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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Balance of payments – Soviet Union »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Balance of payments – Soviet Union"

De Groot, Michael. « The Soviet Union, CMEA, and the Energy Crisis of the 1970s ». Journal of Cold War Studies 22, n^o 4 (décembre 2020) : 4–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00964.

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Numerous scholars have claimed that the Soviet Union was a primary beneficiary of the 1973–1974 oil crisis. Drawing on archival evidence from Russia and Germany, this article challenges that interpretation, showing that the oil crisis forced Soviet policymakers to confront the limits of their energy industry and the effects of the crisis on their East European allies. Demand for Soviet energy outpaced production, forcing Soviet officials to weigh their need to compensate for economic shortcomings at home against their role as the guarantor of Communist rule in Eastern Europe. The Soviet decision to raise prices within the Council on Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Soviet Union's inability to fulfill demand across CMEA compelled the East European governments to purchase oil from Middle Eastern countries at increasing world market prices, crippling their balance of payments and accentuating their other economic shortcomings.

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Volodin, Andrei G. « India in the World of Regionalization ». Outlines of global transformations : politics, economics, law 10, n^o 4 (28 novembre 2017) : 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-4-178-191.

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The article is dedicated to the policy of India in the processes of regionalization in Asia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union (a country, which used to be the main ally of India) there appeared a great need for India to make a deep revision of its geo-economic and geopolitical paradigms. Thus, Delhi started looking for the new strategic partners in order to restore the balance between India and extremely active China. The “Look East Policy” had become the first result of those searches, because of the long history of cultural and political influence of India on the South-East Asian countries. Apart from it, due to the active participation of India in the region, the member states of the ASEAN were aimed to set a balance in relationships with China in Asia-Pacific region. By developing the partnership with the members of ASEAN and participating in the processes of regional economic integration, India attempts to “push” the economic development of its northeastern states, situated separately from the main (“continental”) part of the country. Although there are some achievements, regarding the participation of India in the processes of regional integration, the country’s economy is still only partially integrated in the production “chains” in the ASEAN countries. Moreover, there are significant obstacles regarding the economic integration in the South Asia. They appear because of the fear, experienced by the countries of the region, regarding the Indian predominance in the region. Besides, strategically those countries consider contradictions between India and China as a situation from which they potentially may benefit. During the last decades, there has been a rising importance of the Western Asian region in strategic economic activities of India. From the Western Asia India gets energy carriers and due to the financial transfers made by the Indians, working in the Persian Gulf, it covers country`s balance of payment deficit.

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Sy, Mouhamadou. « Overborrowing and Balance of Payments Imbalances in a Monetary Union ». Review of International Economics 24, n^o 1 (18 novembre 2015) : 67–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roie.12208.

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Malik, Vipin. « Disinvestments in India : Needed Change in Mindset ». Vikalpa : The Journal for Decision Makers 28, n^o 3 (juillet 2003) : 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920030305.

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In the nineties, India's budgeting, fiscal deficits, and balance of payments problems kick started the government's urge to unlock the huge investments chained in the state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The blueprint was the successful global model of privatization/divestment which was initiated by Margaret Thatcher in the eighties in the UK and implemented by other countries including Unified Germany, former USSR, the erstwhile socialist countries, Western Europe, Canada, Japan, and even China. The developed nations attained a high level of success followed by the developing and the least developed countries. While developed and OECD countries opted for Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), Russia adopted a system of vouchers for buying shares of public sector companies at auctions, and smaller states in the former Soviet Union and East European countries opted for trade and negotiated sales. Developing countries like Brazil and Chile made principal divestments of significantly large government stakes with no reservations to pass on control to foreign investors. Greece and Korea opted for convertible bonds. Considering that the debate on the need for disinvestments is very old, the question is: is there anything new and is there a game plan? Also, why is the media hesitant in presenting analysis of the decision-makers' mindset? It leads to the inference that the implementers have perhaps little commitment to disinvestments which is in contrast to what Hungary and China have achieved by their professional approach. Fortunately, the efforts to pursue reforms have not openly been reversed or given up by any government of the day. The Four Ps of disinvestment – Policy, Promise, Prognosis, and Performance – look grim. In the recent past, we have been witnessing a lot of debate on the disinvestments scenario suggesting dynamic movement. In reality, the sale of equity of only 49 companies has so far been accomplished (a few only privatized). In comparison, Hungary identified 1,288 SOEs, transformed them into companies for privatization, and in 2002, only 79 companies were left for privatization. Against a target of Rs 100 billion, the financial year 2000–2001 closed with a collection of Rs 18.70 billion. Against a target of Rs 120 billion, the financial year 2001–2002 closed with a collection of Rs 56 billion inclusive of special dividend of VSNL at Rs 18.87 billion and Rs 11.54 billion of IBP bought by another public sector undertaking (PSU). Against a target of Rs 120 billion, the financial year 2002-2003 closed with a collection of Rs 33 billion. The target for financial year 2003-04 is Rs 132 billion (US$ 2.87 billion). To set things on the recovery path, introspection on what aberrations have entered the system is necessary. In the words of the President to the Joint Session of Parliament in February 2002, “... The prolonged fiscal haemorrhage from the majority of these enterprises cannot be sustained any longer...” How do we ensure that the disinvestment process is on track? The following five-point agenda would be useful for policy-makers: Trust the homegrown expert for implementation. Place administrative control in the hands of the Finance Minister. Hand over companies that are a burden on the government to the employees. Do not involve a PSU/SOE in the bidding process. Manage revivals professionally.

