Thèses sur le sujet « Autonomie coopérative »
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Gregoire, Maud. « L’autonomie et le travail non subordonné en coopérative d’activité et d’emploi : une analyse critique ». Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2D004/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis contributes to critical reflections on autonomy and work through the study of non-subordinated work in business and employment cooperatives (BEC). The concept of non-subordinated workers, close to that of freelancers, refers to individuals who attempt to forge a living out of their skills outside of the traditional salaried worker system. They find themselves their work opportunities by offering their goods and services to clients. The thesis explores the kind of autonomy that these workers practice by asking the following question: to what extent does non-subordinated work allow workers to attain individual and collective autonomy in a neoliberal system characterised by the individual-entrepreneur figure? It is based on an inductive approach carried out during an ethnographic study. It belongs to the constructivist epistemology and to critical management studies. To begin, the thesis studies the individual dimension of autonomy by looking into the non-subordinated worker as a figure. In particular, it compares this figure to that of the individual entrepreneur and builds on the concept of micro-emancipation. The thesis also examines the collective dimension of autonomy at the level of the governance of the BEC and at the level of the non-subordinated workers’ collectives that are created within the cooperative. Anarchism, rarely used in management sciences, proves to be an interesting analytical framework for the analysis. In parallel, the thesis provides three contributions. Firstly, it establishes an overview of contemporary work situations that demonstrates, amongst other things, that the distinction between the legal status of an employee and that of a self-employed person is outdated. Secondly, it proposes a typology of non-subordinated workers’ career paths which includes four profiles: “suffering in the salaried worker system”, “unemployed”, “nomadic”, “entrepreneur”. Thirdly, it offers managerial advice to help collectives of non-subordinated workers organise in a non-hierarchical way
MARTINELLI, Francesca. « Autonomie professionnelle, entrepreneuriat et coopération. Le cas des Coopératives d’Activités et d’Emploi en France / Autonomia professionale, imprenditoria e cooperazione. Il caso delle Cooperative di Attività e di Impiego in Francia ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/77189.
Texte intégralThe main purpose of the research is the study of the french model of the Cooperatives of activities and employment (CAE). The model of CAE offers to self-employed workers one way to obtain both the same rights of employees, without losing their autonomy in the management of their business, and the opportunity to cooperate with other professionals. Within this main goal, the thesis is articulated in three parts. In the first part, the research studies the context that supported the development of the “self-employed of second-generation”, its main features and the reasons that drive this kind of worker to collaborate and cooperate with other professionals. In the second part, the research describes the model of the Cooperatives of activities and employment (CAE) and analyses the Parisian CAE Coopaname. In the third part, the research focuses on the transferability of the model of the CAE in Italy, starting from the study of the Italian context and concluding with the comparison of Coopaname with the Italian cooperative Doc Servizi.
L’objectif principal de la recherche est l’étude du modèle français des Coopératives d’Activités et d’Emploi (CAE). La CAE offre aux travailleurs autonomes une manière de rentrer dans le cadre du salariat, avec ses protections et sans perdre leur autonomie dans la gestion de leur activité, et de coopérer en parallèle avec d’autres professionnels. Dans le cadre de cet objectif principal, nous avons articulé notre travail de thèse en trois parties. Dans la première partie, nous avons étudié le contexte qui fait émerger la figure du « travailleur autonome de deuxième génération », ses caractéristiques principales et les raisons qui poussent cette typologie de travailleurs à se coaliser, collaborer et coopérer avec d’autres professionnels. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons décrit le modèle des Coopératives d’Activités et d’Emploi (CAE) et analysé la CAE parisienne Coopaname. Dans la troisième partie, nous avons étudié la transférabilité du modèle des CAE en Italie à partir du contexte italien et de la comparaison avec la coopérative italienne Doc Servizi.
Grosset, Juliette. « Collective intelligence strategies for efficient autonomous industrial vehicles ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IMTA0436.
Texte intégralThe challenges of Industry 4.0 include optimizing data flows and decentralizing decision-making, where centralised systems often become inadequate. Autonomous Industrial Vehicles (AIVs) need to become smarter and more cooperative by exchanging relevant traffic data among themselves and with the infrastructure. This thesis aims to enhance the autonomy of AIVs through collective intelligence strategies, improving their adaptability, decision-making, and efficiency by facilitating communication and information sharing. Our methodology, based on modeling, simulation, and scenario testing, seeks to propose specific collective strategies to strengthen various key functionalities of AIVs. First, we improved an obstacle avoidance algorithm and developed a global strategy based on shared perception. We adapted and proposed standardized messages for the Industry 4.0 context and introduced a dynamic task (re)allocation system in decentralized environments. Based on the strong assumption of cooperative perception, we then proposed an architecture for generating V2X data. Finally, we developed collective energy management strategies for each AIV using a fuzzy decision model, allowing them to autonomously determine the optimal recharge times and thus reduce their downtime within the fleet
Khenniche, Samia. « Contribution à l’étude de la dynamique coopérative intra-organisationnelle : analyse croisée des coopérations transversales, verticales et horizontales : cas d'expérimentation ». Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CNAM0745/document.
Texte intégralCooperation has always been a fundamental issue of research on social organizations, whether human or animal. Thus, studies about cooperation are transversal to many disciplines: anthropology, sociology, psychology, economics, and management. Forms, reasons, motivations or barriers to joint actions of individuals are observed. The fields covered are as diverse as family, school, state, local or enterprise. Management is particularly interested in the latter, in its broadest sense, that of economic and social unit. This research is intended as a contribution to the study of this complex and fundamental phenomenon: cooperation between members of an organization. With the first part, we try to understand how cooperation appears and evolves within organizations. To do this, we answer the following questions: How to study cooperation in organizations? What cooperation? Why and how to cooperate? Cooperate with whom? Through the development and analysis of a database verbatim, and the study of intervention-research, cooperation is defined as a process by which actors move from their individual actions to collective action. Their practices, complex, protean are governed by two logics of action : the one based on the calculation, the other one on the identity. Cooperative practices are organized around three dimensions of organization : horizontal, transversal and vertical. The second part presents the results of the study variables of cooperation in their dynamics; it helps to clarify their links, to observe their development over time and indifferent types of organizational structure. This perspective is made possible by the longitudinal study of three organizations. It is central to this second part. We begin by studying the hierarchy in organizations. Two reasons motivate our choice. On the one hand, this study responds to questions raised in the previous section on the influence of the hierarchy in the dynamic cooperative. On the other hand, the three organizations in which the dynamics were observed are structured hierarchically. We then discuss the interactions between the different variables of cooperation, particularly between the horizontal, transversal and vertical dimensions, and identify levels for the development of cooperative practices. The study of these levels is then deepened and enriched with managerial implications
Khenniche, Samia. « Contribution à l'étude de la dynamique coopérative intra-organisationnelle : analyse croisée des coopérations transversales, verticales et horizontales : cas d'expérimentation ». Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00624384.
