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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Baden (Germany) – History – 19th century »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Gillmeister, Heiner. "Deutsche Kurorte als Schaubühnen für die „English sports“ Tennis und Golf." STADION 44, no. 1 (2020): 5–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2020-1-5.

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Against the backdrop of the introduction of “English sports” into 19th-century Germany, her famous spas played a significant role in making fashionable games such as lawn tennis and golf popular. These spas were the haunts of well-to-do English pensioners and tourists who became their first and almost exclusive patrons. Places like Bad Homburg were also the first to see first-class English players in action. The presence of these sportspeople, and of both English and German royalty at these spas added lustre to their sporting activities and soon attracted the attention of the German burgher. In addition the coverage these games received in high-class journals such as Sport im Bild, edited by the Rotterdam-born Scotsman Andrew Pitcairn-Knowles, and in the lawn tennis yearbooks by Robert Baron von Fichard of Baden-Baden, encouraged more people to adopt the sport of their social betters. The prestige of German spas radiated well beyond the 20th century. Only recently, their illustrious sporting history has been an asset in their applying for recognition as a UNESCO world cultural heritage site. Their golf clubs have been granted the right to add to their names the epithet “royal”, and one of them, Bad Homburg, will host a women’s tennis event in partnership with Wimbledon, immediately preceding The Championships, in the years to come. The present essay examines the historic part played by the German spas in the country’s sports scenario over the decades.

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Miller, Christopher C., and Georg A. Petroianu. "Alphons Mermann (1852–1908): hiccups, hygiene and Hebammen." Journal of Medical Biography 26, no. 1 (2016): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967772015596277.

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German gynecologist Alphons Mermann (1852–1908) is best known for establishing the Luisenheim Woechnerinnenasyl (lying-in asylum) at the end of the 19th century in Mannheim. The Luisenheim, owing its name to HRH the Grand Duchess Luise of Baden (1838–1923), was a significant step forward in the provision of a safe delivery environment for mothers of modest means. During his life, Mermann used his position as the Luisenheim’s director to promote both the training of midwives and a strict maintenance of asepsis in the hospital. Historically, he has been viewed as the first physician to describe fetal hiccups in a peer-reviewed scientific publication, although the phenomena were described nearly two centuries before his account. This short work explores the life, family and contributions of Dr Mermann.

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Engehausen, Frank. "Felix Selgert, Baden and the Modern State. The Implementation of Administrative and Legal Reforms in the German State of Baden during the 19th Century. (Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beihefte, Bd. 23.) Berlin/Boston, De Gruyter 2018." Historische Zeitschrift 309, no. 2 (2019): 513–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hzhz-2019-1406.

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Kahlow, Andreas. "Materials in 19th century Germany." History and Technology 7, no. 3-4 (1991): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341519108581779.

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Mudry, Albert, Robert Mlynski, and Burkhard Kramp. "History of otorhinolaryngology in Germany before 1921." HNO 69, no. 5 (2021): 338–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00106-021-01046-9.

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AbstractIn 2021, the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery is celebrating the 100th anniversary of its foundation. The aim of this article is to present the main inventions and progress made in Germany before 1921, the date the society was founded. Three chronological periods are discernible: the history of otorhinolaryngology (ORL) in Germany until the beginning of the 19th century, focusing mainly on the development of scattered knowledge; the birth of the sub-specialties otology, laryngology (pharyngo-laryngology and endoscopy), and rhinology in the 19th century, combining advances in knowledge and implementation of academic structures; and the creation of the ORL specialty at the turn of the 20th century, mainly concentrating on academic organization and expansion. This period was crucial and allowed for the foundation of the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery on solid ground. Germany played an important role in the development and progress of ORL internationally in the 19th century with such great contributors as Anton von Tröltsch, Hermann Schwartze, Otto Körner, Rudolf Voltolini, and Gustav Killian to mention a few.

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Anderson, Barbara C. "State-Building and Bureaucracy in Earlt-Nineteenth-Century Nassau." Central European History 24, no. 2-3 (1991): 222–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900019026.

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Historians Max Braubach, Michael Doeberl, Erwin Hölzle, and Franz Schnabel developed in the interwar period a new understanding of the role of the “Third Germany,” in particular the south Germ an states of Bavaria, Württemberg, and Baden, in the shaping of the new European order in the beginning of the nineteenth century: they viewed these governments as masters of statecraft and as liberal counterforces to conservative and nationalist Prussia. Recent scholars have continued to focus on the “Third Germany” but in a different vein. Contemporary writers Helmut Berding, Christof Dipper, and Elisabeth Fehrenbach, for example, examined the reforms in Rheinbund-Germany and concluded that everywhere liberal innovations remained stunted and incomplete. Furthermore, they no longer view the “Third Germany” as an antithesis to Prussia but, instead, perceive all of Vormärz-Germany as engulfed by an overly statist and antipluralistic mind-set.

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Hierholzer, Klaus, and Karl Julius Ullrich. "History of Renal Physiology in Germany during the 19th Century." American Journal of Nephrology 19, no. 2 (1999): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000013458.

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Albisetti, J. C. "Secondary Schools and Social Structure in 19th Century Germany." Journal of Social History 28, no. 4 (1995): 877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/28.4.877.

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McElvenny, James. "August Schleicher and Materialism in 19th-Century Linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 45, no. 1-2 (2018): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.00018.mce.

