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1
Gábrová, Lenka. « Design of Balcony from the Point of View of Daylighting ». Advanced Materials Research 899 (février 2014) : 298–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.298.
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Balconies are horizontal overhanging structures whose main function is a connection between interior and exterior space. Moreover, they increase an area of a room and they also can have a presentable, architectural and aesthetic purpose. There are a lot of requirements on the balconies, for example the requirements on static properties, thermal bridges, railings or fire safety. From the point of view of building physics, we can consider the balcony as the fixed shading construction which can reduce overheating in a shaded room during the summer but on the other hand the balcony can influence visual comfort in the room in a negative way. This article presents a comparison and an evaluation of the daylight factor in the rooms which are shaded by balconies. The influence of the balconies on the daylight factor is assessed in dependence on a length of the balcony (a balcony overhang) and dimensions of the room which the balcony shades.
2
Lin, Jin-Ann. « Enclosed Balconies : Complicity Between Builders and Users of Taipei Walkups ». Open House International 40, no 3 (1 septembre 2015) : 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2015-b0003.
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The balcony, an integral element in modernist housing, can be found in almost every Taipei apartment building. Even so, in Taipei most balconies have been enclosed by users of all social classes. This paper looks into the historical context of the enclosed balcony by arguing that the identity and origins of the Taipei balcony are inseparable from the 1960s birth of a modernist housing type—the Taipei walkup. Balcony provision, governed by building codes inherited from a colonial past, has been incorporated into the system of speculative market housing. For builders, balconies are profitable floor areas that can be promoted as a symbol of modern living; for users, balconies are additional floor space that can be transformed into interior spaces. However, owing to the threefold combination of initial unfamiliarity of apartment buildings, underinvestment in the urban environment, and dire political circumstances, it is the balcony which has borne the brunt of the underdeveloped relationship between public and private life. In the context of this new housing type, the practice of enclosing balconies arose through the complicity of builders and users.
3
Ribeiro, Catarina, Nuno M. M. Ramos et Inês Flores-Colen. « A Review of Balcony Impacts on the Indoor Environmental Quality of Dwellings ». Sustainability 12, no 16 (11 août 2020) : 6453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166453.
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Balconies are an ancient architectural archetype that are being increasingly considered in multi-family buildings of high-density cities. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the impacts of balcony types on the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and energy consumption of dwellings. Of the reviewed studies, 69% were published during the last decade, making it evident that awareness of the positive impact of balcony spaces is continuously increasing. The literature review allowed us to identify three balcony spaces according to their morphology and their boundary system: open balcony (OB), glazed balcony (GB), and eliminate balcony (EB). It was concluded that these balcony types produce relevant impacts in four factors that contribute to the indoor environmental quality: thermal comfort, indoor air quality, visual comfort, and acoustic comfort. Practical design recommendations and constraints were provided according to distinct climatic conditions and building technologies. This review also explored the assessment methodologies used for the optimization of the balconies on the design process. The literature highlighted the lack of a comprehensive study about the impact of balconies in mild and Mediterranean climates, as well as the knowledge limitations concerning the balance between the impacts on IEQ factors.
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Catalina, Tiberiu, Daniel Bortis, Andreea Vartires et Cătălin Lungu. « Glazed balconies impact on energy consumption of multi-story buildings ». E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019) : 06079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911106079.
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Through this research we have studied the influence of the closure of the balconies on the temperature and humidity. Three residential apartments with enclosed balconies are monitored simultaneously over two periods: a colder one in March and a warmer one in May providing an overview of the thermal performance of a balcony relative to the interior. The results of the balcony#1 simulations made with the Trnsys 17 software show a good energy saving in the cold period, but higher cooling consumption in warm weather.The total energy demand difference between closed and open balconies is about 840 kWh. The simulation also showed us the close connection between the temperature in the balcony and the solar radiation that both grow and decrease simultaneously. At the end of the two campaigns, we came to the conclusion that a closed and thermally rehabilitated balcony is the best solution, being proven to have a winter advantage, the difference between the outdoor temperature and the balcony temperature being around 15 °C, but a summer disadvantage when temperatures in the balcony greatly increase and may exceed 50 °C, with the risk of overheating the balcony.
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Biancardo, S. A., M. Intignano, R. Veropalumbo, R. Martinelli, V. Calvanese, F. Autelitano, E. Garilli, F. Giuliani et G. Dell'Acqua. « BIM approach for stone pavements in Archaeological Sites : The case study of Vicolo dei Balconi of Pompeii ». Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 17 (janvier 2023) : 100755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100755.
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PETRENKO-LYSAK, ALLA, et TINA POLEK. « Balcony space : anthropological and sociological study ». Sociology : Theory, Methods, Marketing, Stmm. 2021 (2) (12 juillet 2021) : 136–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2021.02.136.
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Architectural elements and everyday practices of interaction of citizens with them are an integral part of the image and space of the city. That is why the analysis of the balcony as a social item requires its consideration precisely as a phenomenon in the multitude of its interrelationships with the urban space and the exploration practices. The article presents the anthropological and sociological characteristics of the urban balcony culture not as an architectural component, but in the focus of the everyday functions of their use and re-exploration. The word "balcony" is chosen to denote various types of balcony-like spatial forms, including loggias, small attics, bay windows, etc., because the "classic" balcony in Ukrainian mass construction is the most common. There is an outlined range of reasons that make the residents of Ukrainian cities fix a rather recognizable, so-called «domestic» look behind their balconies, thus creating authentic signs of modern Ukrainian cities. Based on the experience we have learned, we have proposed solutions to such an urban planning problem as the re-exploration and glazing of open balconies in the form of two strategies — pressure and encouragement. The presented theoretical and applied study concerns primarily the post-Soviet Ukrainian balconies. The research is mainly based on Kyiv materials, but the described tendencies are typical for most Ukrainian cities, regardless of their size and geographic location. A note on terminology: this text uses the word «balcony» for all types of spatial forms (rooms), including loggias and small attics, bay windows, etc. We realize that there are differences between these architectural elements, however, for convenience, and also because of the fact that the so-called «original» balcony is the most common in Ukrainian mass development, so the word «balcony» is used there as a generalizing term.