Texte intégralQian, Xiangjun. « Commande prédictive pour conduite autonome et coopérative ». Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM037/document.
Texte intégralAutonomous driving has been gaining more and more attention in the last decades, thanks to its positive social-economic impacts including the enhancement of traffic efficiency and the reduction of road accidents. A number of research institutes and companies have tested autonomous vehicles in traffic, accumulating tens of millions of kilometers traveled in autonomous driving. With the vision of massive deployment of autonomous vehicles, researchers have also started to envision cooperative strategies among autonomous vehicles. This thesis deals with the control architecture design of individual autonomous vehicles and cooperative autonomous vehicles. Model Predictive Control (MPC), thanks to its efficiency and versatility, is chosen as the building block for various control architectures proposed in this thesis. In more detail, this thesis first presents a classical hierarchical control architecture for individual vehicle control that decomposes the controller into a motion planner and a tracking controller, both using nonlinear MPC. In a second step, we analyze the inability of the proposed planner in handling logical constraints raised from traffic rules and multiple maneuver variants, and propose a hybrid MPC based motion planner that solves this issue. We then consider the convoy control problem of autonomous vehicles in which multiple vehicles maintain a formation during autonomous driving. A hierarchical formation control architecture is proposed composing of a convoy supervisor and local MPC based vehicle controllers. Finally, we consider the problem of coordinating a group of autonomous vehicles at an intersection without traffic lights. A hierarchical architecture composed of an intersection controller and multiple local vehicle controllers is proposed to allow vehicles to cross the intersection smoothly and safely
Héry, Elwan. « Localisation coopérative de véhicules autonomes communicants ». Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2516.
Texte intégralTo be able to navigate autonomously, a vehicle must be accurately localized relatively to all obstacles, such as roadside for lane keeping and vehicles and pedestrians to avoid causing accidents. This PhD thesis deals with the interest of cooperation to improve the localization of cooperative vehicles that exchange information. Autonomous navigation on the road is often based on coordinates provided in a Cartesian frame. In order to better represent the pose of a vehicle with respect to the lane in which it travels, we study curvilinear coordinates with respect to a path stored in a map. These coordinates generalize the curvilinear abscissa by adding a signed lateral deviation from the center of the lane and an orientation relative to the center of the lane taking into account the direction of travel. These coordinates are studied with different track models and using different projections to make the map-matching. A first cooperative localization approach is based on these coordinates. The lateral deviation and the orientation relative to the lane can be known precisely from a perception of the lane borders, but for autonomous driving with other vehicles, it is important to maintain a good longitudinal accuracy. A one-dimensional data fusion method makes it possible to show the interest of the cooperative localization in this simplified case where the lateral deviation, the curvilinear orientation and the relative positioning between two vehicles are accurately known. This case study shows that, in some cases, lateral accuracy can be propagated to other vehicles to improve their longitudinal accuracy. The correlation issues of the errors are taken into account with a covariance intersection filter. An ICP (Iterative Closest Point) minimization algorithm is then used to determine the relative pose between the vehicles from LiDAR points and a 2D polygonal model representing the shape of the vehicle. Several correspondences of the LiDAR points with the model and different minimization approaches are compared. The propagation of absolute vehicle pose using relative poses with their uncertainties is done through non-linear equations that can have a strong impact on consistency. The different dynamic elements surrounding the ego-vehicle are estimated in a Local Dynamic Map (LDM) to enhance the static high definition map describing the center of the lane and its border. In our case, the agents are only communicating vehicles. The LDM is composed of the state of each vehicle. The states are merged using an asynchronous algorithm, fusing available data at variable times. The algorithm is decentralized, each vehicle computing its own LDM and sharing it. As the position errors of the GNSS receivers are biased, a marking detection is introduced to obtain the lateral deviation from the center of the lane in order to estimate these biases. LiDAR observations with the ICP method allow to enrich the fusion with the constraints between the vehicles. Experimental results of this fusion show that the vehicles are more accurately localized with respect to each other while maintaining consistent poses
Dieudonné, Yoann. « Coopération et placements de robots autonomes ». Amiens, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIE0111.
Texte intégralThe main contributions of this thesis consist in the analysis of various problems of coordination of a cohort of mobile robots, and under conditions quite drastic. In particular, robots are supposed to be oblivious, autonomous, disoriented, homogeneous, without direct communication medium, and so on. All these assumptions makes our agents simple and rather "weak" in many aspects, hence they could seem unnecessarily exagerated, especially if we consider the state of the art in engineering technology. However by assuming the “weakest” agents, we can analyse in greater detail the strengths and weaknesses of distributed control. In other words, this approach allow us to highlight the set of agents’ capabilities that are necessary to accomplish a certain task. By adopting this approach, we first completely characterize the class of formable pattern by a cohort of such robots. Furthermore, we describe the necessary and sufficient conditions for the leader election problem; strangely conditions related to Combinatorics of words and especially Lyndon Words. Finally, we also show that the localization problem, to determine all the coordinates from a sparse set of measures, is NP-hard
Lucas, Véronique. « L'agriculture en commun : Gagner en autonomie grâce à la coopération de proximité : Expériences d'agriculteurs français en CUMA à l'ère de l'agroécologie ». Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0020/document.
Texte intégralIn France since 2013, farmers' collectives initiatives are supported by specific public policies designed to develop agroecology, whose legal definition includes the objective of farm autonomy. Although agriculture is going through processes of individualization and deterritorialization, policymakers has bet that the collective organization of farmers could promote their autonomy and their agroecological transition. The thesis sheds new light on this paradox by analysis of farmers' experiences organized in farm machinery cooperatives(CUMA). These develop practices that can be described as agroecological in order to increase their autonomy, particularly in relation to markets affected by more price volatility. In so doing, they reconfigure their local modes of cooperation, including the organization of their machinery cooperative. The results show that they manage to put at distance external resources and market operators, owing to an increased interdependency with their peers, which is accepted because it allows them to better control the conditions of activity. Nevertheless, they lack appropriate resources from other operators in the agriculture and food sector to limit the remaining dependencies. Similarly, not all farmers equally benefit from such in-depth cooperation, which requires appropriate conditions. This thesis dissertation specifies the needed conditions so that the pursuit of autonomy and the local modes of cooperation can favor agroecological transition processes of a wider diversity of farmers
Boumghar, Redouane. « Stratégies d'acquisition d'information pour la navigation autonome coopérative en environnement inconnu ». Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ESAE0017.
