols.We applied this model on a particular material, namely a Tm³ ⁺:YAG crystal. After measuring experimentally the relevant intrinsic parameters of this crystal, we applied our model to a protocol which is quite similar to the one of the spectrum analyser we aim at optimizing, namely the engraving of wideband spectral gratings. The comparison of our experimental results to the simulations from our model proved its validity.Finally we applied it to the exact case of the radiofrequency spectrum analyser. With the simulations, we determined how to improve its performances, and particularly increase the dynamic range with realistic experimental parameters
Leshchishina, Olga. « Etude expérimentale et théorique su spectre d'absorption de la vapeur d'eau vers 800nm et de la bande a¹ÎΔg - X3 Σg- de l'oxygène vers 1.27 micron par spectroscopie d'absorption à très haute sensibilité ». Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716403.
Texte intégralPerveen, Nazia. « Intégration de l'écologie microbienne dans les modèles biogéochimiques : conséquences pour les prévisions du stockage du Carbone et la fertilité des sols ». Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066340.
Texte intégralIntegration of the priming effect* (PE) in ecosystem models is crucial to better predict the consequences of global change on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics and its feedbacks on climate. Over the last decade, many attempts have been made to model PE in soil. However, some basic knowledge to model the PE is lacking such as the relationship between decomposition rate of soil organic matter (SOM) and microbial biomass (MB). Moreover, the PE has never been inserted in a plant-soil model to analyze its role on plant-soil interactions. The main objectives of this thesis were to 1) integrate the activity, biomass and diversity of soil microorganisms in models of ecosystem C and nitrogen (N) dynamics in order to simulate the PE, and 2) determine the consequence of this integration for ecosystem functioning and response to global change. These objectives were achieved thanks to the combination of diverse approaches such as modeling, experimentation and statistical. In a lab experiment, I show that the rate of SOM decomposition increases 1) linearly with MB, and 2) with a saturating effect with SOM content. The linear response of SOM decomposition to MB is explained by the very limited microbial colonization of SOM reserves. However, the positive effect of SOM content on decomposition rate indicates that the local availability of SOM may be limiting for microbial mineralization. The observed co-limitation of SOM decomposition was accurately modeled with the Michaelis-Menten equation. Finally, incorporating this equation in a simple model of soil C dynamics explained how carbon often continuously accumulates in undisturbed soils whereas it reaches steady state in cultivated soils. Moreover, I present the first parameterized PE embedding plant-soil model (SYMPHONY) which provides realistic predictions on forage production, soil C storage and N leaching for a permanent grassland. SYMPHONY also shows that plant persistence depends on a fine adjustment of microbial mineralization of SOM to plant nutrient uptake. This fine adjustment was modeled by considering the destruction of SOM through PE and the interactions between two microbial functional groups: SOM-decomposers and SOM-builders. Moreover, consistent with recent observations, SYMPHONY explains how elevated CO2 induce modification of soil microbial communities leading to an intensification of SOM mineralization and a decrease in the soil C stock
Pacuski, Wojciech. « Spectroscopie optique de semi-conducteurs magnétiques dilués à large bande interdite, à base de ZnO et GaN ». Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00296634.