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Summary Towards the end of his career, August Schleicher (1821–1868), the great consolidator of Indo-European historical-comparative linguistics in the mid-19th century, famously drew explicit parallels between linguistics and the new evolutionary theory of Darwinism. Based on this, it has become customary in linguistic historiography to refer to Schleicher’s ‘Darwinian’ theory of language, even though it has long been established that Schleicher’s views have other origins that pre-date his contact with Darwinism. For his contemporary critics in Germany, however, Schleicher’s thinking was an example not of Darwinism but of ‘materialism’. This article examines what ‘materialism’ meant in 19th-century Germany – its philosophical as well as its political dimensions – and looks at why Schleicher’s critics applied this label to him. It analyses the relevant aspects of Schleicher’s linguistics and philosophy of science and the criticisms directed against them by H. Steinthal (1823–1899). It then discusses the contemporary movement of scientific materialism and shows how Schleicher’s political views, social background and personal experiences bound him to this movement.

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Gosewinkel, Dieter. "Einbürgern und Ausschließen. Staatsangehörigkeit und Bürgerrecht in Deutschland während des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 137, no. 1 (2020): 364–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgg-2020-0006.

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AbstractNaturalizing and excluding. Nationality and citizenship law in 19th and 20th century Germany. Nationality law in Germany came up as a legal institution of German federal states at the beginning of 19th century and underwent a process of nationalization. The principle of descent (Abstammungsprinzip), which was – before a legal reform in 2000 – hegemonic, was used to define German nationality primarily as a community of ethno-cultural descent. This restrictive use of German nationality law did not establish, however, a direct line of conceptual and political continuity between ‘ethno-cultural’ and ‘racial’ criteria, and it was primarily based on a politico-social constellation of political, demographic and national instability, not on a specific German national discourse.

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Graus, Andrea. "Mysticism in the courtroom in 19th-century Europe." History of the Human Sciences 31, no. 3 (2018): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118761499.

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This article examines how and why criminal proceedings were brought against alleged cases of Catholic mysticism in several European countries during modernity. In particular, it explores how criminal charges were derived from mystical experiences and shows how these charges were examined inside the courtroom. To bring a lawsuit against supposed mystics, justice systems had to reduce their mysticism to ‘facts’ or actions involving a breach of the law, usually fraud. Such accusations were not the main reason why alleged mystics were taken to court, however. Focusing on three representative examples, in Spain, France and Germany, I argue that ‘mystic trials’ had more to do with specific conflicts between the defendant and the ecclesiastical or secular authorities than with public concern regarding pretence of the supernatural. Criminal courts in Europe approached such cases in a similar way. Just as in ecclesiastical inquiries, during the trials, judges called upon expert testimony to debunk the allegedly supernatural. Once a mystic entered the courtroom, his or her reputation was profoundly affected. Criminal lawsuits had a certain ‘demystifying power’ and were effective in stifling the fervour surrounding the alleged mystics. All in all, mystic trials offer a rich example of the ways in which modern criminal justice dealt with increasing enthusiasm for the supernatural during the 19th century.

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Struve, Walter. "Population, Labour, and Migration in 19th- and 20th-Century Germany. Klaus J. Bade." Journal of Modern History 61, no. 2 (1989): 412–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468273.

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Günther-Diringer, Detlef. "AR-applications with historical maps." Abstracts of the ICA 2 (October 9, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-2-34-2020.

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Abstract. In cooperation with the Badische Generallandesarchiv (GLA) Karlsruhe, the officially archive of the former state Baden, various projects in the field of virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) have been carried out.The VR project “Danube - Floating Spaces” refers to an exhibition by the GLA Karlsruhe in cooperation with the Institute for Danube Swabian History and Regional Studies, Tübingen. The entire exhibition was constructed in the third dimension and can now be experienced using different devices (offline PC version, WebGL version for Internet access or VR version for the HTC-Vive (VR glasses). An important functionality is the detailed enlargement option of the historical maps, so that many details in the maps can now be seen better than in the original exhibition (Keller 2019). WebGL-version: https://www.hs-karlsruhe.de/gim/angebote-fuer-schueler-und-interessierte/virtuelle-ausstellung.One of the highlights of the map inventory of the GLA is certainly the Great Palatinate Rhine Map from 1590. This hand-drawn unique measures approx. 0.45m × 12m and is to be presented in an exhibition in 2021 or 2022. Based on the high-quality digital copy available from the GLA, various student projects and theses are currently being carried out to augment digitally this fascinating map. Due to their geometrical-graphic structures, analogue cartographic representations are generally very suitable for performing AR applications. Based on the geographical uniqueness, sections of the maps can be defined as necessary image AR targets, so that the software of a game engine, such as e.g. Unity with the Vuforia extension recognizes that a digital element has to be placed at a specified place. This can be made visible using a tablet or smartphone with a camera. The aim is for visitors of the exhibition to receive additional geographical information with prepared tablets that are held over the map: Figure 1: 3D-visualization of the historical development of the fortress Philippsburg (Udenheim in 1590, left: part of the original map, right: with overlayed AR-element). In addition to the 3D-visualization of 1590 (see figure on the right), the fortifications of the 30 Years War and subsequent extensions are also visible (1635/1690/1735). At that time, Philippsburg was one of the largest fortresses in all of Germany, but it was destroyed by Napoleon around 1800. The final timeline from 1856 is an excerpt from the “Carte from the course of the Rhine” with the straightening of the Rhine through Tulla and shows the significant changes in the landscape that moved the main stream of the Rhine away from Philippsburg (Färber 2019).Animated visualizations of pictorial representations:In addition to the historical landscapes, the map from 1590 also contains many small pictorial drawings that show human activities during this time, from ferries, fishermen, gold washers to hunters and wine merchants. These drawings were visualized in 3D, animated and, with the help of Unity, placed in the appropriate place. It is intended as a search game for children who can use a tablet and this app to search for more than 20 different scenes on the map and thus experience this historical map in a playful way (Boric 2019): Figure 2: 3D-visualization of a ship on the river Rhine (left: original map, right: 3D-AR-element).The last project currently planned is the tablet-supported visualization of the landscape changes from the Upper Rhine regulation by Tulla (beginning in the 1820s) until today. On the basis of various historical and current geodata (Rhine river maps 1838/1872, current aerial photos and OpenStreetMap data), the 400-year cultural history of the Upper Rhine between Rastatt and Speyer can be imagined. The georeferencing of the historical map is very challenging. While the maps of the Rhine river from the 19th century are precise in terms of surveying technology, the Great Electoral Palatinate Rhine river map is more of a landscape picture and is far from an exact map representation. Here, the locations of the historical settlements are the only point of reference for a link with the available exact georeferenced geodata. This application will be presented at the exhibition in the GLA in 2021/22.

