Articles de revues : « Aviation, Noise, Emissions of pollutant, Environment »

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Tian, Yong, Lili Wan, Bojia Ye, Runze Yin et Dawei Xing. « Optimization Method for Reducing the Air Pollutant Emission and Aviation Noise of Arrival in Terminal Area ». Sustainability 11, n^o 17 (29 août 2019) : 4715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174715.

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In order to reduce the environmental impact of aircraft operation in the terminal area, this paper researched the route optimization method. Firstly, this paper constructed the air pollutant emission and noise assessment model, and the flight performance model. Secondly, aiming at reducing air emissions and noise level, the multi-objective terminal area route optimization model is established based on the principles of flight safety and flight procedure construction. Then this paper puts forward the path optimization method of emission and noise reduction of terminal area route network, through the research on the priority setting method of terminal area approach and departure route planning. The route segmentation method and NSGA-II algorithm are employed to solve the problem. Finally, a numerical case study is carried out for the Shanghai terminal area, and yields the following results: (1) Compared with the original route network, the optimized route network in the terminal area can significantly reduce emission and noise by reducing pollutant emission by 51.4% and noise influence by 21.5%; (2) The method can also reduce fuel consumption by 60.5% and the total route length by 21.1%.

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Chung, Yoonbae, et Young Sunwoo. « Impact of Aviation Emissions and its Changes Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic on Air Quality in South Korea ». Atmosphere 13, n^o 10 (23 septembre 2022) : 1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101553.

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This study analyzed the impact of aviation emissions based on the 2017 CAPSS (Clean Air Policy Support System) data. We focused on major airports in South Korea and examined the concentration of NO2 and PM2.5 by the WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ modeling system. Furthermore, the number of flights in Korea greatly declined in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. To assess the impact of COVID-19 on aviation emissions, time resolution data were newly derived and air pollutant emissions for 2020 were calculated. Additional BAU (Business as Usual) emissions were calculated as well for comparison. Among airports in Korea, RKSI (Incheon International Airport) had the greatest impact on air quality in nearby areas. Changes in emissions due to COVID-19 showed a large deviation by airports for domestic emissions while international emissions had a consistent decrease. The reduced emissions had the strongest impact on air quality in the RKSI area as well. By analyzing aviation emissions due to COVID-19, this study confirmed the notable relationship with the pandemic and air quality. We conclusively recommend that policymakers and industry take note of trends in aviation emissions while establishing future atmospheric environment plans.

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Hu, Rong, Jialin Zhu, Junfeng Zhang, Lijun Zheng et Bowen Liu. « Characteristics and Mitigation Measures of Aircraft Pollutant Emissions at Nanjing Lukou International Airport (NKG), China ». Promet - Traffic&Transportation 32, n^o 4 (9 juillet 2020) : 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v32i4.3280.

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The assessment of local air pollution due to aircraft emissions at/near the airport is an important issue from the standpoint of environment and human health, but has not received due attention in China. In this paper, the pollutant emissions (i.e. HC, CO, NOx, SOx and PM) from aircraft during landing and take-off (LTO) cycles at Nanjing Lukou Airport (NKG) in 2016 were investigated using an improved method, which considered the taxi-in and –out time calculated based on the real data from the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), instead of using the referenced time recommended by ICAO. First, the pollutant emissions and their characteristics were studied from different perspectives. Second, two various mitigation measures of emissions were proposed, and the performance of emission reduction was analysed. Our analysis shows that: (1) A320 and B738 emitted the largest emissions at NKG; (2) pollutants were mainly emitted during the taxi mode, followed by climb mode; (3) B738 had the lowest emissions per (seat•LTO) among all aircraft, while CRJ had the lowest emissions per unit LTO; (4) shortening the taxiing time and upgrading aircraft engines are both effective measures to mitigate pollutant emissions.

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Di Stefano, Pierangelo, James Trow et Davide Vinci. « Quantifying Carbon in Airspace Noise Management Measures ». INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, n^o 3 (1 février 2023) : 4756–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0687.

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Aviation is subject to increasing environmental scrutiny. This can often be compounded by a poor understanding of environmental and operational interdependencies. Aircraft noise and carbon whilst being environmental emission that the aviation sector is working to reduce, can often be subject to separate policies and regulations. Although carbon emissions are one of the main contributors to environmental impacts at a global level, other environmental impacts, such as noise, result in more localised impacts to the natural environment and communities. This paper presents analysis that quantifying the potential carbon consequences of various airspace noise management measures. This has been possible through processes developed to describe the interrelations between fuel burn, consequential carbon and noise emissions of various noise abatement procedures. Using this process, the overall environmental performance of various noise management measures are considered. This analysis has identified noise management measures which are beneficial with respect to noise and carbon emissions, however others have been identified which could increase carbon.

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Филь, С. А., А. В. Бондарчук et Т. Л. Гоптарь. « АНАЛІЗ ОСНОВНИХ ПРИЧИН ДЛЯ МОДИФІКАЦІЇ ЛІТАКІВ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ КАТЕГОРІЇ ВСТАНОВЛЕННЯМ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ СИЛОВИХ УСТАНОВОК ». Open Information and Computer Integrated Technologies, n^o 87 (30 juin 2020) : 83–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/oikit.2020.87.04.

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Nowadays problem of environment pollution reduction is of current interest. Is- sue connected to environment pollution due to harmful emissions caused by internal combustion engine requires attention. Plane pollutes environment with harmful emissions and noise that are caused by internal combustion engine. Harmful emissions have negative influence on environment that can lead to climate change meanwhile it has a negative impact on vital activity of human beings and fauna. Stages of implementation analysis: a) analysis composition of aviation engines emissions and mechanism of influence on atmosphere and human has been revealed; b) comparison of ecological point of view connected to recent modifications of long-haul jet aircraft Boeing 747 and Airbus A380; c) analysis composition of aviation noise and consequences of living organisms influence. In order to reduce negative influence on atmosphere from aviation sector, IKAO reduction of emission quantity method and emitted noise has been created. Method is based on strengthening of quantitative criteria for new certificated aircrafts in comparison to recommendations that are valid nowadays. For requirements implementation created by IKAO it is very important to develop technologies of combustion which creation will cause high cost nowadays and in future comparable to full creation cost of new type of power plant. To this end analysis of advantages and disadvantages aircraft equipment of transport category hybrids, electric and on the basis of power plant fuel elements was implemented. Calculation of electric accumulators capacity has been done in case of type power plant change of aircraft type AN-28 with gas turbine to electric for imple- mentation of training flight till 25 minutes with.

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Na, Wang, Wei Zhiqiang et Han Xiaolan. « Research on the Combination Optimization Method of Aircraft Climb Parameters Considering the Influence of Pollution Emissions ». Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (16 juin 2022) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3432579.

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In order to find the optimum climb parameters for decreasing aircraft pollution emissions, we establish a calculation model of aircraft pollutant emissions to thoroughly examine the economy of aircraft operation and its impact on the environment, based on the International Civil Aviation Organization reference emission data and Boeing Method 2 which can calculate pollutant emissions in different flight phases by correcting the ICAO emission data. Firstly, we propose the concept of integrated flight cost considering the effect of emissions and establish its calculation model. Secondly, we establish the climb speed optimization models based on the traditional flight cost and integrated flight cost. Then, we analyze the effect of climb performance on the integrated flight cost. Next, we establish a combined optimization model of indicated airspeed and thrust using the genetic algorithm. The model simulation and result analysis are carried out using a wide-body aircraft. Finally, we analyze the effect of the optimization parameters and the sensitivity of the pollution index. The results show that the decrease in the flight speed and thrust effectively reduces the cost of pollutant emission during flight. The combination of (Vc, Tr) with the smallest integrated flight cost reduces the integrated flight cost by 1.28% and emission cost by 4.56%.

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Tian, Yong, Mengyuan Sun, Lili Wan et Xu Hang. « Environmental Impact Analysis of Hub-and-Spoke Network Operation ». Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (21 avril 2020) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3682127.

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The hub-and-spoke network has demonstrated its economies of scale and scope in the rapid development of the civil aviation industry. In order to fit the development trend of green civil aviation, a series of environmental problems such as fuel consumption and pollutant emissions caused by air transportation cannot be ignored. Firstly, this paper selects six cities of Shenyang, Beijing, Qingdao, Zhengzhou, Guangzhou, and Nanjing as the research objects, collects the passenger flow and the distance information of the corresponding segment, determines the location of the hub airport, analyzes the operating environment of the aircraft in the hub-and-spoke network, establishes an aircraft emission assessment model, and calculates the mass of aircraft emissions and fuel consumption. Secondly, based on the calculation results, the comparison of aircraft emissions and fuel consumption between the hub-and-spoke network and the point-to-point network shows that the total carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are reduced by 35.84%, the total hydrocarbon compounds (HC) emissions are increased by 68.82%, and the total nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are increased by 24.87%. The total mass of pollutants (including CO, HC, and NOx) decreased by 29.37%, and the total fuel consumption decreased by 68.17%. In general, the use of a hub-and-spoke network reduces the pollutant emissions and fuel consumption of aircraft as a whole while ensuring the lowest passenger transportation cost. Finally, based on the current international situation and the enhancement of people’s awareness of environmental protection, a summary analysis of the hub-and-spoke network and the point-to-point network is obtained, and some enlightenment and research significance are obtained.