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Yakovleva, E. N., et N. N. Yashalova. « History and perspectives of payment for nature use in the Russian Federation ». Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki 35, n^o 2 (29 juillet 2018) : 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2078-4023-2018-35-2-76-86.

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The article deals with the history of introducing fees for the negative impact on the environment in our country, including the introduction of natural resource payments in the Soviet Union and environmental payments in the Russian Federation. The functions of the institute for payment of nature use are revealed, its positive and negative aspects are shown. A conclusion is made about the significant role of payments for the use of natural resources and pollution of the environment in the modern mechanism of state environmental regulation, the need to modernize the mechanism for calculating and collecting environmental payments.

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Li, Ziqian. « Analysis of the Educational Legislation and its Influence of the Former Soviet Union ». BCP Education & ; Psychology 3 (2 novembre 2021) : 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpep.v3i.17.

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This paper introduces the stages and specific problems of Soviet educational legislation. First, the Legislation of the Soviet Union established many vital institutions, such as the system of equality between men and women in education. Secondly, the Soviet legislature and the Soviet Union also institutionalized Marxist ideas about freedom of learning and the overall development of human beings. Thirdly, in the practice of the Soviet Union, how to balance the relationship between freedom, equality and efficiency has become a topic worthy of subsequent discussion. Moreover, Soviet legislation influenced subsequent international human rights legislation and laid the foundation. On this basis, the subsequent international human rights legislation has been further improved.

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Berrios, Ruben, et Cole Blasier. « Peru and the Soviet Union (1969–1989) : Distant Partners ». Journal of Latin American Studies 23, n^o 2 (mai 1991) : 365–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00014036.

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For twenty years the Soviet Union has had closer relations with Peru than with any other Latin American country apart from Cuba or Nicaragua. In fact, Peru was the first post-Cuban revolution centre of Soviet operations in South America, and perhaps still plays that role today. Now that the Cold War is over the balance sheet of Soviet relations with Peru can be evaluated with more detachment than ever.

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Gonchar, V. V., et P. E. Ratmanov. « 'Non-Soviet' dentistry in the Soviet Union : causes and practice of direct payments of population for dental care ». Rossiiskaya stomatologiya 11, n^o 3 (2018) : 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/rosstomat20181103156.

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Avey, Paul C. « Confronting Soviet Power : U.S. Policy during the Early Cold War ». International Security 36, n^o 4 (avril 2012) : 151–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00079.

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Many self-identified realist, liberal, and constructivist scholars contend that ideology played a critical role in generating and shaping the United States' decision to confront the Soviet Union in the early Cold War. A close look at the history reveals that these ideological arguments fail to explain key aspects of U.S. policy. Contrary to ideological explanations, the United States initially sought to cooperate with the Soviet Union, did not initially pressure communist groups outside the Soviet orbit, and later sought to engage communist groups that promised to undermine Soviet power. The U.S. decision to confront the Soviets stemmed instead from the distribution of power. U.S. policy shifted toward a confrontational approach as the balance of power in Eurasia tilted in favor of the Soviet Union. In addition, U.S. leaders tended to think and act in a manner consistent with balance of power logic. The primacy of power over ideology in U.S. policymaking—given the strong liberal tradition in the United States and the large differences between U.S. and Soviet ideology—suggests that relative power concerns are the most important factors in generating and shaping confrontational foreign policies.

