Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Automobile industry and trade – France – History »

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how the National Socialist regime participated in popular commercial events such as trade fairs to posture their propaganda. I demonstrate how the inter-trade organization and one particular company – Daimler-Benz AG – tailored their advertising to the communication strategies used by the Nazi regime. Design/methodology/approach – This case study is based on the archival records of Daimler AG. The way in which the 50th anniversary of the automobile was staged at the Berlin Motor Shows of 1935 and 1936 is understood as part of the communication strategies of the German automotive industry, as well as of the Nazi regime. Findings – This paper shows how intimately connected the 50th anniversary of the automobile was to the themes of racing and motorization. The automobile as a German invention had the potential to reconcile the motorization of the German people – a sign of modernity – with the blood and soil ideology of the Nazis. The Berlin Auto Show became an important platform for this project. The paper also shows how Daimler-Benz’s approach should be read differently. Originality/value – The article sheds new light on the interaction between and inter-dependence of one particular company’s – Daimler-Benz AG’s – communication strategies and those of the Nazi regime. Furthermore, the 50th anniversary of the automobile, celebrated at the auto show in Berlin, provides a good opportunity to add exhibitions to of advertising history of the 1930 Germany.

The following article combines an analysis of production techniques in the French automobile industry between the wars and a rich supply of photographs that visually document the course of innovation in the industry. The text and illustrations show that, though production managers at Citroën, Peugeot, and Renault were aware of the methods of Henry Ford and Frederick W. Taylor, they adapted them to specific situations within the French industry and within their own companies. By looking specifically at the work of Ernest Mattern, who held production responsibilities at both Peugeot and Citroën and observed Renault as well, the essay traces the incremental changes in the organization of automobile manufacturing in France before the Second World War.

The Cobden-Chevalier treaty of 1860 eliminated French import prohibitions and lowered tariffs between France and Great Britain. The policy change was largely unexpected and unusually free from direct lobbying. A series of commercial treaties with other nations followed. Post-1860, we find a significant rise in French intra-industry trade. Sectors that liberalized more experienced higher two-way trade. Our findings are consistent with the idea that trade liberalization led to “smooth adjustment” that avoided costly inter-sectoral re-allocations of factors.

Exploring issues of the family wage, this paper examines labour markets, family employment patterns and political conflict in France. Up to now, the debate over the family wage has centred mainly on analysing British trade unions and the development of an ideal of domesticity among the British working classes, more or less taking for granted the declining women's labour force participation rate and the configuration of state/trade union relations prevailing in Great Britain. Shifting the debate across the Channel, scholars such as Laura Frader and Susan Pedersen have suggested that different attitudes to the family wage prevailed. In France, demands for the exclusion of women from industry were extremely rare because women's participation in industry was taken for granted. But a gendered division of labour and ideals of domesticity remained and made themselves felt in both workforce and labour movement.

The Saar region did not immediately become part of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, but was gradually given the status of a semi-protectorate of France from 1947 onwards. The region's high-quality coal and the iron and steel industries were supposed both to help the reconstruction of France and to weaken German industry by being withdrawn of its control. The region was economically and politically closely tied to France; freedom of opinion and of the press for those who advocated annexation to the FRG were restricted. This happened at the same time when Franco- German reconciliation and the beginning of European integration were seen as a sign of a settlement between Germany and France. The Saar issue thus became a regional problem for European integration. In the absence of political opposition, the trade unions of the Saarland became the voice of the critical population and became victims of state persecution. The article highlights the role of the Saarland, German and international trade unions, which therefore proved to be important mediators in the conflict over the future of the Saar region.

A glance back through history shows the leading role played by the State in working time developments in France. The flip side, namely the weakness of the two sides of industry, turned out in the 1980s and 1990s to be the obstacle to further working time reductions based on "reduction in return for flexibility" trade-offs. This accounts for the virtual standstill in working time developments since the beginning of the eighties. Accordingly, when it comes to the practical effects of the statutory introduction of the 35-hour week, the policies of both the employers and the trade unions will be of vital significance.

In 1906, a writer declared that it remained an “unsolved problem whether the automobile is to prove a fad like the bicycle, or a lasting factor in the industry of the country.” A few years later, concerned with the possibility of overproduction and market saturation, auto executives and other commentators were writing articles for the advertising trade press with titles like “Why Auto Production Must Be Curtailed” and “The Fading of the Automobile Rainbow.” Considering that by the early twenty-first century, the United States had a population of nearly 300 million people and an average of 2.1 registered motor vehicles per household, it is difficult to appreciate how uncertain the industry’s status seemed in its early years. Yet although contemporary observers may not have known it, in many ways by the end of 1908 the foundation stoneswere already in place for a hundred years of automotive economic and cultural preeminence in the United States. Two events from that year are well known as harbingers of the industry’s future. In September, General Motors was established, and in October, Ford introduced its Model T to the nation's auto dealers. In time, these developments had a profound impact on American automobile manufacture and management.