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Brooker, P. « Civil aircraft design priorities : air quality ? climate change ? noise ? » Aeronautical Journal 110, n^o 1110 (août 2006) : 517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000001408.

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AbstractA variety of related questions is posed. Are the right priorities for future aircraft design being set now? New civil aircraft types could be ‘silent’, i.e. make much less noise than current types. They could be ‘green’, i.e. safeguard the environment. Is silent as important as Green? The crucial answer is that future aircraft design should focus on substantial reductions on climate change impact. The air quality targets proposed by the ‘Sustainable Aviation’ initiative appear very ambitious: they should be pursued only to the extent that they do not affect improved fuel efficiency and reduced climate-changing emissions. Good progress has already been made on the aircraft noise targets proposed by the ‘Sustainable Aviation’ initiative, but again they should be pursued only to the extent that they do not affect improved fuel efficiency and reduced climate-changing emissions. The financial case for designing to reduce aircraft noise in order to deliver novel financial benefits, e.g. increase airport flights at night and/or relocate airports, is weak.

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Cameretti, Maria, Andrea Del Pizzo, Luigi Di Noia, Michele Ferrara et Ciro Pascarella. « Modeling and Investigation of a Turboprop Hybrid Electric Propulsion System ». Aerospace 5, n^o 4 (21 novembre 2018) : 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5040123.

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Hybrid electric propulsion in the aviation field is becoming an effective alternative propulsion technology with potential advantages, including fuel savings, lower pollution, and reduced noise emission. On the one hand, the aeroengine manufacturers are working to improve fuel consumption and reduce pollutant emissions with new combustion systems; on the other hand, much attention is given to reducing the weight of the batteries increasing the energy density. Hybrid electric propulsion systems (HEPS) can take advantage of the synergy between two technologies by utilizing both internal combustion engines (ICEs) and electric motors (EMs) together, each operating at their respective optimum conditions. In the present work, some numerical investigations were carried out by using a zero-dimensional code able to simulate the flight mission of a turboprop aircraft, comparing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions of the original engine with other two smaller gas turbines working in hybrid configuration. An algorithm has been implemented to calculate the weight of the batteries for the different configurations examined, evaluating the feasibility of the hybrid propulsion system in terms of number of non-revenue passengers.

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Green, J. E. « Civil aviation and the environmental challenge ». Aeronautical Journal 107, n^o 1072 (juin 2003) : 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000013579.

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Abstract In the coming century, the impact of air travel on the environment will become an increasingly powerful influence on aircraft design. Unless the impact per passenger kilometre can be reduced substantially relative to today’s levels, environmental factors will increasingly limit the expansion of air travel and the social benefit that it brings. This essay considers the three main impacts, noise, air pollution around airports and influence on climate change. Of the three, impact on climate change is taken to have the greatest long-term importance and is discussed at the greatest length. It is argued that, of the three main contributors to climate change from aircraft – CO2 emissions, NOX emissions and the creation of persistent contrails – it is the last two which are the most promising targets. Ways of reducing the impacts of these two are discussed and it is noted that, in each case, the best environmental result is likely to entail some increase in CO2 emissions. It follows that regulatory or economic measures to reduce impact on climate should be framed so as to do just that. Measures framed purely in terms of CO2 emissions are likely to be counter-productive. Nevertheless, the design of aircraft to reduce fuel burn and hence CO2 emission remains a key long-term objective; the essay considers the potential offered by new technology and new design concepts in this arena.

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Law, K. S., et R. G. Penkett. « The upper troposhere/lower stratosphere ozone programme : contributing to research on aviation impact ». Aeronautical Journal 104, n^o 1037 (juillet 2000) : 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000091740.

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This paper summarises our current understanding about the impact of aircraft emissions on the atmosphere and describes how the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Upper Troposphere/ Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) Ozone programme is contributing directly to research in this field. Understanding ozone change is a main focus of this research programme. Ozone is a pollutant at the Earth's surface where it can lead to health problems, is a greenhouse gas and, in the stratosphere, it also shields the Earth from uv radiation. It is known that ozone has been severely depleted in the lower stratosphere (15-20km) over the poles due to increasing concentrations of man-made chlorine and bromine compounds (CFCs etc.). There has also been more limited ozone loss in the mid-latitude lower stratosphere but the reasons for this are less clear because ozone is governed by transport in and out of this region as well as chemistry.

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Hartjes, S., H. G. Visser et S. J. Hebly. « Optimisation of RNAV noise and emission abatement standard instrument departures ». Aeronautical Journal 114, n^o 1162 (décembre 2010) : 757–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000004243.

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Abstract In an effort to reduce the negative impact of civil aviation on the human environment, trajectory optimisation techniques have been used to minimise the single event impact of noise and gaseous emissions of departures on communities in the vicinity of airports. For this purpose, the earlier developed trajectory optimisation tool NOISHHH has been adapted to design departure trajectories optimised for environmental criteria, based on area navigation. The new version of NOISHHH combines a noise model, an emissions inventory model, a geographic information system and a dynamic trajectory optimisation algorithm to generate flight paths with minimised environmental impact. Operational constraints have been introduced to ensure that the resulting flight paths are fully compliant with the guidelines and regulations that apply to the design of standard instrument departures and the use of area navigation. To illustrate the capabilities of the new version of NOISHHH, two numerical examples are presented, which are both redesigns of standard instrument departures currently in use at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.

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Green, J. E. « Civil aviation and the environment – the next frontier for the aerodynamicist ». Aeronautical Journal 110, n^o 1110 (août 2006) : 469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000001378.

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AbstractIn the coming century, the impact of air travel on the environment will become an increasingly powerful influence on aircraft design. Unless the impact per passenger kilometre can be reduced substantially relative to today’s levels, environmental factors will increasingly limit the expansion of air travel and the social benefits that it brings. The three main impacts are noise, air pollution around airports and changes to atmospheric composition and climate as a result of aircraft emissions at altitude. The lecture will review the work done within the Air Travel – greener by Design programme to assess the technological, design and operational possibilities for reducing these impacts. The main aeronautical disciplines all have something to contribute but it is in aerodynamics that the greatest opportunities appear to lie. If these opportunities are pursued, the aircraft in production in 2050 could be very different from those of 2005. It is for the aerodynamicists, supported by the structures and systems engineers and the materials scientists, to make the case for a radical leap.

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Sun, Mengyuan, Yong Tian, Yao Zhang, Muhammad Nadeem et Can Xu. « Environmental Impact and External Costs Associated with Hub-and-Spoke Network in Air Transport ». Sustainability 13, n^o 2 (6 janvier 2021) : 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020465.

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Under the background of economic globalization, the air transport industry developed rapidly. It turns out that the city-to-city network has not been able to adapt well to the development of the society, and the hub-and-spoke network came into being. The hub-and-spoke network demonstrates the advantages of reducing the operating costs of airlines to keep a competitive advantage, and by maintaining the interests of airlines in the rapidly developing context. However, during the operation of aircrafts, they consume fuel and spew a great deal of harmful pollutants into the air, which has an adverse impact on the living environment. This paper explores the impact and external costs associated with hub-and-spoke network in air transport from an environmental perspective. With some mathematical models, we construct a hub-and-spoke network and take a quantitative study on the environmental impact of air transport. For calculating pollutant emissions, meteorological conditions were considered to revise the pollutant emission factors of the Engine Emissions Data Base (EEDB) published by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The environmental external costs measurement model is employed to calculate the externality of toxic gas and greenhouse gas (GHG). In order to make the study more convincing, two alternative networks are computed: hub-and-spoke network and city-to-city network. It is found that the hub-and-spoke network is associated with poorer environmental impact and environmental external costs because of the different network characteristics and the scale of the fleets. Therefore, under the general trend of green aviation, the environmental impact and environmental external costs associated with hub-and-spoke network in air transport provides a certain reference for airlines’ strategic decision-making.

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Bai, Mingliang, Wenjiang Yang, Dongbin Song, Marek Kosuda, Stanislav Szabo, Pavol Lipovsky et Afshar Kasaei. « Research on Energy Management of Hybrid Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to Improve Energy-Saving and Emission Reduction Performance ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n^o 8 (23 avril 2020) : 2917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082917.