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Lundgreen, P. "Educational Opportunity and Status Attainment: Two Different Cities in 19th-Century Germany." Journal of Social History 22, no. 2 (1988): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/22.2.323.

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Ermolaeva, M. A. "“Russian libraries in Germany” – The essays in history." Scientific and Technical Libraries 1, no. 1 (2021): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2021-1-159-164.

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Review of the collection of works prepared by Gottfried Kratz (Gottfried Kratz. Russische Biblioteken in Deutschland. – Berlin : Peter Lang, 2020. – 231 s. (Arbeiten und Bibliographen zum Buch – und Bibliothekswesen. 17).The book in German comprises the papers by German and Russian researchers on public, academic, military and church libraries in the mid-19th century and up to present. The reviewer focuses on the works matching the profile of the “Scientific and Technical Libraries” journal. The presented works are based on vast archival materials and expand the knowledge of Russian-German library relationships within the mentioned historical period. The researchers of Russian diaspora abroad, book and library historians will make the readership of the book.

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Дударев, В. С. "Germany in the life of Russian writers and poets of the first half of the 19th century." Диалог со временем, no. 76(76) (August 17, 2021): 206–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2021.76.76.002.

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Помимо плодотворного взаимодействия в решении политических вопросов Россию и Германию в первой половине XIX в. связывали тесные культурные связи, в выстраивании которых ключевую роль играла литература. Германия являлась в определенном смысле фильтром, через который Россия знакомилась с европейской литературой. Образы немецкого мира, находившие отражение в русской литературе, возникали не в последнюю очередь благодаря личному опыту общения российских писателей с Германией и немцами. Вследствие этого Германия нередко приобретала свое особенное значение в их жизни и творчестве, чему и посвящена настоящая статья. In addition to fruitful interaction in solving political issues in the first half of the 19th century, Russia and Germany were linked by close cultural ties, in the building of which literature played a key role. Germany was a kind of filter through which Russia got acquainted with European literature. Images of the German world, reflected in the Russian literature, arose not least due to the personal experience of Russian writers with Germany and the Germans. In this regard, Germany often acquired its special significance in the life and work of Russian writers. This will be discussed in this article.

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Oergel, Maike. "In Babel's Shadow: Language, philology and the nation in 19th-century Germany." Historiographia Linguistica 37, no. 1 (2010): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.37.1/2.22oer.

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Nerlich, Brigitte, and David D. Clarke. "Mind, meaning and metaphor: the philosophy and psychology of metaphor in 19th-century Germany." History of the Human Sciences 14, no. 2 (2001): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09526950122120952.

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Arutynyan, A. A. "German history of art of 19th century and problems of Armenian Medieval heritage." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 2 (31) (June 2017): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2017-2-147-150.

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The science of art in Germany is based on the classical tradition, associated with a focus on ancient heritage, and a romantic perception of Gothic as a manifestation of the national school. In the mid-nineteenth century the first General history of art appeared, which, along with the national art and culture examined regional schools. Armenian medieval art is systematized and concisely described in the work of Kugler, in Schnaase’s book analysis becomes more comprehensive, detailed and consistent.

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Curran, Kathleen. "The German Rundbogenstil and Reflections on the American Round-Arched Style." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 47, no. 4 (1988): 351–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990381.

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This article investigates the German Rundbogenstil and its influence on the American "round-arched style." A stylistic and theoretical phenomenon of the 19th century, the German Rundbogenstil held both a specific and a generic meaning: as a contemporary building style and as a term for historical round-arched architecture. In modern scholarship, the Rundbogenstil has come to denote any round-arched building with Romanesque or Italianate features designed by certain early to mid-19th-century German architects. A general contextual analysis of the complex nature of the 19th-century round-arched styles or "tendencies" in Germany helps to define more precisely the Rundbogenstil. Following a theoretical and stylistic examination of major monuments in Karlsruhe, Munich, and Berlin, the present paper outlines the salient characteristics of the Rundbogenstil and its influence in America in the hands of certain central European emigrant architects in New York and two major mid-19th-century American architects. The fundamental theoretical change which the style underwent in the United States in both of these groups warrants a distinct label-the American "round-arched style."

