Articles de revues : « Austria – Civilization – 17th century »

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Kuznetsov, V. I. « The German and Austrian Historiography on Russia's Participation in the Holy League War ». MGIMO Review of International Relations 14, n^o 6 (29 décembre 2021) : 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2021-6-81-127-139.

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German and Austrian historiography of the Holy League war is an essential source because German and Austrian historians have analyzed Russia's participation in this war since the 18th century. The discussion revolves around three main questions: about the moment of Russia's accession to the Holy League de jure and de facto; about the qualification of the Holy League as an international anti-Turkish and anti-Crimean alliance; finally, about the peculiarities of social and technological cooperation between the Venetian Republic, the Holy Roman Empire, and Russia. The German and Austrian historiography on Russia's role in the war with the Ottomans began to form at the end of the 17th century when Austrian diplomats started issuing pamphlets spreading the pan-European Christian idea. Leopold I acted in accordance with this idea as the defender of the European order on the Rhine and the defender of the entire Christian civilization from the Islamic Empire and its vassal of the Crimean Khanate. Russia was trying to secure its national interests in dealings with the European partners, which did not fit well with the relations between Vienna and Constantinople, Venice, and Constantinople, as well as the plans of Jan III Sobieski to compensate for the loss of Ukraine at the expense of the Danube lands. The assessments of German and Austrian historiography make sense if we regard Russia as a part of the European Christian civilization, sharing common cultural values and geopolitical challenges.

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JUŽNIČ, Stanislav Jože. « Central-European Jesuit Scientists in China, and Their Impact on Chinese Science ». Asian Studies 3, n^o 2 (30 décembre 2015) : 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2015.3.2.89-118.

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This article describes nine Central European Jesuits from the Austrian province who embarked for China in the 17th and 18th centuries. Their European educational networks provide useful insights into the abilities of the absburg Monarchy to meet Chinese Imperial demands. The focus is on feedback of their adopted Chinese network back to their own homes. The Europeans and Chinese-based Jesuits exchanged instruments, books, artifacts, and letters. The exception was Johannes Grueber, who personally traveled back to Europe accompanied by Diestel from Carniola, and helped Athanasius Kircher to produce the appealing legend of Jesuit astronomical heroes in Beijing.The Jesuits acted as intermediate in the exchange of know-how between Europe and China. In modern Chinese eyes they were also somewhat viewed as spies, who helped European military and economic victories in the mid-19th century. Modern China is now as strong as it was in the times of Old Jesuit Society, therefore the Europocentric history of science must be rewritten from the standpoint of today’s winning Chinese economy. What kind of science will Western Civilization import from the future Chinese literati? The Jesuits’ transfer of European Sciences to the Far-Easterners caused the reverse impact from seemingly less developed centers of Far East that was felt in Jesuits’ times, but much more is to follow in the near future. We could expect the fundamental future Chinese achievements in cosmology, especially in Einstein’s general theory of relativity.

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Azizah, Lailiyatul, et Norhayati Hamzah. « Bustān al-Salāṭīn : Representation of Malay Islamic Civilization (Aceh) in the 17th Century ». Journal of Islamic Civilization 4, n^o 1 (28 août 2022) : 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/jic.v4i1.2940.

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Bustān al-Salāṭīn is a traditional Islamic text that tells about the history of Malay Islam, especially Aceh. Written in the 17th century by Shaykh al-Islām named Nūr al-Dīn al-Ranīrī (d. 1659), who was then under the rule of Sultan Iskandar Thani (1636-1641). This article discusses how Bustān represents the formation of the Aceh sultanate government system, the sultan who was in power when this manuscript was written, their political behavior, to the evidence of artifacts found based on information in the Bustān manuscript. The manuscript also contains 17th-century intellectual discourse as a marker of the early development of Islam in the Malay world. Reform of Muslim religious practices to change wujūdīyah Sufism. The preparation of Bustān was based on socio-religious conditions in the Aceh sultanate was advancing in the fields of politics and Islamic intellectual development. This article argues Bustān is not only a traditional Malay Islamic ancient text but more than that which can be proven archaeologically whose existence still exists today. Besides that, Bustān contributed to the pilgrimage tradition of the ‘auliyā’ where this practice is common in Java and other parts of the Muslim world. Bustān al-Salāṭīn adalah sebuah naskah tradisional Islam yang bercerita tentang sejarah Islam Melayu khususnya Aceh. Ditulis abad ke-17 oleh Syaikh al-Islām bernama Nūr al-Dīn al-Ranīrī (w. 1659) yang saat itu bawah kekuasaan Sultan Iskandar Thani (1636-1641). Artikel ini membahas bagaimana Bustān merepresentasikan pembentukan sistem pemerintahan kesultanan Aceh yang berkuasa saat naskah ini ditulis, perilaku politik mereka, hingga bukti artefak yang ditemukan berdasar informasi di dalam naskah Bustān. Naskah tersebut juga berisi wacana intelektual abad ke-17 sebagai penanda awal Islam berkembang di dunia Melayu. Reformasi praktik keagamaan umat Islam untuk mengubah sufism wujūdīyah. Penyusunan Bustān didasarkan pada kondisi sosial keagamaan yang pada saat itu kesultanan Aceh maju di bidang politik dan perkembangan intelektual Islam. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa Bustān bukan saja naskah kuno tradisional Islam Melayu, melainkan lebih dari itu yang dapat dibuktikan secara arkeologis yang keberadaannya masih ada sampai sekarang. Disamping itu Bustān berkontribusi pada tradisi ziarah para ‘auliyā’ dimana praktik ini lumrah terjadi di Jawa dan belahan dunia Muslim lainnya.

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Geiges, Hansjörg. « Facets of the cultural history of mathematics ». European Review 8, n^o 4 (octobre 2000) : 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700005044.

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This article highlights the position of mathematics within general culture at various stages of the development of Western civilization. Special emphasis is given to the role of mathematics in Greek philosophy, the influence of mathematics on Gothic architecture and the place of mathematics in 17th and 18th century society. Literary quotations illustrate the shifts in the view of mathematics in society.

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Danil de Namor, A. F. « Water purification : from ancient civilization to the XXI Century ». Water Supply 7, n^o 1 (1 mars 2007) : 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.004.

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Ancient civilization valued the vital role of water in human life. As reflected in the literature, environmental awareness led to early water treatments and these are briefly described in this paper. Thus the period prior to 500 BC to 1000 AD saw the use of naturally occurring materials for water purification, the building of aqueducts, and the introduction of the distillation process. This was followed by a dormant period of five centuries in which hardly any progress was made in water purification methodology. From the 17th to the 19th century, progress was made on filtration processes and the introduction of the microscope. In addition chemical methods for water disinfection by the use of chlorine and ozone were reported. These methods and their combination progressed significantly through the 20th century. However the problems associated with chemical contamination of ground water, from which, drinking water is mainly generated remained practically ignored for about five decades. It was in the late seventies that this was brought to light. Since then technologies for groundwater purification started to emerge but a lot remains to be done in this area of research. The crucial role of suitable analytical tools for any technological development which aim to remove toxic pollutants from water is acknowledged. Thus the need of re-visiting old methodology making use of the advantages resulting from the availability of advanced analytical techniques and the possibility of enriching naturally occurring materials by the introduction of supramolecular receptors for water decontamination purposes are emphasized.

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Galkin, I. V. « Ius Gentium and Ius Naturale ; in Western European Political and Legal Thought in the 17th Century ». Lex Russica 75, n^o 12 (21 décembre 2022) : 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2022.193.12.077-095.

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The paper is devoted to the problem of the correlation of the legal categories ius gentium and ius naturale in the context of the political and the Western European legal thought in the 17th century. The 17th century, rich in historical events, known in the Russian historiography as the «rebellious age», becomes a turning point not only in the history of the entire European civilization, but also in the history of philosophical thought and political science, at the intersection of which the teachings of the state and law were formed. The 17th century — the time of the systemic crisis of the feudal socio-economic formation and the traditional religious ideology strongly associated with it — gives impetus to the development of capitalist economic relations in Western Europe, which was accompanied by a sharp increase in novelty in the field of philosophical and political thought. In the 17th century, prominent European political thinkers paid quite a lot of attention to the theoretical coverage of the problems of the natural state, the social contract, as well as the analysis of the categories of freedom and justice. There was a gradual departure from the methodology of peripatetism, accompanied by a revision of the intellectual heritage of ancient political and legal thought, although at the same time European political thinkers and jurists continued to widely use the terminology of classical Roman law, but in a modified semantic field. One of the most important areas of application of the ancient legal heritage is the field of international relations, closely related to the further intensification of international commerce, religious reformation, as well as the legal mechanism for declaring war and concluding peace. In the regulation of international relations, they actively used legal systems, well known from Antiquity, but greatly transformed by Modern times, and which, according to a long-established tradition, were called ius gentium and ius naturale. Thus, the paper highlights a rather ambiguous problem of the correlation of ius gentium and ius naturale in Western European political and legal thought in the 17th century.

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Wulandari, Elysa, Sugiono Soetomo, Joesron Alie Syahbana et Asnawi Manaf. « The Ecology Character Of Banda Aceh City In The 17th Century ». Journal of Islamic Architecture 4, n^o 3 (20 juin 2017) : 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v4i3.3872.