Texte intégralThe main difficulty of autonomous navigation of a mobile robot in a partially comes from the lack of information about the environment. One can not assure the calculated navigation path is as short and as safe as the path calculated if we had all the necessary information on the environment. Information is gathered along the moves of the mobile robot with a varying degree of certainty. This uncertainty come from the environment itself, the perception abilities and the localisation abilities of the robot. Only relevant information acquisitions can help a good execution of the navigation task.The proposed approach is realised in this context : it consists of a navigation strategy based on the determination of zones where information is necessary for the robot to rally its objective
Lombard, Alexandre. « Contribution à la régulation coopérative des espaces conflictuels entre véhicules autonomes ». Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCA020/document.
Texte intégralThe continuous increase in the number of vehicles has constantly led to innovation to improve the regulation of road traffic. Today, vehicle automation and inter-vehicular communication make possible a new approach: the autonomous and cooperative intersection (ACI) in which autonomous vehicles communicate to negotiate their right of way at the intersection. Theoretically more effective, safer and more economical than traditional approaches, its implementation and deployment constitute a scientific and technological challenge. In this paper, we propose several contributions supporting this development: a longitudinal and lateral vehicle control strategy designed to work with information discrete and suffering from latency (coming from wireless communication or satellite positioning), a preventive solution of the risks of deadlock specific to the ACI, and finally the implementation and testing of a real prototype of ACI with three autonomous vehicles. An exploratory work is then provided to generalize the principles of the ACI, in order to automate and optimize the operations of lane change and insertion
Gardère, Anne. « Coopération intercommunale et liberté communale ». Lyon 3, 2006. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2006_in_gardere_a.pdf.
Texte intégralFrench territorial administration is characterized by a very important number of villages, towns, cities. In order to forestall or to remedy the disadvantages résulting of more than 36 000 of them, french governement has chosen to promote not the merger (rejected by local authorities in the 70's) but the cooperation between these towns and cities. This goal has been reached thanks to special local institutions, named "communities", which have been enforced since 1999. They can be created freely by towns and cities themselves, but can also be imposed on them. They now get their own organization, taxes and almost specific missions, which were originally those of the traditional towns and cities. They are now very powerful and reduce traditional towns and cities autonomy. However, communities should also entail positive evolution for local administration and improve it, maybe by the removal of some of traditional villages or towns
Beauséjour, Diane. « La place du sujet dans l'organisation : autonomie et coopération : une étude de cas ». Paris 10, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA100132.
Texte intégralBriñon, Arranz Lara. « Commande coopérative d'une flottille de véhicules autonomes sous-marins avec contraints de communication ». Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00700986.
Texte intégralPerronnet, Florent. « Régulation coopérative des intersections : protocoles et politiques ». Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BELF0259/document.
Texte intégralThe objective of this work is to use the potential offered by the wireless communication and autonomous vehicles to improve traffic flow in an isolated intersection and in a network of intersections. We define a protocol, called CVAS (Cooperative Vehicle Actuator System) for managing an isolated intersection. CVAS distributes separately the right of way to each vehicle according to a specific order determined by a computed sequence.In order to optimize the sequence, we define a DCP (Distributed Clearing Policy) to improve the total evacuation time of the intersection. The control strategy is investigated through two modeling approaches. First graph theory is used for calculating the optimal solution according to the arrival times of all vehicles, and then a timed Petri Net model is used to propose a real-time control algorithm. Tests with real vehicles are realized to study the feasibility of CVAS. Simulations of realistic traffic flows are performed to assess our algorithm and to compare it versus conventional traffic lights.Managing a network of intersections raises the issue of gridlock. We propose CVAS-NI protocol (Cooperative Vehicle actuator system for Networks of Intersections), which is an extension of CVAS protocol. This protocol prevents the deadlock in the network through occupancy and reservation constraints. With a deadlock free network we extend the study to the traffic routing policy. Finally, we generalize the proposed control system for synchronizing the vehicle velocities at intersections
Tano, Félix. « Autonomie collective et intégration économique en Afrique Noire ». Rouen, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ROUEL018.
Texte intégralCollective self reliance and economic integration in Black Africa. A dynamic element of the new international economic order, collective self-reliance advocates economic cooperation between developing countries, so as to make sovereignty effective. Among black african countries, it may take the shape of an independent integration. Integration is achived through a multiplicity of institutions which, by distributing skills, maintain the sovereignty of the various states. The drawbacks arising from such a pluralistic organization lead gradually to establish a more integrated legal order ; the first signs consist in developing an institutional unification on regional scale and in adopting a continental plan setting the reference standards for all the other actors. Will this movement develop towards a greater supranationality? The strategy adopted searches for a balanced integration, through machinery which makes good the losses of receipts involved by commercial traffic liberalization, and at a fair distribution of industrialization plans as well. It should lead to a greater self-reliance in which the most important part is played by the machinery ensuring an "internal dynamics" protection, as well as an increase of the national participation in the capital of the companies involved in the process
Steff, Yann. « SMA et gestion coopérative de réseaux et systèmes : un cadre méthodologique pour une macro-organisation autonome ». Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30043.
Texte intégralAbualhoul, Mohammad. « Communications par lumière visible et radio pour la conduite coopérative autonome : application à la conduite en convois ». Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM084/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis effort contributes to the autonomous vehicular communication and urban mobility improvements. The work addresses the main radio-based V2V communication limitations and challenges for ITS hard-safety applications and intends to deploy the vehicular lighting system as a supportive communication solution for platooning of IVC-enabled autonomous vehicles. The ultimate objectives of this Ph.D research are to integrate the VLC system within the existing C-ITS architecture by developing a VLC prototype, together with sufficient, hand-over algorithms enabling VLC, RF, and perception-based solutions in order to ensure the maximum safety requirements and the continuous information exchange between vehicles. The feasibility and efficiency of the VLC-RF system implementation and hand-over algorithms were subjects to deep investigations over six self-contained chapters meant to facilitate a logical progression of materials and to enable a relatively easy access. In addition to the improvement in road capacity by utilizing the convoy-based autonomous driving systems. The carried out simulations followed-up by experimental results proved that the integration of VLC with the existed RF solutions lead to a definite benefit in the communication channel quality and safety requirements of a platooning system when a proper hand-over algorithm is utilized
Carlési, Nicolas. « Coopération entre véhicules sous-marins autonomes : une approche organisationnelle réactive multi-agent ». Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20092.