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Kiehnle, Arndt. "The long journey of ‘Privatautonomie’." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 87, no. 4 (2019): 473–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-00870a09.

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SummaryIndividual autonomy was rediscovered in modernity when it came to the persecution of dissenters in Germany after the Reformatio n. Since the 18th century the ‘Privatautonomie’ of the individual has been established in German private law. Later, in the 19th century, the term autonomy gained ground in the legal terminology of French private law, also thanks to the German emigrant Foelix. In the 20th century autonomy, not least thanks to German-speaking jurists who fled from the Nazis, became a legal term also used in the private law of the USA and Great Britain.

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Sprung, Lothar. "History of modern psychology in Germany in 19th- and 20th-century thought and society." International Journal of Psychology 36, no. 6 (2001): 364–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207590143000199.

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Luh, Andreas. "Großunternehmen und Betriebssport in Deutschland vom Kaiserreich bis in die Gegenwart. Ein (zu) wenig beachtetes sozial- und sporthistorisches Phänomen." STADION 44, no. 2 (2020): 300–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2020-2-300.

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Since the end of the 19th century, company sports appeared as a part of company’s social welfare policy. Large companies in Germany still offer company sport activities as a part of voluntary social benefits today, but their scope, kind and function have changed enormously. The present study focuses on the development of company sports during the German Empire, its expansion and institutionalization as a part of company’s social welfare policy in the Weimar Republic as well as its restructuring in the context of the efforts of the German Labour Front in NS Germany. Furthermore, the study examines the reorganization of company sports based on social partnership concepts and corporate identity - and corporate social responsibility strategies in the Federal Republic of Germany. It asks, what kind of changes took place in company sports in Germany under the conditions of a structural changing economic and capitalist system from the 19th to the 21st century, in four political epochs of German history, from the German Empire to the Federal Republic of Germany?

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Alyabieva, Valentina. "From the History of Combinatorial Analysis: From Idea to Research Schools." Вестник Пермского университета. Математика. Механика. Информатика, no. 2(57) (2022): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1993-0550-2022-2-14-25.

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The article explores the development of combinatorial analysis from the idea to scientific schools. Combinatorial research was stimulated by G.W. Leibniz's ideas about combinatorial art and special geometric analysis – Analysis Situs in the 17th century. Various combinatorial problems were solved by L. Euler in the XVIII century. The first scientific school of combinatorial analysis arose by K.F. Hindenburg in the second half of the 18th century in Germany. Combinatorial-geometric configurations were studied in the 19th century. A. Cayley and J. Sylvester coined the term tactics for a special branch of mathematics, of wich order is proper sphere. The modern combinatorial schools are Gonin's school in Perm and the combinatorial Rybnikov's school in Moscow.

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Ragozin, German. "The Emergence of Habsburgs in Early Works of Joseph von Hormayr." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 3 (2022): 833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.310.

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The paper deals with the issue of emergence of the Austrian historical myth in the early 19th century. The identity crisis in Austria, Holy Roman Empire and Habsburg possessions due to the French revolution and collapse of the “Old empire” brought a discussion on loyalty towards dynasty, throne, and the state. Relations of Habsburgs with their non-Germanic realms also underwent a transformation connected with the creation of the Austrian empire in 1804. Intellectuals in the early 19th century Vienna were faced with the challenge to revisit the remains of the old model of identity and relationships between the state and the society in a new context. The new model combining romanticism and conservatism pursued to find a model of “natural” relations between the sovereign, state and society. Joseph von Hormayr was the author of concepts for Austrian history, Habsburg dynasty, and its relations with the society in the early 19th century. He justified them with legitimism, dynastic patriotism, and general historical memory. “The Austrian Plutarch” made an impact on Austrian historical memory in the 19th century. The images of early Habsburgs were supposed to demonstrate the role of monarchy in the success of the state, social stability, and European balance. The essays showed the moral right of the dynasty to leadership in Germany and Central Europe. Hormayr disseminated the concepts of “Austrian freedom” in the Empire, “putting an end to the anarchy”, consistent centralization of Southern-eastern German areas, and its support from estates. The sovereigns appeared both in the image of mobilization figures for the duchy and neighboring countries, and possessors of the personal features turning Austria into the Empire later.

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Beer, André-Michael, Bernhard Uehleke, and Karl Rüdiger Wiebelitz. "The History of Inpatient Care in German Departments Focussing on Natural Healing." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/521879.

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We describe historic developments of inhouse facilities for natural healing in this paper, which were mainly located in German speaking regions. The naturopathic movement is a relabeling of the hydropathic movement in Germany, which was supported by a considerable proportion of the population in Germany during the mid 19th century. Due to the fact that hydropathic treatments were provided by nonmedical healers, discriminated as “quacks”, there was continuous hostility between hydropathy/naturopathy and medicine. However, among the many establishments providing inhouse treatment for acute and chronic diseases over weeks there were some which were controlled by medical doctors in the 20th century and some which were implemented by government. In many of the establishments there were approaches for measuring usefulness of the treatments, some of which have been initiated explicitly for that purpose.