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<div>Bandar Aceh Darussalam as tamaddun city in the tip of Sumatera Island and capital city of 17th century Islamic Aceh Sultanate, was a strategic coastal city. It had sloping beach and bays and was surrounded by mountains with rivers flowing through the city. Its wetlands-based urban development was reflected in the design of urban space structure and key elements of the city. It becomes inspiration for developing modern ecological city since 17th century Islamic cities in archipelago of the East is rarely studied. This research aimed to study the spatial concept of Bandar Aceh Darussalam. Data was collected by using the method of tracking physical information through ancient maps and field observation of the environment characteristic. It was found that the ecological character of the city seemed to be affected by the existence of integrated natural features, function and the role of the city that included Islamic concepts. The main elements of the city reflected the character of civilization in three aspects: the drainage system i.e. cut and fill, the scattered and wide empty space, and natural defense system. The concept of harmony between urban development and city’s ecological character was shown in the design of urban landscape.</div>

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Spanier, Ehud, Kari L. Lavalli, Jason S. Goldstein, Johan C. Groeneveld, Gareth L. Jordaan, Clive M. Jones, Bruce F. Phillips et al. « A concise review of lobster utilization by worldwide human populations from prehistory to the modern era ». ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, suppl_1 (7 mai 2015) : i7—i21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv066.

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Abstract Lobsters are important resources throughout the world's oceans, providing food security, employment, and a trading commodity. Whereas marine biologists generally focus on modern impacts of fisheries, here we explore the deep history of lobster exploitation by prehistorical humans and ancient civilizations, through the first half of the 20th century. Evidence of lobster use comprises midden remains, artwork, artefacts, writings about lobsters, and written sources describing the fishing practices of indigenous peoples. Evidence from archaeological dig sites is potentially biased because lobster shells are relatively thin and easily degraded in most midden soils; in some cases, they may have been used as fertilizer for crops instead of being dumped in middens. Lobsters were a valuable food and economic resource for early coastal peoples, and ancient Greek and Roman Mediterranean civilizations amassed considerable knowledge of their biology and fisheries. Before European contact, lobsters were utilized by indigenous societies in the Americas, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand at seemingly sustainable levels, even while other fish and molluscan species may have been overfished. All written records suggest that coastal lobster populations were dense, even in the presence of abundant and large groundfish predators, and that lobsters were much larger than at present. Lobsters gained a reputation as “food for the poor” in 17th and 18th century Europe and parts of North America, but became a fashionable seafood commodity during the mid-19th century. High demand led to intensified fishing effort with improved fishing gear and boats, and advances in preservation and long-distance transport. By the early 20th century, coastal stocks were overfished in many places and average lobster size was significantly reduced. With overfishing came attempts to regulate fisheries, which have varied over time and have met with limited success.

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Ulumiddin, Ahya. « Socio-Political Turbulence of the Ottoman Empire : Reconsidering Sufi and Kadizadeli Hostility in 17th Century ». Ulumuna 20, n^o 2 (5 décembre 2016) : 319–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v20i2.807.

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The fierce hostility that happened between the Kadizadelis and the Sufis during the 17th century of the Ottoman Empire is not the new issue in Islamic civilization discourses. During this period, the empire suffered from massive decadences in almost all sectors. Kadizadelis believed that such phenomenon did not come out of the void. They insisted that the crux of the problem was primarily laid in the heresies and religious innovations (bidᶜah) that were promoted largely by the Sufis. Embarking from this suspicion and anxiety, they initiated propagandas in which they aimed to bring back people to re-embracement of the primordial teachings of Islam. Nevertheless, many historians and scholars have doubted Kadizadelis attempts. They suspected that there were other non-religious motives that stirred their revival agendas. This paper presents an analysis that aims to challenge the commonly believed notion in which the Sufis and the Kadizadelis were totally adversarial. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v20i2.807

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Kiselev, Mikhail A. « THE RISE AND FALL OF THE TERM “POLITICHNYY” IN 18TH CENTURY RUSSIA : TOWARDS THE PREHISTORY OF THE CONCEPT OF CIVILIZATION ». Ural Historical Journal 76, n^o 3 (2022) : 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-84-92.

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The article is devoted to the prehistory of the emergence in the Russian political language of such an important concept for the European culture of the Modern times as civilization. In view of the historiography, the article focuses on the adjective politichnyy. In the language of Muscovy in the 16th–17th centuries, the notion of barbarians was mainly used to mean “non-Christian peoples” for whom Christians were contrasted. In the second half of the 17th century, ideas according to which barbarism was associated with a lack of knowledge and science, as well as manners, were introduced to Russia and later adopted by the elite. From this position, Russia was seen, above all, as a barbarous country. With the successes of Peter the Great reforms and the advances in the European knowledge, Russia’s status as a politichnyy nation began to be recognized, which was officially proclaimed in 1721. By the first quarter of the 19th century, the adjective politichnyy stopped being used to describe the stage of a nation’s development which opposed to barbarism. Politichnyy was used to mean “courteous”. This was due to the fact that the politichnyy stage, perceived as external assimilation of manners and knowledge, was absorbed by the idea of enlightenment, which implied interiorization of assimilated knowledge and a corresponding change in human behavior.

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Columbu, Stefano, Anna Depalmas, Giovanni Brodu, Gianni Gallello et Dario Fancello. « Mining Exploration, Raw Materials and Production Technologies of Mortars in the Different Civilization Periods in Menorca Island (Spain) ». Minerals 12, n^o 2 (8 février 2022) : 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020218.

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This study deals with the mortars and subordinately rocks collected from the archaeological site of Cap de Forma, that is a “Bien de Interés Cultural” located on a cape along the southeastern coast of Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). Cap de Forma consists of different structures belonging to different periods and civilization phases: a fortified settlement of Talaiotic age, built in cyclopean technique and including three rooms and a rainwater cistern; a nearby necropolis of tombs (cuevas) excavated into the cliff; a more recent site occupancy testified by plastering of the cistern; a house-fort (pecheña casa-quartel), a lookout point of the 17th–18th century. Compositional features and mineralogy of mortars and rocks were investigated by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Physical properties (density, porosity, water saturation and water saturation coefficients and mechanical strength) were also determined. This work is aimed at characterizing these archaeologic remains to understand the building technique, the choice of raw materials and possibly their provenance, taking into account the age and civilization they belong to. Results indicate that cocciopesto-rich mortars were used in the cistern watertight and other ancient structures linking from a Roman age. The cocciopesto seems to derive from local pottery even if some evidence would suggest the contrary, whereas the source of the binder is definitely the local Mg-rich limestone. The house-fort was plastered with gypsum-based mortars in the 17th–18th century. The most likely source of raw gypsum was the island of Mallorca where some quarries were opened in the same period. Mechanical and physical tests reveal a strong state of decay that requires conservation actions. This work sheds light on a poorly studied monument, better constraining the different phases of its occupation. Some interesting questions, such as the cocciopesto provenance, are still open.

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BELTRAMO, Olga. « La estructura escolástica en el Tractatus de legibus et legislatore Deo / The Scholastic Structure in Tractatus de legibus et legislatore Deo ». Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 19 (1 octobre 2012) : 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/refime.v19i.6058.

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Francisco Suárez was a Jesuit priest who lived between the mid 16th century and the begining of the 17th century, in Spain when it was governed bay the kings of the Austria House. His writings are mainly theological, but he also wrote about politics. In fact, proof of that can be found in De legibus et legislatore Deo and in the Defensio fidei catholicae adversus anglicanae sectae errores. In De legibus, a treatise which consists of ten books, he develops the topic of the law by using the scholastic method of his time. That’s why, before expressing his point of view and giving his necessary reasons, he analises, compares and makes the critic of phylosophers who dealt with the topic. His erudiction was very vast, because he mentions texts and authors before him, not only medieval but also Greek thinkers.

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Grömer, Karina, et Michael Ullermann. « Functional Analysis of Garments in 18th Century Burials from St. Michael’s Crypt in Vienna, Austria ». Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica, n^o 35 (30 décembre 2020) : 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6034.35.08.

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The Michaelergruft in Vienna (St. Michael’s crypt), Austria, is located near the imperial palace Vienna and has been used between 1560 and 1784 by the local nobility of the city center in Vienna. The inventory of a large number of coffins has been preserved due to favorite environmental conditions, it offers the possibility to study specific details about the funeral customs of the 17th and 18th century in Central Europe. Selected burials dating to the 18th century from the Michaelergruft serve as case studies for developing new theoretical and methodological approaches in investigating the textiles and garments found in the coffins. Garments found in crypts usually are analysed due to costume history, aspects of conservation and preparation. Also textile analysis and modern analytical methods are applied to the material. In discussing the garments from St. Michael’s crypt, questions about the interpretation of the costume arise such as if they are “normal” daily life (or festivy) garments or specific funeral costumes. In the following paper criteria are discussed which enable to distinguish between “functional garments” worn also in daily life, “adapter garments” (daily life clothing that has been re-sewn, cut or altered to be used as garment for the dead), and “funeral costumes” that have been deliberately made.

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Galkin, I. V. « "Monarchists" and "Republicans" in the Western European Political and Legal Thought of the 17th Century ». Lex Russica 74, n^o 2 (25 février 2021) : 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.171.2.134-150.