Texte intégralUnderwater marine applications are nowadays branching into various fields covering larger and deeper zones. Performing the required tasks with the aid of AUV flotillas is a real challenge. However, the advantages of using such a new technology are numerous. Firstly, this would highly reduce the cost of the mission thanks to the distribution of this former among the various AUV: the loss of one AUV or its bad functioning will not degrade the performance of the flotilla in general. Secondly, the use of a flotilla reduces the execution time of a mission given the parallelization of certain tasks. Finally, any mission can be accomplished by the flotilla by taking into consideration the specificity of each AUV. In fact, each of these vehicles holds different characteristics rendering the global architecture heterogeneous and therefore applicable in different contexts. However, the methods concerned with multi-AUV cooperation are hindered by two main limitations: (1) the number of communications induced and (2) the management of the heterogeneity in the flotilla.The proposed approach aims at responding to these challenges. The principal idea is to combine this reactive cooperational approach with an organizational one. The reactive cooperational approach allows the exchange of simple communication signals. However, it does not help in solving the problems of cooperation that are very constrained and that mainly concern the spatial coordination of homogeneous vehicles. The first contribution in this thesis is the extension of the satisfaction-altruism approach. A new reactive decisional mechanism capable of considering the cooperative actions of various natures is proposed. The second contribution consists in specifying the context of reactive interactions based on an organizational approach. The organizational model Agent/Group/Role is used in order to have an explicit representation of the flotilla. The concepts of "group" and especially "role" are used in the attribution of the communication signals allowing the accomplishment of heterogeneous interactions with a big modularity. A new concept is therefore born and is integrated in a new software architecture called REMORA intended to equip autonomous underwater vehicles. This proposed new method has been validated through various numerical simulations in different scenarios putting at stake heterogeneous AUV
Altché, Florent. « Prise de décision et planification de trajectoire pour les véhicules coopératifs et autonomes ». Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM061/document.
Texte intégralThe deployment of future self-driving vehicles is expected to have a major socioeconomic impact due to their promise to be both safer and more traffic-efficient than human-driven vehicles. In order to live up to these expectations, the ability of autonomous vehicles to plan safe trajectories and maneuver efficiently around obstacles will be paramount. However, motion planning among static or moving objects such as other vehicles is known to be a highly combinatorial problem, that remains challenging even for state-of-the-art algorithms. Indeed, the presence of obstacles creates exponentially many discrete maneuver choices, which are difficult even to characterize in the context of autonomous driving. This thesis explores a new approach to motion planning, based on using this notion of driving decisions as a guide to give structure to the planning problem, ultimately allowing easier resolution. This decision-based motion planning approach can find applications in cooperative driving, for instance to coordinate multiple vehicles through an unsignalized intersection, as well as in autonomous driving where a single vehicle plans its own trajectory. In the case of cooperative driving, decisions are known to correspond to the choice of a relative ordering for conflicting vehicles, which can be conveniently encoded as a graph. This thesis introduces a similar graph representation in the case of autonomous driving, where possible decisions -- such as overtaking the vehicle at a specific time -- are much more complex. Once a decision is made, planning the best possible trajectory corresponding to this decision is a much simpler problem, both in cooperative and autonomous driving. This decision-aware approach may lead to more robust and efficient motion planning, and opens exciting perspectives for combining classical mathematic programming algorithms with more modern machine learning techniques
Rochefort, Yohan. « Méthodes pour le guidage coopératif ». Phd thesis, Supélec, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00934428.
Texte intégralSoubra, Itani Hala. « Autonomisation, élargissement et coopération des Organisations intergouvernementales : le cas de l'UNESCO, de l'OMC et de l'OMPI ». Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENH029.
Texte intégralThe first concern of this research at its inception was to assess the role of Intergovernmental Organizations in global Governance. Are IGOs able to think globally or are they so tied to the most powerful states that they lack autonomy? The next step was to measure the degree of autonomy of these IGOs and their capacity to go beyond the most powerful states interests. We also aim as studying the process of their extension to new fields that are not necessarily mentioned in their initial mandate and that could even change the nature of the Organization. This extension dictated by their environment generates overlapping actions and cross-cheking procedures, which make the study of an eventual cooperation between them necessary. Our objective is therefore to study the relationship between IGO's autonomy (i.e., the process of their autonomisation), their extension and their cooperation. The greater is the autonomy of an IGO, the greater is its extension, and supposedly greater is its cooperation. For that purpose, our case study focuses on three Organizations that have the subject of culture in common: UNESCO, WTO and WIPO. Indeed, these three Organizations have different origins but are dealing with culture, since they extended their initial scope of interest. UNESCO dealt first with the physical heritage and then with the intangible heritage and eventually addressed the diversity of cultural expressions that can includes tradable goods and services. WTO, which was originally conceived as a Forum of negotiation for free trade, is now involved in Intellectual property of cultural goods through the TRIPS. WIPO, the technical Organization for Intellectual property now harbors a debate on Traditional knowledge, Genetic resources and Folklore. These subjects are obviously related to UNESCO's intangible heritage and cultural expressions, and to the concerns of the WTO since the products of Traditional knowledge and genetic resources are tradable goods. Thus, the intersection point between these three Organizations is culture. A subject that is apparently soft is actually hiding important economic issues. In particular, it divides the international community and is the source of serious tension in international fora. Cultural domination is threatening cultural diversity. The developing countries are becoming more and more unable to preserve their culture when confronted to open markets and to the technology development enhanced by globalization. Some developed countries such as Canada and France are also worried about the threatening of their culture by an American invasion of their territories through cinema and television productions. We conclude that the relationship between different IGOs in the field of cultural norms production looks more conflictual than cooperative even if, paradoxically, the same states are adopting the norms in most fora. Since the power game was different in each Organization, actors and values are different as well. Consequently, the autonomy targeted by IGOs is not always translated into a better inter states cooperation. It generates a multiplicity of norms. In some cases, they are even contradictory. Likewise, the hierarchy of IGOs is not permanent, but changing and reversible. The rank of an IGO depends on how it is pursuing its objectives and how it is reacting with its environment. The weakest or the most ideological Organizations have a function in the international architecture. They are positioning themselves between rich and poor countries, and try to establish some balance, not to be overwhelmed by big economic players. These Organizations can minimize, block or delay norms' implementation. Thus, it is the competition between the different actors that makes global governance acceptable. Therefore, good global governance remains an utopia
Rajaonah, Bako. « Rôle de la confiance de l'opérateur dans son interaction avec une machine autonome sur la coopération humain-machine ». Paris 8, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA082588.