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Kotova, Elena. "The German Question in the Foreign Policy of the Austrian Empire in 1850—1866." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016050-4.

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For centuries, the House of Austria (the Habsburgs) maintained its leadership in the Holy Roman Empire, and later in the German Union. But in the middle of the 19th century the situation changed, Austria lost its position in Germany, lost to Prussia in the struggle for hegemony. The article examines what factors influenced such an outcome of the German question, what policy Austria pursued in the 50—60s of the 19th century, what tasks it set for itself. The paper traces the relationship between the domestic and foreign policy of Austria. Economic weakness and political instability prevented the monarchy from pursuing a successful foreign policy. The multinational empire could not resist the challenge of nationalism and prevent the unification of Italy and Germany. Difficult relations with France and Russia, inconsistent policy towards the Middle German states largely determined this outcome. The personal factor was also important. None of the Austrian statesmen could resist such an outstanding politician as Bismarck.

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Turk, Theresa. "Joseph Landsberger (1848–1933): Medical Man in a Time of Change." Journal of Medical Biography 13, no. 2 (2005): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096777200501300207.

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Joseph Landsberger was a Jewish doctor in Germany in the second half of the 19th and much of the first half of the 20th century. He was involved in the scientific advances of his time, especially in the fields of antisepsis and asepsis, bacteriology, surgical technique, public health and therapeutics.

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Krzoska, Markus, Kolja Lichy, and Konstantin Rometsch. "Jenseits von Ostmitteleuropa? Zur Aporie einer deutschen Nischenforschung." Journal of Modern European History 16, no. 1 (2018): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944-2018-1-40.

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Ostmitteleuropaforschung - Beyond East Central Europe? The Aporiae of a Niche Research Interest in Germany The article discusses some crucial problems of area studies drawing on the example of East Central European studies in Germany today. Against the backdrop of persistent methodological imperatives stemming from the 19th and early 20th century, we argue that general definitions of space, time or structure are of little use even in relation to a constructed region. Instead, we call for a praxeological approach that takes into consideration specific situational entanglements and their actors. In the context of global, European, imperial or transnational turns in historical cultural studies, a non-hierarchical, spatial and temporal perspective becomes essential. This article seeks to encourage discussion about the chances and risks that current developments in historical area studies in Germany entail, while also providing an impulse to think about possible future ramifications.

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Roehner, B. "An Empirical Study of Price Correlations: 1. How Should Spatial Interactions between Interdependent Markets be Measured?" Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 21, no. 2 (1989): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a210161.

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Price fluctuations are known to be rather chaotic and unpredictable. However, when these fluctuations are compared at different marketplaces some regular patterns appear. The precise nature of such regularities and what can be learned from them about the internal structure of an economic system are the purpose of this series of two papers. In this first paper the evolution of an economic system is analysed, namely in Germany during the period of its economic integration, that is to say during the 19th century. Different statistical measures are compared: the price ratio, the price correlations, the price dispersion, in order to characterise the increasing interdependence of economic activity centres. It is shown that this interdependence increases for every commodity according to a specific trend. Last, in order to link these results with the economic and political history of Germany some data are presented pertaining to the development of its domestic trade during the 19th century.

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Pindl, Kathrin. "Grain Policies and Storage in Southern Germany: The Regensburg Hospital (17th-19th Centuries)." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 59, no. 2 (2018): 415–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2018-0014.

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Abstract This paper is concerned with the storage policy of the citizens’ hospital of Regensburg in the Early Modern period (focus: 18th century). The main purpose consists of (1) a source-based micro-study that helps to derive insights into the mechanisms of how experiences and expectations have influenced decisions by a pre-modern institution, (2) an analytical scheme for describing and evaluating the process of decision-making based on narrative evidence, and (3) the suggestion of analytical categories. These should allow a differentiation between time-invariant human behaviour that determines economic decisions, and time-specific factors which can be used to separate possibly “pre-modern” patterns from seemingly modern-day capitalist economic performance.

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Hesse, Jan-Otmar. "Der Wirtschaftshistorische Ausschuss des Vereins für Socialpolitik." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 61, no. 1 (2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2020-0001.

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AbstractThe Economic History Committee of the Verein für Socialpolitik was founded 70 years ago as the first interest group for economic and social history in Germany. As did its five counterparts of other subfields in economics, the committee aimed at intensifying academic exchange in this field. Furthermore, it served as a lobby organisation for the discipline in the fast changing politics of higher education in Germany. It therefore can be considered as an important step in the discipline’s professionalization. The article gives a brief overview of the development of economic history in Germany starting with the Historical School at the end of the 19th century. The second part is dedicated to the institutional and academic history of the committee using archival documentation.

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Davidson, Jonathan RT. "The Wesselhoefts: A medical dynasty from the age of Goethe to the era of nuclear medicine." Journal of Medical Biography 25, no. 4 (2015): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967772015619304.

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For six generations, members of the Wesselhoeft family have practiced medicine in Germany, Denmark, Switzerland, Canada and/or the USA. In the early decades of the 19th century, two Wesselhoeft brothers left Europe to eventually settle in New England, where they and their progeny gave rise to a regional medical dynasty. The Wesselhoeft doctors became well-known practitioners of homeopathy, hydropathy, conventional medicine and surgery, in academic and general clinical settings. An additional connection was established to the literary worlds of Germany and the USA, either through friendships or as personal physicians.