Texte intégralOn a mesuré expérimentalement le splitting Zeeman géant des excitons A et B avec des couches epitaxiées sur saphir (0001) et une propagation de la lumiere parallele a l'axe c du cristal et au champ magnétique (configuration Faraday). Le splitting Zeeman géant diminue avec la température et augmente non linéairement avec le champ magnétique en accord avec l'aimantation calculée des spins isolés. Une analyse quantitative nous a permis d'analyser les propriétés magnétiques et de mesurer les intégrales d'échange pour l'ensemble des matériaux étudiés. Pour des ions avec une configuration d5 (Mn2+ et Fe3+), l'aimantation suit une fonction de Brillouin, mais pour les configurations d7 et d4 (Co2+ ou Mn3+) l'interaction spin-orbite et le champ cristallin trigonal induisent une aimantation anisotrope, en accord avec l'analyse des transitions internes des ions mesurées en spectroscopie infrarouge. Pour (Ga,Mn)N, et (Ga,Fe)N, nous avons trouvé un signe positive pour l'intégrale d'échange entre trous et spins localisés (beta). En supposant une symétrie de la bande de valence dans ZnO correspondant a une interaction spin-orbite positive (Gamma_9, Gamma_7, Gamma_7), nous trouvons un signe négative de beta pour (Zn,Co)O, et beta est de pres de zéro pour (Zn,Mn)O. Toutefois, dans l'hypothese avec spin-orbite négative, nous trouvons un signe positif de beta. Les signes et les valeurs des intégrales d'échange déterminées a partir de nos mesures magnéto-optiques ne peuvent pas etre expliqués par des tendances matérielles et des modeles basés sur l'approximation de cristal virtuel. Ceci suggere que l'échange p-d en DMS a large bande interdite, soit dans le régime de couplage fort, et la nature de splitting Zeeman géant observé est différente qu'en semi-conducteurs magnétiques dilués classiques.
Korytov, Maxim. « Etude des nanostructures de semi-conducteurs à large bande interdite par Microscopie électronique en Transmission quantitative ». Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00520605.
Texte intégralKotsar, Yulia. « Puits quantiques GaN/Al(Ga)N pour l'optoélectronique inter-sous-bande dans l'infrarouge proche, moyen et lointain ». Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870408.
Texte intégralGuériaux, Vincent. « Contribution à l'étude expérimentale et théorique des photodétecteurs infrarouge à multipuits quantiques couvrant la bande spectrale 3 – 20 µm ». Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547679.
Texte intégralSandana, Eric Vinod. « SYNTHÈSE ET MAÎTRISE DE LA CROISSANCE DE NANOCRISTAUX : APPLICATIONS AUX COMPOSANTS A BASE DE SEMI-CONDUCTEURS A GRANDE BANDE INTERDITE ». Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00640652.
Texte intégralJacopin, Gwenolé. « Nanofils de semiconducteurs à grande énergie de bande interdite pour des applications optoélectroniques ». Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00746091.
Texte intégralCapitanio, Letizia. « La bande interstellaire diffuse "GAIA" : optimisation de son extraction et de son utilisation à double but stellaire et interstellaire ». Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEO007/document.
Texte intégralThe Interstellar Medium (ISM) represents a small fraction of the Milky Way matter, but it plays a fundamental role because it governs the galactic evolution and its structure.Most of the ISM gaseous constituents have been identified through their emission or absorption characteristics, however, the "diffuse interstellar bands" (or DIBs), still has no counterpart in absorbing species.A favourable situation is the presence of a DIB (with central wavelength 862 nm) within the spectral interval of the Radial Velocity Spectrometer (RVS), one of the instruments of the ESA Gaia mission. The first part of the work presented in this document is directly related to the construction of this future catalog and its potential use.I have developed a profile fitting code adapted to the emph{Gaia} DIB and to the RVS instrument. I estime in my thesis how many DIBs will be measured.The second part of this thesis is related to the three-dimensional (3D) mapping of the ISM. I made the first tomography based on composite data, both extinctions and DIBs and showed this is a viable way. I ran parallel inversions of two extinction and DIB datasets for the same target stars and compared the distributions.The full 3D tomographic inversion technique in this case requires an unrealistically large computing time. I have developed a technique and I have applied it to a new catalog of 30 millions of extinction measurements based on Gaia.Finally, I used ground-based stellar spectra to extracted radial velocities and columns of IS absorbing species and participated to the first step of a "kinematic" 3D map of the ISM
Vennegues, Philippe. « Propriétés structurales de films de semi-conducteurs wurtzite hetéroépitaxiés selon des orientations non- et semi-polaires ». Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00520457.