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The paper is devoted to the problem of theoretical approaches to monarchical and republican forms of government that were reflected in the works of representatives of Western European political thought of the 17th century. The seventeenth century is the century that opens the period of Modern Times. It was a turning point not only in the history of Western European civilization, but also in the history of philosophical knowledge and "positive" sciences, including in such a specific field as political thought, which developed at the intersection of philosophy and science. The political theory of the period, was able to rise to the realization of the objective of the imperfection of existing political institutions and give its recommendations for addressing the identified deficiencies, as far as it was possible in terms of initial imperfections is given to us in sensations of the world. The political thought of the historical period under consideration showed a lively theoretical polemic between the supporters of the monarchical and republican forms of government. The revolutionary situation developed in some of the advanced European states during the alarming seventeenth century made it possible to understand the advantages or disadvantages of the existing forms of government. It seems quite natural that the formation of the theoretical views of specific political thinkers or jurists was formed under the influence of the dominant ideology (or competing ideologies) of that time. Moreover, it should be noted that the monarchist or republican views of specific authors are not always theoretically well-reasoned, but are often based on the subjective preferences of thinkers. Thus, this paper highlights a rather ambiguous problem of the features of monarchical and republican forms of government in the political thought of the 17th century.

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Karim, Nur Aqilah, et Roziah Sidik @Mat Sidek. « Al-Tasrif li man ‘Ajiza ‘an al-Ta’lif oleh al-Zahrawi : Manfaatnya dalam Perkembangan Bidang Perubatan di Eropah ». Journal of Al-Tamaddun 16, n^o 1 (29 juin 2021) : 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jat.vol16no1.8.

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Al-Zahrawi was an illustrious figure in medicine. He not only contributed to the Islamic civilization, but is highly regarded as a genius who had an enormous influence, generally, in the field of medicine and, particularly, in surgery in Europe. His influence continued into the Renaissance age and the modern age. Renaissance was the age of European civilization from about the 14th Century to 17th Century AD which is said to be a period of ‘rebirth’ of arts, architecture, culture, politics, economics and knowledge. This influence is associated with his work, namely, al-Tasrif li man ‘Ajiza ‘an al-Ta’lif, which contains descriptions and illustrations of more than 200 surgical instruments and surgical procedures which he pioneered and that revolutionized the field of surgery. This study aims to analyze Europe’s efforts in utilizing al-Zahrawi’s landmark 30-volume encyclopedic work in developing the field of medicine. This research is qualitative with a historical approach. Data were collected using content analysis method, while data analysis was done descriptively. The results show that Europe used three methods to benefit from al-Zahrawi’s work in developing the field of medicine in European civilization. The first method was translation of al-Tasrif li man ‘Ajiza ‘an al-Ta’lif into various European languages. This initiative lasted almost 800 years. The second method was using al-Tasrif li man ‘Ajiza ‘an al-Ta’lif as reference material in medical schools in Europe. And the third method was to make al-Tasrif li man ‘Ajiza ‘an al-Ta’lif as reference material in writings of medical experts.

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Faur, Andrei Sabin. « Liberalism and Conservatism in the Writings of Aurel C. Popovic ». Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia 66, Special Issue (9 novembre 2021) : 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2021.spiss.07.

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"In our study we wanted to analyze how the Romanian political activist and ideologist Aurel C. Popovici (1863-1917) perceived liberalism and conservatism, two of the most important ideologies of the nineteenth century. For this purpose, we studied three of his main writings: Principiul de naţionalitate (The Nationality Principle), Statele Unite ale Austriei Mari (The United States of Great Austria) and Naţionalism sau democraţie: o critică a civilizaţiunii moderne (Nationalism or Democracy: a Critical Approach to Modern Civilization). We studied the way in which the renowned Banatian author perceived liberalism, but also the way he percieved several main principles of this ideology: the defense of liberty, the sovereignty of the people, representative government, the refusal of absolutism and pluralism. By analyzing these topics in Aurel C. Popovici’s writings, we identified several paradoxes of his thinking, which we tried to explain by appealing to other sources, like personal letters or memoirs belonging to friends or admirers. Keywords: liberalism, conservatism, Aurel C. Popovici, democracy, Austria-Hungary, nationalism "

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Kelly, Edward F. « Rethinking Consciousness : Extraordinary Challenges for Contemporary Science edited by John H. Buchanan and Christopher M. Aanstoos ». Journal of Scientific Exploration 35, n^o 4 (15 janvier 2022) : 1066–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31275/20212213.

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This slender volume is the twentieth member of a series entitled “Toward Ecological Civilization,” organized under the leadership of distinguished process philosopher and process theologian John B. Cobb, Jr. It grew directly from the 10th Whitehead International Conference, held in Claremont, California, in June 2015, and more particularly from a single conference track (out of the more than 80 making up the program) devoted specifically to various kinds of “extraordinary experiences” (especially, parapsychological and transpersonal experiences) that directly challenge the materialist/physicalist worldview which arose in the 17th century and still dominates the contemporary scientific, educational, and cultural mainstream. The central premises of the series as a whole, the 2015 conference, and the present volume are that postmodern civilization faces life-threatening crises rooted in that impoverished physicalist worldview, that we desperately need a more commodious, life-affirming, and ecologically sound alternative to it, and that Whitehead’s metaphysical vision can help take us in the needed direction. Like Stanley Krippner in the book’s brief Foreword, I am strongly sympathetic to these views.

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Bronza, Boro. « Impact of Gerard Van Swieten on the development of Austrian medicine throughout the 18th century ». Scripta Medica 52, n^o 1 (2021) : 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/scriptamed52-29724.

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Arrival of Doctor Gerard van Swieten in Vienna, in 1745, as new personal physician of the Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa, was starting point of a huge wave of transformation in the scope of Austrian medicine. Scientific and methodological experience which doctor from Leiden brought in Habsburg capital was so overwhelming that whole structure of medical science was shattered and reconstructed in a much more efficient way. Impact of Van Swieten was a splendid example of dominance of scientific method in the Netherlands, where modern European science gained more ground than anywhere else during the classical era of baroque, throughout the 17th and first half of the 18th century. On the other hand, internal reforms and transformation of Austria, from the mid-18th century, helped a lot in the process of successful reception of new structural ideas. Through this kind of merging, inside of only several decades, Vienna managed to grow into one of leading centres of medical science in Europe and the world.

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ШЕПКО, Л. Г., et К. Г. НОСКО. « INFORMAL ARISTOCRATIC COMMUNITIES IN 17th AND 18th CENTURY FRANCE AS A TRIGGER FOR THE FORMATION OF THE CIVILIZATION IMAGE ». Цивилизация и варварство, n^o 10(10) (10 novembre 2021) : 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2021.10.10.002.

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Статья посвящена характеристике некоторых черт варварства и цивилизации в контексте их общественного развития и оппозиции. Акцент сделан на одной из форм социального общения, связанной с интеллектуальной сферой, а именно, на неформальных сообществах Франции. Такими сообществами, среди прочих, были салоны, которые появились как форма проведения досуга французской аристократии в XVII в., но особенно востребованными они стали в эпоху Просвещения, в условиях трансформации социальных структур и духовно-культурных основ общества. Ряд просветительских положений, ставших фундаментом теорий современности (в частности, идеи превосходства цивилизованных народов над варварскими и необходимости их «цивилизовать»), разрабатывались как раз в салонах аристократии, которые, таким образом, стали триггером актуальных идейных концепций. Авторы полагают, что в XVIII в. во Франции в рамках салонных собраний выработалась своеобразная коммуникативная практика в интеллектуальной сфере, которая сформировала культурный образ цивилизации, одна из основных черт которого — интеллектуальное общение, сложившееся в систему правил. The article focuses on one of the forms of social discourse in the intellectual sphere, French informal communities, in particular. Such communities, among others, included salons, which appeared as a form of leisure for the French aristocracy in the 17th century, yet demand for them surged in the Age of Enlightenment, that came with transformations of social structures, spiritual canons, and cultural foundations. A number of educational policies, which served as the base for the theories of our time (particularly the idea of civilized people superiority over barbarians and the need to “civilize” them), were developed in such salons for the aristocracy, hence making them a trigger for the spread of new societal and philosophical ideas. The authors believe that the intellectual sphere of the 18th century France has developed a kind of communicative practice within the framework of salon meetings that formed the cultural image of civilization, with intellectual discourse, forming a system of rules, as one of its main features.

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Lim, Hyung-taek. « Silhak and Consciousness on Civilization Crisis in the 17th Century : About Publishing the Collection of Ryu Hyeong-won’s Works ». Korean Silhak Review 34 (31 décembre 2017) : 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.23945/kss.34.13.37.

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Zielka, Sylwester. « Rousseau i nowożytne spotkanie z Innym ». Problemy Wczesnej Edukacji 30, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2015) : 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0008.9219.

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The paper situates the thought of Jean Jacques Rousseau in the context of the 17th and 18th century social and political debate on the possibility of creating a better society, which intensified with the crisis of feudal system and early modern discovery of the Other. The paper also discusses consequences of this debate for shaping anthropology as a field of knowledge and understanding culture of the time. The idea of a “noble savage” according to which non-Europeans, i.e., the “primitive” people living in the state of nature as free and equal, without concerns and inconveniences of civilization, is contrasted with an opposite project of a “degenerate savage” of Thomas Hobbes, who used it as a justification for absolute monarchy in European countries and of European societies over non-Western ones.

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Mencel, Marian. « Political and Economic Conditions in East Asia Under the Influece of the European Regime in the 16th–17th Century ». Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość XVI (27 mars 2020) : 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2516.

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In the article, an attempt was made to identify the most important factors that contributed to the loss of dominant position of China in the South-East Asian region under the influence of the expansion of the European countries, which consisted inter alia of: competition – which revealed in the crushed medieval Europe; the scientific revolution, espe-cially in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry and biology, to the transition to a capitalist and a highly industrial economy; the development of the rule of law and representative government based on the law of private property, liberating modern methods of economy and economics; modern medicine allowing to increase the quality and length of life; the development of the consumer society – releasing tech-nological progress in order to meet the growing demand; a high level of work ethic – revealing by the increase in productivity and the accumula-tion of capital; the influence of cultural civilization of ancient Greece, Rome and Christianity – acting in all of the areas of the socio-political and economic Europe.