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Kokel, Susanne. "„Große Unternehmungen sind dringend zu widerraten“ – Die Wirtschaft der Deutschen Brüderunität zwischen Ideal und Reform." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 61, no. 1 (2020): 111–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2020-0006.

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AbstractThis essay examines the process of the fundamental reform undertaken by the Moravian Brethren in Germany at the end of the 19th century, building a separate and professionally managed business area within the church. An analysis of institutions, practices and semantics helps to explain this institutional change of a religious entrepreneur. Finally, the case of Sunday work in the church-owned companies illustrates the conditions set for corporate practices by the new institutional structure.

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Hildesheimer, Meir. "Religious Education in Response to Changing Times Congregation Adass-Isroel Religious School in Berlin." Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte 60, no. 2 (2008): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157007308783876064.

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AbstractDuring the 19th century, various frameworks were established in Germany for the purpose of providing Jewish students with religious education. The article deals primarily with the orthodox Congregation Adass-Isroel Religious School. Established in 1869 in Berlin, the school had a major impact on the development of supplementary religious instruction throughout Germany and served as a model in this area. The school's background, history, basic principles and method of instruction, as well as study subjects (Hebrew, Bible, Talmud, Religious instruction, History) are discussed and compared to corresponding religious schools. Research is based on the school's annual reports, archival material, scholarly literature, memoirs, and newspapers.

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Siegrist, Hannes. "FORMAL KNOWLEDGE, PUBLIC TRUST AND STATE LAWYERS IN GERMANY, ITALY AND SWITZERLAND IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY." Paedagogica Historica 30, no. 1 (1994): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0030923940300114.

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Magnus, Shulamit S. "“Who Shall Say Who Belongs?”: Jews Between City and State in Prussian Cologne, 1815–1828." AJS Review 16, no. 1-2 (1991): 57–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009400003123.

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The struggle for Jewish emancipation in Germany is commonly understood as a battle for civic equality at the state level. But an important chapter in the history of emancipation took place in the conflict between German states and localities over Jewish rights. Jurisdictional battles over Jewish status may seem quintessentially medieval, recalling the strife between competing levels of the feudal hierarchy for control of the Jews and the revenue they generated.Yet similar struggles persisted well into the nineteenth century in several German states, such as Bavaria, Baden, and Wiirt-temberg, where central governments were weak and localities exercised significant degrees of self-rule.

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Oergel, Maike. "In Babel’s Shadow: Language, philology and the nation in 19th-century Germany. By Tuska Benes." Historiographia Linguistica 37, no. 1-2 (2010): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.37.1-2.22oer.

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Vogt, Peter. "The Moravian Music Tradition in Germany: Continuity and Change from 1865 to 1907." Journal of Moravian History 3, no. 1 (2007): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41179834.

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Abstract in 1865 a manual was published for organists and worship leaders in the German Moravian Church, with later editions and additions until 1907. These editions give us insight into the development of Moravian choral music in Germany in the second half of the 19th century. The author argues that whereas the 1865 edition was an attempt to codify the Moravian music tradition in a time of change, the 1891 edition was the attempt to break free from the constraints of the past and to open up the tradition for all the new musical developments that were taking place within and outside of the Moravian Church.

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Gray, Marion W. "“Modifying the Traditional for the Good of the Whole”: Commentary on State-Building and Bureaucracy in Nassau, Baden, and Saxony in the Early Nineteenth Century." Central European History 24, no. 2-3 (1991): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900019051.

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The three articles of this symposium contribute to a vital debate about the nature of modern German politics. The works by Barbara Anderson, Loyd Lee, and Lawrence Flockerzie discuss the political culture upon which the post-Napoleonic reconstruction of Germany rested. This political culture transcended the conventional concepts “liberal” and “conservative.” It was based on bourgeois ideals.

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Balthasar, Stephan. "Truth and secret: the protection of privacy in ancient German, French and English law." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit / The Legal History Review 74, no. 3-4 (2006): 337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181906778946074.

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AbstractComparing the legal development in France, Germany and England from 1500–1800, this article analyses the protection of those interests which are covered today by the law of privacy. Continental law, influenced by the Roman actio iniuriarum, protected personal secrets, and it also restrained, to a certain extent, the divulgation of embarrassing truths. The English law of defamation however, afforded no comparable protection, the proof of truth ("justification") being a perfect defence against any claim for damages under the head of defamation. The conclusion that the civil law has a long tradition of preserving sensitive information against unwanted publicity is underlined by the fact that the ancient ideas of protecting secrets and restricting publication of the truth helped 19th century lawyers in France and in Germany to approach the modern concept of privacy ("vie privée", "Privatleben").

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Krümmelbein, Julia, Oliver Bens, Thomas Raab, and M. Anne Naeth. "A history of lignite coal mining and reclamation practices in Lusatia, eastern Germany." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 92, no. 1 (2012): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2010-063.