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Boukarta, Soufiane. « Exploring the impact of balconies on cooling energy demand in an arid climate zone ». Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no 2 (1 décembre 2021) : 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sspjce-2021-0014.
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Abstract This paper explores the impact of balconies on the energy demand required for cooling in the arid climate zone of the city of Adrar, in Algeria. For the purpose to assess several situations of the balconies, we have chosen a parametric method based on a campaign of thermal simulations. The open and eliminated balcony type were selected and characterized by four parameters: the balcony to room ratio, the orientation, the window type, and the balcony position. A set of 100 simulations was selected randomly based on the Monte-Carlo probability technique. The final sample was corrected based on Cook’s distance which gave 85 simulations as a final sample size. A generalized regression model was performed to identify the impact of each parameter. The accuracy of the model is above 97% and the sensitivity analysis shows that the most important factor is the balcony to room ratio which could reduce the energy demand up to 26% followed by the window type (24%), the orientation (8%) and the balcony position (5%). This conclusion stresses the idea of considering the balcony as a passive solution to reduce the cooling energy demand.
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Putri, Felicia, Danny Santoso Mintorogo et Jimmy Nurdi Kusuma Priatman. « BALCONY GEOMETRIES PERFORMANCE AS WINDCARRIERS INTO LIVING SPACE ; CASE STUDY : APARNA SIWALANKERTO ». DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment) 49, no 1 (28 juillet 2022) : 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/dimensi.49.1.31-42.
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In majority, housing flats use natural ventilation to cope with humid tropical climate in Indonesia, which requires airflow to achieve thermal comfort. One of the potential architectural element in delivering air into the living space of vertical buildings is balcony. But in reality, balconies in Indonesian housing flats are only functioning as façades, and have not optimized their potential as windcarriers, which partially cause air discomfort in living space. This study examines the performance of balcony geometries as windcarriers into living space through simulation by Ansys Workbench CFX 2021 on Aparna Siwalankerto as a case study. It was found that balcony with more well-ordered wind receiving planes could carry wind into the living space best, in terms of both speed and distribution, as such in this study was the symmetric pentagonal balcony. Still, between the two aspects, wind distribution determines balconies performance, rather than wind speed.
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Chan, T. M., et W. M. To. « Modelling of Scattering from Balcony Fronts ». Building Acoustics 9, no 3 (septembre 2002) : 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/135101002320815684.
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Balconies are normally used in large auditoria such as concert halls or opera houses, to increase seating capacity or to give better view for a distinguished group of the audience. When ray-tracing based computer models are applied to study the acoustical quality of these auditoria, the alteration of the sound field due to balcony fronts is normally unobservable, because of the relative small size of the balcony fronts in the auditorium. Furthermore, most diffuse reflection ray-tracing methods are not based on direct wave acoustics but on an approximation of the scattering effect. In practice, experience shows that balcony fronts give additional warmth to music. This effect is more prominent when singers perform in traditional horseshoe shaped opera houses with multi-levels balconies. This paper describes modelling of scattering from balcony fronts using a theoretical wave approach, in which the incident wave front is not plane but spherical. A computer simulation illustrates the scattering of sound that takes place when the wavefront impinges on the surface of the balcony fronts.
10
Zhang, Li Xi, Shi Yuan Gao, Qing Yuan He et He Fei Zhang. « Analysis of Collected Heat by Solar Collectors Fixed on the Outside Wall of Balcony ». Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (mars 2011) : 633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.633.
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It is studied the collected heat by collectors fixed on the outside wall of balconies when the shape and direction of balconies, and inclination angle of collectors are changed. Total heat collected by three walls of the rectangle balcony toward southeast or southwest is more than the one collected under other conditions. Total heat collected by rectangle balcony toward south would be increased when the inclination angles β of collectors are reduced. As β=70°, and the collectors were installed only on the south wall, to make water temperature above 60 °C in 150 L tank, extra energy needed is equivalent to 46.5 kg/a standard coal; if collectors were installed outside three walls of balcony, extra energy is not needed.
11
Mohamed, Mohd Farid, Steve King, Masud Behnia et Deo Prasad. « THE EFFECTS OF BALCONIES ON THE NATURAL VENTILATION PERFORMANCE OF CROSS-VENTILATED HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS ». Journal of Green Building 9, no 2 (juillet 2014) : 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618-9.2.145.
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Natural ventilation performance can be influenced by various factors, including facade treatments such as balconies. Balconies have been commonly incorporated into residential buildings for various purposes, yet the provision of a balcony as a passive design strategy to improve natural ventilation is not one of its common purposes. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of balcony design on the natural ventilation performance of cross-ventilated high-rise apartments. This study uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models to predict ventilation performance. CFD models are selected because of their accuracy, flexibility and ability to provide comprehensive data for the investigation. This study suggests that balconies in high-rise apartments could improve the ventilation performance of high-rise apartments, but that balconies can also have a negative impact on ventilation performance if not appropriately designed. Finally, this study suggests that balconies could improve the level of thermal comfort and indoor air quality of apartments by providing greater indoor air speed and better ventilation performance, respectively.
12
Heidemann, Lucas, Jochen Scheck et Berndt Zeitler. « Impact Sound Insulation of thermally insulated Balconies ». INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no 3 (1 février 2023) : 4929–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0713.
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With the increasing urban densification, balconies are gaining in popularity as they improve the living quality in homes. Thermal insulation between balconies and the building's façade is state of the art. In Germany the most popular balcony construction is a reinforced concrete balcony, separated from the building by a thermal insulation element (TIE), which is meant to reduce the thermal energy loss and thus ensure the sustainability of buildings. The impact sound transmission from balconies, however, is a problem that has not been addressed enough to date. The main goal of the project is to provide acoustic quantities, e.g., an impact sound reduction, for a TIE that can be used to compare the acoustical quality of products and to predict the impact sound pressure levels within the building using the standard EN ISO 12354-2. Experimental and numerical studies have been carried out on various ceiling-balcony mock-ups without and with TIEs e.g., by means of experimental modal analysis and finite element models. This paper will show the effect that various parameters have on the impact sound insulation. Additionally, the measurements on the test set-up will be compared to measurements on building sites.