Texte intégralArcile, Johan. « Conception, modélisation et vérification formelle d’un système temps-réel d’agents coopératifs : application aux véhicules autonomes communicants ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLE029.
Texte intégralThis thesis is motivated by the question of the validation of properties in a system composed of several mobile agents individually making decisions in real time.Each agent has a perception of their own environment and can communicate with other agents nearby.The application that has been chosen as a case study is that of autonomous vehicles, which because of the large number of variables involved in the representation of such systems, makes naive approaches impossible.The issues addressed concern, on the one hand, the modeling of such a system, in particular the choice of the formalism and the level of abstraction of the model, and on the other hand, the implementation of an evaluation protocol of decision making of vehicles.This last point includes the question of the efficiency of the exploration of the state space of the model.The thesis presents a set of works, which can be complementary, aiming to treat these problems.First, the system, consisting of autonomous vehicles and their environment, is precisely defined.It allows in particular to observe the impact of communications between vehicles on their behavior.The VerifCar software framework dedicated to decision-making analysis of communicating autonomous vehicles is then presented.It includes a parametric model of timed automata with the ability to check temporal logic properties.An analysis methodology using these properties is presented.A complementary approach is also proposed, which in some cases allows for greater efficiency and greater expressiveness.It is based on the formalism of MAPTs (Multi-Agent with Timed Periodic Tasks), which was designed for modeling real-time systems of cooperative agents.Algorithms allowing a dynamic exploration of the states of this type of model (that is to say without the state space having to be built beforehand) are presented.Finally, a combined method combining simulation and model verification tools to control the level of realism is described and applied to the case study
Rabefitseheno, Félicien Mandimbiarisoa. « Colonisation, décolonisation et succession d'Etats : le cas de Madagascar : contribution à l'étude de la suprématie du droit de la Puissance dominante ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D030.
Texte intégralThe international law developed by Europeans at the end of the nineteenth century gave them the opportunity to colonize vast territories in Africa. The general Act of the 1885 Conference of Berlin made it easier to take possession of Madagascar for France, thus shifting from a protectorate system to a colony by means of annexation, causing the collapse of the Madagascan kingdom. The domination lasted up to 1960, when all the French colonies in Africa and Madagascar gained their independence. Notwithstanding their freedom, these new states were compelled to remain tied to France through cooperation agreements that unwillingly resulted in a loss of their sovereignty. Be it for the purpose of colonization or decolonization, the dominant State imposed an international law at its convenience and brought about a succession of States. As regards the national law, France introduced its legislation, using a legislative special rule which permitted to promulgate in its colonies the existing Law in the Metropolis. While making changes, France partly kept the Madagascan traditional law, but dismantled existing courts, which were replaced by special courts. As a result, during the colonial period in Madagascar, there were a legislation and courts intended to Europeans along with a legislation and courts intended to the Malagasy, leading to a legislative and jurisdictional duality that, inevitably, entailed conflicts of laws and jurisdictions. The supremacy of French laws and courts was then imposed by colonial authorities. At each succession of states, domestic law was affected and thereby traditional law was abolished by the supremacy of French law and through acculturation
Prato, Victor. « Effets de la pratique cooperative sur le "locus of control" et l'estime de sol etude d'une population d'artisanes rurales au venezuela ». Toulouse 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU20083.
Texte intégralIn this study we examine the effects of cooperative practice on locus of control and self-steem. The study is based on a sample of 146 crafstwomen in venezuela : 79 women were members of a cooperative association and 67 were not. A correlation analysis shows signifiant differences in locus of control and self-steem between cooperative members and non-members. Members were found to be more internal and have higher self-steem than non-members
Joubert, Damien. « Conception pour le véhicule autonome et les applications ADAS sécuritaires d'un système vidéo ADAS coopératif à base de rétines CMOS ». Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC045.
Texte intégralThe perception by monocular vision is an issue not solved yet. While a competition exists between many companies and huge investments were raised, the expected level of performance to autonomous driving is still not reached. Even if some advanced driving assistance systems functionalities make the driver believe that he can be less focused, it is not the case in practice and the responsibility is still based on its shoulder. This work aims at building a robust front vision system combining two modalities, thanks to the use of an artificial CMOS retina, or an event-based sensor, whose pixels can detect and timestamp positive or negative relative changes of illuminance. The frequency of data acquisition depends on the kinetic of the scene which could vary a lot in automotive scenarios. The two modalities extracted from the sensor are on one side conventional image processing algorithms, and on the other side the detection of light signals emitted by targets, modulated with high frequencies and characterizing the state or the orientation of the object. This work firstly aims at measuring CMOS retinas parameters, in order to design a simulation model and also to determine how the parameters evolve when facing automotive constraints. This step is articulated around the design of a characterization setup and the implementation of a sensor modelusing the measurements realized on the characterization setup. This latter also enables to quantify the performances achieved by the algorithms which detect modulated light signals, to check that each detection corresponds to the good cooperative signal and enable to optimize the sensor’s response to the range of frequencies used. The detection is demonstrated on simulation experiments and on a prototype, with a scope of 150 meters using a frequency equal to 5 kHz. The algorithms proposed in this work allow to keep the asynchronous characteristic of the data stream. The limitations of the technology have been identified to realize signal’s detection, and an attention can be provided to the next generations of CMOS retinas. In parallel, a detection and classification method based on convolutional neural networks is implemented. It consists of the creation of artificial images by integrating events over time, and to apply a transfer learning technique with a network trained on conventional images, made possible using dedicated data augmentation strategies to avoid overlearning. This network is then used to initialized tracking functions to determine the time to collision. This step uses the asynchronous advantage of event-based data, byestimating the movement locally through the computation of the optical flow. The simulation model of the sensor allows to test some algorithms and to evaluate the performance as a function of sensor’s parameters like the latency or the background noise. A prototype is set on test tracks to demonstrate that event-based tracking is much more efficient than image-based tracking. Finally, some attempts are tested to fuse the two modalities, and illustrate that the positioning of the target emitting the cooperative signal is complicated to manage without using the content of the conventional image. However, the classification and the tracking of the objects is improved in some cases thanks to the cooperative signal, which removes the density of a scene to be more focused on targets. This work, between sensors and algorithms, demonstrate how a cooperative vision system can be inserted into the perception function of autonomous vehicles to guarantee an optimal level of performances
Cintas, Caroline. « Approche du paradoxe individualisation des rémunérations et coopération dans les ateliers : une étude de cas multi-sites chez Renault véhicules industriels ». Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON10081.