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Krümmelbein, J., Bens, O., Raab, T. and Naeth, M. A. 2012. A history of lignite coal mining and reclamation practices in Lusatia, eastern Germany. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 53–66. Germany is the world's leading lignite coal producer. The region surrounding the towns of Cottbus and Senftenberg in Lusatia, Eastern Germany, is one of the largest mining areas in Germany, and has economically been strongly dependent on lignite mining and lignite processing industries since the middle of the 19th century. We introduce the area, give a brief historical overview of lignite mining techniques and concentrate on post-mining recultivation (reclamation) to agricultural and forestry dominated landscapes. An overview of the physical and chemical limitations for reclamation of the Tertiary and Quaternary substrates due to their natural composition and the technical processes of mine site construction is provided. We introduce some recultivation practices and end with a display of land uses before and after mining and an outlook on the future use of the reclaimed landscape. This review serves as a defined perspective on long-term coal mine reclamation from which to address global similarities and contrasts.

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Antonelli, Mauro, and Siegfried Ludwig Sporer. "The History of Eyewitness Testimony and the Foundations of the "Lie Detector" in Austria and Italy." RIVISTA SPERIMENTALE DI FRENIATRIA, no. 1 (April 2021): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rsf2021-001003.

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Although little known, the theoretical and methodological roots of lie detection, in particular of the development of the so-called "lie detector", must be placed in central Europe, in particular in Germany, Austria, and later in Italy at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Focusing on Austria and Italy, we trace this development from Hans Gross in Austria to Vittorio Benussi and his pupil Cesare L. Musatti in Italy. Benussi, initially active at the University of Graz and later at the University of Padua, was the mediating link between the Austrian and Italian legal psychology tradition.

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Kotin, Igor Yu, and Ekaterina D. Aloyants. "Century of Indology at the University of Hamburg." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 13, no. 1 (2021): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.106.

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The article is devoted to the development of Indology at the University of Hamburg and analyzes the contribution of Hamburg Indologists to the study of ancient and medieval India and the study of modern languages and literature of India in the discipline’s development in the sister city of St. Petersburg. The authors note that the development of Indology has a long history in Germany and the uniqueness of the Hamburg school is observed. Germany had more than forty Indology departments in the 19th century, much more than Great Britain then had. The teaching of Indian languages in Hamburg began in 1914 in the classrooms of the university’s predecessor, the Hamburg Colonial Institute founded in 1908 and dissolved in 1919, soon after World War I. The University of Hamburg started as new and progressive institution of education in Weimar Germany, and continued for the next hundred years, where the teaching of Sanskrit, studying ancient medieval monuments of Indian literature, philosophy, and religious texts reached a global level thanks to outstanding Indologists, such as Walter Schubring, Ludwig Alsdorf, Albrecht Welzer, and Lambert Schmithausen. The article also considers the contribution to the development of Indology in Hamburg by current Professors Eva Wilden, Michael Zimmermann, Harunaga Isaacson et al. Thanks to the activities of these professors and their colleagues from Russia and India such as Tatiana Iosifovna and Ram Prasad Bhatta, the study and teaching of the languages and cultures of India within the framework of the Center for Culture and History of India and Tibet of the Institute of Asia and Africa now includes the study of Tamil language and literature as well as North Indian languages and literature.

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Romaschko, Sergej A. "Sprachwissenschaft, Ästhetik und Naturforschung Der Goethe-Zeit." Historiographia Linguistica 18, no. 2-3 (1991): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.18.2-3.04rom.

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Summary In the emergence of comparative grammar at the beginning of the 19th century, Sanskrit played a crucial role. The manner in which Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829) characterized the grammatical structure of this language in his Ueber die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier of 1808 was of great importance for the early phases of development of Indo-European linguistics. As is shown in this paper, the characteristics attributed to Sanskrit derived not only from F. Schlegel’s romantic views on language and literature, but were also influenced by his general philosophical and natural-science views which largely reflected the intellectual climate of the late 18th and early 19th century in Germany. During this period biology, physiology, and comparative anatomy experienced rapid progress, and the ‘organic’ concept of nature they espoused provided cognitive models for other disciplines, notably philosophy (cf. Kant’s Kritik der Urteilskraft of 1790), aesthetics, poetics, and linguistics. These natural-science concepts proved particularly fruitful within the romantic movement; they convinced F. Schlegel to see in Sanskrit a language whose organization resembled most perfectly the ideal Ursprache of Indo-European.

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Himmelsbach, I., R. Glaser, J. Schoenbein, D. Riemann, and B. Martin. "Reconstruction of flood events based on documentary data and transnational flood risk analysis of the Upper Rhine and its French and German tributaries since AD 1480." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 10 (2015): 4149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4149-2015.

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Abstract. This paper presents the long-term analysis of flood occurrence along the southern part of the Upper Rhine River system and of 14 of its tributaries in France and Germany covering the period starting from 1480 BC. Special focus is given on the temporal and spatial variations of flood events and their underlying meteorological causes over time. Examples are presented of how long-term information about flood events and knowledge about the historical aspect of flood protection in a given area can help to improve the understanding of risk analysis and therefor transnational risk management. Within this context, special focus is given to flood vulnerability while comparing selected historical and modern extreme events, establishing a common evaluation scheme. The transnational aspect becomes especially evident analyzing the tributaries: on this scale, flood protection developed impressively different on the French and German sides. We argue that comparing high technological standards of flood protection, which were initiated by the dukes of Baden on the German side starting in the early 19th century, misled people to the common belief that the mechanical means of flood protection like dams and barrages can guarantee the security from floods and their impacts. This lead to widespread settlements and the establishment of infrastructure as well as modern industries in potentially unsafe areas until today. The legal status in Alsace on the French side of the Rhine did not allow for continuous flood protection measurements, leading to a constant – and probably at last annoying – reminder that the floodplains are a potentially unsafe place to be. From a modern perspective of flood risk management, this leads to a significant lower aggregation of value in the floodplains of the small rivers in Alsace compared to those on the Baden side – an interesting fact – especially if the modern European Flood directive is taken into account.