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Kisnarini, Rika, Johannes Krisdianto et Iwan Adi Indrawan. « Contribution of Balcony on Thermal Comfort : Rusunawa Surabaya ». Open House International 43, no 3 (1 septembre 2018) : 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2018-b0003.
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Dwelling, which is a basic human need (Maslow, 1970) should act as an object of technology that serves as a place for individuals or families to conduct all their daily activities in order to meet their needs in life. In case of sustainability, thermal comfort is one of the most important comfort conditions that must be achieved (Szokolay SV, 1980). Proper air movement control may lessen the demand for energy, thus reducing the expense of providing a comfortable home (Boutet, 1987). However, to ensure the acceleration of air movement, the availability of both inlet and outlet openings in the building or space become an absolute requirement (Olgyay Victor, 1973). Rusunawa is a typical rental-apartment in Indonesia that served for low income families. The types of existing space generally include: a multi-functional space, a kitchen, and a bathroom/WC, and sometimes is furnished by a balcony. There is only one living space in rusunawa that is the multi-functional space which is often used for: living, sleeping, studying, watching TV, eating, storing, child-caring, and probably more other functions. Not to mention if the family has a home-based business. Among rusunawa unit types that existed in all fourteen locations in Surabaya, some of them were built without a really outdoor balcony, meaning that the balconies were provided indoor, instead of in the cantilever system. These indoor balconies accommodate the same household activities as those of outdoor balconies. However, the contribution to the internal thermal comfort may not be the same. By using Ecotect analysis 2011 program, This research intends to investigate the comparison of thermal conditions of the inner space between rusunawa unit having a balcony (outdoor), and rusunawa unit without a balcony (indoor). The result of this comparison is meant to convince the contribution of unit having a balcony to the thermal comfort of inner space, to ensure whether the design of the future rusunawa units should be equipped with a balcony or not. To further reassure its contribution, this experiment is continued by comparing between unit having just a balcony and unit having a balcony that equipped with sun-devices.
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Duarte, Carlos C., Nuno D. Cortiços, Anna Stefańska et Aneta Stefańska. « Home Balconies during the COVID-19 Pandemic : Future Architect’s Preferences in Lisbon and Warsaw ». Applied Sciences 13, no 1 (26 décembre 2022) : 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010298.
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The COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns altered people’s perception of the relationship between indoor and outdoor living spaces, pushing the home balcony concept into new levels of ambiguity. Particularly in European contexts, people’s perspectives on its existence, functions, features, and borders are now unclear territory. Therefore, our study intends to assess the balcony design features and activities during pandemic times through the lens of selected key informants’ preferences in Lisbon and Warsaw, resorting to a post-occupancy evaluation of an online survey and a subsequent statistical analysis using a Mixed Model Analysis of Variance. Differences in cultural/social background, climate, and geography appear to be irrelevant during the pandemic, as both locations’ respondents show similar outcomes concerning balcony preferences. Activities previously practised elsewhere are now preferential to occur on balconies, such as having meals, gathering people, or reading and writing. The study concludes that the importance of home balconies increased during the pandemic, demanding an update of its design features to accommodate the newly rediscovered activities with direct implications on its users’ health and life quality.
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Susorova, Irina, Brent Stephens et Benjamin Skelton. « The Effect of Balcony Thermal Breaks on Building Thermal and Energy Performance : Field Experiments and Energy Simulations in Chicago, IL ». Buildings 9, no 9 (22 août 2019) : 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9090190.
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A common envelope performance problem in buildings is thermal bridging through balcony slab connections, which can be improved with the use of commercially available thermal break products. Several prior studies have used simulation-based and/or hot box test apparatus approaches to quantify the likely effect of balcony thermal breaks on effective thermal resistance of building enclosures. However, in-situ measurements of thermal performance in real buildings remain limited to date. This study uses a combination of field measurements and models to investigate the effects of installing balcony thermal breaks on the interior surface temperatures, effective thermal resistance, and annual building energy consumption. For the field experiment, yearlong measurements were conducted on the 13th floor of a 14-story multi-family building in Chicago, IL, in which thermocouple sensors were embedded into eight balconies and their adjacent interior floor slabs just before concrete was poured to complete the construction. The eight balconies included four control balconies without thermal breaks and four thermally-broken balconies with a commercially available thermal break product installed. The experimental data were then combined with 2-D heat transfer modeling and whole building energy simulations to investigate the impacts of the thermal break product installation on the envelope thermal resistance and overall energy use in the case study building as well as in several more generic building designs with simpler geometries. The results demonstrate that although the balcony thermal breaks helped regulate interior slab temperatures and improved the effective thermal resistance of the curtain wall enclosure assembly by an estimated ~14% in the case study building, the predicted effect on annual energy consumption in all modeled building types was small (i.e., less than 2%). The results also highlight the importance of paying careful attention to envelope design details when using thermal break products and considering the use of thermal break products in combination with other energy efficiency strategies to achieve high performance enclosures.
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Autelitano, F., N. Bruno, R. Martinelli, V. Calvanese, E. Garilli, S. A. Biancardo, G. Dell'Acqua et al. « The construction of a street never opened to traffic. The extraordinary discovery of pavement engineering in vicolo dei Balconi of Pompeii ». Journal of Cultural Heritage 54 (mars 2022) : 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2022.01.012.
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Krzymińska, Agnieszka, Jan Bocianowski et Katarzyna Mądrachowska. « The use of plants on balconies in the city ». Horticultural Science 47, No. 3 (30 septembre 2020) : 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/166/2018-hortsci.
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As a popular and excellent place for plants, balconies enable people easy access to and close contact with nature, thus forming an integral part of the urban green infrastructure. The aim of the study was to assess the use of plants on balconies of detached houses and blocks of flats in the small Polish town of Sieraków. Plants were grown on about 33% of the balconies of detached houses and on 51% of the balconies of blocks of flats. Most of the balconies were decorated with one plant species only and the plants were most frequently placed on the railing. The most popular plant species were Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L’Hér., Pelargonium zonale (L.) L’Hér. and Petunia × atkinsiana D. Don. There were no large differences between both the building types as regards to the balcony decoration.