Abstract Autonomous vehicles (AV), a new innovative product of the automobile industry designed on the basis of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, thereby capable of operating without direct human control, are believed to be the future of transportation. Hence, as with most great technology, the development of AVs would eventually be limited if regulatory changes are not implemented on time. ASEAN, one of the world’s leading emerging automobile markets, has accepted the arrival of AVs and allowed the automobile producers to introduce autonomous and semi-autonomous cars for the customers. However, most ASEAN countries, with the exception of Singapore, have yet to enact regulations governing AVs. They are facing a number of challenges in determining the legal status of AVs, thereby creating certain restrictions for establishing the platform for production, sales and uses of this AI-driven product. This article will analyse the legal framework on AVs of four ASEAN countries—Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. It then attempts to assess the regulatory approaches toward the development of a legal framework for AVs in Germany, France, and the Netherlands, to suggest some effective solutions for ASEAN.

During the motorisation boom in the Netherlands in the 1920s, Dutch wagonmakers started making bodies for motorised utility vehicles. Prior to this, luxury carriage builders already had made the transition to production of automobiles or the bodies for these new vehicles. For wagonmakers, the decline in demand for their traditional business and farm wagon and carts began after World War I. However, the automobile industry created many opportunities for them as well. Archival information shows that the Dutch trade associations and government agency Rijksnijverheidsdienst, played a key role in the innovation and retraining process by building a network, stimulating wagonmakers to modernise and retrain, and by transferring and developing knowledge.

This article describes methods of development of technical diagnostic systems for internal combustion engines. The automotive industry plays a leading role in the economy of any state. The history of the development of the global automotive industry is closely linked with the development of many branches of engineering. So, by the beginning of the 20th century, the automobile industry began to consume half of the steel and iron produced, three-quarters of rubber and leather, a third part of nickel and aluminum, and a seventh part of wood and copper. Autobuilding came in first place in terms of production among other branches of engineering, began to have a serious impact on the economic life of states. By the beginning of World War I, the car park on the globe was about 2 million. Of these, 1.3 million were in the USA, 245 thousand in England, 100 thousand in France, 57 thousand in Austria-Hungary, 12 thousand—to Italy, 10 thousand—to the Russia.

Defence date: 21 December 2007
Examining board: Prof. Luciano Segreto, Università degli Studi di Firenze ; Prof. Patrick Fridenson, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris ; Prof. Giovanni Federico, EUI Department of History and Civilization (HEC) ; Prof. Bo Stråth (supervisor) EUI HEC/Robert Schuman Centre
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses

This research and documentation project of surviving Indianapolis automobile factories examines the importance of Indianapolis, Indiana, as a center of automobile manufacturing in its early days. Automobile factories appeared in the city as early as 1895, and were often an outgrowth of bicycle or carriage-building companies. This followed a national trend. As the industry grew, Indianapolis firms continued to produce low-volume, high-quality cars instead of the more popular, low-cost cars being produced by Ford and other Michigan-based manufacturers. The recession of 1921 and the Great Depression of 1929 decimated the market for expensive cars and by 1937 all Indianapolis-based firms were out of the automobile business. A number of their production facilities remain and are employed in a variety of uses. This project documents these buildings and recommends a range of adaptive re-uses based on successful conversions.
Department of Architecture

The purpose of the study was to provide a complete historical account of the events which led to the rise and fall of the Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company of South Bend, Indiana. The study also evaluated the impact upon the ethnic development of South Bend from the years 1856 to 1966.The applicability of the Kuhnian paradigmatic process of culture change to the South Bend-Studebaker interaction sphere was considered as well.Ninety-seven employees of the company were selected and interviewed in regard to their knowledge of the company and its impact upon the city. Primary and secondary archival materials were utilized to supplement worker interviews.FINDINGS1. The Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company and the Studebaker Corporation acted as primary agents of ethnic development in the South Bend community.2.The interviewing process provided new data which supplemented and substantiated previous accounts.3. The Studebaker Company's success was founded upon intensive employer-employee involvement in the production process.4. The Studebaker Company's failure was brought about by the breakdown of the employer-employee relationship.CONCLUSIONS1. The study proved the significant impact of the Studebaker Company upon the American transportation industry.2. The Studebaker Company exerted a major influence upon the ethnic and cultural development of the city of South Bend.3. The "paradigmatic process of social change" model as postulated by Thomas Kuhn was appropriate to the Studebaker-South Bend situation.4. An ethnohistorical reconstruction technique proved successful in recounting the impact of the Studebaker Company.