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Perevezentsev, Sergey V., Olga E. Puchnina, Alexander B. Strakhov et Adelina A. Shakirova. « “The Fatherland is not in Geography...” : on the Issue of the Evolution of Traditional Spiritual and Political Values of Russian Civilization* ». Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 35.5 (16 octobre 2021) : 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2021-0-3-263-283.

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The article is devoted to the study of Russian traditional basic values. On the basis of the traditionalist-conservative approach, the authors investigate the origin and substantial evolution of the concept of “fatherland” in the public consciousness of the Russian people. The study of a large number of various sources on Russian intellectual history allows to conclude that the concept of “fatherland” began to appear in chronicles, literary and spiritual-political monuments relatively early – already from the 10th century, but then it had the meaning of “hereditary property”, “ancestral possession”. Meanwhile, already in the 12th–17th centuries, the use of the concept «fatherland» in the meaning of “homeland”, “native land” were found sometimes, and since the 18th century the notion “Fatherland” was finally entrenched with the value content of patriotic love and service for the benefit of one's native country. In the 19th century in Russia, the notion of “love for the Fatherland” received a variety of interpretations, enriched with new meanings and contexts, but retained its significance as one of the most important social values and civic virtues. The authors of the article conclude that despite the cardinal transformations of the social, economic and political structure of Russia in the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of “Fatherland” as a value has retained its basic significance for Russian civilization, since it is a fundamental spiritual and political ideal and is directly related to the formation of political identity.

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Komandzhaev, Evgeniy A. « INSTITUTES OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY IN KALMYKIA IN THE 17TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURIES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CIVILIZATION AND CULTURAL APPROACH ». RUDN Journal of Law 23, n^o 2 (15 décembre 2019) : 219–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2019-23-2-219-243.

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In order to more clearly present the processes, which taking place in Russian society, for a clearer assessment of the situation of national republics within the Russian Federation, it is necessary to turn to the historical and legal development of separate nations within Russia. Changes in the system of government of Russia, the emergence of new socio-economic, political, spiritual and cultural problems necessitate the development of new forms of cooperation between the regions and the federal center. The search for a better model of state administration of the regions pay our attention to the historical and legal development of public administration institutions in Kalmykia in the 17th-19th centuries. In this regard, we can turn to the experience of the development of Kalmyk society within Russia, namely the development of institutions of public authority and management of Kalmyk society. Since the formation of the Kalmyk Khanate within Russia, the central government practically did not interfere in the internal affairs of the Khanate. Gradually, the Russian government began to intervene in the choice of the head of the Khanate, in the settlement of disputes between the nobility. Further, Russian government officials appear in the Kalmyk steppe, submitting to central and local government bodies. As a result by the middle of the XIX century, a system of bailiffs was formed, and then the system of guardianship by the Kalmyk people, which practically eliminated national governance, transferring the functions of exercising public authority to the Russian authorities. At the same time, the Russian government adopted several regulatory legal acts aimed at improving public administration of the Kalmyk society. In addition, ministry officials and the administration of the Astrakhan province developed a number of projects to reform the management system, taxation and judicial system in the Kalmyk steppe, which were never accepted for various reasons, but which were important for improving the management of the Kalmyk society. A number of projects were developed in connection with reforms in Russia in the 60s-70s of the 19th century and therefore, changes were needed to manage the Kalmyk people. The implementation of reforms, among other things, interfered with the dependence of common Kalmyks on noyons and zaisangs, which was abolished only in 1892. This reform freed noyons from managing ulus, and zaisang from managing aimags. In addition, taxation of the Kalmyk people was reorganized, which continued into the beginning of the 20th century. Subordinating Kalmykia to the Ministry of the Interior in 1902, the government reorganized the administrative-territorial structure, but further transformations in Kalmyk society were suspended by the world war and the revolutionary events of 1917.

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Shevchuk, Liliana. « UKRAINIAN NATIONAL REVOLUTION OF THE 17TH CENTURY IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT : IDEOLOGICAL ORIGINS ». Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Law 72, n^o 72 (20 juin 2021) : 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vla.2021.72.035.

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Throughout the course of the 16th – 17th centuries, a new epoch begins in the history of European civilization – the epoch of the New Age. A revolutionary formation and, subsequently, the establishment of a new state system based on political democracy, legal freedom and civil equality are taking place. As in other European countries, significant socio-political transformations in Ukraine were also due to the national revolution of 1648–1676. Analyzing the events in Ukraine in the mid-seventeenth century as a component of the pan-European revolutionary movement, the author considers the attitudinal and ideological origins of the Ukrainian revolution. Their common European features, as well as specific features are clarified and characterized. In general, the change in the worldview system in Ukraine is associated with the renaissance-humanist and reformation ideas that began to spread in the Ukrainian lands without losing its original meaning, but acquiring here a kind of national color, aimed at understanding the urgent problems of Ukrainian society. In the field of political and legal doctrine, the assertion of the legal worldview takes place, replacing the theological. Its classic embodiment became the theory of natural law with its concept of inalienable natural human rights as well as the concept of social contract. These ideas became, to a greater or lesser extent, the basis of the Ukrainian revolution of the seventeenth century. Their embodiment can be found in the works of Ukrainian «Renaissance humanists» of the 16th – early 17th centuries: S. Orikhovsky, J. Vereshchynsky, I. Dombrovsky, S. Klenovych, S. Pekalid, J. Shchasny-Herburt, K. Sakovych. It is found that in the seventeenth century, the works of such prominent political thinkers, theorists of natural law as J. Lipsius, G. Grotius, later B. Spinoza, T. Hobbes, S. Pufendorf were becoming widespread in Ukraine. They found a favorable ground in Ukraine and directly influenced the Ukrainian revolution, as the state and legal ideas of these thinkers became especially popular not only among the intellectual elite, but also among the Cossacks – the main driving force of the revolution. A number of Ukrainian thinkers, despite the fact that until 1649 Ukraine did not have its own state, were considering the future path of its political development. Specific plans of forming own state are embodied, in particular, in the works of J. Vereshchynsky, P. Mohyla, Y. Nemyrych, and others. They became a logical continuation and development of the state approaches of Ukrainian Renaissance humanists and reflected the tendency to combine the understanding of the history of their own state-building tradition with the study of Western experience. The analysis of political and legal ideas of Ukrainian authors, real historical events of the seventeenth century testify to the emergence among the Ukrainian population of clear tendencies to build their own state. Since then, the idea of the Ukrainian nation-state became fundamental to the Cossack state-building and leading in the liberation struggles of the Ukrainian people of all subsequent centuries.

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Nguyen, Duy Phuong. « Missionary Activity and Civilization of Western Missionaries : a Case of Cochinchina (Vietnam) During the XVI and XVII Centuries ». Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva : istoriia i sovremennost, n^o 1 (2022) : 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080010743-4.

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As in many other religions, missionary activity is seen by Catholics as a self-fulfilling mission, a sacred act to expand the scope of God’s kingdom. The geographical discoveries, along with the progress of the maritime industry in the 15th–16th centuries, opened a great prospect for “spreading the Gospel” to faraway lands, including Cochinchina (Vietnam). Along with missionary activities, Western civilization also followed the missionaries, who introduced it into the indigenous social life, contributing to the creation of the West–East connection, and the world integration of this land. Based on the many sources, such as the memoirs and correspondence of the missionaries themselves in Cochinchina and the works on the Catholic history of some Vietnamese and foreign researchers, especially the latest studies of Vietnamese historians, the article focuses on studying about missionary activities along with the introduction of Western civilization by missionaries in Cochinchina from the 16th century to the 18th century. The resusts show that the activities of the missionaries under the encouragement policy of the Cochinchina government are the basic factors promoting the process of spreading Western civilized values in Vietnam. This is an inevitable result of the spread of Catholicism which is an important role in the cultural exchange between East and West in Cochinchina in the 16th and 17th centuries. The paper contributes to clarifying the history of the development of Catholic doctrine in Vietnam and affirm the merits of Western missionaries as a bridge to bring European scientific and technical knowledge to Cochinchina.

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Quiles Albero, David. « Residences as instruments of power : Venetian ambassadors’ houses in Madrid during the reigns of Philip IV and Charles II ». Culture & ; History Digital Journal 11, n^o 1 (21 juin 2022) : e004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2022.004.

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Against the traditional vision, the relations between the Spanish Monarchy and the Republic of Venice improved significantly during the second half of the 17th century. Once again, the war against the Ottomans in Candia (1645-1669) forced the Serenissima to look for the support of the Catholic King. For this reason, the role played by their ambassadors in Madrid, with a view to achieve the necessary assistance of Philip IV, became essential for the Venetian interests. At the same time, they pursued to ensure a relevant and closer position to the principal nucleus of power in the Spanish court. Accordingly, the continuous disputes with the members of the Spanish institutions with regard to their lodging become an essential field of study to measure the degree of influence, supremacy or immunity of these legates during the reigns of the two last monarchs of the House of Austria.

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HUANG, Donglan. « The Concept of “Asia” in the Context of Modern China ». Cultura 16, n^o 2 (1 janvier 2019) : 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/cul022019.0002.