Texte intégralEl, Mawas Zaynab. « Localisation coopérative tolérante aux fautes : apport de l'apprentissage pour le diagnostic ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILB039.
Texte intégralAutonomous and connected mobility has become a major socio-economic challenge. However, the safety and security of autonomous vehicles are barriers to the deployment of this type of vehicle. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to contribute to the development of sensor fault diagnosis methods, and to implement inter-vehicle cooperation to improve the localization performance of these autonomous vehicles.Concerning the diagnostic aspect, we propose to couple both model- and data-based techniques to produce a sensor fault-tolerant cooperative localization solution. Given the stochastic nature of the measurements, we have chosen the informational formalism, which provides measures of dissimilarity between probability distributions called divergences. In this thesis, we use the Jensen-Shannon divergence to synthesize fault indicators, the residuals. Thresholding these residuals enables us to detect and isolate sensor faults. We have also studied the contribution of learning to diagnostic decision-making. Two models, one for detection and the other for isolation, were trained, using different machine learning tools (multi-layer perceptron, decision tree and logistic regression).Inter-vehicle cooperation has led to the implementation of a decentralized architecture for multi-sensor data fusion and diagnosis. This inter-vehicle cooperative aspect enables informational redundancy, contributing to improved performance in pose estimation and diagnosis. The data generated by this architecture has been used to implement a federated learning paradigm.The proposed methods were developed, tested and evaluated on a set of scenarios with real and injected sensor faults. These scenarios were created using a database of real data acquired with a robotic platform designed during the thesis. The PRETIL platform comprises three communicating and instrumented robots
Boutigny, Erwan. « Comprendre la compétence collective au sein des phénomènes de coopération dans l’organisation ». Caen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CAEN0636.
Texte intégralQuesnel, Flavien. « Vers une gestion coopérative des infrastructures virtualisées à large échelle : le cas de l'ordonnancement ». Phd thesis, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00821103.
Texte intégralBelaouane-Gherari, Rachida. « Aspects juridiques de la coopération économique Sud-Sud ». Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010267.
Texte intégralAsmane, Irène. « Coopération privilégiée entre le microenvironnement stromal et les variants autonomes du récepteur des androgènes dans le cancer de la prostate ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ032/document.
Texte intégralConstitutively active androgen receptor (AR) variants and stromal microenvironment are involved in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), but their relationship remains unknown. We describe the effects of interleukin-6 (IL6) secreted from prostate stromal fibroblast cells (PrSC) towards prostate epithelial cancer cells expressing constitutively active AR variants. Conditioned culture medium from PrSC (CMPrSC) contained high levels of IL-6 and led to an increased STAT3 transcriptional activity in LNCaP and C4-2b cells expressing the ARQ640X variant, through pY705-STAT3 activation. This STAT3 activity was significantly diminished with neutralizing antibody anti-IL6. Gene expression analysis using mRNA array and RT-qPCR highlighted a specific transcriptional profile related to ARQ640X expression and PrSC exposure, resulting in cellular motility, invasion and cellular migration, and IL-6 genes expression promoting metastatic dissemination. Overall, our data emphasize a “preferred” epithelio-stromal cooperation when expressing constitutive active RA variants, which contributes to tumor progression
Gateau, Thibault. « Supervision de mission pour une équipe de véhicules autonomes hétérogènes ». Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ESAE0038/document.
Texte intégralMany autonomous robots with specific control oriented architectures have already been developed worldwide.The advance of the work in this field has led researchers wonder for many years to what extent robots would be able to be integrated into a team consisting of autonomous and heterogeneous vehicles with complementary functionalities. However, robot cooperation in a real dynamic environment under unreliable communication conditions remains challenging, especially if these autonomous vehicles have different individual control architectures.In order to address this problem, we have designed a decision software architecture, distributed on each vehicle.This decision layer aims at managing execution and at increasing the fault tolerance of the global system. The mission plan is assumed to be hierarchically structured. ln case of failure detection, the plan repair is done as locally as possible, based on the hierarchical organization.This allows us to restrict message exchange only between the vehicles concerned by the repair process. Knowledge formalisation is also a part of the study permitting the improvement of interoperability between team members. It also provides relevant information all along mission execution, from initial planning computation to plan repair in this multirobot context. The feasibility of the system has been evaluated by simulations and real experiments thanks to the Action project (http://action.onera.fr/welcome/)
Spiewak, Jean-Mathias. « Contribution à la coordination de flottille de véhicules sous-marins autonomes ». Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00195079.
Texte intégralSert, Hugues. « De l'utilisation de l'algèbre différentielle pour la localisation et la navigation de robots mobiles autonomes ». Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00862870.
Texte intégralGuo, Chunshi. « Conception des principes de coopération conducteur-véhicule pour les systèmes de conduite automatisée ». Thesis, Valenciennes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017VALE0020/document.
Texte intégralGiven rapid advancement of automated driving (AD) technologies in recent years, major car makers promise the commercialization of AD vehicles within one decade from now. However, how the automation should interact with human drivers remains an open question. The objective of this thesis is to design, develop and evaluate interaction principles for AD systems that can cooperate with a human driver. Considering the complexity of such a human-machine system, this thesis begins with proposing two general cooperation principles and a hierarchical cooperative control architecture to lay a common basis for interaction and system design in the defined use cases. Since the proposed principles address a dynamic driving environment involving manually driven vehicles, the AD vehicle needs to understand it and to share its situational awareness with the driver for efficient cooperation. This thesis first proposes a representation formalism of the driving scene in the Frenet frame to facilitate the creation of the spatial awareness of the AD system. An adaptive vehicle longitudinal trajectory prediction method is also presented. Based on maneuver detection and jerk estimation, this method yields better prediction accuracy than the method based on constant acceleration assumption. As case studies, this thesis implements two cooperation principles for two use cases respectively. In the first use case of highway merging management, this thesis proposes a cooperative longitudinal control framework featuring an ad-hoc maneuver planning function and a model predictive control (MPC) based trajectory generation for transient maneuvers. This framework can automatically handle a merging vehicle, and at the mean time it offers the driver a possibility to change the intention of the system. In another use case concerning highway lane positioning and lane changing, a shared steering control problem is formulated in MPC framework. By adapting the weight on the stage cost and implementing dynamic constraints online, the MPC ensures seamless control transfer between the system and the driver while conveying potential hazards through haptic feedback. Both of the designed systems are evaluated through user tests on driving simulator. Finally, human factors issue and user’s perception on these new interaction paradigms are discussed
Soualmi, Boussaad. « Coopération Homme Machine pour la conduite automatisée : une approche par partage haptique du contrôle ». Thesis, Valenciennes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VALE0007/document.