The New Deal legislation of the 1930s would threaten Dallas' peaceful industrial appearance. In fact, New Deal programs and legislation did have an effect on the city, albeit an unbalanced mixture of positive and negative outcomes characterized by frustrated workers and industrial intimidation. To summarize, the New Deal did not bring a revolution, but it did continue an evolutionary change for reform. This dissertation investigated several issues pertaining to the development of the textile industry, cement industry, and the Ford automobile factory in Dallas and its labor history before, during, and after the New Deal. New Deal legislation not only created an avenue for industrial workers to achieve better representation but also improved their working conditions. Specifically focusing on the textile, cement, and automobile industries illustrates that the development of union representation is a spectrum, with one end being the passive but successful cement industry experience and the other end being the automobile industry union efforts, which were characterized by violence and intimidation. These case studies illustrate the changing relationship between Dallas labor and the federal government as well as their local management. Challenges to the open shop movement in Dallas occurred before the creation of the New Deal, but it was New Deal legislation that encouraged union developers to recruit workers actively in Dallas. Workers' demands, New Deal industrial regulations, and union activism created a more urban, modern Dallas that would be solidified through the industrial demands for World War II.

Après les longues années de guerres louis-quatorziennes, le retour de la paix en Europe et sur les mers marque le début d’une nouvelle période dans l’histoire de la Normandie. En l’espace de quelques années, les ports renouent avec la croissance suite à la mise en valeur des colonies et à la reprise des activités commerciales. L’arrivée massive des produits coloniaux et en particulier du « roi coton » entraine de nombreux changements dans les centres urbains et les campagnes où la filature connait une progression fulgurante. Le développement de l’économie atlantique et son importance pour l’économie de la Normandie n’est cependant pas sans conséquence. Même si elle apporte une certaine aisance et permet à de nombreux habitants des campagnes d’assurer leur subsistance quotidienne, elle a dans le même temps scellé le sort d’une partie de la population à l’activité commerciale et aux vicissitudes de l’industrie textile alors en plein essor. À partir d’une analyse quantitative et spatiale, l’objectif de cette thèse, en s’intéressant aux crises et aux émeutes de subsistances, est d’étudier les conséquences de l’intégration de la Normandie à l’économie atlantique. Au-delà d’un réexamen des crises qui éclatent entre la paix d’Utrecht et la guerre d’Indépendance américaine, cette recherche s’articule autour de deux périodes emblématiques marquées par d’importantes transformations. La première est celle engendrée par la signature en 1786 du traité de commerce dit d’Eden-Rayneval entre la France et l’Angleterre qui met un terme à la politique mercantiliste en vigueur depuis 1713. La seconde est celle de la crise provoquée par la révolution française, la révolte des esclaves de Saint-Domingue en 1791, et le retour de la guerre sur les mers en 1793
After the long years of the Louis XIV’s wars, the return of peace in Europe and on the seas represented the beginning of a new era in the history of Normandy. Within a few years, ports were back on the road to growth thanks to thedevelopment of the colonies and the resumption of commercial activities. The massive arrival of colonial products and in particular of the "cotton king", brought about many changes in urban centres and countryside where spinning was booming. The development of the Atlantic economy and its importance for the Norman economy was, however,not without consequences. Even if it brought a certain ease and enabled many rural inhabitants to ensure their daily subsistence, it sealed at the same time the fate of a part of the population to the commercial activities and the vicissitudes of the textile industry, which was rapidly expanding. This dissertation relies on a quantitative and spatial analysis, with a focus on crises and subsistence riots, to study the consequences of the integration of Normandy in the Atlantic economy. Beyond a re-examination of the crisis that erupted between the Peace of Utrecht and the American War of Independence, this research focuses on two emblematic periods marked by major transformations. The signature in 1786 of the so-called Eden-Rayneval trade treaty between France and England, which put an end to the mercantilist policy in force since 1713, marked the beginning of the first period. The second is that of the crisis caused by the French Revolution, the revolt of the slaves in Saint-Domingue in 1791, and the return of the war on the seas in 1793

