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1
Sweeny, Kim. « Accounting for growth in the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme ». full-text, 2008. http://eprints.vu.edu.au/1960/1/sweeny.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis investigates the contribution to the growth in expenditure on medicines listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) from three inter-related sources: (i) the addition of new medicines offering an expanding range of treatments for disease, (ii) PBS processes for determining the prices of medicines and their conditions of listing and (iii) the demand by patients for PBS medicines. In doing so it uses trend analysis presented in both tabular and graphic form, expenditure decomposition techniques based on index and indicator numbers, and econometric analysis. Using novel techniques and interpretations, it addresses some key aspects of decomposition analysis including the treatment of new and disappearing goods and the potential bias arising from changing market shares among substitutable medicines. The analysis is undertaken for the period from 1991-92 to 2005-06. An important consequence of the cost-effectiveness and reference pricing techniques used by the PBS, is that the quantity index calculated within the decomposition of PBS expenditure can be interpreted as a measure of the quality-adjusted amount of medicines consumed by patients. This is virtually equivalent to the growth in expenditure of about 12% per annum. On average prices of medicines fell over time, modestly in nominal terms and to a greater extent in real terms. Based on the results of econometric analysis, new evidence is presented on the relative influences of copayments, safety net limits, the number of PBS medicines listed and their conditions of listing on the demand for PBS medicines by different categories of patients. Elasticities with respect to patient price are in the range -1.1 to -1.4 for General Non-Safety Net patients and in the range -0.5 to -0.9 for Concessional Non-Safety Net patients.
2
Sweeny, Kim. « Accounting for growth in the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme ». Thesis, full-text, 2008. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/1960/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis investigates the contribution to the growth in expenditure on medicines listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) from three inter-related sources: (i) the addition of new medicines offering an expanding range of treatments for disease, (ii) PBS processes for determining the prices of medicines and their conditions of listing and (iii) the demand by patients for PBS medicines. In doing so it uses trend analysis presented in both tabular and graphic form, expenditure decomposition techniques based on index and indicator numbers, and econometric analysis. Using novel techniques and interpretations, it addresses some key aspects of decomposition analysis including the treatment of new and disappearing goods and the potential bias arising from changing market shares among substitutable medicines. The analysis is undertaken for the period from 1991-92 to 2005-06.
An important consequence of the cost-effectiveness and reference pricing techniques used by the PBS, is that the quantity index calculated within the decomposition of PBS expenditure can be interpreted as a measure of the quality-adjusted amount of medicines consumed by patients. This is virtually equivalent to the growth in expenditure of about 12% per annum. On average prices of medicines fell over time, modestly in nominal terms and to a greater extent in real terms. Based on the results of econometric analysis, new evidence is presented on the relative influences of copayments, safety net limits, the number of PBS medicines listed and their conditions of listing on the demand for PBS medicines by different categories of patients. Elasticities with respect to patient price are in the range -1.1 to -1.4 for General Non-Safety Net patients and in the range -0.5 to -0.9 for Concessional Non-Safety Net patients.
3
Cloney, Mark. « Australia's economic integration with Asia : Government policy 1983-1996 ». Thesis, Cloney, Mark (1998) Australia's economic integration with Asia : Government policy 1983-1996. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 1998. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51197/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis identifies and evaluates the policies of the Hawke/Keating Governments that were intended to accelerate Australia's economic integration with Asia (1983-96). A series of influential reports were produced during this period indicating Australia's increasing economic linkages with Asia were guided by an orthodox neo-classical economics view which emphasises the positive effects of market competition and cautions against government 'intervention'. Moreover, these reports were informed by understandings of how the emerging economies of Asia achieved rapid economic growth and offer domestic policy prescriptions derived from such understandings. The Garnaut Report (1989), the most influential of these. concluded that Labor policy-makers would best serve their cause by removing high levels of tariff protection and adopting policies to 'liberalise' the Australian economy.
Labor policy between 1983-96, which reflected this thinking, included the deregulation of the Australian financial system, the privatisation agenda, tariff reduction and aii emphasis on multilateral trade negotiations. This, according to Garnaut and others. was the only policy approach to ensure a more internationally competitive, outward-looking economy best able to capture the markets of Asia in an era of increased globalisation/internationalisation. Central to Garnaut's argument is that once protection is removed from the domestic economy, exports would increase as local firms, subject to greater international competition, are forced to compete in the global market. Liberalisation of the Australian economy is offered by Garnaut et al. as the cure to Australia's perennial balance of payments (BoPs) problems.