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The rapid development of industry results in large energy consumption and a negative impact on the environment. Pollution of the environment caused by conventional energy sources such as petrol leads to increased demand for propulsion systems with higher efficiency and capable of energy-saving and emission reduction. The usage of hybrid technology is expected to improve energy conversion efficiency, reduce energy consumption and environmental pollution. In this paper, the simulation platform for the hybrid unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been built by establishing the subsystem models of the UAV power system. Under the two chosen working conditions, the conventional cruise flight mission and the terrain tracking mission, the power tracking control and Q-Learning method have been used to design the energy management controller for the hybrid UAV. The fuel consumption and pollutant emissions under each working condition were calculated. The results show that the hybrid system can improve the efficiency of the UAV system, reduce the fuel consumption of the UAV, and so reduce the emissions of CO2, NOx, and other pollutants. This contributes to improving of environmental quality, energy-saving, and emission reduction, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of aviation.

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Jafari, Mostafa. « Challenges in Climate Change and Environmental Crisis ». International Journal of Space Technology Management and Innovation 3, n^o 2 (juillet 2013) : 24–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijstmi.2013070102.

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Climate change challenges need to be considered in various dimensions. Aviation industry has multiple impacts on human lives such as impacts on the urban and natural environments. Various dimensions of the issue and its importance have been reported by the IPCC, following a request from the ICAO and the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1999. In this paper different related topics have been investigated. Aviation: Development and Improvement, Climate changes as main environmental crisis, causative source of pollutions: Air pollution (GHGs, aerosol, smoke and particulate, dust), water pollution, biodiversity, hazardous materials, and aeronautical noise. Link between aviation impacts and environmental crisis have been discussed. Different perspectives of the aviation challenge briefly are presented: I- Human dimension, II- Urban environment (local, regional, and global), III- Natural environments (terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric) and IV- Birds killed by intervention. In concluding remarks two aspects of the issue, A) benefits, and B) impacts have been considered, and in the end some recommendations have been made on Emissions Trading, Environmental Performance, and Technological Developments.

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Linares, C., C. P. Lawson et H. Smith. « Multidisciplinary optimisation framework for minimum rotorcraft fuel and air pollutants at mission level ». Aeronautical Journal 117, n^o 1193 (juillet 2013) : 749–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000008411.

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Abstract Helicopters play a unique role in modern aviation providing a varied range of benefits to society and satisfying the need for fast mobility. However, environmental concerns associated with the operation of rotorcraft have increased due to envisaged growth of helicopter operations. New rotorcraft designs, innovative aero engines and all-electrical systems, which may take decades to be in service, are being developed in order to diminish rotorcraft footprint on environment. However, since there is a large number of polluting rotorcraft that are in use and will only gradually be replaced, in the near-term, improvements to minimise air quality degradation may also be possible from better use of existing rotorcraft by focusing on mission profile management. A multidisciplinary framework, intended to generate outputs for estimating rotorcraft block fuel burn and emissions, was developed. Outcomes generated with this tool were, subsequently, the basis to carry out a parametric study for assessment of light single-engine rotorcraft environmental impact, in terms of fuel burn and emissions. Single and multi-objective optimisation for minimum fuel consumption and air pollutant emissions was part of this research as well.

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El-Amin, Abeni. « The Benefits and Impact of COVID Lockdown on the Environment ». Environmental Sciences and Ecology : Current Research (ESECR 3, n^o 1 (19 janvier 2022) : 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/esecr/1045.

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Evidence-based research indicates that river basins are cleaner due to fewer people driving due to community lockdowns. Further, air quality has improved due to lessened home-to-work/school transportation and more Work-From-Home (WFH) remote options. Moreover, governments are experiencing challenges providing food to the most vulnerable communities from a food security standpoint. For example, those in global slums are particularly challenged during this time. Air, water, soil, and noise pollution have diminished since the pandemic as manufacturing production has been severely reduced in some industries. Food quality has been diminished because manufacturers are focused more on the quality of products rather than on perceived consumer quality. Solid and waste challenges abound as the use of hand sanitizers and chemicals to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus have created elevated levels of chemicals in waste programs threatening to refuse environmental factors and soil quality via toxic substances. The impacts of growth on the ecosystem are global because some species are in an overabundance within the food cycle, threatening the delicate balance of nature. On the other hand, algae overgrowth has lessened because of less carbon and nitrogen emissions. Also, human traffic and visitations to international parks have decreased. For instance, in Canada and other nature parks, animals on the plains now run free because of social distancing measures and park closures. From an economic perspective, as some industries have grown (masks/sanitation chemical/respirator production), others have declined (transportation/aviation). As a result, the pandemic has reduced air quality impacts of commercial aviation travel and lessened global cargo, which has reduced air and sound emissions worldwide

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Przespolewska-Gdowik, Kamila, et Remigiusz Jasiński. « Analysis of the Nicolaus Copernicus Airport Activity in Terms of the Flight Operations Impact on Air Pollution ». Energies 14, n^o 24 (7 décembre 2021) : 8236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248236.

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The dynamic development of aviation is associated with many benefits, but also, unfortunately, with negative effects. One of the adverse consequences is the exhaust emissions that have a negative impact on human health. It particularly affects the residents of areas neighboring airports, as airport activity deteriorates local air quality. Using the Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System, the activity of the Nicolaus Copernicus Airport was assessed in terms of the flight operations’ contribution to air contamination in the area adjacent to the airport. Emissions from three sources were compared: aircraft, ground support equipment and auxiliary power units. The concentrations of pollutants in inhabited areas located in three different directions in relation to the airport were also estimated. In addition, the effect of distance from the airport on contaminant concentrations was assessed as a function of wind direction. It was noticed that small values of pollutant concentrations, originating from airport activity, appeared within a few kilometers from the airport, even if the prevailing wind direction on a given day was opposite to the analyzed dispersion direction.

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Di Lorenzo, Giuseppe, Emma Frosina, Luigi De Petrillo, Davide Lauria, Adolfo Senatore, Francesco Curreri, Guido Saccone, Marcello Kivel Mazuy et Ciro Pascarella. « Design and Development of Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Model for Aeronautics ». MATEC Web of Conferences 304 (2019) : 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930403012.

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Nowadays, worldwide environmental issue, associated to reduction of pollutant and greenhouse emissions are gaining considerable attention. Aviation sector contribution to the whole CO2 released accounts to around 2%, but it is expected to grow in the next future due to increase of demand. Probably, combustion engine design and fuel efficiency have already reached their optimum technology level and only a breakthrough as hybrid-electric propulsion could be able to satisfy the new international more demanding requirements. However, an improvement of the technology readiness level of hybrid-electric propulsion is strongly necessary and many operational and safety challenges should be addressed. In the work here reported, a hybrid-electric model was designed and developed for general aviation aircrafts, by means of the Mathworks® Matlab – Simulink 1D/0D simulation environment. Both thermal and electric energy storage units, transmission systems and power management devices were considered and the overall performances were evaluated during cruise phase and a conventional training mission, characterized by several run(lap) “touch-and-go”. Furthermore, an innovative mathematical methodology was implemented for battery pack discharge profile interpolation. Finally, reliability and accuracy of the new proposed model were evaluated through comparison with the commercial code Simcenter AMESim® software and an average bias only equal to 5% was achieved.

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Fedorov, Vladimir N., E. V. Zibarev, Yu A. Novikova, A. A. Kovshov, K. B. Fridman et O. V. Slusareva. « HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH RISK FACTORS FOR POPULATION OF MEGAPOLISIS’SATELLITE TOWNS BY THE EXAMPLE OF LENINGRAD REGION ». Hygiene and sanitation 96, n^o 7 (27 mars 2019) : 614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-7-614-619.

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Minor towns with population size of 50-100 thousand people are much rarely studied in regards of the ecological-hygienic assessment of human environment, in spite of the fact that they are characterized by specific ecological problems. The objective of the study was the hygienic assessment of the impact of urban environment on population health status in Tikhvin and Gatchina towns of the Leningrad region. Morbidity rate in the population of Tikhvin and Gatchina in 2005-2015, atmospheric emissions of industrial enterprises, findings on monitoring for both atmospheric air pollution and centralized drinking water supply, as well as motor transport noise levels were studied. Population health risk stipulated by industrial emissions and noise exposure was calculated. Statistical data treatment with correlation analysis of the relationship between environmental pollution indices and population morbidity was carried out. The study revealed increased atmospheric air pollutant concentrations in Gatchina, which might be connected with motor transport effect. Acute non-carcinogenic risk levels resulting from air pollutants are on the borderline of the admissible level, while in Tikhvin town those values are significantly lower. Estimated concentrations of atmospheric pollutants produced by industrial emissions are by 1.5-2 times lower than the actual levels shown by monitoring. Noise levels and predicted health risks in Gatchina are on the borderline of the admissible level, while in Tikhvin they are significantly reduced. The statistically significant gain in the general primary morbidity rate indices due to respiratory diseases in Gatchina town, correlated with atmospheric air pollution, was revealed. Our study showed that despite the presence of large industrial enterprises in studied towns, motor transport proved to be the key factor that forms air pollution and noise load, more typical of large cities.

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Korol, Elena, Natalia Shushunova, Oksana Feoktistova, Tatiana Shushunova et Oleg Rubtsov. « Technical and economical factors in green roof using to reduce the aircraft noise ». MATEC Web of Conferences 170 (2018) : 01081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817001081.