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BURLACU, Mihai. « Forms of the balcony as heterotopias ». SERIES VII - SOCIAL SCIENCES AND LAW 13(62), no 2 (16 juillet 2020) : 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.ssl.2020.13.62.2.8.
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In my paper, I argue that some forms or instances of the balcony can be considered heterotopias. Drawing upon Foucault`s (1967) “heterotopology”, I approach the ways in which balconies entail multi- layered encodings of meaning in places that are both openings and also “conceal curious exclusions” (Foucault, 1967/2008, p. 21). Firstly, I review Foucault’s groundwork and several theoretical developments regarding heterotopias. Next, I use Geertz’s (1973) “thick description” in order to offer a brief account of three forms of the balcony, which could be placed within Foucault’s systematic description of heterotopias.
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Zhao, Nan, Jing Yan Zhang et Xue Fei Xing. « A Computational Study on Structural Barrier to Vertical Spread of Window Spill Plume along Building Exterior Façade under External Wind ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (janvier 2014) : 2392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.2392.
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External wind is one of the major factors that influence the spread of fire along building exterior facade in high-rise buildings. Fire simulation experiments are conducted .First, under two circumstances of low-speed and high-speed side-blown wind, observing barrier of window spill plume along building exterior facade under different dimensions of windows, windowsill walls and balconies. Then the correlation between smoke temperature near the exterior facade and dimensions of window, windowsill wall and balcony is obtained by numerical fitting and dimensional analyses. The correlation indicates that, on low-speed side-blown wind, spill plume spreading diagonal up downwind, balcony width plays a leading barrier; on high-speed side-blown wind, spill plume horizontal spreading downwind, balcony extension plays a leading barrier.
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Sadowska, Beata, et Piotr Bieranowski. « Efficiency of Different Balcony Slab Modernization Method in Retrofitted Multi-Family Buildings ». Energies 14, no 20 (14 octobre 2021) : 6666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206666.
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Many buildings have considerable thermal bridges at the junction of balcony slabs with walls. To achieve the new EU directive targets related to energy efficiency, greater attention should be paid to such design details. This study analyzes the efficiency of traditional balcony slab modernization methods, the use of modern insulation materials and a new alternative system: an added self-supporting light balcony system (LKBD) in retrofitted large-panel buildings. The main objective was to capture cost-effective renovation methods from both the heat loss reduction perspectives and risk of surface condensation. The analyses, carried out in four buildings, have shown that at current costs, the thermal modernization of balconies is not economically efficient (SPBT > 98.4 years). However, it is necessary because leaving the balcony slabs without insulation or only insulating them from the bottom carries the risk of surface condensation. The most cost-effective renovation method is to insulate the balcony slabs from below and above with the thickest possible XPS layer (SPBT = 98.4 years; 107.4 years). Replacing XPS with modern material increases SPBT by almost 50%, for the LKBD system, SPBT = 269.2–281.5 years. More favorable energy and economic effects related to the reduction of balcony thermal bridges were achieved in the wall with lower insulation.
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Lampugnani, Maria Grazia, Fabrizio Orsenigo, Maria Cristina Gagliani, Carlo Tacchetti et Elisabetta Dejana. « Vascular endothelial cadherin controls VEGFR-2 internalization and signaling from intracellular compartments ». Journal of Cell Biology 174, no 4 (7 août 2006) : 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200602080.
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Receptor endocytosis is a fundamental step in controlling the magnitude, duration, and nature of cell signaling events. Confluent endothelial cells are contact inhibited in their growth and respond poorly to the proliferative signals of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In a previous study, we found that the association of vascular endothelial cadherin (VEC) with VEGF receptor (VEGFR) type 2 contributes to density-dependent growth inhibition (Lampugnani, G.M., A. Zanetti, M. Corada, T. Takahashi, G. Balconi, F. Breviario, F. Orsenigo, A. Cattelino, R. Kemler, T.O. Daniel, and E. Dejana. 2003. J. Cell Biol. 161:793–804). In the present study, we describe the mechanism through which VEC reduces VEGFR-2 signaling. We found that VEGF induces the clathrin-dependent internalization of VEGFR-2. When VEC is absent or not engaged at junctions, VEGFR-2 is internalized more rapidly and remains in endosomal compartments for a longer time. Internalization does not terminate its signaling; instead, the internalized receptor is phosphorylated, codistributes with active phospholipase C–γ, and activates p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and cell proliferation. Inhibition of VEGFR-2 internalization reestablishes the contact inhibition of cell growth, whereas silencing the junction-associated density-enhanced phosphatase-1/CD148 phosphatase restores VEGFR-2 internalization and signaling. Thus, VEC limits cell proliferation by retaining VEGFR-2 at the membrane and preventing its internalization into signaling compartments.
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Subasinghe, Chamila. « Forsake me not : balcony spaces in codes and cues among on-campus apartment dwellers ». Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 8, no 3 (3 juillet 2019) : 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-03-2018-0016.
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Purpose While some people are mindful of what a personal space that also belongs to a common façade portrays to outsiders, why other people treat this personal space as a mere utility space invisible to the public eye must be determined. International students who live in single-bedroom apartments with balconies and were mostly married were investigated regarding the meaning they attach to their balcony spaces. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach This work also hypothesized that residents of these units perceived their balconies as a liminal space that oscillates between a spatial repertoire for familiar memories and a versatile, utilitarian device for temporary storage. A naturalistic inquiry was then conducted among purposefully sampled apartment dwellers via in-depth, open-ended and semi-structured interviews. Findings While offering much needed spatial economy to dwellers, the cues and codes revealed that the balcony space could furnish a sense of membership to established social cohorts. The balcony space further brings an element of escape and ease into impecunious student life by means of its ability to offer a broad spectrum of spatial-aspatial needs that manifested in forms of personalizations and exploitations. Originality/value A knowledge gap in socio-cultural appropriation of on-campus apartments for sustainable redevelopment where the majority of consumers were married/partnered, international students has been investigated.