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As a part of the geographical knowledge introduced by Matteo Ricci from the West into China at the beginning of the 17th century, the concept of “Asia” had undergone a cool reception for over three hundred years and did not become a common idea of world geography until the early 20th century when it was publicized by textbooks and other mass media. As the author points out, Asia is not merely a geographical concept, but also refers to history, culture, and politics. Although early Western missionaries and Chinese scholar-officials like Wei Yuan endowed Asia with a positive meaning as the origin of world civilization, from the mid-19th century on, Chinese intellectuals, out of a sense of crisis caused by the European invasion of Asia, tended to describe Asia as a backward continent subjugated by the white people. In the 1910s, against the background of Japan’s annexation of Korea, Asia was divided into two opposing parts, “the country invading other countries” (Japan) and “the countries being invaded by other countries” (India, Korea, and China). Along with the occupation of other Asian countries by Japan in the name of “the Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere” in the 1930s and 1940s, the concept of Asia also lost its charm among Chinese nationals.

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Lerner, Ralph. « The Jihād of St. Alban ». Review of Politics 64, n^o 1 (2002) : 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500031594.

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The imperative for a people to become bearers of light and proselytizers of truth is present in differing degrees and modes in the great monotheistic religions. This set of mind has struck some philosophers in the past as problematic, especially when it manifested itself as a call for a war of civilization. It is from this perspective that the present essay reexamines a relatively neglected small dialogue by Sir Francis Bacon, An Advertisement Touching a Holy War. The anarchy resulting from religious conflict in 16th- and 17th-century Europe casts its shadow over every page of this puzzling little work. Bacon's enactment shows that while zeal is in some sense the problem, it might also contribute toward a solution. Religious passions ought to be tamed and redirected, not extirpated. In proposing that Christianity itself be reconstituted, Bacon sees a way of rendering it a willing handmaiden in his farreaching humanitarian project to make man comfortably at home in this world.

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Kudelin, Andrey. « The Eastern Policy of France in the Second Half of the 17th — Second Half of the 18th Century ». ISTORIYA 13, n^o 12-1 (122) (2022) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024010-0.

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The article reveals the peculiarities of the eastern policy of France in the second half of the 17th — second half of the 18th century. During the reign of Kings Louis XIV and Louis XV, the eastern policy of France underwent significant changes. At the beginning of this period, the main goal of the “eastern barrier” was to confront the Austrian Habsburgs. To this end, the government of Louis XVI used, first of all, the alliance with the Principality of Transylvania. Problems in the east distracted the Habsburgs from the wars in Europe. During the reign of Louis XV, France's foreign policy became much less consistent. At the beginning of the reign of this monarch, the policy of the “eastern barrier” continued, only now it was directed primarily against Russia, since France was very concerned about the Austro-Russian military alliance. Later, the so-called “reversal of alliances” took place, which eventually led to the Seven Years' War, during which France was on the same side with Austria and Russia, and the policy of the “eastern barrier” was temporarily forgotten. After the turn of Russian policy towards an alliance with Prussia, France is also returning to its traditional policy of containing Russia. This was reflected in the support of the Bar Confederation in Poland and pushing the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate to war with Russia. However, this policy has not led to any significant results. Apparently, the traditional alliance with the Ottoman Empire for France already at that moment did not seem so attractive to some French politicians. The weakening of the Ottoman Empire was presented to them as a possible reason for the seizure of its territories in the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt for example.

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Thomas, Riley, Jocelyn Alcantára-García et Jan Wouters. « A Snapshot of Viennese Textile History using Multi-Instrumental analysis : Benedict codecasa’s swatchbook ». MRS Advances 2, n^o 63 (2017) : 3959–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.604.

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AbstractThe Habsburg Empire was a sovereign dynasty ruled by the Habsburgs between the 15th and 20th centuries. Although its borders were not defined before the 19th century, what is now Austria, Hungary, some areas of the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Italy were at some point part of the Empire. Starting in the 17th century, the Empire had Vienna as the capital, which was a hub for culture and craft where silk was a valued commodity. Despite the political and cultural importance of the Empire, little is known of its trade practices and sources of raw material. Using a combination of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detector (HPLC-PDA) for the study of a Viennese swatch book, we conducted the first systematic approach to understanding the industry. Benedict Codecasa, a prominent merchant active in Vienna between the late 18th and early 19th century sold silk and other textile goods. Authorized by the Royal Court, Codecasa was assumed to sell luxurious and high-quality textiles. However, our results suggested colored goods were dyed with more focus on aesthetics (finding a similar color) rather than quality through unique recipes. This greatly contrasts with other contemporary textile industries praised for their quality and which, in turn, might be related to comparatively lesser quality textiles sold in Vienna.

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Rosidin, Didin Nurul, Mila Amalia, Ihsan Sa'dudin et Eka Safitri. « Muslim Social Movements in Cirebon and the Emergence of National Resistance Movements Against the Dutch Colonial Government in the Early 20th Century Indonesia ». Journal of Asian Social Science Research 4, n^o 1 (12 août 2022) : 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jassr.v4i1.64.

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The early twentieth century saw the emergence of Muslim social movements as a new model of resistance against the Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia. This model of the resistance movement was a response to various changes in politics, social and religious culture in the early decades of the 20th century due to dynamics within the Muslim community as well as the new policy of the colonial government. This article studies the emergence of Muslim social movements in Cirebon, West Java, and its impacts on the development of the Muslims’ resistance movement against the Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia. There have not been many studies of Cirebon's role in Islamic social movements in the early 20th century. Therefore, this article, using a historical method, attempts to contribute to this literature by examining social movements carried out by Muslims in Cirebon and their impacts on the emergence of resistance against Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia. The findings show that Cirebon, which was one of the main centres of early Islamic civilization in the Indonesian archipelago, played a prominent role in the emergence of Muslim social movements in early 20th century Indonesia. Various Muslim social organizations emerged in the area such as Sarekat Islam, Persarekatan Ulama, Nahdhatul Ulama, and Muhammadiyah. Although these social-religious organisations had differences or were in tension on various issues, their emergence succeeded in convincing the native people of the importance of a new strategy in their resistance against the long and hegemonic rule of the Dutch colonial government which had ruled the Cirebon region since the late 17th century.

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Ильин, Андрей, et Andrey Ilin. « The constitutional startup of Russia in the global constitutionalization context ». Comparative Research In Law and Politics 1, n^o 2 (1 novembre 2013) : 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1933.

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The process of the global constitutianalization has been started by the European civilization (English constitutional acts of the second half of the 17th century). Maturation of the constitutionalism is a part of the social development during the industrial period. The constitution in its classical form should be free of any social estates influence and political inequality. The constitutianalization of Europe in the rough was completed by the end of the 20th century. Russia became a nominal constitution as one of the last great European powers. To make an objective analysis, we should compare Russia with equal intercontinental countries: the European Powers with their colonies. All of these states never had an all-national constitutional act. Thus the Russian “Fundamental laws” from the 23th of April 1906 were at the level of the most big countries having a European metropolis, moreover they surpassed them, because the written fundamental law was an empire-wide act, however, their proper constitutional provisions did not apply to all the patrials. The constitutional component of the Russian fundamental law corresponded the baseline of European constitutionalism of the turn of the 19th–20th centuries: a dualistic monarchy.

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Irving-Stonebraker, Sarah. « From Eden to savagery and civilization : British colonialism and humanity in the development of natural history, ca. 1600–1840 ». History of the Human Sciences 32, n^o 4 (23 juillet 2019) : 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119848623.

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This article is concerned with the relationship between British colonization and the intellectual underpinnings of natural history writing between the 17th and the early 19th centuries. During this period, I argue, a significant discursive shift reframed both natural history and the concept of humanity. In the early modern period, compiling natural histories was often conceived as an endeavour to understand God’s creation. Many of the natural historians involved in the early Royal Society of London were driven by a theological conviction that the New World contained the natural knowledge once possessed by Adam, but lost in the Fall from Eden. By the early 19th century, however, this theological framework for natural history had been superseded by an avowedly progressive vision of the relationship between humanity and nature. No longer ontologically distinct from the rest of creation, the human became a subject of natural history writing in a new way. Encounters between colonizers and colonized thus became a touchstone for tensions between divine and natural historical knowledge. The resolution of these tensions lay in the emergence of a concept of savagery that imbibed both a rational account of historical progress towards civilization and a religious conviction that savage humanity needed rescue from its animal nature.

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Voronchuk, Iryna. « Abiding Traditions of the Heroic Ukrainian Spirit ». Ukrainian Studies, n^o 1(82) (31 mai 2022) : 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.1(82).2022.256274.

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430 years ago, at the turn of 1591–1592, there broke out the very first Cossack uprising in the whole series of Cossack uprisings of the end of the 16th-first half of the 17th century. Being the result of half of a century relentless Cossack struggle, they transformed into the war of 1648-1654 under the leadership of Khmelnytsky and eventually led to the re-establishment of Ukrainian statehood in the mid-17th century. The article historiographically elucidates social and national origins of Kryshtof Kosynsky, the leader of the uprising, as well as his religious confession, reasons behind his coming to Zaporizhzhia, first mentionings of him, and the beginnings of his service in protecting the Commonwealth’s borders. Kosynky’s contacts and relationships with high-ranking government officials, in particular Janush Zamoski and members of the Ostrogski and Wiśniowecki magnate princely families are clarified as well as his matrimonial ties with the Rużyński princely family. The article elaborates on the state of the Cossacks, their recruitment and how they were treated by the government, causes of their discontent and the specific motive for the uprising. The article also shows how the insurrectionary events unfolded, in particular near Bila Tserkva, Trypillia, and Piatka. The circumstances of Kosynsky’s death and the myths around him are described.This anniversary has given an opportunity to recall commitment and heroic deeds of Cossacks who defended not only the rights and freedoms of their own estate, but also ignited other strata of society with the holy spirit of freedom. In this article, which was written before the Russian-Ukrainian war unleashed by Russia on February 24, 2022, the author traces similarities between the courage of Cossack knights and heroic deeds which are currently being manifested en masse by the soldiers of the Armed Forces and civilians of Ukraine. Thus, nowadays the descendants of the Cossack knights courageously defend not only the borders, independence and freedom of Ukraine as it has long been the case in our national history, but without exaggeration also European democratic values and Western civilization as such. This massive heroism and courage of Ukrainians testifies that the freedom-loving traditions of the Ukrainian nation are invincible.