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Koszka, Christiane. "Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900): A classical case of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome?" Journal of Medical Biography 17, no. 3 (2009): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2009.009016.

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Summary Friedrich Nietzsche was one of the most influential and profound German philosophers. After prolonged illness, he died at the age of 55 in Weimar, Germany. The interest in his medical biography has always been strong while the cause of his illness and death has remained a mystery, intriguing philosophers as well as physicians. The diagnosis of syphilis proposed in the 19th century has been controversial until today and many other diagnoses have been discussed. This paper suggests that Nietzsche suffered from mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes syndrome.

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Baev, V. G. "Otto von Bismarck and Germany Militarization (Legislative Formalization of the Military Reform in Germany in the 80s of the 19th century)." Lex Russica, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.166.9.077-087.

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The history of Germany of the second half of the 19th century and the activities of Otto von Bismarck form an integral unit, provided we bear in mind the process of Germany becoming a centralized state. The author argues that the attainment of German unity could only be achieved on the paths of war with Austria and France. This implies why military reform in Germany has been given so much attention.This study is focused on the second stage of military reform — the strengthening of the German army after the establishment of a centralized state. The author poses the question: if the “German issue” was resolved, what was the need for further armament? The Bismarck Government in 1874 and 1881 successfully sought from Parliament the adoption of septennat laws (seven years of funding for the army). But in 1887 the Parliament refused to extend the septennat. The author uses Bismarck’s collection of political speeches in the Reichstag as the main source of research. It is an important source of official origin, reflecting the approaches of not only of the subject of Bismarck’s legislative initiative, but also of Germany’s ruling elite.A point of view about Bismarck as vehicle of Germanic militarism prevails in historical literature. As a result of the analysis of the debate on the draft law, the author concludes that Bismarck’s military policy was dictated not so much by the militaristic nature of his personality, but by the necessity of strengthening the military potential of Germany, surrounded by strong adversaries, to defend its sovereignty. For the further development of events, the Chancellor who had been removed from his office, cannot be held responsible. The tragedy of Bismarck-era Germany is expressed in the fact that he failed to prepare a successor capable of leading the country during a period of crisis.

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Zhdanov, Sergey S. "Idyll, history, rationality: city images in “Real Journey to Germany in 1835” by Nikolay Gretsch." Slovo.ru: Baltic accent 14, no. 1 (2023): 8–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2225-5346-2023-1-1.

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The article explores the images of the German cities, Lubeck and Hamburg, presented in Nikolay Gretsch’s travelogue “The real trip to Germany in 1835”. The author determines the link between the images of the two cities and the tradition of describing Germany as an idyllic place. This tradition was widespread in Russian literature at the end of the 18th century — first half of the 19th century. In Gretsch’s text, Lubeck and Hamburg are depicted as idyllic but to different degrees. The locus of Lubeck is a homogeneous, patriarchal and achronous idyll, a static space that seems to have frozen in the Middle Ages. In contrast to Lübeck, the city of Hamburg is depicted as a large, contemporary, and dynamic city — in other words, as a modern type of idyll. Moreover, its orderliness goes beyond the idyll and is defined by the rational organisation of space, which is characterised by heterogeneity. Firstly, the idyllic subloci are distinguished, where the key role belongs to the demi-natural images of the garden, the park and the promenade. Secondly, the utilitarian-rational subloci of the stock exchange, quay, and canals are described. Subloci, which are marked by both idyll and rationality, have been identified (e. g. an orphanage, an almshouse). Finally, the third spatial type identified marginal sublocations of seafarers’ establishments associated with the motives of disorderliness — drunkenness, debauchery, etc.

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Carroll, Glenn R., Peter Preisendoerfer, Anand Swaminathan, and Gabriele Wiedenmayer. "Brewery and Brauerei: The Organizational Ecology of Brewing." Organization Studies 14, no. 2 (1993): 155–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/017084069301400201.

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Germans and Americans differ in their beer drinking habits and customs. The organizational structures of their brewing industries also differ: Germany is notable for the highly fragmented nature of its industry, which contains many more breweries than the larger American industry. Yet the historical evolution of the two brewing industries is remarkably similar. In both Germany and the U.S., the number of breweries grew slowly for a long period, then expanded rapidly in the late 19th century, and finally declined severely for almost a century. Intrigued by this common pattern, we attempt to explain long-term organizational change in the two industries using the ecological perspective on organizations. We focus on the organizational ecology model of density-dependent legitimation and com petition. Our tests use life history data on all breweries known to have operated in the U.S. and Germany during the period 1861 to 1988. We estimate and report specific tests of the density model using stochastic rates of organizational founding and mortality. The findings are generally supportive of the model and suggest that the organizational evolution of both the German and American brewing industries was density dependent.

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