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Tanumidjaja, Kevin Yonathan, Danny Santoso Mintorogo et Rully Damayanti. « RECESSED BALCONY HEAT RE-ENTRY EFFECT ON FAÇADE WITH CONDENSER UNITS ». DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment) 48, no 1 (26 octobre 2021) : 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/dimensi.48.1.29-36.
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The use of split-type air conditioner in Surabaya results in the almost universal typical apartment layouts which feature a recessed balcony upon the building’s exterior façade which then utilized as air-conditioner condenser unit storage. Façade geometry with recessed balcony itself carries its own characteristic of surface air movement which affects the general Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and heat dissipation of a building. Nevertheless, façade as architectural elements greatly influence building’s energy performance. Inefficiencies in heat dissipation from a condenser unit is detrimental on its performance and precipitate energy wastage. Based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis incorporated with energy performance evaluation, the effectiveness of façade geometry with recessed balcony is explored in this paper. It was found that recessed balconies are not an ideal place for condenser unit placement on a façade where many factors contributed to promoting heat re-entry from condenser units into the building’s interior.
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Watanabe, Takayuki, et Masahiro Ikeda. « Improvement of the Acoustics under the Balcony in Auditoria Using the Electro-Acoustic Method—A Study with a Full-Scale Model ». Building Acoustics 18, no 3-4 (décembre 2011) : 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1351-010x.18.3-4.281.
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In auditoria, the acoustical properties of audience areas located under balconies are regarded as inferior to the main area. This is caused by the reduction of direct and reflected sound energy due to the smaller open area and the reduction of diffusive energy due to the limited acoustical space. In this paper, a new electro-acoustic system is proposed to compensate for this acoustical condition. The proposed system is a non-regenerative system and consists of directional microphones, head amps, a convolver, a matrix processor, amplifiers, and ceiling loudspeakers located under the balcony. The loudspeakers, located at positions corresponding to measurement points across the balcony, recreate the reflecting sound from above the balcony area, which otherwise fail to reach to the listeners under the balcony. The authors have examined the proposed system's performance via two methods: acoustical measurement using a full-scale model and a corresponding psycho-acoustical experiment. The results showed that the energy of the reflections from above the system was the same or more than that without the balcony, and the decay curve with the system was almost the same as that without the balcony. The MUSHRA method was used in the psycho-acoustical experiment, which focused on the evaluation of apparent source width (ASW) and listener envelopment (LEV). The results of the experiment show that the system is significantly better for all tests to the use of no system and that the system is superior to a standerd PA (delay system).
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Monzon Rodriguez, Sofia. « Proceso de balcón en cuarentena/Quarantine balcony in the midst ». Connections : A Journal of Language, Media and Culture 1, no 1 (5 novembre 2020) : 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/connections25.
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Ragavan, Shruti. « Between field and home : notes from the balcony ». cultural geographies 28, no 4 (4 juin 2021) : 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14744740211020506.
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Balconies, windows and terraces have come to be identified as spaces with newfound meaning over the past year due to the Covid-19 pandemic and concomitant lockdowns. There was not only a marked increase in the use of these spaces, but more importantly a difference in the very nature of this use since March 2020. It is keeping this latter point in mind, that I make an attempt to understand the spatial mobilities afforded by the balcony in the area of ethnographic research. The street overlooking my balcony, situated amidst an urban village in the city of Delhi – one of my field sites, is composed of middle and lower-middle class residents, dairy farms and farmers, bovines and other nonhumans. In this note, through ethnographic observations, I reflect upon the balcony as constituting that liminal space between ‘field’ and ‘home’, as well as, as a spatial framing device which conditions and affects our observations and interactions. This is explored by examining two elements – the gendered nature of the space, and the notion of ‘distance and proximity’, through personal narratives of engaging-with the field, and subjects-objects of study in the city.
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Barbar, Steve. « Electronic Architecture—Solutions for archetypal coupled spaces ». Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no 4 (octobre 2022) : A149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015850.
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We will discuss solutions for the most common coupled spaces in performing arts facilities—Balconies and Stages. While there are exceptions, seats in balcony and under balcony spaces sometimes have less than ideal listening conditions. For electronic and close miked sources, supplemental sound reinforcement can help to provide expected perception of the direct sound. However, perceived acoustical conditions do not match that of the main volume; the sense of engagement is compromised. Electronic Architecture incorporated in these spaces can dramatically improve listening uniformity. Additionally, the loudspeaker array can be used for supplemental sound reinforcement including film surround sound. Many multi-purpose performing arts venues do not have resources to procure, deploy, strike, or store an architectural stage shell system. A virtual shell is far more cost effective, requires less time and manpower to set up or strike, and requires far less storage space. In addition, it provides far greater acoustic variability—accommodating a wider range of performances.
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Mirabi, Elahe, Nazanin Nasrollahi et Mehdi Dadkhah. « Investigating the Effect of Balcony Types on the Naturally-Ventilated Buildings ». Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 26, no 1 (10 avril 2020) : 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.26.1.24318.
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Natural ventilation is application of natural drift power of wind. Wind can enter and exit buildings through the openings on facades. Hence, Form of facades can impact the air flow behaviour and consequently natural ventilation because they can change the pressure distribution on facades. Moreover, wind pressure difference between windward and leeward facades of buildings is the most important factor affecting natural ventilation. So, it is worthy to focus on facade details in order to enhance natural ventilation. Particularly, geometrical details of facades such as protrusions and indentations e.g. balconies can be considered effective elements on average pressure distribution on both windward and leeward facades, changing pressure difference between these facades. This difference can drive the air flow towards interior spaces significantly. Although this basic rule has been used by different researchers in order to increase natural ventilation buildings, the most research has been studied buildings with flat facades. Therefore, this study aims to investigate effects of balcony types on the natural ventilation. Three types of balcony are simulated and the wind pressure distribution on the windward and leeward facades are analysed. All these simulations are carried out for normally (perpendicular) and obliquely incident wind. This study is performed with Ansys Fluent 18 for all simulations. The results showed that balcony types can affect the pressure distribution on the windward and leeward facades of buildings, leading to the more or less pressure difference between these two facades. These results show that protrusion (protrusive balcony) can cause more complicated pattern of the wind pressure on facades than the others. Also, Re-entrant balcony causes the more pressure differences between the windward and leeward facades and enhances natural ventilation of buildings more considerably than the protrusive one.