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SKOKANOVÁ, KATARÍNA, PAVOL MEREĎA Jr., BARBORA ŠINGLIAROVÁ et STANISLAV ŠPANIEL. « Lectotype of Solidago ×niederederi (Asteraceae) selected from a recently rediscovered original material ». Phytotaxa 438, n^o 1 (2 avril 2020) : 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.438.1.8.

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Solidago ×niederederi Khek (1905: 22) is a hybrid between North-American S. canadensis Linnaeus (1753: 878) and European native S. virgaurea Linnaeus (1753: 880). Solidago canadensis was introduced to Europe in the 17th century (Kowarik 2003). It has spread invasively throughout Europe since the second half of the 19th century (Weber 1998), reaching, besides sites disturbed by human activity, also (semi)natural biotopes, as forest edges, abandoned meadows and field margins which are often inhabited by native S. virgaurea. Their hybrid was discovered for the first time in nature by a local schoolmaster Franz Niedereder in the area of Vorderstoder village (Austria). Niedereder sent a plant material of the assumed hybrid to Eugen Johan Khek (born in 1861, Neuhaus/Jindřichov Hradec; died in 1927, Vienna), the pharmacist and botanist who lived in Vienna since 1889 (Anonymous 1916). Khek described the hybrid species under the name S. ×niederederi in honour of his discoverer (Khek 1905). The protologue indicates that the relevant communication between Niedereder and Khek was going on between July 1900 (when they met for the first time) and February 1905 (when the hybrid’s description was published). Before its description, Khek studied the hybrid for four years and he saw a herbarium material from Niedereder as well as a living material. In the protologue, no particular herbarium specimens or illustrations had been indicated or associated with S. ×niederederi (Khek 1905).

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Vаrаbyou, Pavel Anatolievich. « The image of Byzantium in the narratives of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (15th – first half of the 17th century) ». Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 31, n^o 1 (2022) : 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2022.107.

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The article is devoted to the perception of the heritage of Byzantium in the socio-political thought of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the period from 1453 to the middle of the 17th century. Already in the second half of the 17th century, the Left-Bank Ukraine left the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Metropolitanate of Kyiv withdrew from the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. The process of influence of the Byzantine civilization on the East Slavic culture after the fall of the Byzantine Empire is investigated. According to the findings, in the process of discussing the Union of Brest in the written tradition of the GDL and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Orthodox, Uniate, Catholic and Reformation narratives developed, in which the image of Byzantium had different shades: from positive to extremely negative, respectively. However, these narratives, which well complement the rather meager information about Byzantium in local letopis sources, are similar in one thing: they tend to see in it not the imperial past, but the current church heritage of the Greek people, which had a significant impact on the historical fate of the lands of Rus’. For the Polish-Lithuanian szlachta as an estate, the heritage of Byzantium was not a source of their own identity. Attempts to update the political idea of the liberation of Constantinople from the rule of the Turks came from the environment of the Greek diaspora of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, such projects were not approved here and were cut off from life. And even a major Orthodox magnate, Prince Wasyl-Konstanty Ostrogski, did not support, albeit difficult to implement, but a more realistic project to transfer the residence of the Patriarch of Constantinople to the city of Ostrog. He also did not claim political succession from the Byzantine emperors, but did not interfere with the idea of his spiritual succession. The article pays more attention to the writings of Orthodox polemicists, because the heritage of Byzantium is very important and deserves special attention.

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Pivko, Daniel. « Litavský vápenec zo St. Margarethenu a Fertőrákosu a jeho využitie na Slovensku ako dekoračný kameň ». Geologické práce Správy 138 (24 février 2023) : 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.56623/gps.138.4.

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In Western Slovakia, especially in the Bratislava region and Trnava region, Leitha limestone of the Badenian (Langhian – early Serravalian) age from St. Margarethen in Austria was widely used for architectural articles and sculptures (200 realizations), alternatively a similar limestone from Fertőrákos in Hungary. 380 tombstones were identified only in Bratislava cemeteries. From the second half of the 17th century to the first half of the 20th century, the limestones were one of the most used in Slovakia due to their light dressing and relatively homogeneous appearance. The strongly porous coarse-grained to medium-grained the Leitha limestone has the appearance of sandstone and is composed of a predominance of red algae nodules over foraminifers, sea urchin, moss and shell fragments. The rhodoliths, pectenoids and oysters are scattered in the Leitha limestones up to a few cm size, which distinguish the limestone type from other the Leitha limestones and similar Sarmatian limestones. The limestone is dominated by rhodolithes in the St. Margarethen quarry and by bivalves and macroscopic quartz in Fertőrákos quarry. Porous limestones are exposed to weathering outdoors, leading to mass loss, flaking, sulphate efflorescence, black crusts from microscopic organisms and the colonization by lichens and mosses. The peak of limestone use for public buildings and sculptures was the years 1745 to 1780 (reign of Maria Theresa), and about 1880 to 1915, when there was relative prosperity and machine production began. The tombstones made of the Leitha limestones shifts to a peak between 1905 and 1925. In the 20th century, the Leitha limestones gave way to a competition from Czech decorative stones.

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Goriaeva, Liubov V. « The Annual Glasses for All Who Seek Knowledge and its Place in the Modern Malay Book Culture ». Studia Litterarum 5, n^o 3 (2020) : 412–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2020-5-3-412-425.

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The development of printing in the region of insular Southeast Asia dates back to the 17th century and is connected, first of all, with the activities of European missionaries, for whom preaching Christianity was inseparable from the struggle for the literacy of the population. This prompted the need not only for spiritual literature, but also for the books of a broader educational profile. One of such editions was the annual Glasses for All who Seek Knowledge, published in Singapore in 1858–1859. Its content testified to the successes of European science and technology, and various stories about Muslims who saw the world and became convinced of the merits of European civilization served as an indirect argument in favor of Christianity. The content of the annual reveals a certain parallel with the genre of framed story, familiar to Malay people. The main feature of this genre, traditional for the East, is its cyclical structure where a single plot frames a sequence of instructive stories, historical examples, and sayings of worldly wisdom. Apparently, this similarity led to the success of the annual and its reprints in subsequent years.

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Hanovs, Deniss. « THE ARISTOCRAT BECOMES A COURTIER… FEATURES OF EUROPEAN ARISTOCRATIC CULTURE IN THE 17th CENTURY ». Via Latgalica, n^o 1 (31 décembre 2008) : 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2008.1.1590.