La presente tesis doctoral quiere contribuir al conocimiento del proceso de desarrollo de la industria automovilística en España mediante la elaboración de una historia económica y empresarial de FASA (FASA-Renault), desde su constitución, en 1951, hasta 1985, momento en que tanto la empresa como el sector en su conjunto se encuentran ya en su madurez. El estudio de FASA es pertinente y relevante, ya que estuvo presente desde los inicios del despegue del sector y representó un 24% de la producción acumulada durante el período. La mayor novedad de la investigación es la explotación de unas fuentes directas de información hasta el presente no exploradas –Actas del Consejo de Administración y las Actas de la Junta General de Accionistas– o infrautilizadas –Memorias de Actividad. Los principales trabajos que han analizado el proceso de desarrollo de la industria automovilística en España son los de Jordi Catalan y José Luis García Ruiz. Jordi Catalan sostiene que entre los factores explicativos del despegue sobresale la aplicación de políticas estratégica. Por su parte García Ruiz resta importancia al posible efecto de las políticas aplicadas. El primer objetivo del trabajo es aportar evidencia empírica que refuerce la hipótesis sobre el papel propulsor de las políticas industriales estratégicas de corte proteccionista en los procesos de industrialización de los países en fase de actualización en la línea trazada por las investigaciones de Ha-Joon Chang. Sin embargo, aunque las políticas aplicadas pueden explicar parte del desarrollo de una industria, no justifican el éxito de una empresa en concreto. Por ello, el segundo objetivo del trabajo es establecer los factores determinantes del proceso de crecimiento de FASA. La hipótesis examinada es que el éxito de FASA provino de la materialización de la triple inversión descrita por Chandler y que ello fue posible por la transferencia de recursos y capacidades por parte de Renault. La tesis doctoral consta de una introducción, a modo de capítulo inicial, más otros cuatro capítulos en los que se ofrece una historia económica y empresarial de FASA que sigue un orden cronológico y adopta una perspectiva evolutiva. En el primer capítulo se expone el proceso de constitución de la empresa y se analizan los años en que se ensambló el Renault 4CV. En el siguiente capítulo, que transcurre entre 1958 y 1965, se estudia la transformación de FASA de simple planta ensambladora a auténtica fabricante de automóviles de turismo. En el tercer capítulo, que abarca de 1965 a 1974, se analiza el proceso de transformación de FASA-Renault en una gran empresa mediante la realización de la triple inversión. Finalmente, en el último capítulo se analiza la trayectoria de FASA-Renault durante la crisis de la estanflación. En primer lugar, el trabajo ha aportado nueva evidencia empírica que refuerza la hipótesis de Chang conforme la mayor parte de economías en proceso de actualización han empleado políticas activas para la promoción del desarrollo económico. La evidencia aportada en los dos primeros capítulos muestra como fue la política industrial consistente en reservar el mercado del automóvil a los fabricantes instalados, la condición necesaria que forzó a Renault a ceder las licencias de producción. Es importante resaltar que para Renault su óptimo era vender directamente en España la producción realizada en Francia, mientras que su second best era montar en Valladolid los conjuntos completos fabricados en Billancourt. Además, fue la obligatoriedad de incorporar unos amplios porcentajes de producción doméstica la que obligó a Renault a ceder la producción de componentes estratégicos como el motor. La evidencia aportada en los capítulos tercero y cuarto valida la hipótesis conforme el éxito de FASA-Renault se sostuvo en la materialización de la triple inversión –en producción, comercialización y managment– que Chandler relaciona directamente con el auge de la gran empresa industrial moderna. Asimismo, los datos analizados señalan que fue la transferencia de recursos financieros, humanos y técnicos por parte de la régie Renault la que posibilitó que la compañía castellana alcanzara las capacidades competitivas necesarias, situándose en el mismo nivel de desarrollo que las factorías francesas. Merced a ello FASA-Renault se convirtió en el principal centro de producción de automóviles Renault fuera de Francia.
The aim of the Ph.D. dissertation is to contribute to improve our knowledge of the development process in the automotive industry in Spain. This research undertakes an economic history of the firm “FASA-Renault” between its foundation in 1951 and 1985 when the Spanish economy was about to join the EEC. In the analysis of the firm through the thesis, a chronological structure and an evolutionary perspective is adopted. The study of FASA is relevant: throughout the period examined, the firm produced on average up to a 24% of the total volume of cars manufactured in Spain. The objective is twofold. First, in chapters 1 and 2 empirical evidence of the role of strategic policy on the industrialization of developing countries is provided. The results go in line with the hypothesis drawn by Chang (1994, 2002). Market protection was the necessary condition that forced Renault to transfer its technology and its production licenses to FASA. More importantly, the optimum for Renault was to sell in Spain the cars that were produced in France, while its second best was to assemble in Spain the complete sets manufactured in the France. Second, in chapters 3 and 4 the key factors for FASA-Renault’s success are established. Following Chandler (1990), it is possible to argue that the accomplishments of the firm came from the realization of the triple investment in production, commercialization and management. As a result, FASA became the main Renault production center outside France.

This chapter looks at the connections between natural history and the mechanical arts in the work of René Réaumur, a prominent member of the Académie des Sciences. It argues that his understanding of natural materials created connections among the natural world, the mechanical arts, and the world of industry and trade. For Réaumur, the history of the arts was strategic to the economic advancement of France because it would stimulate artisans to improve their techniques and promote technical literacy among entrepreneurs who owned manufactures. He conceived of the encyclopedia of the arts as an instrument that would enable the learned public to understand the true value of labor and to appreciate the actual cost of useful items.