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The relevance of research is due increased environmental tensions associated with the noise impact of transport, including the problem of aircraft noise. The purpose of the study is the development of reduce the impact of aircraft noise on the population living near airports, and assessment of the cost-effectiveness of measures to implement measures to reduce noise interference with the device of green roof systems on residential and public buildings near aviation facilities. The predominance of green spaces, architectural forms and other elements of improvement contribute to improving the environment, quality of life, including by reducing the noise load. Based economic analysis and assessment of the noise situation use greening strucrures that improve the well-being of the local population, this particularity concerns the provision of health and psychological comfort of the population. The assessment of the ecological and economic efficiency of green roof systems has shown that the benefits of the green spaces are multifunctional, and in addition to reducing noise, they also reduced the island's effect of heat by creating a shadow, reduce the need for conditioning, reduce wind load, filter harmful emissions, improve air quality and preserve biodiversity.

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Loman, Michal, et Martin Paumer. « Air Quality, Methods and Evaluations in Slovakia and Abroad ». Transport technic and technology 18, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2022) : 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttt-2022-0011.

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Abstract We currently rank road transport as one of the largest producers of harmful substances. In relation to the environment, we can say that it is a source of emissions, vibrations, and, last but not least, noise. Transport (especially road) puts pressure on land and contributes greatly to global environmental problems. Especially in road transport, a large number of accidents occur, which are reflected in material and especially human losses, as well as in congestion, which manifests itself in the loss of time. Global production of pollutant emissions is associated with the development of transport, an increase in transport performance, and fuel consumption. The Ministry of Transport considers it one of the largest in terms of the number of emissions produced. Today, a lot of attention is paid to ecology and especially to air quality. This article talks about the extent to which transport can adjust air quality and how difficult it is to prevent the number of emissions produced. Several actions and different methods are needed to answer these questions. The basis is the creation of a unified system of product production evaluation in the entire monitored area.

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Hassan, Thowayeb H., Abu Elnasr E. Sobaih et Amany E. Salem. « Factors Affecting the Rate of Fuel Consumption in Aircrafts ». Sustainability 13, n^o 14 (20 juillet 2021) : 8066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13148066.

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The cost of fuel and its availability are among the most major concerns for aircrafts and the aviation industry overall. Environmental difficulties with chemical pollutant emissions emitted by aviation machines are also connected to fuel consumption. As a result, it is crucial to examine factors that affect the overall fuel usage and consumption in the airport-based aviation industry. Several variables were investigated related to the total fuel consumed, such as dry operating weight (DOW) (KG), zero-fuel weight (ZFW), take-off weight (TOW), air distance (AIR DIST) (KM), and ground distance (GDN DIST). Analysis of the correlation between total fuel consumed as well as the extra fuel and selected variables was conducted. The results showed that the most positively associated factors with the total used fuel were the air distance (r2 = 0.86, p < 0.01), ground distance (r2 = 0.78, p < 0.01), TOW (r2 = 0.68, p < 0.01), and flight time (r2 = 0.68, p < 0.01). There was also a strong positive association between the average fuel flow (FF) and actual TOW (r2 = 0.74, p < 0.01) as well as ZFW (r2 = 0.61, p < 0.01). The generalized linear model (GLM) was utilized to assess the predictions of total energy usage after evaluating important outliers, stability of the homogeneity of variance, and the normalization of the parameter estimation. The results of multiple linear regression revealed that the most significant predictors of the total consumed fuel were the actual ZFW (p < 0.01), actual TOW (p < 0.01), and actual average FF (p < 0.05). The results interestingly confirmed that wind speed has some consequences and effects on arrival fuel usage. The result reflects that thermal and hydrodynamic economies impact on the flying fuel economy. The research has various implications for both scholars and practitioners of aviation industry.

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Mihăilescu, Sorin, et Gabriel Praporgescu. « Influence of transport activity on environmental factors in Petroşani Basin ». MATEC Web of Conferences 305 (2020) : 00041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030500041.

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Economic development is closely linked to the mobility needs of communities. The main pillars supporting sustainable development are society, the environment and the economy, and the diagnosis of the current situation, the identification of solutions, the development plans and their implementation lead to sustainable development in terms of transport activity. As the Petroşani Basin has a high degree of urbanization, the negative effects of increased road traffic are particularly pronounced in the central areas of the cities. Of the environmental factors, air is the most obvious and most important factor in human health. Taking into account the national and European Community targets in terms of climate change mitigation, the reduction of air and noise pollution and greenhouse gas emissions is becoming a priority objective. Thus, by limiting the growth of road traffic and the adoption of strategic measures in the Petroşani Basin, a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter levels will also be achieved. According to these trends, achieving a clean public transport system and sustainable (like electrical buses) and having infrastructure for the use of electric bicycles and trotters can do for sure reducing the pollutant emissions.

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Kalt, Svenja, Jonathan Erhard et Markus Lienkamp. « Electric Machine Design Tool for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines and Induction Machines ». Machines 8, n^o 1 (24 mars 2020) : 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines8010015.

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The rising mobility demand of today’s society leads to an increasing strain of noise and pollutant emissions on people and the environment. An increasing environmental awareness and the scarcity of fossil fuels are increasingly placing alternative-powered vehicles in the focus of politics, research and development. Electric vehicles represent a promising solution to this problem. The electric machine represents a design control lever for the optimization of the electric powertrain with regard to efficiency, power, weight and size. Therefore, accurate and realistic machine design tools for the design of electric machines are becoming increasingly important. In this paper, the authors present an electric machine design tool for electric machines using MATLAB® in order to enable an automated machine design. The electric machine design tool is published under an LGPL open source license.

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Fernandes, P., R. Tomás, F. Acuto, A. Pascale, B. Bahmankhah, C. Guarnaccia, A. Granà et M. C. Coelho. « Impacts of roundabouts in suburban areas on congestion-specific vehicle speed profiles, pollutant and noise emissions : An empirical analysis ». Sustainable Cities and Society 62 (novembre 2020) : 102386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102386.

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Torregrosa, A. J., A. Broatch, B. Plá et L. F. Mónico. « Impact of Fischer–Tropsch and biodiesel fuels on trade-offs between pollutant emissions and combustion noise in diesel engines ». Biomass and Bioenergy 52 (mai 2013) : 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.03.004.

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Janssens-Maenhout, G., M. Crippa, D. Guizzardi, F. Dentener, M. Muntean, G. Pouliot, T. Keating et al. « HTAP_v2 : a mosaic of regional and global emission gridmaps for 2008 and 2010 to study hemispheric transport of air pollution ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, n^o 8 (29 avril 2015) : 12867–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-12867-2015.

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Abstract. The mandate of the Task Force Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP) under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) is to improve the scientific understanding of the intercontinental air pollution transport, to quantify impacts on human health, vegetation and climate, to identify emission mitigation options across the regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and to guide future policies on these aspects. The harmonization and improvement of regional emission inventories is imperative to obtain consolidated estimates on the formation of global-scale air pollution. An emissions dataset has been constructed using regional emission gridmaps (annual and monthly) for SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3, PM10, PM2.5, BC and OC for the years 2008 and 2010, with the purpose of providing consistent information to global and regional scale modelling efforts. This compilation of different regional gridded inventories, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s for USA, EPA and Environment Canada's for Canada, the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)'s for Europe, and the Model Inter-comparison Study in Asia (MICS-Asia)'s for China, India and other Asian countries, was gap-filled with the emission gridmaps of the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGARv4.3) for the rest of the world (mainly South-America, Africa, Russia and Oceania). Emissions from seven main categories of human activities (power, industry, residential, agriculture, ground transport, aviation and shipping) were estimated and spatially distributed on a common grid of 0.1° × 0.1° longitude–latitude, to yield monthly, global, sector-specific gridmaps for each substance and year. The HTAP_v2.2 air pollutant gridmaps are considered to combine latest available regional information within a complete global dataset. The disaggregation by sectors, high spatial and temporal resolution and detailed information on the data sources and references used will provide the user the required transparency. Because HTAP_v2.2 contains primarily official and/or widely used regional emission gridmaps, it can be recommended as a global baseline emission inventory, which is regionally accepted as a reference and from which different scenarios assessing emission reduction policies at a global scale could start. An analysis of country-specific implied emission factors shows a large difference between industrialised countries and developing countries for all air pollutant emissions from the energy and industry sectors, but not from the residential one. A comparison of the population weighted emissions for all world countries, grouped into four classes of similar income, reveals that the per capita emissions are, with increasing income group of countries, increasing in level but also in variation for all air pollutants but not for aerosols.

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d’Ambrosio, Stefano, Alessandro Mancarella et Andrea Manelli. « Utilization of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) in a Euro 6 Dual-Loop EGR Diesel Engine : Behavior as a Drop-In Fuel and Potentialities along Calibration Parameter Sweeps ». Energies 15, n^o 19 (30 septembre 2022) : 7202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197202.