An important political point is that such policy prescriptions appeal to various audiences, not all of which are principally interested in Australia's economic relations with Asia.
The thesis critically evaluates this dominant view at three levels, firstly by demonstrating that the assumption of Garnaut et al. of a causal link between domestic policies of 'liberalisation' and increased exports, and therefore an improved BoP, remains highly problematic. Second, it challenges the prevailing 'liberal' conception of Asian development. and the portrayal of the state in that process. Third, arid this is the greater emphasis of the study, it points to the various structural and political factors complicating Australian policymakers' attempts to increase economic links with Asia that are down-played or not even recognised because of the theoretical limitations underlying the neo-classical policy approach.
For example, Chapter 5 presents a case study of Australia's agri-food sector that demonstrates that Australia's high value-added food industry, and its exports to the Asia- Pacific region, are being shaped by factors such as regional tariff and non-tariff barriers. increasing competition from intra-Asian food trade, and by constraints imposed on the structure of the Australian industry by the production and investment decisions of powerful transnational food companies (TFCs), to mention a few. These factors also have a significant impact on Australia's BoPs performance, particularly through their impact on the current account deficit (CAD), and are not easily accounted for by neo-classical free-trade theory argued by Gamaut et al.
As the current Asian financial crisis highlights, Australia's economic integration with Asia, and its economic performance in general, continues to be shaped by political and structural issues far more complex than the simple polar view of tariffs versus free trade led industrialisation that was the cornerstone of economic policy for much of the Hawke/Keating era.
4
Kazi, Mazharul Haque, of Western Sydney Nepean University et Faculty of Commerce. « Economic development in regional perspective : policy implications for Australia ». THESIS_FCOM_XXX_Kazi_M.xml, 1997. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/693.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis aims to ascertain the pivotal issues that are of most significance for economic development in regional Australia. To understand these issues, it is necessary to understand prevailing economic development theories which have been traditionally considered in a nation’s policymaking. A review of a wide range of theories revealed that no single theory or set of theories provides desired outcomes from the perspective of long-term economic development of a nation given its existing structure. Researchers and policymakers throughout the world are engaged in searching for suitable options, and the ‘regional economic development with local planning’ approach for regional policymaking has been identified as a suitable option for a developed nation. The tested hypothesis of this thesis indicates that to help accelerate a smooth long-term development process of regional Australia, a suitably designed local planning approach is necessary. Simultaneously, providing an improved coordination mechanism is vital. Establishing an independent regional institutional setup throughout regional Australia should be given greater consideration as a priority issueMaster of Commerce (Hons)
5
Simpson, Ralph Arthur. « Government intervention in the Malaysian economy, 1970-1990 : lessons for South Africa ». University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study examined the role the Malaysian government played in developing the Malaysian economy as a means to eliminating poverty and inequality and explored the lessons South Africa can learn from Malaysia's development experience. Under British colonial rule Malaysia developed a divided multi-ethnic society characterised by gross inequality and high levels of poverty. Jolted by the 1969 race riots and in a major departure from the laissez-faire economic policy, the government embarked on the New Economic Policy in 1970. This ambitious twenty-year social engineering plan ushered in greater state intervention in the economy. It greatly reduced poverty among indigenous Malays and made substantial progress towards achieving inter-ethnic economic parity.
6
Doshi, Amar. « Economic analyses of microalgae biofuels and policy implications in Australia ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/103532/1/Amar_Doshi_Thesis.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis presents an economic assessment of microalgae biofuels as a substitute in the Australian transport fuel market. The studies systematically reviewed the current state of microalgae biofuels among its predecessors, analysed a novel production pathway integrated with existing industries, and estimated the economic value of its external benefits over agricultural-based biofuels. These findings informed a discussion on how a long-term, policy-led transition away from fossil fuels can be achieved through support for the development of integrated microalgae industries and more importantly, capturing the economic value of biofuels that will lead to a more diversified and socially-efficient transport fuel market.
7
Westerway, Peter. « A THOUSAND THOUSAND CAMPFIRES : Policy change and Aboriginal broadcasting in Australia 1967-1990 ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/24718.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Between 1967 and 1990 Ministers directed a succession of Commonwealth
interdepartmental Committees (IDCs) to make recommendations for an Aboriginal
broadcasting policy.