Texte intégralFerrand, Patrick. « Structures guidantes à bande interdite photonique à base de silicium nanoporeux ». Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003341.
Texte intégralCastel, Vincent. « Magnétoélectricité dans les nanocomposites granulaires : analyse micro-onde ». Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00613942.
Texte intégralLeandro, Daví da Silva. « Macrófitas aquáticas do rio Paraíba do Sul : correlação entre diversidade vegetal e algumas caracteristícas físicas da água e do sedimento ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97132/tde-24072014-151623/.
Texte intégralWater quality of the Paraíba do Sul River is greatly impaired, mainly because the discharge of domestic effluents containing nutrients, which in excess, favoring uncontrolled growth of aquatic weeds. Therefore, this study aimed to start a floristic survey to characterize the community of aquatic macrophytes in the Paraíba do Sul River, linking the diversity of these species with nutrient levels in water and sediment. The collections were made in eight points inserted in the upper middle section of this river, one in the dry season and another in the rainy season. Water samples were analyzed for pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total solids, total phosphorus and fecal coliform. And the sediment samples, for total phosphorus, total organic content of nitrogen and organic matter. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA), as well as the Cluster Analysis (dendogram), were used by the Palaeontological Statistics Software (PAST- 2.17), to indicate the physical and chemical parameters that best explain the variation in species diversity of macrophytes between the collection points. The points, which had the lowest levels of nutrients and organic matter in water and sediment samples, were those with the highest levels of dissolved oxygen and greater diversity of macrophytes. In the eight sampled points, 18 families, 23 genera and 26 species of aquatic macrophytes were identified. Overall, the areas sampled showed banks repetitive macrophyte prevailing Echinochloa polystachya and Polygonum lapathifolium (L.), emerging as marginal plants; Lemna sp, Limnobium laevigatum (Humb. & Bonpl Ex Willd.), Salvinia auriculata ( Aubl.), Pistia stratiotes (L.) and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) as floating plants; Ceratophyllum demersum (L.) as a free submerged.
Jasnot, François-Régis. « Étude sous champ magnétique intense de nanostructures semi-conductrices à cascade quantique ». Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00659600.
Texte intégralStrupiechonski, Élodie. « Confinement photonique extrêmement sub-longueur d'onde pour les lasers à cascade quantique térahertz ». Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00943200.
Texte intégralRandimbisoa, Mirindra Tsitohaina. « FORMATION DE GELS ET D'ÉMULSIONS DANS LE CIRCUIT DE BLOW-BY DES MOTEURS A COMBUSTION INTERNE ». Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808240.
Texte intégralElsen, Marc. « Magnétorésistances et transfert de spin dans des hétérostructures tunnel à base de (Ga,Mn)As ». Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00151311.
Texte intégralVarache, Renaud. « Développement, caractérisation et modélisation d'interfaces pour cellules solaires à haut rendement à base d'hétérojonctions de silicium ». Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00781937.
Texte intégralDelteil, Aymeric. « Exaltation multicorps du couplage lumière-matière ». Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00793607.
Texte intégralSall, Mamour. « Irradiation par des ions de grande énergie de semiconducteurs III-N (AlN, GaN, InN) : création de défauts ponctuels et étendus ». Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00936879.
Texte intégralBodiou, Loic. « Etude des mécanismes d'excitation et d'émission de couches minces de GaN dopées Eu3+, Er3+ et Tm3+ pour nouveaux dispositifs électroluminescents ». Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00324656.
Texte intégralA l'intérieur du GaN, deux catégories de site d'incorporation d'ions de terre rare peuvent être distinguées, à savoir les ions de terre rare "isolés" (c'est-à-dire ne contenant aucun défaut dans leur voisinage) et les complexes associant un ion de terre rare avec un piège, celui-ci pouvant provenir du dopage lui-même ou d'un défaut cristallin. L'excitation non-résonante est réservée au second type de centres et a lieu par transfert d'énergie lors de la recombinaison non radiative d'un exciton lié sur un piège proche de la terre rare.