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This study examines the effects on combustion, engine performance and exhaust pollutant emissions of a modern Euro 6, dual-loop EGR, compression ignition engine running on regular EN590-compliant diesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). First, the potential of HVO as a “drop-in” fuel, i.e., without changes to the original, baseline diesel-oriented calibration, was highlighted and compared to regular diesel results. This showed how the use of HVO can reduce engine-out emissions of soot (by up to 67%), HC and CO (by up to 40%), while NOx levels remain relatively unchanged. Fuel consumption was also reduced, by about 3%, and slightly lower combustion noise levels were detected, too. HVO has a lower viscosity and a higher cetane number than diesel. Since these parameters have a significant impact on mixture formation and the subsequent combustion process, an engine pre-calibrated for regular diesel fuel could not fully exploit the potential of another sustainable fuel. Therefore, the effects of the most influential calibration parameters available on the tested engine platform, i.e., high-pressure and low-pressure EGR, fuel injection pressure, main injection timing, pilot quantity and dwell-time, were analyzed along single-parameter sweeps. The substantial reduction in engine-out soot, HC and CO levels brought about by HVO could give the possibility to implement additional measures to limit NOx emissions, combustion noise and/or fuel consumption compared to diesel. For example, higher proportion of LP EGR and/or smaller pilot quantity could be exploited with HVO, at low load, to reduce NOx emissions to a greater extent than diesel, without incurring penalties in terms of incomplete combustion species. Conversely, at higher load, delayed main injection timings and reduced rail pressure could reduce combustion noise without exceeding soot levels of the baseline diesel case.

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Ciornei, Mirela, Răzvan Ionuț Iacobici, Ionel Dănuț Savu et Dalia Simion. « FDM 3D Printing Process - Risks and Environmental Aspects ». Key Engineering Materials 890 (23 juin 2021) : 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.890.152.

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The application of the 3D printing processes is continuously increasing due to their large number of technical and economic advantages when produce prototypes, but in the mass fabrication as well, especially for metal printing of low dimension products. The process produces pollution as all technological processes. Noise, fume and polymer wastes are the main elements which exit from the process and they are not products. The types and the volumes of those pollution emissions depend on the process parameters. The paper presents the results of FDM process emissions analysis. It was recorded the noise for different stages of the printer functioning. It was measured the volume and the contents of the fume produced during the extrusion of the polymer, for PLA polymer and for ABS polymer filaments. Specific risks were analysed and conclusions were reported. The measurement was done for a random chosen product and the results were compared with the pollutant emissions from traditional technological processes applied to erect the same type of product. It has been concluded that the noise emitted during the FDM printing is about 82-85% of the noise produced when apply milling to create similar shapes and dimensions (it was recorded values for the sound pressure in a large range: 42-68 dB, depending on the working regime). Regarding the fume emission, the intensity of emission was up to 40% higher in the FDM process comparing to the milling process. That was explained as being a direct result of the fluid-viscous state in which the material is put during the printing process. When discuss about the risks, most of the main identified risks in the milling and/or extrusion process were almost inexistent in the FDM printing. Electrical injuries and heat injuries are the main risks to which the operator is exposed. Mechanical injuries are sensitively lower than in the traditional processes, as milling The FDM process is safer and produces lower material wastes. It can be concluded that the FDM printing process has lower impact with the environment and with the operator.

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Janssens-Maenhout, G., M. Crippa, D. Guizzardi, F. Dentener, M. Muntean, G. Pouliot, T. Keating et al. « HTAP_v2.2 : a mosaic of regional and global emission grid maps for 2008 and 2010 to study hemispheric transport of air pollution ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, n^o 19 (15 octobre 2015) : 11411–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015.

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Abstract. The mandate of the Task Force Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF HTAP) under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) is to improve the scientific understanding of the intercontinental air pollution transport, to quantify impacts on human health, vegetation and climate, to identify emission mitigation options across the regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and to guide future policies on these aspects. The harmonization and improvement of regional emission inventories is imperative to obtain consolidated estimates on the formation of global-scale air pollution. An emissions data set has been constructed using regional emission grid maps (annual and monthly) for SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3, PM10, PM2.5, BC and OC for the years 2008 and 2010, with the purpose of providing consistent information to global and regional scale modelling efforts. This compilation of different regional gridded inventories – including that of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for USA, the EPA and Environment Canada (for Canada), the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) for Europe, and the Model Inter-comparison Study for Asia (MICS-Asia III) for China, India and other Asian countries – was gap-filled with the emission grid maps of the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGARv4.3) for the rest of the world (mainly South America, Africa, Russia and Oceania). Emissions from seven main categories of human activities (power, industry, residential, agriculture, ground transport, aviation and shipping) were estimated and spatially distributed on a common grid of 0.1° × 0.1° longitude-latitude, to yield monthly, global, sector-specific grid maps for each substance and year. The HTAP_v2.2 air pollutant grid maps are considered to combine latest available regional information within a complete global data set. The disaggregation by sectors, high spatial and temporal resolution and detailed information on the data sources and references used will provide the user the required transparency. Because HTAP_v2.2 contains primarily official and/or widely used regional emission grid maps, it can be recommended as a global baseline emission inventory, which is regionally accepted as a reference and from which different scenarios assessing emission reduction policies at a global scale could start. An analysis of country-specific implied emission factors shows a large difference between industrialised countries and developing countries for acidifying gaseous air pollutant emissions (SO2 and NOx) from the energy and industry sectors. This is not observed for the particulate matter emissions (PM10, PM2.5), which show large differences between countries in the residential sector instead. The per capita emissions of all world countries, classified from low to high income, reveal an increase in level and in variation for gaseous acidifying pollutants, but not for aerosols. For aerosols, an opposite trend is apparent with higher per capita emissions of particulate matter for low income countries.

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Лось, Александр Васильевич, Виктор Иванович Рябков et Татьяна Николаевна Середа. « ПРОБЛЕМЫ СОЗДАНИЯ САМОЛЕТОВ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ КАТЕГОРИИ С УЧЕТОМ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ОГРАНИЧЕНИЙ ». Aerospace technic and technology, n^o 7 (31 août 2020) : 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2020.7.01.

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With the growth of air transportation on airplanes of the transport category, their negative impact on the environment and humans increases.The environmental impact of civil aviation began to be addressed in the early 70s of the 20th century. There are three critical areas of impact: the surface layer of the atmosphere, where aerodrome emission is important, the upper troposphere at an altitude of about 10 km, where cruise flights of civilian aircraft take place, and not so long ago, the lower stratosphere (10…22 km), where, as expected, must be cruising the flight of supersonic transport of the future. In the first zone, the effect is direct damage to human health. In the second, aviation affects climate change. In the third zone, the ozone layer may be depleted as a result of aviation exposure.ICAO has established strict restrictions on all types of harmful effects, which are stipulated in our country in AP-25 and AP-36. It is noted that these requirements are constantly being tightened, as a result of which the noise level of the world fleet of aircraft over the past half-century has decreased by more than 30 percent.The article discusses the scheme of creating an aircraft taking into account environmental restrictions and economic costs to the level of decision-making on these problematic issues.The implementation of this approach in domestic aircraft construction is the creation of its modification, the An-132D, based on the An-32B aircraft. With an increase in the carrying capacity and range of this modification by re-arranging the wing-tail + tail assembly system of bearing surfaces, as well as replacing the power plant, it was possible to significantly reduce the fuel efficiency of this modification to 222 g / t km, which is the highest indicator for light vehicles airplanes. This means that An-132D has the least impact on greenhouse gas emissions and emissions.Besides, An-132D has several other advantages:- variable revolutions of the propeller Nвв = 850 … 1200 rpm;- “silent taxiing” at Nвв = 850 rpm within the aerodrome;- emergency operation of the main engine in case of failure of one of the two, not only during take-off but also, if necessary, on the route;- significantly better environmental indicators for harmful emissions of the marching engine and noise on the ground.An-132D is an implemented example of creating a transport category aircraft taking into account environmental restrictions.

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Kwasiborska, Anna, et Jacek Skorupski. « Assessment of the Method of Merging Landing Aircraft Streams in the Context of Fuel Consumption in the Airspace ». Sustainability 13, n^o 22 (20 novembre 2021) : 12859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212859.