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Zawiślińska, Izabela ,. Piotr Cirin, et Piotr Cirin. « Występowanie deficytów bliźniaczych w wybranych państwach Unii Europejskiej i w Polsce w latach 2009–2018 ». Przegląd Europejski, n^o 1-2021 (14 avril 2021) : 157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.1.21.9.

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The aim of the article is to determine the degree, direction and strength of impact of the studied variables, i.e. the state budget balance and the current account balance as part of Poland's balance of payments in the years 2009-2018 against the background of selected European Union (EU) countries. The main research questions focus on determining the type of relationships connecting the studied deficits in the light of previous studies dedicated to the twin deficits hypothesis. The methodology used is based on integrated correlation analysis, linear regression and an analysis of the coefficient of variation. As a result of the study, a strong correlation was found between the cumulative values of the studied deficits, which confirms the existence of the twin deficits hypothesis in Poland in the examined period and means that the budget deficit affects the current account balance. A change in the cumulative balance of the budget by 1% leads to a change in the cumulative balance of the current account of the balance of payments by 0.89%. It can be presumed that the problem of budget deficits and the related debt crisis as well as balance of payments balances under the dichotomy of "surplus north" and "deficit south" in the next decade will be one of the most conflicting and disintegrative for the EU. Thus, the search for a path to budget (internal) balance and balance of payments (external) is one of the key challenges for maintaining cohesion and maintaining sustainable development both in Poland and the entire EU.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Balance of payments – Soviet Union"

Nadkarni, Vidya. « Soviet perceptions of the correlation of forces ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27469.

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This thesis examines evolving Soviet perspectives on the "correlation of forces" between the socialist world and the capitalist countries in general and the Soviet Union and the United States in particular. The focus is on the Khrushchev and Brezhnev phases of Soviet history. The term "correlation of forces" is primarily an analytic concept used by Soviet leaders and scholars to understand and interpret the pace of what they view as the inevitable historical development in favor of socialism. A rough Soviet equivalent of the Western concept of the "balance of power," "correlation of forces" as it is used by Soviet spokesmen encompasses economic, political, and military-security dimensions. The methodology employed in the thesis in charting the chronological evolution of Soviet thinking regarding the correlation of forces consists of a careful and discriminating textual analysis of terminological variations in Soviet scholarly and official use of the concept over time, with due regard to contextual fluctuations in the domestic and international realms. For its source material, this study relied heavily on the speeches and writing of Soviet leaders as well as utilizing analyses of international developments published in Soviet scholarly journals. The differing stress on each of the three aspects of the correlation of forces—economic, political, and military—between the Khrushchev and Brezhnev periods allowed us to trace the change and evolution of the Soviet world view from a primary stress on economic factors of the distribution of power under Khrushchev, to an emphasis on the military dimension of the balance under Brezhnev. By monitoring terminological variations in the concept, we were able to identify periods of optimism and pessimism during both the Khrushchev and Brezhnev phases. We also noted the important role played by the divergent personalities of Khrushchev and Brezhnev on Soviet portrayal of the correlation of forces. Whereas the exuberant Soviet optimism in the military area lacked any basis in fact under Khrushchev, the depiction of the military correlation, while more muted under Brezhnev, was solidly based. These and other such differences, we argued, were a function of the stamp superimposed on Soviet politics by the respective leaders of the time. This study will, by clarifying the context within which the Soviet leadership makes its choices, contribute to an enhanced understanding of the general foreign policy trends of the USSR.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate

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Young, Gregory Denton. « A question of balance : Strategic culture and the Cold War (Soviet Union, United States) ». Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3207735.

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Titze, Lenka. « Porovnanie dopadov globálnej ekonomickej krízy na ekonomiku Írska a Grécka ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192908.

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The thesis examines the impact of the global economic crisis on the economy of Ireland and Greece. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of the financial crisis and the balance of payments crisis on the economy of these countries. This thesis deals with the situation of the economies in the pre-crisis period, which examines the causes of the crisis. The post-crisis period compares the impact of the global economic crisis from a macroeconomic perspective. The thesis deals with the economic measures taken as Ireland and Greece, which should mitigate the effects of the crisis. The thesis focuses in detail on the balance of payments crisis. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The first part is devoted to the description of the kind of crisis, with a focus on banking crisis, debt crisis, financial crisis and a detailed analysis of the balance of payments crisis. The second part compares the impact of the crisis on the economy of Ireland and Greece in the context of the development of the main macroeconomic indicators

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Kim, Hyun-Ki. « International security in north East Asia an analysis with a focus on the maritime dimension and the geo-strategic importance of the Korean peninsula / ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/22617317.html.