La comparaison d'échantillons de GaN dopés in situ et par implantation ionique par l'ion Eu3+ montre que ces films présentent chacun deux types de complexes "Eu3+-piège" dont l'un est commun à tous les échantillons. Les différences d'efficacité d'excitation respectives des deux complexes s'expliquent par la proximité du piège correspondant.
Grâce à des expériences pompe-sonde combinant des lasers impulsionnel et continu, le chemin d'excitation des ions de terre rare est confirmé expérimentalement et deux des mécanismes d'extinction de leur luminescence (la photo-ionisation de pièges et l'effet Auger avec des porteurs libres) sont étudiés.
L'excitation électrique du GaN:Er3+ est également présentée. Les études en fonction de la température, du courant parcourant l'échantillon ou de la tension de polarisation mettent en évidence l'excitation par impact des ions de terre rare.
Nakkach, Mohamed. « Imagerie multidimensionnelle en mode de résonance de plasmons de surface de structures de biopuces : expérience et modélisation ». Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00734650.
Texte intégralPotelon, Benjamin. « Etude et conception de filtres hyperfréquences hybrides planaires-volumiques ». Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00524837.
Texte intégralFain, Bruno. « Analyse des propriétés structurales et électroniques des boîtes quantiques InAs(P)/InP(001) : vers la réalisation d'une source de photons uniques efficace aux longueurs d'onde des télécommunications ». Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00776836.
Texte intégralHiebel, Fanny. « Etude de l'interface graphène - SiC(000-1) (face carbone) par microscopie à effet tunnel et simulations numériques ab initio ». Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00680068.
Texte intégralDhotel, Alexandre. « Molecular Flexibility of Self-Assembled Systems : Effects of Building Block Polarity ». Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00958354.
Texte intégralLijadi, Melania. « Transistors bipolaires à hétérojonction : développement d'une filière InP/GaAsSb pour applications ultra-rapides ». Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010627.
Texte intégralhétérojonctions de type II par électroluminescence, associée aux mesures électriques a permis de clarifier les conditions du transport électronique dans le système InP/GaAsSb et d'initier l'utilisation d'un émetteur en InGaAlAs. Deux briques technologiques spécifiques ont été développées : la gravure chimique sélective de InGaAlAs par rapport à GaAsSb et la réalisation de contacts ohmiques très faiblement résistifs sur p-GaAsSb. Ceci a permis l'assemblage d'un procédé de fabrication de TBH ultra-rapides dans cette filière. La faisabilité de ce procédé a été démontrée par la réalisation de TBH submicroniques ayant des fréquences ( fT ; fmax) de (155 ; 162) GHz. Son optimisation, protégée par deux brevets, montre des perspectives pour atteindre des fréquences ( fT ; fmax) de (380 ; 420) GHz.
Polo, Rehn Lucie. « Caractérisation et impacts des émissions de polluants du transport routier : Apports méthodologiques et cas d'études en Rhône Alpes ». Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENU013/document.