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The most important directions in the field of sustainable development of air transport concern increasing the capacity of airports and improving the global civil aviation system, improving air traffic safety, and developing procedures to optimize the operation of the aviation system. An important area is environmental protection and measures to minimize the negative impact of civil aviation activities on the environment. Air traffic and the operation of airports generate adverse environmental effects, including greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and noise emissions. Due to the high intensity of aircraft maneuvers, the authors analyzed aircraft traffic in the area approaching the airport. It is essential to correctly line up for aircraft reporting from different entry points to the approach area to avoid waiting for landing. Misalignment of landing aircraft negatively impacts airport capacity, increases fuel consumption through more prolonged waiting times in space, and directly impacts air pollution. There are different ways to organize landing aircraft flows and other ways to merge these flows. The article aims to assess the method of combining the streams of landing aircraft and estimate the impact of such an organization on the increased fuel consumption of aircraft and thus on air pollution. The authors proposed a measure for assessing the quality of the landing queue, which was defined as the increase in flight time of aircraft in the approach area in relation to the nominal time, which was adopted as minimization. In order to obtain the results of research works, a model using a Petri net was developed, allowing for flexible mapping of concurrent processes and their effect analysis. Various methods of combining the streams of landing aircraft have been adopted: three-stage, two-stage, and single-stage. Then, simulation experiments were carried out, allowing the determination of whether the method of combining the streams of landing planes has an impact on the quality of the landing queue measured with the proposed index. The obtained results of the assessment can be used to estimate the increased fuel consumption of the aircraft.

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Marciello, Valerio, Mario Di Stasio, Manuela Ruocco, Vittorio Trifari, Fabrizio Nicolosi, Markus Meindl, Bruno Lemoine et Priscilla Caliandro. « Design Exploration for Sustainable Regional Hybrid-Electric Aircraft : A Study Based on Technology Forecasts ». Aerospace 10, n^o 2 (10 février 2023) : 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10020165.

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The environmental impact of aviation in terms of noise and pollutant emissions has gained public attention in the last few years. In addition, the foreseen financial benefits of an increased energy efficiency have motivated the transport industry to invest in propulsion alternatives. This work is collocated within the Clean Sky 2 project GENESIS, focused on the environmental sustainability of 50-passenger hybrid-electric aircraft from a life-cycle-based perspective to support the development of a technology roadmap for transitioning towards sustainable and competitive electric aircraft systems. While several studies have already focused on the definition of possible aircraft designs combining several propulsion systems, the novelty of the present work is to consider technology forecasts and more comprehensive indicators in the design phase. These include the performance and emissions on a 200 nmi typical mission, which reflects the most economically attractive range for aircraft in the regional class. The work proposes a complete exploration of three major technology streams for energy storage: batteries, fuel cells, and turbine internal combustion engine generators, also including possible combinations of those technologies. The exploration was carried out through the execution of several designs of experiments aiming at the identification of the most promising solutions in terms of aircraft configuration for three different time horizons: short-term, 2025–2035; medium-term, 2035–2045; and long-term, 2045–2050+. As a result, in the short-term scenario, fuel energy consumption is estimated to be reduced by around 24% with respect to conventional aircraft with the same entry-into-service year thanks to the use of hybrid propulsive systems with lithium batteries. Fuel saving increases to 45% in the medium-term horizon due to the improvement in the energy density of storage systems. By the year 2050, when hydrogen fuel cells are estimated to be mature enough to completely replace kerosene-based engines, the forthcoming hybrid-electric aircraft promise no NOx and CO2 direct emissions, while being approximately 50% heavier than conventional ones.

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Pinheiro Melo, Sofia, Alexander Barke, Felipe Cerdas, Christian Thies, Mark Mennenga, Thomas S. Spengler et Christoph Herrmann. « Sustainability Assessment and Engineering of Emerging Aircraft Technologies—Challenges, Methods and Tools ». Sustainability 12, n^o 14 (14 juillet 2020) : 5663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145663.

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Driven by concerns regarding the sustainability of aviation and the continued growth of air traffic, increasing interest is given to emerging aircraft technologies. Although new technologies, such as battery-electric propulsion systems, have the potential to minimise in-flight emissions and noise, environmental burdens are possibly shifted to other stages of the aircraft’s life cycle, and new socio-economic challenges may arise. Therefore, a life-cycle-oriented sustainability assessment is required to identify these hotspots and problem shifts and to derive recommendations for action for aircraft development at an early stage. This paper proposes a framework for the modelling and assessment of future aircraft technologies and provides an overview of the challenges and available methods and tools in this field. A structured search and screening process is used to determine which aspects of the proposed framework are already addressed in the scientific literature and in which areas research is still needed. For this purpose, a total of 66 related articles are identified and systematically analysed. Firstly, an overview of statistics of papers dealing with life-cycle-oriented analysis of conventional and emerging aircraft propulsion systems is given, classifying them according to the technologies considered, the sustainability dimensions and indicators investigated, and the assessment methods applied. Secondly, a detailed analysis of the articles is conducted to derive answers to the defined research questions. It illustrates that the assessment of environmental aspects of alternative fuels is a dominating research theme, while novel approaches that integrate socio-economic aspects and broaden the scope to battery-powered, fuel-cell-based, or hybrid-electric aircraft are emerging. It also provides insights by what extent future aviation technologies can contribute to more sustainable and energy-efficient aviation. The findings underline the need to harmonise existing methods into an integrated modelling and assessment approach that considers the specifics of upcoming technological developments in aviation.

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Pérez Arroyo, Carlos, Jérôme Dombard, Florent Duchaine, Laurent Gicquel, Benjamin Martin, Nicolas Odier et Gabriel Staffelbach. « Towards the Large-Eddy Simulation of a full engine : Integration of a 360 azimuthal degrees fan, compressor and combustion chamber. Part I : Methodology and initialisation ». Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society, May (25 mai 2021) : 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33737/jgpps/133115.

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Optimising the design of aviation propulsion systems using computational fluid dynamics is essential to increase their efficiency and reduce pollutant as well as noise emissions. Nowadays, and within this optimisation and design phase, it is possible to perform meaningful unsteady computations of the various components of a gas-turbine engine. However, these simulations are often carried out independently of each other and only share averaged quantities at the interfaces minimising the impact and interactions between components. In contrast to the current state-of-the-art, this work presents a 360 azimuthal degrees large-eddy simulation with over 2100 million cells of the DGEN-380 demonstrator engine enclosing a fully integrated fan, compressor and annular combustion chamber at take-off conditions as a first step towards a high-fidelity simulation of the full engine. In order to carry such a challenging simulation and reduce the computational cost, the initial solution is interpolated from stand-alone sectoral simulations of each component. In terms of approach, the integrated mesh is generated in several steps to solve potential machine dependent memory limitations. It is then observed that the 360 degrees computation converges to an operating point with less than 0.5% difference in zero-dimensional values compared to the stand-alone simulations yielding an overall performance within 1% of the designed thermodynamic cycle. With the presented methodology, convergence and azimuthally decorrelated results are achieved for the integrated simulation after only 6 fan revolutions.

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Jimenez, Darwin, Esteban Valencia, Ariel Herrera, Edgar Cando et Marcelo Pozo. « Evaluation of Series and Parallel Hybrid Propulsion Systems for UAVs Implementing Distributed Propulsion Architectures ». Aerospace 9, n^o 2 (25 janvier 2022) : 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9020063.

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Current environmental policies for the aviation sector motivate the use of cleaner propulsion alternatives in order to reduce their CO2 footprint and noise pollution in the coming years. In this context, hybrid propulsion systems have emerged as a potential solution, as they have demonstrated a good trade-off between performance and low pollutant emissions. The present work carries out a comparison between parallel and series hybrid propulsion systems using heterogeneous and homogeneous distributed propulsion architectures. In order to highlight the opportunities of distributed propulsion systems and validate the methodology developed, a single propulsion hybrid configuration is used as baseline case for this study. For the propulsion system sizing, this work uses a parametric modelling tool, which includes a constraint analysis coupled with a weight estimation module to determine suitable configurations for a environmental monitoring mission. The latter module includes semi-empirical correlations to size the electric and mechanical components for each propulsion setup. From the results, it has been found that for the representative case of monitoring in the Galapagos Islands, which requires an endurance of approximate 7 h, the parallel hybrid system using three distributed propulsors presents the best performance features in terms of fuel savings, showing a 34% reduction compared with the baseline case. To summarize, the main contribution of this study lies on the development of a methodology to set potential hybrid distributed propulsion configurations for UAVs aimed for determined monitoring missions.

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Thobois, L., P. Royer, R. Parmentier, M. Brooks, A. Knoepfle, J. Alexander, P. Stidwell et R. Kumar. « Monitoring and Quantifying Particles Emissions around Industrial Sites with Scanning Doppler Lidar ». EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018) : 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817604013.

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Scanning Coherent Doppler Lidars have been used over the last decade for measuring wind for applications in wind energy [1], meteorology [2] and aviation [3]. They allow for accurate measurements of wind speeds up to a distance of 10 km based on the Doppler shift effect of aerosols. The signal reflectivity (CNR or Carrier-to-Noise Ratio) profiles can also be retrieved from the strength of the Lidar signal. In this study, we will present the developments of algorithm for retrieving aerosol optical properties like the relative attenuated backscatter coefficient and the mass concentration of particles. The use of these algorithms during one operational trial in Point Samson, Western Australia to monitor fugitive emissions over a mine will be presented. This project has been initiated by the Australian Department of Environment Regulations to better determine the impact of the Port on the neighboring town. During the trial in Summer, the strong impact of turbulence refractive index on Lidar performances has been observed. Multiple methodologies have been applied to reduce this impact with more or less success. At the end, a dedicated setup and configuration have been established that allow to properly observe the plumes of the mine with the scanning Lidar. The Lidar data has also been coupled to beta attenuation in-situ sensors for retrieving mass concentration maps. A few case of dispersion of plumes will be presented showing the necessity to combine both the wind and aerosol data.