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Kim, Jungsoo. « Reassurance strategy incentive for use and conditions for success / ». Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/dissert/2010/Mar/10Mar%5FKim%5FPhD.pdf.

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Dissertation (Ph.D. in Security Studies)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.
Dissertation supervisor: Knopf, Jeffrey. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 28, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Reassurance Strategy, Deterrence Strategy, Contingent Generalizations, "Structured, Focused Comparison," Level of Analysis, Tit-for-Tat, GRIT, Leader's Perceptions, Domestic Politics, Alliance Politics, Balance of Power, Interdependence, Identity, Motivating Factors, South Korea, North Korea, Sunshine Policy, Six-Party Talks, Gorbachev, Reagan, the End of the Cold War. Includes bibliographical references (p. 474-516). Also available in print.

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Aghaie, Joobani Hossein. « Meta-Geopolitics of Central Asia : A Comparative Study of the Regional Influence of the European Union and the Shanghai Co-operation Organization ». Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-100397.

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Central Asia has been the focal point of intense geopolitical power struggle throughout history. At the dawn of the 21st century, Central Asia has undergone major changes as the European Union and the China-led Shanghai Co-operation Organization have emerged as two normative powers, both seeking to influence the patterns of security governance in the region. This study aims to delve deep into ‘the black boxes’ of the EU’s and China’s foreign policies toward five CA republics. It starts from the premise that the bulk of research on Eurasian politics tend to concentrate mostly on realist and traditional geopolitical doctrine, which seem to have failed to properly explain the normative and ideational transformations that have taken place in the region as a result of the presence of these two emerging normative agents. By interweaving both realist and constructivist theories of International Relations (IR) into a new all-encompassing analytical framework, termed “meta-geopolitics”, the thesis seeks to trace and examine how geopolitical as well as normative components of the EU and Chinese regional strategies have affected the contemporary power dynamics in the post-Soviet space. I argue that, in contrast to the geopolitical struggle during the 19th and 20th centuries, a clash of normative powers is brewing in the region between China, under the aegis of the SCO, and the EU. The research also concludes that China has relatively been in a better position in comparison to the EU to render its policies as feasible, effective and legitimate to the Central Asian states.

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DAVIDDI, Renzo. « The evolution of Soviet foreign trade :an attempt to assess Soviet dependence on foreign trade ». Doctoral thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4895.

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Defence date: 17 June 1988
Examining board: Prof. Alberto Chilosi, University of Pisa ; Prof. Phil Hanson, CREES, University of Birmingham ; Prof. Wojciech Maciejewski, University of Warsaw ; Domenico Mario Nuti, E.U.I., Supervisor ; Prof. Jozef van Brabant, United Nations, New York
First made available online 19 June 2015

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Šimunek, Martin. « Vliv německé hospodářské politiky na utváření EU a Eurozóny ». Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-340877.

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The thesis complexly assesses the role of Germany in present European Union and Eurozone, especially its influence and responsibility on the formation of the macroeconomic imbalances before the Eurozone crisis, as well as its resolution. The crisis is caused by a divergence in unit labour costs between member countries, and the thesis aims to evaluate the effect of applied austerity measures in the debtor countries on the adjustment of said unit labour costs divergence. It explores additional policy options available as well. Keywords Germany, Eurozone, European Union, crisis, balance of payments, unit labour cost Author's e-mail Thorrmartin@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail dedek@fsv.cuni.cz

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Torres, Margarida Gagliardini Graça Pinheiro. « In what way are the EU financial assistance programs subject to the jurisdiction of the Court of Justice and to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ? : the case Eugenia Florescu and Others v. Casa Judeteana de Pensii Sibiu and others : Case C-258/14, 13 june 2017 ». Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/27226.