Texte intégralThe work presented in the thesis is part of the research partnership project ANRABV 2009 which aims is to design an automated low-speed driving. It describes and analyzes the principles of shared control of a motor vehicle between a human driver and an electronic copilot (E-copilot). The objective is to establish effective human-machine cooperation between the driver and E-copilot. One issue is particular to allow the driver to interact with the E-copilot continuously in order to perform maneuvers he wants without requiring deactivation neither constrained by E-copilot. This issue addresses the need for consideration of driver actions taken to remedy those of E-copilot for example avoiding undetected obstacle by the system while ensuring operator comfort and the driver situation awareness. The driver and E-co-pilot acting simultaneously on the steering system, everyone must be aware of the actions of the other: twoway communication is essential. To achieve this goal, we used the haptic interactions through the steering system of the vehicle. The torque applied by the driver on the steering wheel is used by the E-copilot to take into account these actions as the torque produced by the E-copilot is felt by the driver and used to understand the system’s behavior. Other key issues for the Human-Machine Cooperation were also discussed: the study of changes in modes of operation of the system and HMI via which the driver interact with the system
Sert, Hugues. « De l’utilisation de l’algèbre différentielle pour la localisation et la navigation de robots mobiles autonomes ». Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ECLI0002/document.
Texte intégralThis work investigates the contribution of differential algebra to two main issues of wheel mobile robotics, localization and navigation. The first issue is to be able to tell where the robot is in its environment. We assume that we have a number of landmarks in space whose coordinates are known in this area. Depending on the number of landmarks, it is possible or not to localize the robot. This notion of localizability is defined and studied in the algebraic framework. We show that this framework is more interesting than the geometric framework in the sense that it not only allows the study of localizability, but it also allows us to construct estimators states to reconstruct the posture of the robot. This study was conducted in five cases study for four of the five classes of wheeled mobile robots. The second problem studied is that of a robot decentralized swarm navigation in a complex environment. This work presents an architecture that can be used in a wide class of problems and enjoying the benefits of discrete approaches and continuous approaches. Indeed, high-level block strategy specifies the goal, constraints and parameters as well as the cost function, a low-level block is used to compute a trajectory that minimize the cost function in accordance with the objective and the problem constraints. This minimization is done on a sliding window so it is possible to take changes in the environment or mission during navigation into account
Machrafi, Saïd. « Apport du texte fictif dans l’apprentissage du français au cycle qualifiant marocain : représentations et pratiques des usagers : lecture différentielle et atelier de lecture-écriture ». Thesis, Le Mans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LEMA3009.
Texte intégralThe reform of the Moroccan educational system initiating the thirdmillennium is clearly distinguished from the previous ones. One of themost peculiar aspects of this new reform appears mainly in theintroduction of literature in FFL classes, where certain inevitable teachingissues are then to be considered. The first one to take into account lies inthe belief that although French is certainly a privileged and functionallyessential language, its use for the learners in high school is very limitedboth in time and space. The teaching of fictional texts or more specificallythe novel in high schools suggests that fiction can best suit the unreal anddramatized setting of the classroom where participants, instead ofpretending to create each time a pseudo-real situation can getstraightforward into a situation of a fictional communication which hasalready been created by and within literary texts (LT). The second issuelies in the fact that a concordance is needed between the learner’s abilitiesand the specificities of the novel. The requirements of the novel canbasically exceed the abilities of the learner who persists to stick to thebasic rules of the language and they can be real barriers in the learningprocess. However, a novel can be a motivating tool for learning alanguage because it has a lot of advantages. In fact, the fictional text (FT)establishes its own communication giving the learner, with a kind oftransfer, the ability to change over from literary communication tolinguistic communication. On the other hand, reading and writing are freeand individual activities which the learner could extend in cooperationwith other learners and with the practice of the differential approachthat seems to suit the literary text. However, it all depends on theformal conception and also on the representations of the educational(pedagogical) actors while dealing with novels in the classroom; thatis to say the vision of the decision- makers and the attitudes of theparticipants shape the practice of a literary text effectively andparticularize its teaching in the case of Morocco. Also, the other urgingissue is related to the objectives of both learning and assessing,which are assigned to the novel as a means or as an end in itself inthe classroom. In brief, since it is designed for reading and is naturallyopen, the literary text, beyond its instrumentalisation and despitethe difficulties it presupposes, guarantees the free and creative workof the learner and the assertion of his personality and autonomy. Thenovel provides a fictitious space of transfers where reading and writinginteractively contribute to language proficiency among learnersworking together and relying on authentic questioning
Noureau, Aurélie. « L'Union européenne et les collectivités locales ». Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00590966.
Texte intégralBechon, Patrick. « Planification multirobot pour des missions de surveillance avec contraintes de communication ». Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ESAE0010/document.
Texte intégralThe goal of this work is to enable a team of heterogeneous autonomous robotsto perform a complex mission in a real environment with communication constraints. Thisapproach was therefore to create and validate a distributed embedded architecture ableto plan, to monitor the execution of a plan and to repair a plan when an unexpectedevent occurs. This document shows the conception of an hybrid planning algorithm, namedHiPOP, used to compute initial plans before the beginning of the mission and to repair theplan during the mission when something unexpected happens. It also shows the conceptionof a monitoring algorithm, named METAL, used to monitor the execution of the planon each robot and, when needed, which calls HiPOP to repair the plan. Both algorithmswere implemented and used to carry out surveillance missions up to 12 robots, both insimulation and in a real life scenario
Kancir, Pierre. « Méthodologie de conception de système multi-robots : de la simulation à la démonstration ». Thesis, Lorient, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORIS519/document.
Texte intégralMulti-robot System Design Methodology : from Simulation to Demonstration Multi-robot systems are complex but promising systems in many fields, the number of academic works in this field underlines the importance they will have in the future. However, while these promises are real, they have not yet been realized, as evidenced by the small number of multi-robot systems used in the industry. However, solutions exist to enable industrialists and academics to work together on this issue. We propose a state of the art and challenges associated with the design of multi-robot systems from an academic and industrial point of view. We then present three contributions for the design of these systems: a realization of a heterogeneous swarm as a practical case study in order to highlight the design obstacles. The modification of an autopilot and a simulator to make them compatible with the development of multi-robot systems. Demonstration of an evaluation tool based on the two previous contributions. Finally, we conclude on the scope of this work and future perspectives based on open source
Fiorino, Humbert. « Élaboration de conjectures par des agents coopérants ». Toulouse, ENSAE, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ESAE0023.