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Zefreh, Mohammad Maghrour, et Adam Torok. « Theoretical Comparison of the Effects of Different Traffic Conditions on Urban Road Environmental External Costs ». Sustainability 13, n^o 6 (23 mars 2021) : 3541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063541.

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External costs that are associated with air pollution, climate change linked to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and noise are among the most important environmental externalities that are generated by road transport, which have been well monetized. This paper theoretically investigates the effects of different traffic conditions on the environmental external costs of urban roads where traffic flow is more complicated than un-interrupted traffic flows. A Monte Carlo method is used to theoretically simulate traffic speed in different traffic conditions. Subsequently, the emitted carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and noise were estimated in each of the theoretically simulated traffic conditions. Finally, the environmental external costs in each traffic condition were calculated taking the EU average costs values into account. The results showed that, when compared to free-flow condition, the total air pollutant and GHG external costs (€2010) have been increased by 6%, 31%, 44%, 50%, and 93% in under-saturated flow, accelerated flow, decelerated flow, congestion, and over-saturated congestion, respectively. Furthermore, the total noise cost (€2010/year/person exposed), as compared to free-flow condition, has been decreased by 2%, 11%, 12%, 36%, and 69% in accelerated flow, under-saturated flow, congestion, over-saturated congestion, and decelerated flow, respectively.

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Risteski, Temelko, Gjorgi Tonovski, Nazmi Maliqi et Fadilj Shabani. « ECOLOGICAL CADASTRE IN FUNCTION OF THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION THE CITIZENS ABOUT STATES IN THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT ». Knowledge International Journal 34, n^o 5 (4 octobre 2019) : 1473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij34051473r.

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Living environment is a space in which the man lives with object, flora and fauna on it. The space that is not polluted by harmful agents, emissions of harmful radiation, noise, which does not have excessive humidity, unbearably high or low temperatures is a healthy environment. Man as a creation of nature can live normally and happily in a healthy environment. He has the right to do so. This right is guaranteed to him by the international legal acts and the constitutions of the states. Among them is the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia.In order for a person to enjoy the right to a healthy environment and to use the rights to protection of the natural environment, he must have information on environmental pollutants. In the function of informing the citizens about polluters or endangers of the environment are the records and information services or information and documentation services, abbreviated as INDOC services. In the ranks of these services, from the aspect of environmental protection, the Ecological (Environmental) cadastre comes first. This cadastre contains data for activities and installations that endanger and potentially can endanger the environment, and in particular data on:- the name or title of the polluter and the address of the installation location,- a brief description of the activities and the technical process,- significant emission-related, hazardous data substances present in plants, waste generation, utilizationnatural resources and energy, issued permits and amendments to permits; and- for the control being carried out, for the significant results and for the undertaken measures.The Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning establishes and maintains a single Cadastre for the environment (ecological cadastre). This cadastre, includes several cadastres, as follows: Cadastre of air pollutants, waters and the soil, the Cadastre of the Noise Producers, the Cadastre of the Waste Generators, the Cadastre of Protected Areas, Pollutant Register and other cadastre determined by the special laws which contain provisions for the protection of the environment.

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Ortega, Alejandro, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Anastasios Tsakalidis et Ferenc Pekár. « Low-Emission Alternative Energy for Transport in the EU : State of Play of Research and Innovation ». Energies 14, n^o 22 (19 novembre 2021) : 7764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227764.

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The 2030 Climate target plan of the European Commission (EC) establishes a greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions reduction target of at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990. It highlights that all transport modes—road, rail, aviation and waterborne—will have to contribute to this aim. A smart combination of vehicle/vessel/aircraft efficiency improvements, as well as fuel mix changes, are among the measures that can reduce GHG emissions, reducing at the same time noise pollution and improving air quality. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of recent research and innovation in low-emission alternative energy for transport (excluding hydrogen) in selected European Union (EU)-funded projects. It considers the latest developments in the field, identifying relevant researched technologies by fuel type and their development phase. The results show that liquefied natural gas (LNG) refueling stations, followed by biofuels for road transport and alternative aviation fuels, are among the researched technologies with the highest investments. Methane-based fuels (e.g., compressed natural gas (CNG), LNG) have received the greatest attention concerning the number of projects and the level of funding. By contrast, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) only has four ongoing projects. Alcohols, esters and ethers, and synthetic paraffinic and aromatic fuels (SPF) are in between. So far, road transport has the highest use of alternative fuels in the transport sector. Despite the financial support from the EU, advances have yet to materialize, suggesting that EU transport decarbonization policies should not consider a radical or sudden change, and therefore, transition periods are critical. It is also noteworthy that there is no silver bullet solution to decarbonization and thus the right use of the various alternative fuels available will be key.

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Delso, Javier, Belén Martín et Emilio Ortega. « Potentially Replaceable Car Trips : Assessment of Potential Modal Change towards Active Transport Modes in Vitoria-Gasteiz ». Sustainability 10, n^o 10 (30 septembre 2018) : 3510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103510.

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Road traffic is the most important contributor to noise and air pollutant emissions in cities. Its substitution by non-motorized modes therefore has great potential to improve the urban environment while increasing levels of physical activity among the population. This paper identifies car trips that could potentially be transferred to active modes such as walking and cycling, and analyses the barriers perceived by people who travel by car. We detect potentially replaceable car trips based on a mobility survey, distance calculation, and a distance threshold approach. The answers to a set of questions in the mobility survey allow us to identify the perceived barriers for use of the bicycle, applied to Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain). The results show that between 30% and 40% of car trips could be replaced by active modes. Personal safety and distance results are the most limiting barriers perceived by car users, while physical condition and technique are the most limiting ones for bicycle users. These results provide valuable information for implementing measures to promote the replacement of motorized trips with walking and cycling.

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Gatta, Valerio, Edoardo Marcucci, Marialisa Nigro, Sergio Patella et Simone Serafini. « Public Transport-Based Crowdshipping for Sustainable City Logistics : Assessing Economic and Environmental Impacts ». Sustainability 11, n^o 1 (28 décembre 2018) : 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010145.

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This paper aims at understanding and evaluating the environmental and economic impacts of a crowdshipping platform in urban areas. The investigation refers to the city of Rome and considers an environmental-friendly crowdshipping based on the use of the mass transit network of the city, where customers/crowdshippers pick-up/drop-off goods in automated parcel lockers located either inside the transit stations or in their surroundings. Crowdshippers are passengers that would use the transit network anyhow for other activities (e.g., home-to-work), thus avoiding additional trips. The study requires firstly, estimating the willingness to buy a crowdshipping service like the one proposed here, in order to quantify the potential demand. The estimation is realized adopting an extensive stated preference survey and discrete choice modeling. Then, several scenarios with different features of the service are proposed and evaluated up to 2025 in terms of both externalities (local and global pollutant emissions, noise emissions and accidents reductions) and revenues. The results are useful to understand and quantify the potential of this strategy for last mile B2C deliveries. Moreover, it provides local policy-makers and freight companies with a good knowledge base for the future development of a platform for public transport-based crowdshipping and for estimating the likely impact the system could have both from an economic and environmental point of view.

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Green, J. E. « Greener by Design — the technology challenge ». Aeronautical Journal 106, n^o 1056 (février 2002) : 57–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000095993.

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The effects of aviation on the environment are becoming increasingly important. The world's airlines already have thousands of aircraft serving the passenger and freight markets and the market demand is still increasing. Unless steps are taken to address the problems created by aircraft noise and emissions, the future progress of the air transport industry will be inhibited.The seriousness of the topic and the factual nature of the Technology Sub Group report are the reasons why this special issue of The Aeronautical Journal is being devoted to “Greener by Design”. Although the report has been carefully read by a number of people outside the Sub Group, it has not been refereed in the normal way (though a number of minor numerical changes have been made to the tables and text of the original report, partly to correct errors and partly for internal consistency). The reports from the other two Sub Groups, covering operations and market-based options, together with the Summary for Policymakers of the Technology Sub Group, will be issued shortly in a single volume but will not necessarily be published in The Aeronautical Journal.

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KRYKUNOVA, V. M., et H. V. ZHOSAN. « THE FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF GREEN GROWTH ECONOMIC TOOLS IMPLEMENTATION ». Economic innovations 21, n^o 3(72) (20 septembre 2019) : 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2019.21.3(72).53-61.