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As John Adamson outlined in his voluminous comparative analysis of European court culture, „in the period between 1500 and 1750 a „Versailles model” of a court as a self-sufficient, situated in a free space, architectonically harmonious city-residency remote from the capital city, where the king’s household and administration was located, was an exception.” The Versailles conception and „model” both architectonically and in terms of practical functioning of the court was spread and secured in the 18th century, developing into a model of absolutism which was imitated to different extents. The spectrum of the adoption of the court of Louis XIV by material and intellectual culture reached from the grand ensembles of palaces of Carskoye Selo in Peterhof, Russia, Drottningholm in Sweden and Sanssouci in Germany to several small residences of the German princes’ realms in Weimar, Hanover, and elsewhere in Europe. Analyzing the works of several researchers about the transformation of the French aristocracy into court society, a common conclusion is the assurance of the symbolic autocratic power by Louis XIV to the detriment of the economic and political independence of the aristocracy. In this context, A. de Tocqueville points at the forfeiture of the power of the French aristocracy and its influence and a simultaneous self-isolation of the group, which he defines as a „caste with ideas, habits and barriers that they created in the nation.” Modern research, when revisiting the methods of the resarch on the aristocracy and when expanding the choice of sources, is still occupied with the problem defined in the beginning of the 19th century by A. de Tocqueville: The aristocracy lost its power and influence, and by the end of the 18th century also its economic basis for its dominance in French society. John Levron defines courtiers as functional mediators between the governor and society, calling them a „screen”.1 In turn, Ellery Schalk stated that in the time of Louis XIV the aristocracy was going through an elite identity crisis, when alongside the old aristocracy involved in military professions (noblesse d’épée), the governor allowed a new, so-called administrative aristocracy (noblesse de robe) to hold major positions and titles of honour. Along with the transformation of the traditional aristocratic hierarchy formed in the early Middle Ages, which John Lough described as an anachronism already back in the 17th century, also the status of governor and its symbolic place in the aristocratic hierarchy changed. It shall be noted that it is the question of a governor’s role in the political culture of absolutism by which the ideas of many researches can be distinguished. Norbert Elias thinks that an absolute monarch was a head of a family, which included the whole state and thereby turned into a governor’s „household”. Timothy Blanning, on the other hand, thinks that the court culture of Louis XIV was the expression of the governor’s insecurity and fears. This is a view which the researcher seems to derive from the traumatic experience of the Fronde (the aristocrats’ uprising against the mother of Louis XIV, regent Anna of Austria), which the culturologist K. Hofmane interpreted from a psychoanalytical point of view and defined Louis XIV as a conqueror of chaos and a despotic governor. In the wide spectrum of opinions, it is not the governor’s political principles which are postulated as a unifying element, but scenarios of the representation of power, their aims and various tools that are combined in the concept of court culture. N. Elias names symbolic activities in the court etiquette as the manifestation of power relations, whereas M. Yampolsky identifies a symbolic withdrawal of a governor’s body from the „circulation in society”, when a governor starts to represent himself, thereby alienating himself from society. George Gooch in this way reprimanded Louis XV as he thought this development would deprive the royal representation from the sacred. In turn, Jonathan Dewald in his famous work „European Aristocracy” noted that Louis XIV was not the first to use the phenomenon of the court for securing the personal authority of a governor, and refers to the courts during the late period of the Italian Renaissance as predecessors of French court culture. What role did the monarch’s closest „viewers” – the courtiers – play in this? K. Hofmane by means of comparison with the ancient Greek mythical monster Gorgon comes to conclusion that the court had to provide prey for the Gorgon (the king), who is both scared and fascinated by the terrific sight (of power and glory). The perception of the court as a collective observer implies the presence of the observed and worshiped object, the king. The public life of Louis XIV, which was subjected to the complicated etiquette, provided for the hierarchical access to the king’s public body. Let’s remember the „Memoirs” of Duc de Saint-Simon that gives a detailed description of the symbolic privileges granted to the courtiers, which along the material gifts (pensions, concessions and land plots) were tools for the formation of the identity and the status of a new aristocrat/courtier – along with the right to touch the king’s belongings, his attire, etc. The basis for securing the structure of the court’s hierarchy was provided by the governor’s body along the lines mentioned above, which according to the understanding of representation by M. Yampolsky was withdrawn from society and placed within the borders of the ensemble of the Versailles palace. There, by means of several tools, including dramatic works of art, the governor’s body was separated from its symbolic content and hidden behind the algorithms of ritualized activities. Blanning also speaks about a practice of hiding from the surrounding environment, thereby defining court culture as a hiding-place that a governor created around himself. It was possible to look at a governor and thereby be observed by him not only on particular festivals, when a governor was available mostly for court society, but also in different works of visual art, for example, on triumphal archs, in engravings, or during horse-racings.

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Krisdianto, Krisdianto. « Ethnoecology of Banjarese in Managing the Snakehead Fish in Barito River Basin and Tributaries ». Journal of Wetlands Environmental Management 9, n^o 1 (23 mars 2021) : 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jwem.v9i1.264.

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Abstract. Historically, Banjarese is living in lowland around the Barito riverbank, in the southern part of Borneo Island, from about around the 12th century. The first part of Banjarese history is a legend, but about the last three hundred years, there are data about Banjarese as a civilization with a kingdom involved in western colonialism history in Indonesia, as the pepper producer in the 17th century. They have settled almost in all Barito river tributaries and its basin and have been a part of the Barito freshwater wetland community, together with other Kalimantan ethnics such as Dayak hinterland or Malay in the coastal. This research aims to elucidate how far Banjarese is involved in managing wetlands, especially in managing Snakehead's population, enjoying its benefit and sustainability. We observe the fishers' activity on the field and village along Barito river and its basin and tributaries, visit their villages and interview them, and collect data from forum group discussion. About 60 participative respondents involve in our research. They are pleased to answer our question, explain how to cat the fish, and accompany us to evaluate Beje, ditches, or little ponds positioned lower than the land surface for placed sustainable fishes in a long dry season. The result shows that Banjarese are traditionally managing the population of Snakehead and as a symbol of prosperity and conserve them for sustainability.

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Nordin, Mardiana. « Keintelektualan Masyarakat Johor : Tradisi Persuratan Merentas Zaman ». Journal of Al-Tamaddun 17, n^o 2 (21 décembre 2022) : 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jat.vol17no2.7.

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The sultanate of Johor emerged as a maritime trade civilization, centred along the Johor River around the 16th and 17th century CE. Its administrative centre shifted to the Riau-Lingga islands in the next century, and returned to the mainland state of Johor in the late 19th century. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the sultanate of Johor emerged as a great Malay empire, a respected political entity and centre of international trade. However, these aspects should be seen as moving in line with the intellectual apogee of the Johor people. Therefore, the objective of this article is to prove that throughout the 16th and 18th centuries, the sultanate of Johor also became a centre of development of literature, language and culture. Many intellectuals emerged in Johor. The second objective is to discuss the multi-genre literary scene in Johor. Beginning with the two great Malay works, Sulalatus Salatin by Tun Sri Lanang and the Hikayat Hang Tuah, the Johor intelligentsia produced various literary works (history, literature, language, religion, statecraft, fiction, and so on) in the following centuries. Respected members of the intelligentsia produced greatly intellectual works, such as Raja Haji Ahmad, Raja Ali Haji, Raja Khalid Hitam, Raja Ali Kelana, Muhammad Ibrahim Munshi, Muhammad Salleh Perang, Muhammad Said Sulaiman and many others. This paper focuses on writtings and intellectuality in fields of history, literature and language. This study uses the qualitative method in history, especially focusing on library research. This study proves that Johor society is highly prolific in the flowering of literary and intellectual activities. This situation was also in line with the development of printing and associational activities, thus providing the intellectuality of Johor throughout time.

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Huzain, Muh. « PENGARUH PERADABAN ISLAM TERHADAP DUNIA BARAT ». Tasamuh : Jurnal Studi Islam 10, n^o 2 (7 novembre 2018) : 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32489/tasamuh.41.

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The emergence of Islam influenced the revolution and made a wave of culture toward a new world when experiencing an era of darkness. The progress of Greek civilization in the West could not be continued by the Roman empire and Roman domination in the classical era until the middle ages; which was then the rise of the West in the era of renaissance in the 14-16th century. This paper will reveal the influence of Islam on the development of the Western world, since the emergence of contact between Islam with the West in the Classical era until the middle ages. There are different opinions among historians about who and when the first contact between Islam and the West took place. The first contact, however, occurred when the areas of East Roman government (Byzantium), Syria (638) and Egypt (640) fell into the hands of the Islamic government during the reign of Caliph 'Umar bin Khaţţāb. The Second contact, at the beginning of the eighth and ninth centuries occurred when the kings of Islam were able to rule Spain (711-1472), Portugal (716-1147), and important Mediterranean islands such as Sardinia (740-1050), Cicilia (827-1091), Malta (870-1090) as well as several small areas in Southern Italy and French Southern France. The third contact, took place in Eastern Europe from the fourteenth to early twentieth century when the Ottoman empire ruled the Balkan peninsula (Eastern Europe) and Southern Russia. The Ottoman empire's powers in Europe covered Yunāni, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, parts of Rhode, Cyprus, Austria and parts of Russia. Of the three periods of contact, the greatest influence was in the second contact period, where the decline of Western science in the dark era, while in the Islamic world developed advanced and produces scientists, thinkers and intellectuals in various sciences. This influence can be seen from the sending of students studying to the university of Islamic area, the establishment of the university, the translation and copying of various scientific literature such as natural science (Science of astronomy, Mathematics, Chemistry, Pharmacy, medicine, architecture etc) and Social Science history, philosophy, politics, economics, earth sciences, sociology, law, culture, language, literature, art, etc.). The Historians recognize that the influence of Islamic civilization is very great on the development of the West, which culminated in the renaissance or rise of Western civilization in Europe after the dark era.

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Smith, Robert D., et Mohandas K. Mallath. « History of the Growing Burden of Cancer in India : From Antiquity to the 21st Century ». Journal of Global Oncology, n^o 5 (décembre 2019) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.19.00048.

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This review traces the growing burden of cancer in India from antiquity. We searched PubMed, Internet Archive, the British Library, and several other sources for information on cancer in Indian history. Paleopathology studies from Indus Valley Civilization sites do not reveal any malignancy. Cancer-like diseases and remedies are mentioned in the ancient Ayurveda and Siddha manuscripts from India. Cancer was rarely mentioned in the medieval literature from India. Cancer case reports from India began in the 17th century. Between 1860 and 1910, several audits and cancer case series were published by Indian Medical Service doctors across India. The landmark study by Nath and Grewal used autopsy, pathology, and clinical data between 1917 and 1932 from various medical college hospitals across India to confirm that cancer was a common cause of death in middle-aged and elderly Indians. India’s cancer burden was apparently low as a result of the short life expectancy of the natives in those times. In 1946, a national committee on health reforms recommended the creation of sufficient facilities to diagnose and manage the increasing cancer burden in all Indian states. Trends from the Mumbai population-based cancer registry revealed a four-fold increase in patients with cancer from 1964 to 2012. Depending on the epidemiologic transition level, wide interstate variation in cancer burden is found in India. We conclude that cancer has been recognized in India since antiquity. India’s current burden of a million incident cancers is the result of an epidemiologic transition, improved cancer diagnostics, and improved cancer data capture. The increase in cancer in India with wide interstate variations offers useful insights and important lessons for developing countries in managing their increasing cancer burdens.

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Sumerata, I. Wayan, Hedwi Prihatmoko, Ida Ayu Gede Megasuari Indria, J. Susetyo Edy Yuwono et I Made Pageh. « Peran Pelabuhan Kuno di Flores Timur dalam Jalur Perdagangan Nusantara pada Abad XVI-XVII ». PURBAWIDYA : Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi 11, n^o 1 (28 décembre 2022) : 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55981/purbawidya.2022.69.