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García Gutiérrez Vélez, Georgina. « The Era of Carlos Fuentes ». PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 128, no 3 (mai 2013) : 705–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/s0030812900122989.
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Por lo menos, ¿sabes si Dios ha muerto? —concluyó antes de retirarse del balcón—. ¿Qué sabes?Nada. ¿Cómo te llamas?Federico. Federico Nietzsche.—Carlos Fuentes, Federico en su balcónThe death of Carlos Fuentes means the end of an era that began with La región más transparente (1958; Where the Air Is Clear) and concludes with the posthumous Federico en su balcón (2012; Federico on His Balcony). Fuentes marks an entire era with the influence of his personality and his work, which have impacted Mexico's intellectual life, arts, and wider society, as well as its collective imagination. Fuentes has a place in the Mexican imaginary, like film or soccer stars, and for decades his face has been part of Mexican iconography. The history of contemporary Mexico would be very different without him.
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Grudzmska, Magdaleńa. « Evaluation of the performance of enclosed balconies based on temperature monitoring ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2069, no 1 (1 novembre 2021) : 012133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012133.
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Abstract Enclosed, glazed balconies influence the energy balance of the flats thanks to the temperature rise caused by solar gains in unheated sunspaces. The potential benefits, however, may differ depending on the inhabitants’ behaviour. To evaluate these effects, internal temperature in multi-family buildings located in Zamość (a city in the eastern part of Poland) was monitored at the turn of the years 2017 and 2018. The temperature was registered with the use of iButton sensors located in flats and sunspaces. Three dwellings with the same orientation were included in the research – two with glazed balconies, differing by the area of the living space, the number of the inhabitants, and their behaviour (flats no. 1 and 2), and one with an open balcony, used for comparison (flat no. 3). Air temperature within the glazed balconies was usually higher than the external air temperature, and the sunspaces helped to reduce heat losses from the adjoining rooms by 10.7% (flat no. 1) and 26.6% (flat no. 2). The apartments also showed some differences as far as the comfort of use during summer is concerned, flat no 1 being the most prone to overheating.
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Lahdensivu, Alina, et Jukka Lahdensivu. « Visible Corrosion Damage in Carbonated Reinforced Concrete ». Nordic Concrete Research 65, no 2 (1 décembre 2021) : 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2021-0015.
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Abstract This study discusses visible corrosion damage due to carbonation in concrete balconies and facades. The focus of the study was to find out how the age of the structure, cover depth of concrete, carbonation coefficient, capillarity of concrete and the climate affect visible corrosion damage. The research data consist of condition investigation reports of existing concrete balconies and facades built between 1948 and 1996. Balcony slabs and brushed painted facades were the most prone to visible corrosion damage. None of the researched panels met the required minimum cover depth of reinforcement even at the time of construction. However, most of the visible damage on the database was localized damage and there was not much visible corrosion damage. The carbonation coefficient of balconies was higher than the carbonation coefficient of facades. Brushed painted facade panels had clearly higher carbonation coefficient than other facade panels. The carbonation coefficient was considerably lower on white concrete panels compared to other panel types. When capillarity of concrete raises, the carbonation rate of concrete increases slightly. However, no correlation can be seen. The capillarity of concrete and the carbonation rate of concrete had a major range.
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Galloso Camacho, María Victoria. « El discurso de los balcones en tiempos del confinamiento COVID ». Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios del Discurso 21, no 1 (8 juillet 2021) : 168–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35956/v.21.n1.2021.p.168-189.
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Existe un viejo dogma en comunicación: todo informa. Sucede con cada palabra, cada gesto y cada idea, pero también existe en las manifestaciones corporales y vitales de los seres humanos. La ropa que vestimos dice mucho de nuestro estilo, nuestros gustos o nuestra economía. Los textos que colgamos en nuestros balcones también informan, especialmente en estos tiempos de crisis en los que han pasado de ser un espacio doméstico más, a caballo entre la intimidad del hogar y el espacio público de la calle, para ser en ocasiones un espacio de reivindicación. Este trabajo se propone analizar, a partir de un corpus de fotos de balcones de España, la importancia del balcón como elemento arquitectónico y su valor social.
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Karabulut, Koray, Ertan Buyruk et Ahmet Fertelli. « Numerical investigation of the effect of insulation on heat transfer of thermal bridges with different types ». Thermal Science 20, no 1 (2016) : 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci130621052k.
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In the present study, the effects of different types thermal bridges formed by beams for floor-wall junctions in reinforced concrete structures, with and without balconies, and the optimum configuration of the insulation layers to avoid heat loss were investigated as numerically. Both insulation between the walls and internal insulation was selected for floor-wall junctions and internal insulation was used for floor-wall junctions with balcony. Fluent package program was used to solve the temperature domain numerically. Results showed that high heat transfer rates were obtained in the region of thermal bridges for all building models. It was also obviously obtained that heat transfer rate decreased with making insulation on the beam surfaces.
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Dalkowska, Anna, Adam Pawlyta et Witold Cieśla. « The problem of legal classification of a balcony in the jurisprudence of administrative and common courts of law : A comparative legal analysis (Part II) ». Nieruchomości@ IV, no IV (31 décembre 2022) : 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1264.