Texte intégralNoureau, Aurélie. « L’Union européenne et les collectivités locales ». Thesis, La Rochelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LAROD023/document.
Texte intégralFor a long time, the European Union has not known about the local and regional authorities.However, local and regional level is a real asset to the Union. They become some almost subject of the European Union.Indeed, local and regional authorities currently have significant powers in key sectors such as education, environment, economic development, land use planning, public services and social policies. They implement the European legislation. Therefore, they also help ensure the exercise of European democracy and citizenship.Despite some significant advances in terms of recognizing their role in the European process, their actions are controlled by their national’s institutional architecture. And as the Union respects the constitutional autonomy of the Member States, which order their relations with regional and local authorities in different ways, it is really complicated to organize relations between European level and local and regional level.In spite of these impediments, the local authorities succeed in establishing strategies in order to be closely involved in shaping and implementing European strategies.Finally, the local authorities also take part into the construction of a European territory.Indeed, the diversity of the local and regional situations shows that it could be a chance. European policies have to be set up to the disparities and the local level is involved into the European decision making process.By another way, the recognition of the key role played by local and regional authorities in the European Union is developing a multilevel vision in the relations between the European actors. If the member States stay the institutional speaker of the European process, their local authorities succeed in integrating the European level. The multi level governance (MLG) has attracted the European Union. The MLG should coordinate action by the European level, the member states and local and regional authorities.This thesis shows the complicated relations between the European Union and the local authorities. Territorial perspectives and new objectives and tools should drive the European Union towards a better democratic integration
Septanaya, I. Dewa Made Frendika. « L’évolution de l’offre de logements bon marché dans les régions métropolitaines de Java (Jakarta et Surabaya) ». Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL045.
Texte intégralHousing is one of the basic needs, like food and clothing. However, the metropolitan areas of Jakarta (Jabodetabek) and Surabaya (Gerbangkertosusila) are dealing with a huge housing shortage. In 2015, the number of housing needs has reached 1, 02 million in the "Greater Jakarta" and 46.058 in the "Greater Surabaya". Due to this issue, the study firstly describes the imbalance between supply and demand of low-cost housing in these two metropolitan areas, and then the attempts of the various actors involved (public and private) to solve this problem since the nation’s independence era until the presents days (“Old Order”, “New Order”, and the “Reform/ Democratic decentralisation”). Secondly, this study explores different factors that interfere the supply of affordable housing during the era of "democratic decentralisation”. Finally, this study examines several multi-actors cooperation strategies that were adopted lately to reduce the housing shortage. These strategies seem promising because each actor are capable of sharing their roles so that the implementation of low-cost housing development projects can become more feasible, especially if they will be implemented in the large urban areas
Eneau, Jérôme. « Vers une modèle d'organisation autoformatrice. Apports du concept de réciprocité à une perspective d'autonomisation en formation ». Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00588883.
Texte intégralGres, Stéphane. « Contribution à l'épistémologie de la conception sûre pour l'exploration spatiale habitée. Applications aux missions à longue distance et de longue durée à mener en autonomie dans un environnement à demi connu : le cas Mars ». Compiègne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008COMP1758.
Texte intégralThe thesis is a contribution to safety design in technology applied to Human space exploration involving international cooperation. Co-ordinating security and safety by means of centralized control could become very hazardous in the case of an autonomous complex technological system such as a long duration Mars mission. The work in this thesis is situated in a multidisciplinary context : Human sciences coupled with engineering sciences and identifies the problems posed by the design of an autonomous space system which is interacting with an unknown environment and which is coupled with the on-board team of astronauts. The methodology generates a process of continuous questioning that increases consciousness of dangers and risks. This creates a dynamical learning process of robust safety. The epistemology of safety design makes it possible to transform the design process away from a system-centred design towards a cooperative design that motivates all the authors of the project
Legendre, Clémentine. « La coordination du mouvement sportif international et des ordres juridiques étatiques et supra-étatiques ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D026.
Texte intégralThe International Sports Movement works, in many ways, as a State. It issues standards designed to regulate world sport, monitors their implementation and settles disputes among its members. As State and Supra-State legal systems also intervene in sport matters, the issue of their coordination naturally arises. The current coordination, carried out by State legal system is unsatisfactory. When it asks for the International Sports Movement to meet its requirements, this claim is often ineffective. When it acknowledges the autonomy of such system by means of arbitration this autonomy is unlimited. The coordination carried out by Supra-State legal systems seems like a solution to these problems. Regional legal systems are indeed efficient in order to have The International Sports Movement meet their requirements. Contrary to States, they recognize the power the system has over its members. On this model, State legal system could improve its coordination with the Sport system in recognizing the legitimacy of the power exercised by the latter. States community and the International Sports Movement also cooperate on matters such as doping. This cooperation is satisfactory. It could be extended to other sectors as well as to the organisation of World sport. States could also delegate certain prerogatives to the sport system. Therefore, solutions exist in order to ensure a smooth coordination between States, Supra-state legal systems and the International Sports Movement
Liu, Bing. « Contrôle et optimisation des systèmes de transport intelligents dans le voisinage des intersections ». Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ECLI0008/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis is devoted to study the potential applications of autonomous vehicles and V2X communications to construct the intelligent transportation systems. Firstly, the behavior of platoon in connected vehicle environment is studied. A platoon control algorithm is designed to obtain safe spacing as well as accordance of velocity and acceleration for vehicles in the same lane. Secondly, in larger scale, the platoons around an intersection are considered. The throughput in a traffic signal period can be improved by taking advantage of the redundant road capacity. Within diverse constraints, vehicles can choose to accelerate to join in the preceding platoon or to decelerate to depart from the current one. Thirdly, an unsignalized intersection in VANET is considered. In light traffic conditions, vehicles can regulate their velocities before arriving at the intersection according to the conflict zone occupancy time (CZOT) stored at the manager, so that they could get through the intersection without collision or stop. The delay can be reduced accordingly. Finally, an universal autonomous intersection management algorithm, which can work even with heavy traffic, is developed. The vehicle searches for safe entering windows in the CZOT. Then based on the found windows and the motion of preceding vehicle, the trajectories of vehicles can be planned using a segmented dynamic programming method. All the designed algorithms are successfully tested and verified by simulations in various scenarios