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Geographically, East Flores Regency covers the eastern part of Flores Island, Solor Island, and Adonara Island. This study focuses on the three old ports, namely Larantuka Port (located in the eastern part of Flores Island), Lohayong Port (located in Solor Island), and Adonara Port (located in Adonara Island). These three ports have been used as parts of maritime trade routes during colonial period. The purpose of this study is to reconstruct the function of these ports during 16th to 17th century, which were based on archaeological remains, geographical, and enviromental data. These ports are closely related to the availability of the superior commodity found in eastern Flores, namely sandalwood. The shipping lanes formed from several ports were reconstructed using maps. Most of the ports that have been researched in this region are traditional ports which has been used since Portuguese occupation of East Flores. Each port has different roles according to its location and association with supporting findings. Most of the old ports are collector ports on a local scale, except for Larantuka Port which was on an international scale. These ports are not only evidence of maritime activities, but also become nodes for unraveling the political, economic, and social aspects of civilization.

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Reyent, O. « The World War First and its Consequences for Ukraine ». Problems of World History, n^o 1 (24 mars 2016) : 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2016-1-4.

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In the article, the World War First it examined from the perspective of a global cataclysm that essentially determined the further development of human civilization not only in the twentieth, but also in the early twenty-first century. It is indicated that the tragedy of war especially manifested in the total character, which it has acquired, and the rapid fall in the value of human life. In its universal scope and demographic losses, this war greatly surpassed everything that happened thereto during the largest international military conflicts in human history. The influence of the global confrontation 1914-1918 on the Ukrainian ethnic land is shown. Being divided between the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary they have been the object of geopolitical encroachments of the warring parties and for four years became the theater of fierce fighting, and their population found itself on opposite sides of the front line. Considerable attention is paid to elucidating the main «Ukrainian aspects» of the war in the political, ideological, military, economic and social planes. It is shown both negative and positive consequences of the World War First for the formation of modern nation and the establishment of statehood.

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Hasanuddin, Nfn. « Situs-situs Megalitik di Kabupaten Wajo, Sulawesi Selatan ». Kapata Arkeologi 13, n^o 1 (25 juillet 2017) : 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v13i1.395.

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Wajo in South Sulawesi is a region that has been known have findings from Islamic period, so it tends to be categorized as an area that civilization started around the 17th century AD. Research in Wajo intended to get an overview of distribution and development of the megalithic period, which is also known as the beginning of civilization. In its achieving, the survey method is used to determine the distribution of megalithic synchronization and also excavations conducted at the Cilellang site to reveal the variability of finds in the cultural layers and development of the megalithics in diachronic. Obtained a description of the research, Cilellang, Tobattang and Allangkanange megalithic sites developed since 13th until 15th century AD in the southeast of Tempe Lake. Agricultural activity is the main livelihood that is marked by 36 mortar stone finds on all three sites. Those three sites can also give an overview of the hierarchy of Allangkanange settlements that may have high social strata because it has the most extensive sites, more varied archaeological remains, and a higher location. Probably Allangkanange is the administrative center of Tobattang and Cilellang sites. Kabupaten Wajo di Sulawesi Selatan merupakan daerah yang selama ini diketahui memiliki temuan-temuan masa Islam, sehingga cenderung dikategorikan sebagai daerah yang memulai peradabannya sekitar abad ke-17 Masehi. Penelitian di Wajo dimaksudkan untuk memperoleh gambaran mengenai distribusi dan masa perkembangan megalitik, dan juga dapat menandai awal peradabannya. Dalam pencapaiannya, digunakan metode survei untuk mengetahui distribusi megalitik secara sinkronis dan dilakukan ekskavasi di situs Cilellang untuk mengetahui variabilitas temuan dalam lapisan budaya dan masa perkembangan megalitik secara diakronis. Dari penelitian diperoleh gambaran bahwa situs Cilellang, Tobattang dan Allangkanange merupakan situs megalitik yang berkembang sejak abad ke-13 hingga abad ke-15 M di wilayah sebelah tenggara Danau Tempe. Aktivitas pertanian merupakan mata pencaharian pokok ditandai dengan temuan 36 lumpang batu pada ketiga situs tersebut. Ketiga situs juga dapat memberi gambaran secara hirarki, yaitu situs Allangkanange mungkin mempunyai strata sosial permukiman yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan situs Cilellang dan Tobattang, karena memiliki luas situs paling besar, tinggalan arkeologi yang lebih bervariatif dan lokasi yang lebih tinggi. Mungkin saja situs Allangkanange adalah pusat pemerintahan dari situs Cilellang dan Tobattang.

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Gallino, Isabella, et Ralf Busch. « Metallurgy Beyond Iron ». Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 26, n^o 3 (2009) : iii—vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as08073.

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AbstractMetallurgy is one of the oldest sciences. Its history can be traced back to 6000 BCE with the discovery of Gold, and each new discovery — Copper, Silver, Lead, Tin, Iron and Mercury — marked the beginning of a new era of civilization. Currently there are 86 known metals, but until the end of the 17th century, only 12 of these were known. Steel (Fe–C alloy) was discovered in the 11th century BCE; however, it took until 1709 CE before we mastered the smelting of pig-iron by using coke instead of charcoal and started the industrial revolution. The metallurgy of nowadays is mainly about discovering better materials with superior properties to fulfil the increasing demand of the global market. Promising are the Glassy Metals or Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMGs) — discovered at first in the late 50s at the California Institute of Technology — which are several times stronger than the best industrial steels and 10-times springier. The unusual structure that lacks crystalline grains makes BMGs so promising. They have a liquid-like structure that means they melt at lower temperatures, can be moulded nearly as easily as plastics, and can be shaped into features just 10 nm across. The best BMG formers are based on Zr, Pd, Pt, Ca, Au and, recently discovered, also Fe. They have typically three to five components with large atomic size mismatch and a composition close to a deep eutectic. Packing in such liquids is very dense, with a low content of free volume, resulting in viscosities that are several orders of magnitude higher than in pure metal melts.

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Terletska, Khrystyna, et Mykhailo Kosmii. « THE GENESIS AND PRECONDITIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF PRYKARPATTIA ». Current problems of architecture and urban planning, n^o 64 (31 août 2022) : 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2022.64.119-133.

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Today, Ukraine is actively integrating into the world cultural space, therefore a full and comprehensive study of the formation of the architectural heritage of the Carpathian region and its impact on the country's cultural environment is of great national importance. Prykarpattia occupies the third place in Ukraine for several monuments of architecture and urban planning. There are 3,944 objects of cultural heritage in the region and 1,443 of them are monuments of architectural heritage, 90 objects are of national importance. These are such sights as the church of St. Panteleimon in the village of Shevchenkove, the Carmelite church of the 17th century, with a monastery complex, the remains of the Galician castle of the 13th-17th centuries, in the town of Halychi, a monastery in the village of Manyava, St. Anthony's Church and the Bernardine monastery in the village of Hvizdets the Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Holy Resurrection Cathedral, the College of Jesuits, the Dominican Monastery, the Armenian Cathedral the Brewery in Ivano-Frankivsk, etc. The article deals with the study of architectural, local and historical literature, analyzes the formation of the architecture of Prykarpattia in the prehistoric (primordial) period, the architecture of Prykarpattia in the Ancient, Middle Ages, New and Modern periods. In each historical period, we have identified stages associated with important social and political changes in the Carpathian region and are the drivers of changes in the architecture of the region. The historical prerequisites for the formation of the cultural heritage of the Carpathian region from the earliest stage to the present are determined, which includes the evolution and development of society and the emergence of socio-economic relations, the emergence of complex political entities such as the Principality of Galicia, and later the Galicia-Volyn state, the change of religion and the expansion of foreign economic relations connections, raids of Crimean Tatars and Turks the emergence of firearms and the conquest of the Carpathian territories by Poland, Austria-Hungary, Moldova and the entry into the USSR.

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Zsuzsanna, Cziráki. « Ruha teszi a követet ? A Habsburgok 17. századi konstantinápolyi diplomatáinak magyar viseletéről ». Művészettörténeti Értesítő 69, n^o 1 (23 décembre 2020) : 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/080.2020.00002.

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The paper focusses on a peculiar but so-far neglected theme in the modern-age history of the relationship between the Hungarian Kingdom, the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire: the Hungarian costumes of the Habsburg envoys delegated to the Porte in the 17th century. The highest ranking representatives of the diplomacy of the Habsburg House mostly of West European family ties and traditions – the overwhelming majority of whom had no Hungarian connections at all – wore ornate Hungarian costumes for their official appearances in Constantinople. It is self-evident to wonder: Why did the Habsburg House resort to this solution? and What conclusions of broader relevance can be drawn from the phenomenon? Based on archival researches in archives in Austria and Hungary, the outfit of the envoys can be reconstructed including the particularly accented dolman, fur-lined short coat mente and the Hungarian hat, while the uniquely detailed documentation of the legation of Johann Ludwig Kuefstein also sheds light on who and where produced each item. The research concluded that the Hungarian costume had an emphatic role not only in the relationship between the Habsburg monarchs and the Sublime Porte based on a complex system of symbols, but was also part of the communicational strategy toward the Hungarian estates, for it was manifestation of the exclusive and legitimate but repeatedly questioned domination of the Hungarian Kingdom by the Habsburgs toward both the dignitaries of the Porte and the Hungarian elite.

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