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Topicality. The increase of anthropogenic impact on the ecological component of the entrepreneurship environment has caused both the threat of irreversible consequences for the natural resources quality and for the very environment of existence, and the critical socio-economic consequences at the macro and micro levels. This led to the including of ecological vector to the economic growth model, the integration of economic and environmental components of economic systems development. To take into account the ecological aspects of economic activity the specific environmental policy with various economic tools is to be developed and implemented. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to study the current practice of "green" growth economic tools use, scale and directions of their implementation in different countries. The results obtained are important in the theoretical and applied area and can be used for scientific purposes and when implementing the strategy of "green" growth of the Ukrainian economy. Results. Environmentally related taxes represent about a third of the instruments in the PINE database. The OECD tax bases covered include energy products (including vehicle fuels), motor vehicles and transport services, measured or estimated emissions to air and water, ozone depleting substances, certain non-point sources of water pollution, waste management and noise, management of water, land, soil, forests, biodiversity, wildlife and fish stocks. In 2016, the highest share of taxes on energy resources takes place in Italy � 2.83% of GDP, transport taxes, and others � in Denmark (1.56% and 0.22% of GDP, respectively). Tradable permits are used to allocate emission or resource exploitation rights. Today more than 100 different tradable permit systems are operating in more than 33 countries. In 2018, the state budget of Ukraine received 2.3 billion UAH of environmental tax (for polluting emissions, discharges and disposal of waste). In general, these revenues account for 0.32% of tax revenues. A more detailed analysis showed that the growth of environmental taxes was accompanied by emission reductions in general. At the same time there is a positive dynamic of the emissions from stationary sources of pollution, while emissions from vehicles decreased significantly, that led to a general negative dynamic. Conclusion. In Ukraine, there is a discrepancy between the urgent needs of ecological and economic development and the imperfection of the tools and forms of management used, the economic incentives for rational use of nature. The lack of general list of issued (re-issued) emission permits results in the loss of control over the volume of emissions. In developed countries, the environmental regulation economic tools' stimulating importance for the development of economy and entrepreneurship is growing. They that help ensure the correspondence between production price and natural resources costs, the reimbursement of expenses caused by damage to the environment, compensation of environmental damage by the direct pollutant.

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Serkiz, Anastasiya. « GEOECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AUTOMOTIVE POLLUTION AND GREENHOUSE GAS PRODUCTION IN THE CITY OF TERNOPOL ». SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES : GEOGRAPHY 52, n^o 1 (30 mai 2022) : 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.22.1.22.

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In most cities in the world, air and noise pollution from motor vehicles are, or are fast becoming, major problems for the physical and mental health of the people. At least 90% of the carbon monoxide in urban environments comes from mobile sources. The health risks of air pollution are extremely serious. Poor air quality increases respiratory ailments like asthma and bronchitis, heightens the risk of life-threatening conditions like cancer, and burdens our health care system with substantial medical costs. The publication is an integral part of the collective theme "Conceptual and applied principles of geo-ecological assessment of environmental impact, environmental management and environmental safety of geosystems of the Podolsk region." This paper considers the issue of unsystematic control of emissions of harmful substances into the air, both throughout the country and locally. The main works of scientists devoted to air pollution in the region are highlighted. The volume and structure of emissions of harmful gases by motor transport during 2000 are considered. - 2015 in the city of Ternopil. Statistical data are taken from the archives of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine in Ternopil region. The schedule of changes in the amount of pollutant emissions is given. An analysis of possible causes of changes in greenhouse gas emissions has been made. The data presented in the National Transport Strategy of Ukraine until 2030 are analyzed. The amount of harmful gas emissions in the future is calculated by extrapolation. The analysis of indicators of long-term monitoring of pollutants in atmospheric air is carried out. Based on the strategy and regional reports for 2017, 2018 and 2019, on the state of the environment in Ternopil region, predicted possible ways of development. Specific recommendations have been made to help reduce the level of air pollution by gases, as well as the level of noise and dust pollution. The project of construction of a new bypass road, which will connect such settlements as: Shlyakhtyntsi and Smykivtsi. The 2nd international routes M19 (Domanove, Kovel, Chernivtsi, Terebleche) and M30 (Stryi, Izvarine) will also be merged; installation of multi-storey car parks on the main entrances to Ternopil (P39, M19, P43, E50, H02, P41); introduction of high-speed routes for public transport; replacement of existing passenger cars with improved electric vehicles; Roadways and traffic controls that reduce congestion and idling; analysis of green areas in the city and the introduction of new ones, the functions of which are extremely necessary. Drive less (ride a bike, walk, carpool, or use public transportation instead). Since most pollution from cars and trucks is due to the burning of fuel, you can reduce pollution from these sources by burning less fuel, burning fuel cleaner and burning cleaner fuel. Clean vehicle and fuel technologies provide us with an affordable, available means of reducing transportation-related air pollution and climate change emissions. The implementation of these measures will increase the level of environmental safety in the city. Key words: air pollution, emissions, vehicles, global warming, Ternopil.

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Alafnan, Hamoud, Xiaoze Pei, Moanis Khedr, Ibrahim Alsaleh, Abdullah Albaker, Mansoor Alturki et Diaa-Eldin A. Mansour. « The Possibility of Using Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage/Battery Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Instead of Generators as Backup Power Sources for Electric Aircraft ». Sustainability 15, n^o 3 (17 janvier 2023) : 1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15031806.

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The annual growth rate of aircraft passengers is estimated to be 6.5%, and the CO2 emissions from current large-scale aviation transportation technology will continue to rise dramatically. Both NASA and ACARE have set goals to enhance efficiency and reduce the fuel burn, pollution, and noise levels of commercial aircraft. However, such radical improvements require radical solutions. With the current traditional aircraft designs based on gas turbines or piston engines, these goals are infeasible. Small-scale aircraft have successfully proven emission reductions using energy storage systems, such as Alice aircraft. This paper involves an investigation of the possibility of using superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)/battery hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) instead of generators as backup power sources to improve system efficiency and reduce emissions. Two different power system architectures of electric aircraft (EA) were compared in terms of reliability and stability in a one-generator failure scenario. As weight is crucial in EA designs, the weights of the two systems were compared, including the generators and energy storage systems. The two EA systems were built in Simulink/MATLAB to compare their reliability and stability. With the currently available technologies, based on the energy density of 250 Wh/kg for lithium-ion batteries and a power density of 8.8 kW/kg for generators, the use of the generators as backup sources proved more efficient than the use of HESS. The break-even point was observed at 750 Wh/kg for battery energy density. Any value more than the 750 Wh/kg energy density makes HESS lighter and more efficient than generators.

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Kujawski, Artur, et Mariusz Nürnberg. « Analysis of the Potential Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Image Processing Methods to Support Road and Parking Space Management in Urban Transport ». Sustainability 15, n^o 4 (10 février 2023) : 3285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043285.

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Progressive urban density affects city centers especially and results in growing congestion, lack of parking spaces, and increasing environmental costs of transportation, causing increased air pollutant emissions and noise. These phenomena reduce the attractiveness of the city and result in a degradation of the quality of life for its residents. In light of these phenomena, there is a clear need for intelligent management of urban space using new technologies that would be complementary to existing intelligent transportation systems. Expanding information resources obtained from mobile cameras will have a positive impact on increasing the efficiency of transportation management and use of limited space in city centers. It will also have an impact on reducing external transport costs and increasing the quality of logistics services provided in the city. The main aim of the paper is to develop a concept of a transport management system in cities using mobile vision systems mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles. The model will concern the cases of lane occupation by freight vehicles and the analysis of parking spaces in the city in order to improve their management. The results of the developed model will contribute to the automation of the parking space management process and increase the efficiency of the use of city parking space resources.

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Stadnik, V. « ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY FACTORS OF PLAY-GROUNDS USING THE RANK CORRELATION METHOD ». Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving, n^o 2 (4 novembre 2021) : 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2021.2.06.

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The process of rapid development in modern cities has led to a significant number of playgrounds being located in confined areas, near roads with heavy vehicle traffic (including tram tracks), next to short-term parking spaces and refuse containers. Particular attention is paid to unauthorised parking which is caused by a lack of designated parking spaces. In addition, in residential areas of modern megacities there is a lot of infill development, which is an additional source of noise and dust. Thus, a significant number of playgrounds are located in areas with excessive anthropogenic load. The materials presented in the article describe the current condition of playgrounds in most big cities of Ukraine. Particular importance is attached to the factors which are connected with vehicle traffic, for example noise pollution, air dustiness and pollutant emissions. At the first stage, a list of factors affecting the environmental safety of children's playgrounds in urbanised areas was compiled and analysed. The next stage involves the development of a questionnaire and the direct assessment of the influencing factors by the experts involved. The article considers the factors that are rarely considered in the study of the impact of individual anthropogenic factors of the environment on public health, however, in modern conditions they cannot be neglected. The final stage consists of data processing and formation of conclusions. Using the method of rank correlation, the main factors of influence on the objects of research are identified. The results of the research stated in the article can be used in further study of the subject and in the development of methods to eliminate the influence of the most significant factors affecting the ecological safety of children's playgrounds.

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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Aviation, Noise, Emissions of pollutant, Environment »

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