Part A: Context establishes historical context and nominates the starting
point for development of an Aboriginal broadcasting policy. I suggest that since the
activities of IDCs are confidential, the bulk of the policy cycle is effectively hidden
from public view. Reviewing the literature on major policy change, I suggest that
work based upon Thomas Kuhn’s seminal notion of paradigms provides an heuristic
basis for analysing developments in the area. In particular, subsequent speculation
by Peter Hall about policy paradigms, by Baumgartner and Jones on punctuated
equilibrium (PE) theory and the multiple streams approach developed by Kingdon,
Mintrom and others, provide a strong theoretical basis for analysis.
Part B: Case Studies provides a detailed historical account of what actually
happened on the Other side of the Moon — inside the black boxes that are the venues
for policy work in the Australian Public Service (APS). It records that in our
Westminster-based system the official experts of the Australian Public Service (APS)
normally wield substantial influence. However, in this area they experienced
significant policy failure.
Cultural myopia — an inability to see that Aboriginal cultures worked
differently and that Aboriginal peoples had to be consulted — was the root cause of
failure, fatally undermining successive attempts to devise a policy. The First Working
Party (1976-1979) objected to ministerial directions not to consult and concluded that
the parameters set by Ministers were faulty. When it provided contrary advice its recommendations were ignored. By 1980 the Second Working Party (1980-1981)
was facing an Australian Broadcasting Commission determined to run its own race,
pressure from a number of Aboriginal communities now seeking to establish
community controlled public broadcasting (including television) and Ministers who
still wanted neither. Its attempt to straddle all schools of thought resulted in a
confusing interim report that was again ignored. The Third Working Party (1982)
was a futile rump formed after Ministers had refused to act and soon disappeared into
oblivion.
In 1984 a resurgent Labor Government reiterated its support for selfdetermination
and invited strong Aboriginal participation in a Task Force on
Aboriginal and Islander Broadcasting and Communications (TFAIBC). The TFAIBC
provided a comprehensive description of developments to that point and nominated a
series of policy options. Its recommendations were fully adopted. Nevertheless, its
report (¿2/// o f the Si/ent Land) was flawed. The TFAIBC consulted widely and
attempted to support almost any suggestion but it also avoided prioritisation, cost
estimates and recommendations regarding migratory paths. Significantly, it then left
implementation in the hands of settler bureaucrats in the Department of Aboriginal
Affairs, whose notion of consultation with Aboriginal broadcasters and communities
proved to be quite manipulative. Some valuable developments, such as the
Broadcasting for Remote Aboriginal Communities Scheme (BRACS), resulted from
Out o f the St/ent Land. Yet the flaws in its recommendations did little to dispel
conceptual confusion and eventually led to significant under funding, particularly in
supporting Aboriginal communities for operations and maintenance as well as
training.Part C: Conclusions analyses the case studies. In each succeeding case there is
a consistent theme — the difficulties experienced by settler policymakers in coming
to terms with Aboriginal community control. The two interlocking and overlapping
policy paradigms: statutory regulation (broadcasting) and assimi/ation (Aboriginal
affairs) were both under strong pressure. In the case of broadcasting there was rapid
and major policy change. The prevailing paradigm was swiftly replaced by diversity
of c/ioice. Yet in Aboriginal affairs the prevailing paradigm proved highly resistant
and the proffered alternative — seif-determination — was consistently rejected in
favour of re-badged versions of assimilation. I call this very different path ‘the
boomerang trajectory’.
Most case studies cover situations in which paradigm change has already
occurred and consequently provide only limited insights into causation. Noting that
experienced practitioners seek to calculate resistance to change utilising a rough
calculus based upon the notion of policy inertia, I suggest that in order to make the PE
framework more effective it is necessary more consciously to focus upon this concept.
Finally I suggest that a better understanding of causation depends upon deployment of
Multiple Streams theory with its related notion of policy entrepreneurs.