Texte intégralFine particles (PM10-P2.5) are recognized to be deleterious to human health particularly in the roadway vicinity. In European countries, and in particular in France, the European daily limit value is exceeded in many sites more than 35 times a year. One of the major sources of fine particles in urban and roadside sites is road traffic. Emissions from road traffic involve exhaust and non-exhaust emissions (resuspension of road dusts, from the brakes, tyres and road-surface-wear, from the corrosion of vehicle components…). Numerous studies have been performed in order to account for exhaust emissions, however not in France. Generally, the profiles used in source apportionment models are not adapted (since they are American profiles) to the French or European fleets. In addition, the contribution of the nonexhaust fraction to total particulate matter (PM) mass is generally not accounted for in the source apportionment results. Therefore, PM10 emissions are underestimated. As a result, better knowledge about formation, characterization and quantification of particles from traffic are becoming necessary. The goals of this work are numerous because ambient air and exhaust emission measurements have been involved. The aim is to accurately discriminate exhaust and nonexhaust sources, in order to provide groundbreaking insights into the contribution and chemical composition of traffic sources. Therefore, the analyses of gas and particle tracers represent a big part of this work. The relationships between the measurements of 5 in-use vehicles well-represented in the French fleet and measurements performed in the vicinity of a suburban highway (southern ring road of Grenoble) have been firstly examined. In the first study, several chemical compounds, organics and inorganics, appeared as tracers of vehicular exhaust (EC, light PAHs, typical alkanes profiles, metals like Fe, Cu etc.). Large differences are noticeable between Diesel vehicles without DPF and petrol vehicles/diesel vehicle retrofitted with a DPF. In the second study, comparison with results from an urban background site (Grenoble-Les Frênes) and from the traffic site (Grenoble-Echirolles) highlighted several specific chemical compounds of exhaust and non-exhaust sources (EC, Cu, Fe, Sn, Mn…). Large increments due to the local traffic have been observed (EC (+78%), Cu (82%), Fe (88%), etc.). The 4-hour temporal resolution allowed for the detailed characterization of chemical species during rush hours and less busy periods. An additional field campaign was performed in another roadside site (Grenoble-Le Rondeau) but in winter during salting conditions. Supplementary information was obtained concerning non-exhaust sources. Finally, thanks to the results from the first part of this work, a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis was applied to roadside data (Echirolles and Le Rondeau) in order to discriminate non-exhaust and exhaust traffic sources and to estimate their contribution to PM10. Major contributions for traffic sources (exhaust and non-exhaust) were 34% (Echirolles) and 53% (Le Rondeau). Uncertainties linked to these results are discussed with the results of the first part (detailed chemical study) of this work
Caroff-Gaonac'H, Philippe. « Croissance de boîtes quantiques d'InAs/InP(113)B pour les applications en télécommunications optiques ». Phd thesis, INSA de Rennes, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011186.
Texte intégralPhilippe, Florian. « Mesure et caractérisation des particules issues du freinage dans l’automobile sur un banc pion-disque ». Thesis, Compiègne, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COMP2615.
Texte intégralBrake wear gives around 50% by mass to total non-exhaust traffic related PMI 0 emissions in urban environments. While engines have become cleaner in the past decades, few improvements were made to lowe non-exhaust emission until recently. Researchers have developed several experimental methods over the past years to assess brake emissions. However, observations tend to differ from a method to another with respect many disciplines, ranging from particle system characterization to brake cycles, and it remains difficult to compare results of different research groups sucha s UNECE PMP or LOWBRASYS. Literature describes two methods to simulate braking in laboratory : inertia dynamometric bench and pin-on-dis bench. Most of studies on braking emissions were performed on dynomometric bench. However, dynamometric bench need a high investment. This thesis looks after the possibility to caracterise and measure braking emissions on a much more affordable setup : pin-on-disc. The new developped experimental setup will then allow cost saving studies while adding experience and knowledge to working group discussions. After a bibliographic study and visits of different benchs (TECSA in Turin — Italy and KTH, Stockholm — Suède), the CETIM TGV pin-on-disc bench has been adapted to the measurement and to the caracterisation of braking emissions. This new experimental setup has firstly shown an efficient isolation from the external environment with very low measured concentrations. Emissions linked to friction events were then measured with size distributions comparable to those seen on dynamometric benchs. In order to optimize results from the new bench, further studies were performed. The first step done was to increase measured particle number to limit insturmentation and transport uncertainties influences. Influence of tribological parameters such as sliding speed, contact pressure and friction surface were hence studied. Parametric studies were also performed on the following experimental parameters : airflow and test timing configuration. The second step was to improve repeatibility of tests and their measured emissions. Studying surfaces allowed to a better understanding of generation mechanisms which in the end led to a repeatability improvement. Lastly, the number ofparticles emitted during a single friction has been chosen as output value. A data protocol has thus been developped and a relevant instrumentation has been defined. Thanks to the performed studies, an experimental measurement protocole which determine emissivity of braking material has been defined for the CETIM pin-on-disc. An experimental study was performed lately and showed the possibility to study braking material emissivity on this bench. The pin-on-disc bench remains a theoretical bench, new studies about generation mechanisms understanding can be done. Those news studies and their results could extend to other domain, like railwa which share the same brakin emission problematic
Koubek, Jindrich. « Rovibrational study of DNO3 nu5 band and collisional effect studies of CH3F microwave spectra with and without Stark effect ». Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00674500.