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The sovereign debt crisis of 2010 involved a serious reform to the economic governance of the European Union, including the way the EU financially assists Member States when in difficulties. The conditionality attached to an adjustment program often requires the adoption of economic, financial and public policies intended to cut sovereign public debt. When choosing those policies, Member States, under the pressure to comply with such conditionality, often adopt austerity measures that interfere with citizens’ Fundamental Rights. Such reality led to the increase of crisis-related litigation in national courts but also in the Court of Justice of the EU; in most of the crisis-related cases that reached the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Court has chosen to be silent on this matter, arguing that it had no jurisdiction because the question being referred did not fall within the scope of EU Law. The Florescu case is the first decision where the Court recognised its jurisdiction concerning sovereign debt crisis cases, by deciding to answer at least, some of the issues surrounding the bailout programs under balance of payments: the unsolved issue of the legal nature of the MoUs, the question of whether or not it represents implementation of EU Law and thus subject to the jurisdiction of the Court and to the Charter of Fundamental Rights. I will discuss the main questions of the case by analysing it considering the previous case law of the Court. First the legal nature of the MoU will be addressed, in particular if it is considered an act of EU Law and if it has legal binding effects to the Member State under the adjustment program and to the EU Institutions. I will then examine the arguments of the Court concerning the application of the Charter in Florescu and in the recent case Associação Sindical dos Juizes Portugueses. We will then focus on the Proportionality Test carried out and the content of the Right to Property, in light of the CJEU and the ECtHR case law. Furthermore, the thesis will illustrate how the Court is breaking its silence on the legal nature of the Memoranda of Understanding and consequently, on the application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights to austerity measures adopted under an adjustment program, such as Balance of Payments or the European Financial Stability Facility.

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Fiala, Jaroslav. « Zahraniční politika Spojených států amerických vůči Kubě v letech 1958 - 1965 ». Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352230.

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The thesis deals with the U.S. foreign policy towards Cuba in the years 1958-1965. It analyses sources of U.S.-Cuban hostility at the beginning of the Fidel Castro era. It shows, how the U.S. foreign policy and the beginning of Cold war contributed to polarization as well as radicalization of politics in Cuba. Thus, it analyses the change of a local conflict into the "international civil war". The aim of the thesis is to argue that Cuba influenced the global balance of power between the Soviet Union and the United States at the beginning of 1960's. The introductory chapters summarize the causes of the Cuban Revolution, the U.S. policy toward friendly dictators, mainly toward Fulgencio Batista in Cuba. Next part deals with the guerilla warfare against Batista and the extent of U.S. influence on this insurrection. The thesis uses a multi-archival research of the U.S. as well as Czech and British sources. The comparison of sources shows the extent of independent Cuban actions and helps to comprehend the logic of the Eastern-European foreign policy. The thesis further analyses the U.S. reaction on Cuban Revolution as well as causes and consequences of the Cuban Missile crisis. Moreover, it deals with the possibilities of improvement in the U.S.-Cuban relations. Last but not least it also analyses the...

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Livres sur le sujet "Balance of payments – Soviet Union"

Brabant, Jozef M. van. A central European payments union : Technical aspects. New York : Institute for East-West Security Studies, 1991.

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Commission, European, et Statistical Office of the European Communities, dir. Balance of payments of the European Union institutions. Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2001.

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Vincelette, Gallina Andronova. Untangling the maze of European Union funds to Bulgaria. Washington, D.C : World Bank, 2006.

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Integrating Eastern Europe into the global economy : Convertibility through a payments union. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic, 1991.

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Smith, Alan H. International trade and payments in the former Soviet/CMEA area : Reorientation or reintegration ? London : Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1994.

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G, Wheatcroft S., et Davies R. W. 1925-, dir. Materials for a balance of the Soviet national economy, 1928-1930. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] : Cambridge University Press, 1985.

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G, Wheatcroft S., et Davies R. W. 1925-, dir. Materials for a balance of the Soviet national economy 1928-1930. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1986.

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R, Neu C. Soviet international finance in the Gorbachev era. Santa Monica, CA : RAND, 1991.

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I, Bléjer Mario, et Skreb Marko 1957-, dir. Balance of payments, exchange rates, and competitiveness in transition economies. Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

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R, Neu C. Toward a profile of Soviet behavior in international financial markets. Santa Monica, CA : Rand, 1987.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Balance of payments – Soviet Union"

Gladman, Imogen. « Balance of Payments ». Dans The European Union Encyclopedia and Directory 2022, 539–42. 22^e éd. London : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003179887-1331.

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Segal, Gerald. « The Soviet Union in East Asia ». Dans The Balance of Power in East Asia, 44–58. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18261-9_4.

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Lindahl, Ingemar. « The Finnish Paradox and the Nordic Balance ». Dans The Soviet Union and the Nordic Nuclear-Weapons-Free-Zone Proposal, 87–105. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09320-5_6.

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Bindseil, Ulrich, et Alessio Fotia. « International Monetary Frameworks ». Dans Introduction to Central Banking, 101–21. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70884-9_7.