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This article is the second part of a continued study on the legal qualification of balconies (loggias) in the jurisprudence of administrative courts and common courts of law and at the same time an attempt to construct the concepts of a balcony, terrace, and loggia (recessed balcony) from a normative point of view. In part I, we have outlined the condition of research on the issue which is the subject of the study, our assumptions and research hypotheses, terminological and definitional issues in reference to their dictionary meanings, the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and lower courts of law and the jurisprudence of administrative courts in determining the terminological meanings of the concepts of balcony (loggia) and terrace. Furthermore, a normative analysis of the legal provisions contained in the Act of 24 June 1994 on the Ownership of Apartments (consolidated text promulgated on 21 May 2021 in the official journal “Dz.U.” of 2021, item 1048), the Act of 23 April 1964 - the Civil Code (consolidated text promulgated on 9 June 2022 in the official journal “Dz.U.” of 2022, item 1360, as amended), the Act of 6 July 1982 on Land and Mortgage Registers and Mortgages (consolidated text promulgated on 22 July 2022 in the official journal “Dz.U.” of 2022, item 1728) as well as the legal scholars’ writings and jurisprudence. One of the basic research objectives in this study was also to present the institution of a common property in the context of a potential qualification of balconies, loggias, terraces alternatively as one of the components of a common property or through their classification as a part of the structure of a an apartment. In this paper, the authors have attempted to analyse the definition of common property laid down in Article 3(2) of the Act on the Ownership of Apartments in a de lege lata framework, presenting the most important features of the currently applicable normative concept. It gave rise to de lege ferenda conclusions proposed in the conclusions to this article, in particular as regards the scope of terminology used by the lawmaker. The considerations of a theoretical and legal nature have been extended by an analysis of the views present in particular in the current jurisprudence of common courts of law and administrative courts, as well as references to normative solutions adopted of some foreign legal systems.
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Shpakova, Наnna, et Andrew Shpakov. « Features of reconstruction of external facade elements ». Building constructions. Theory and Practice, no 8 (29 novembre 2021) : 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2522-4182.8.2021.109-117.
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In the materials of the article, the topical issues of reconstruction of the most vulnerable, from the point of view of operation, elements of buildings and structures - load-bearing facade elements, extensions and balconies are considered. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the prevalence of defects of this type of structures arising in the process of construction, operation and refurbishment.
Examples of typical design solutions for balconies are given and factors of influence on the lability of building structures of this type are analyzed, depending on the sources of their occurrence and the stage of the life cycle of the building and structure.
The types of operational loads and typical deformation processes in the structures of balconies and design solutions aimed at leveling the negative consequences of the impact on structures of environmental factors, organizational and technological errors during construction and operation, as well as a combination of these factors that can lead to a decrease in operational characteristics and bearing capacity of the structures under consideration. The most effective from a constructive, economic and organizational point of view, solutions for the reconstruction and restoration of various types of external elements of facades and balconies have been determined.
The article notes the importance of ensuring the compliance of the characteristics of the external elements of facade structures by creating regulations for the maintenance of structures based on state regulatory documents and the methodology for the rational choice of appropriate technology systems for the reconstruction and restoration of a structural element so important for the normal operation of civil buildings and structures as balcony structures of various types.
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Wu, Yi-Han, Qing-Feng Chen, Jia-Nan Wang, Ting Liu et Wei-Yi Zhao. « Substrates, Plants, and Their Combinations for Water Purification of Urban Household Aquaponics Systems ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no 16 (18 août 2022) : 10276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610276.
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To make full use of urban household balcony space, an urban aquaponics system for balconies was constructed to investigate the purification effects of four different substrates (volcanic stone, ceramic pellets, ceramic rings, and nanorods) and six plants (mung bean sprouts, hollow cabbage, water celery, lettuce, leek, and water chestnut) on fish culture wastewater. Through the determination of contaminants such as nitrogen and phosphorus and through the use of 16SrDNA sequencing technology, the substrate material and plant combinations with the best purification effects were screened. The results show that volcanic stone and nanorods have strong purification capacities. Compared to the other substrate types, there were more unique bacterial species on the surface of volcanic stone, among which amoeba species were the most dominant (92.42%). Among the six tested plant species, mung bean sprouts had the highest contribution to nitrogen uptake (94.96%), and water chestnut had the highest contribution to phosphorus uptake at 12.07%. Finally, the combination of nanorods and water celery was the best at purifying the wastewater. This study provides a theoretical basis and new ideas for the construction of urban aquaponics systems on balconies, which will help to achieve green farming and the efficient utilization of water resources.
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Fernandes, Jorge, Raphaele Malheiro, Maria de Fátima Castro, Helena Gervásio, Sandra Monteiro Silva et Ricardo Mateus. « Thermal Performance and Comfort Condition Analysis in a Vernacular Building with a Glazed Balcony ». Energies 13, no 3 (1 février 2020) : 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030624.
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The increase in global environmental problems requires more environmentally efficient construction. Vernacular passive strategies can play an important role in helping reducing energy use and CO2 emissions related to buildings. This paper studies the use of glazed balconies in the North of Portugal as a strategy to capture solar gains and reduce heat losses. The purpose is understanding thermal performance and comfort conditions provided by this passive heating strategy. The methodology includes objective (short and long-term monitoring), to evaluate the different parameters affecting thermal comfort and air quality, and subjective assessments to assess occupants’ perception regarding thermal sensation. The results show that the use of glazed balconies as a passive heating strategy in a climate with cold winters is viable. During the mid-seasons, the rooms with balcony have adequate comfort conditions. In the heating season, it is possible to achieve comfort conditions in sunny days while in the cooling season there is a risk of overheating. Regarding indoor air quality, carbon dioxide concentrations were low, but the average radon concentration measured was high when the building was unoccupied, rapidly decreasing to acceptable values, during occupation periods when a minimum ventilation rate was promoted. Occupants’ actions were essential to improving building behavior.
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Toptaş, Hasan Ali, Amy Spangler et Nilgün Dungan. « Balcony ». Texas Studies in Literature and Language 54, no 4 (décembre 2012) : 468–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7560/tsll54404.
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Bachmann, Beth. « balcony ». Ploughshares 42, no 4 (2016) : 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/plo.2016.0123.
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Craeye, Bart, Lydia Wittocx, Neel Renne, Peter Minne et Robby Caspeele. « Assessment of cantilevered concrete balconies by means of practically oriented evaluation tools ». MATEC Web of Conferences 364 (2022) : 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236403003.