Texte intégralDelmotte, Nausicaa. « Identifications croisées multi-longueurs d'ondes : Application aux populations stellaires des nuages de Magellan et aux étoiles jeunes de notre galaxie ». Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004238.
Texte intégralFeraille, Maxime. « Etude du Transport dans les Transistors MOSFETs Contraints : Modélisation Multi-échelle ». Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00436049.
Texte intégralFrigerio, Jean-Marc. « Densités d'états électroniques d'alliages métalliques amorphes Cu-y, Cu-Zr déterminées par spectroscopie optique et d'électrons ». Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066184.
Texte intégralBui, Meura Kim Anh. « Réalisation des couches minces PMN-PT dans la technologie MEMS pour les applications hyperfréquences ». Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00755519.
Texte intégralPetit, Frère Renel. « La répression pénale de la criminalité organisée : étude comparée des droits français et haïtien ». Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30055.
Texte intégralOrganized crime is a major concern for the French and Haitian public forces and the related crime repression methods are at the core of the French and Haitian Criminal Law. In that sense, both legislators had to adapt their criminal legislation in order to provide the judicial system with new instruments of crime control to help detect and punish organized crime offenses. The latter are fought down via a double punishment approach that is proactive and reactive. We notice that the criminal law of organized crime, whether substantive or formal, slides from the reactive towards the proactive. It is a repressive logic that favours efficient repressive methods over the respect of fundamental principals. And therefore, the right of a fair trial is ill-used. In both Rights, the people involved in organized offences are severally sanctioned and the criminal assets are forfeited in order to apply preventive and repressive measures. This repression takes place within a cooperative efficient framework between the police and the judicial body and causes the emergence of new instruments of cooperation and the sharing and regionalization of the norms of criminal sanctions against organized crime. This comparative study shows that Haiti can benefit from the French judiciary expertise founded on the specialisation of the judiciary actors who participate in the criminal proceedings
BERNARD-GRANGER, Fabrice. « Modélisation et simulation de micro systèmes magnétiques - Application aux têtes de lecture GMR pour enregistreur sur bande et aux mémoires magnétiques de type MRAM ». Phd thesis, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007572.
Texte intégralGélinas, Guillaume. « Comprendre et maîtriser le passage de type I à type II de puits quantiques d'In(x)Ga(1-x)As(y)Sb(1-y) sur substrat de GaSb ». Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16034.