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AbstractIn this chapter we turn to representing flows of funds in alternative international monetary frameworks, and what global liquidity these different frameworks provide. We first recall some arguments in favour of and against fixed exchange rate systems. We then introduce two international monetary arrangements of the past which imply fixed exchange rates, namely the gold standard and the Bretton Woods system, and recall why both eventually failed. We then turn to three international monetary frameworks in the context of the current paper standard, i.e. fixed exchange rate systems, flexible exchange rate systems, and the European monetary union. We explain the role of an international lender of last resort and related solutions, and how these allow for more leeway in running fixed exchange rate systems. We also show how banks and central bank balance sheets are affected by international flows of funds and the balance of payments. Finally, we briefly review recent developments of foreign currency reserves, being the key central bank balance sheet position in this context.

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« Bilateral payments ». Dans India and the Soviet Union, 141–60. Cambridge University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511559884.009.

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« The Soviet Union as a Payments Union ». Dans The Economics of Soviet Breakup, 99–112. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203023037-12.

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« The Soviet Union as a Payments Union ». Dans The Economics of Soviet Breakup. Routledge, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203023037.ch7.

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Simon, Gerhard. « Perestroika—an Interim Balance Sheet ». Dans The Soviet Union, 1988–1989, 9–22. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429314841-2.

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Holzman, Franklyn D. « Creditworthiness and Balance-of-Payments Adjustment Mechanisms of Centrally Planned Economies ». Dans The Economics of Soviet Bloc Trade and Finance, 59–81. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429310348-3.

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Clement, Peter. « The USSR and Sub-Saharan Africa : A Balance Sheet ». Dans The Soviet Union in the Third World, 150–71. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429314926-7.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Balance of payments – Soviet Union"

Bahçe, Abdullah Burhan, et Hatice Dayar. « Dimensions of Informality in Transition Economies and Solutions ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00945.

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In most of the former Soviet economies with the start of transformation, revenue loss and lax payments discipline led to low revenue sharing, as well as inefficient tax collection and tax avoidance is common as a major problem has affected economies in transition. In this study, central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union transition countries experienced in tax payments discipline and collection issues are dealt with and a socialist state transformation to a capitalist state in the transition to a market economy from a centrally planned economy with the sustainability of budgetary constraints between state and market are considered. At this point in particular; simple and flat rate tariff preferred in the tax system have considerably reduced the size of the informal economy in transition economies and also the balance has been achieved in fiscal discipline with performance-based budget preferred in the budget system. As a result, about 25 years of the transition-transformation process stages are evaluated in the context of tax system, budgetary and fiscal discipline.

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Ürüt Kelleci, Serap, et Emine Fırat. « Relationship Between Foreign Direct Investments and Economic Growth : The Azerbaijan Sample ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01929.

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Today, foreign direct investment is very important for both developed and developing countries. It is seen as an opportunity to overcome the inadequacy of capital, especially in developing countries. It is expected that these investments will make a serious contribution in solving the problems related to the balance of payments, in the realization of the investments that will enable the growth of the economies, in increasing the employment. The study will examine the size, development and effects of foreign capital in Azerbaijan economy. Azerbaijan, which is also known as transition economies, has gone from the Soviet Union in 1991 to regulating its economic structure from the beginning. At this point, they have undertaken various reforms to improve their inadequate investment capabilities and to attract foreign direct investment into the country. In this respect, they tried to have a share of this great pasty shared by the developed countries in the world. In this study, firstly foreign direct investments and economic effects will be examined. Then, general information about Azerbaijani economy will be given and the dimensions and effects of foreign direct investments in Azerbaijan will be revealed. After the literature review on the subject has been made, the relationship between economic growth and foreign direct investment in Azerbaijan will be empirically analyzed. The figures for Azerbaijan during the period 1995-2015 were obtained from the World Bank.

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Duran, Hasan, et Kadir Kürşat Yılmaz. « The Ties That Binds the Giant : China’s Interests in Energy Sources of Central Asia ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00336.

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Following the collapse of Soviet Union, the interest of China towards the Central Asia first revolved around the security and border issues. Then the fast growing economy of China since 2000 needs energy more she can produce. Becoming one of the biggest energy users, China has become more and more dependent on other countries to fill her energy deficit. Thus China has identified Central Asia as her prime area to built cooperative relations. In this respect, China started new relationships with Turkmenistan and Kazakistan in order to secure and sustain the procurement of oil and natural gas. Thanks to its rich oil and natural gas reserves, Central Asia has become a region in which the great powers compete; with the years 2000s China joined to the rush. The rivalry in the region has a potential to change the balance of power in the World. This study evaluates this rivalry in terms of political and economic effects on China.

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