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Facing the aging building stock, challenging times can be expected with a sharp increase of reinforced concrete buildings requiring maintenance, repair and/or replacement. For the condition assessment of existing reinforced concrete structures an in-depth and reliable inspection strategy and evaluation is essential to come to a durable and service-life extending repair strategy. A stepwise protocol to evaluate the condition and remaining bearing capacity of cantilevered reinforced concrete (RC) balconies is presented in this paper. Corrosion causing the reduction of the steel section, incorrect positioning of the reinforcement and/or higher loads are the main reasons service life might not be reached or the failure of the balcony can occur. As mentioned in EN 1504-9 and NEN 8700, an adequate diagnosis prior to repair showing the cause and extent of the damage is important (i) to determine the actual bearing capacity, (ii) to make an estimation of the residual lifespan and (iii) to select a durable repair technique and/or define maintenance requirements. In this paper a newly developed protocol for the assessment of the condition and the bearing capacity of the cantilevered RC balconies of a high-rise residential building is demonstrated. A semi-probabilistic method is used by applying partial safety factors based on Eurocode guidelines and fib Bulletin 80. The condition of the structure is determined based on NEN2767 regulations. As corrosion is the main contributor to the degradation of existing concrete structures, a chloride contaminated building with damaged reinforced concrete balconies is selected as case study in order to demonstrate the applicability of the developed protocol and tools.
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Balconi, Michela, Irene Venturella et Roberta Finocchiaro. « Erratum : Balconi, M. ; et al. Evidences from Rewarding System, FRN and P300 Effect in Internet-Addiction in Young People SHORT TITLE : Rewarding System and EEG in Internet-Addiction Brain Sciences 2017, 7, 81 ». Brain Sciences 7, no 12 (11 septembre 2017) : 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7090116.
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Gebhard, David. « Some Additional Observations on California's Monterey Tradition ». Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 46, no 2 (1 juin 1987) : 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990184.
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Between the years 1834 and 1850, California experienced the construction of a group of two-story porched or cantilevered balcony adobes, which eventually came to be labeled as the Monterey style. The first cluster of these Monterey adobes was built in the mid-1830s. The earliest of these, by a matter of months, was the Alpheus B. Thompson adobe (1834-1836) in Santa Barbara. Others, including the often-discussed Thomas Oliver Larkin adobe (1834-1837), were scattered throughout much of the length of coastal California. These California Monterey style adobes not only represent a commingling of Hispanic and Anglo architectural traditions, but their specific porched and balconied forms were clearly related to English, French, Spanish, and American two-story dwellings built in the Caribbean area, in the American Southeast, in the lower Mississippi Delta, and in the American Southwest of Texas and New Mexico.
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Mutafi, M. A., M. S. Nasif, W. Pao et F. B. Ismail. « Numerical investigation on the effect of balcony open and solid upstand on smoke contamination in atrium balconies ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 908 (octobre 2017) : 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/908/1/012038.
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Ojrzyńska, Katarzyna. « Defying Maintenance Mimesis : The Case of Somewhere over the Balcony by Charabanc Theatre Company ». Text Matters, no 8 (24 octobre 2018) : 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/texmat-2018-0009.
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Making reference to Luce Irigaray’s definitions of mimesis and mimicry, and the ways in which these concepts respectively reinforce and challenge the phallogocentric order, this article investigates the representation of the Troubles in the play Somewhere over the Balcony by Charabanc—a pioneering all-female theatre company which operated in Belfast in the 1980s and early 1990s. The article discusses the achievement of the company in the local context and offers a reading of Somewhere over the Balcony, Charabanc’s 1987 play which depicts the lives of underprivileged working-class Catholic women in the infamous Divis Flats in Belfast. Showing the protagonists’ struggle with the everyday reality of sectarianism in Northern Ireland, it celebrates female creativity and jouissance. The article argues that the characters challenge the masculinist order by means of mimicry. Irigaray defines this strategy as a deliberate assumption of prescribed female roles, which involves a playful attitude to “mimesis imposed”—in other words, to the programmed repetition of socially sanctioned patterns (This Sex 76). Mimicry, as well as other productive strategies help the female characters in the play to transform the balconies of their flats into an area of creativity and empowerment, which challenges binary thinking about the division into private and public space. Such a geopolitical reading of the play corresponds to the artistic agenda of the company, communicated by its very name. It also sheds light on Charabanc’s attempt to create a more inclusive and varied cultural space that would reach beyond gender, sectarian, and class divides in Northern Ireland.
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Andreescu, Ioan, Vlad Alexandru Gaivoronschi et Marius Mosoarca. « The Hidden Gem ». Advanced Materials Research 778 (septembre 2013) : 880–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.880.
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Timisoara is an important city situated in the westernmost corner of Romania. Its historic core was until late XIXth century a heavily defended citadel. The Great Synagogue in the Citadel, inaugurated by the Emperor Franz Josef I, is one of the most spectacular buildings of the city. A centrally shaped and domed building, enveloped in “moorish-andalusian” decorated façade, stands out for both the civic dignity of the newly emancipated Jewish community (1865), and its desire to integrate in the modern society. The beautifully ornamented massive brick building, covered by a central skylighted dome and surrounded by vaulted aisles also contains two exceptional wooden structures: the interior balconies including the orgue balcony and the roof structure over the vaults. Both are functional as well as ornamental, structurally and geometrically sophisticated and displaying high levels of craftsmanship. The ongoing project for the restoration of the Synagogue and its conversion into an auditorium revealed the complexities of the wooden structures – the lightweight and delicate balconies were able to sustain hundreds of worshippers for more than a century: the complex roofing system, stretched between the exterior tympans, the skylight of the dome and the exterior profile of the vaults, display elegance and minimalism. Both structures withstood the test of time, neglect and constant seismic activities. Maintaining these structures according to contemporary safety and risk management standards proved to be both a challenging and a rewarding opportunity.
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Holmberg, Arthur, Jean Genet et JoAnne Akalaitis. « The Balcony ». Performing Arts Journal 10, no 1 (1986) : 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3245572.
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Horn, Valéria. « Balcony structures ». Pollack Periodica 6, no 2 (août 2011) : 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/pollack.6.2011.2.10.
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JAMES, CLIVE. « BALCONY SCENE ». Yale Review 103, no 2 (2015) : 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tyr.2015.0030.
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Rugen, Barbara, et Jean Genet. « The Balcony ». Theatre Journal 38, no 4 (décembre 1986) : 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3208289.
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Tario, Francisco, et Mark Schafer. « The Balcony ». Grand Street, no 63 (1998) : 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25008265.
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