Texte intégralAntimonide-based semiconductors are promising in the development of optoelectronic devices considering that the high electron mobility, the possibility to emit or absorb light for a large number of wavelengths in the infrared region and the change in recombination type for confined heterostructure make them a prime subject of research. A good number of publications are aimed at developing devices based on In(x)Ga(1-x)As(y)Sb(1-y) alloys to emit or detect a specific wavelength without giving much information about the composition determination or the band alignment. There are only a few fundamental studies about the incorporation of indium and none about the incorporation of arsenic tetramers by molecular beam epitaxy. Also, the values of the band offsets between binary compounds forming the In(x)Ga(1-x)As(y)Sb(1-y) alloys diverge and the methods used to do so are sometimes arbitrary. A model was constructed and predicts the band alignment between In(x)Ga(1-x)As(y)Sb(1-y) alloys and GaSb for any values of x and y. This model considers thermal effects, strain and confinement for quantum wells. Therefore, it is possible to predict the type of recombination for any composition. Indium atoms tend to segregate on the surface while the growth of In(x)Ga(1-x)Sb on GaSb is taking place by molecular beam epitaxy. This behavior has already been seen before and the work presented here corroborates this observation. It is possible to build up a thin layer of indium on the surface prior to the growth of the alloy to avoid a change of composition in the layer. The thickness of this layer is dependent on the temperature of the substrate and can be evaluated with a simple model of segregation. In the case of a quantum well, there will be another interface where the indium floating on the surface will incorporate. To avoid the formation of a long gradient of composition at this interface, it is recommended to grow a few monolayers of GaSb at low temperature without a growth interruption. This way, the indium will incorporate rapidly and leave a sharp interface. The ratio between the indium beam equivalent pressure and the beam equivalent pressure of indium and gallium gives the nominal composition and is the same as the measured composition by XRD in the alloy. The incorporation of arsenic tetramers is not as straightforward in In(x)Ga(1-x)As(y)Sb(1-y) alloys and is shown to decrease when the V/III ratio is increased as measured by XRD. A simple kinetic model explained that this behavior is caused by antimony occupying a large fraction of the surface. The dissociation of tetramers into dimers is a reaction of second order and the tetramers occupy two sites on the surface and makes the incorporation a slower process. Therefore, the use of arsenic tetramers is not the best choice for a good control on the arsenic composition in the layer. In(x)Ga(1-x)As(y)Sb(1-y) quantum wells were grown on GaSb and were optically characterized to observe the transition of type I recombination to type II. This transition could not be corroborated because all the measurements showed an unknown transition related to the GaSb buffer layer. The origin of this optical signature could not be identified, but may be related to a contaminant in the gallium cell. Identifying the source of this problem and solving it will be essential to go further and observe the transition of type I to type II.
Boulanger, Paul. « Etudes ab initio des effets de la température sur le spectre optique des semi-conducteurs ». Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4715.
Texte intégralThe thermal corrections to the optical spectra of semiconductors are discussed interms of the variation of the single electron eigenenergies and the electron-phonon coupling. A formal derivation of the leading Allen-Heine-Cardona theory is presented. This theory is based on standard perturbation theory within the adiabatic, the harmonic and rigid-ion approximations. A full review of the successful application of this theory in the semi-empirical literature is also included. A new ab initio formalism based on DFPT is developed and implemented in the ABINIT package. In this new formulation of the theory of the electron-phonon coupling, the first-order wave functions are determined by a variational principle and are thus not constructed using the unperturbed wave functions. This is in contrast to the Allen- Heine-Cardona theory in which a slow convergence on the number of included states his observed : one must include 2000 states for the correct treatment of H2 and 400 states for silicon. Using the DFPT formalism with only 10 bands yields a decrease in calculation times by a factor of 20. This new implementation of the DFPT formalism was tested using the cases studies of diatomic molecules, silicon and diamond. The results obtained for the diatomic molecules reproduce finite difference calculations up to the numerical error present in the finite difference approach. The procedure reproduces the result of previous semi-empirical studies for silicon but underestimates drastically the electron-phonon coupling in diamond. This is shown to originate from the LDA. Finally, the finite difference method used in the diatomic molecules permitted the direct evaluation of the validity of the rigid-ion approximation by evaluating the non-site-diagonal Debye-Waller term. It was found that this term partially cancels the sum of the site-diagonal Debye-Waller and Fan term. It contributes from 11 % of this sum for CO to 60 % for LiF and is by no means negligible in any system considered. The mismatch between experimental observations and theoretical simulations in crystalline semiconductors is thus believed to originate from this approximation.
Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'Université Catholique de Louvain (Belgique)
Zelsmann, Marc. « Cristaux photoniques en silicium sur isolant pour le guidage, le filtrage, l'émission et l'éxtraction de lumière ». Phd thesis, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003731.
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