8
Yu, Serena. « Retiree welfare in Australia ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14564.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis investigates individual retiree welfare in Australia. It is motivated by the question of how the traditional utilitarian framework for individual welfare, dominated by a preference satisfaction account of well-being, can be complemented by developments in the predominantly empirical field of subjective well-being. The hypothesis that utility can be directly proxied by subjective indicators is developed within a theoretical framework and applied to three empirical research questions. The first evaluates the welfare effects of the large, once-off increase in the Age Pension benefit rate in 2009. Taking advantage of a rich longitudinal dataset comprising objective and subjective measures of individual welfare, the research finds significant increases in consumption expenditure, falls in objective and subjective poverty, but no changes in financial and life satisfaction. The second investigates the impact of the global financial crisis on older Australians, and considers three dimensions of the crisis: the wealth shock, the liquidity shock, and the labour market shock. The research finds that there were significant declines in consumption expenditure amongst wealthy retirees, preceded by large falls in financial satisfaction, but no change in life satisfaction. However, the dominant effect amongst older individuals was a significant withdrawal from the labour market. The final research question uses novel econometric methods to better understand life satisfaction responses, and found that life satisfaction – far from being a proxy for material welfare – is driven primarily by health well-being, with financial and social well-being equally but less important. Moreover, significant interaction between health and social well-being was found. The thesis concludes that subjective well-being measures can fruitfully be used in complement to objective measures, but need to be appropriate to the specific research question, with an appreciation of the limitations of the subjective measures.
9
Barry, Sean. « Hard Labor : The Political Economy of Economics Policy Reform in Australia ». Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/378091.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the closing decades of the twentieth century, a growing consensus emerged about the tailored economic principles that might promote economic growth. There has been less understanding, however, and no consensus, about the political processes conducive to achieving successful economic reform. The obstacles on the path to successful reform are numerous. Consequently, factors conducive to policy success are vital for understanding the process, and enhancing social learning for policy actors.
This dissertation compares instances of economic reform by federal Labor governments in Australia since 1972, to determine factors that contributed to the success or failure of those reforms. To do so, it uses, and assesses the robustness of a multi-hypothesis framework. The research situates itself within a political economy theoretical framework. This framework recognises the inseparability and interdependence of political and economic factors.
The study draws on economic data and political evidence to examine the actions, circumstances and background of governments and leaders in the relevant periods, using a comparative historical approach and a framework derived from the political economy of reform theory. It utilises a framework encompassing a number of hypotheses about reform, condensed into five ‘clusters’ of: economic conditions, political conditions, role of ideas, economic team, and reform program. This framework is a modified version of one developed by John Williamson and Stephan Haggard in The Political Economy of Policy Reform. This study applies the framework for analysis qualitatively to the three representative case studies of economic reforms.
The first case study examines the 25 per cent across-the-board tariff cut by the Whitlam Government in 1973. Australia had lived behind a ‘tariff wall’ for most of the century, and this reform sought to promote efficiency and innovation by encouraging competition, as well as reducing consumer prices. The second case study explores the Hawke government’s float of the Australian dollar in December 1983. Australia’s approach to its fixed exchange rate had undergone various modifications over the years, but none had allowed the economic flexibility necessary for a country with such a high rate of resource and primary industry exports. The last case analyses the minority Gillard government’s decision to implement the Clean Energy Future Package. It was a significant economic and environmental policy initiative encompassing multiple purposes, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels, and promoting new industries.
The research challenges presumptions that economic reform is driven solely or primarily by ‘economic imperatives’ (such as economic crisis), at least in the Australian context. It finds the landscape of the political economy of policy reform is far more complex. Instead, the political conditions, role of ideas and economic team all influenced the subject reforms to varying degrees. All governments used favourable aspects of the political conditions to pursue reform, exploiting opportunities in their political honeymoons, building social consensus ex post to enhance durability and visionary leadership to support change along the path to reform. These aspects were notable in the earlier two reforms, but largely absent in the third case study and this contributed to the failure of that policy program. All three reforms reflected evolving ideas about the policy prescriptions necessary in the circumstances. The Hawke government’s float of the dollar was a paradigm shift as defined by Peter Hall, which assisted with the durability of the change. The Gillard government’s reform was technically a paradigm shift, but lacked the durability necessary to be a true shift. The governments introduced the reforms during windows of policy opportunity and the most successful program (Hawke) held valence (emotional appeal) within the community, the Gillard reform lacked that support and Whitlam’s valence weakened as economic conditions turned against the government. Of vital importance in all reforms was the role of the economic team. Coherent economic teams supported the executive and the governments, and that assisted the development and introduction of the reforms, and improved the prospects their durability.
It is not possible to unequivocally isolate factors sufficient or necessary for reform to take place in all circumstances. As scholars have recognised, however, there is still considerable value in identifying and exploring a range of contributing factors, even if not all are decisive. This research provides new insights into the political conditions that have been conducive for the pursuit of successful economic reform in Australian conditions. It also demonstrates that the use of a conceptual framework encompassing multiple reform hypotheses provides a richer, more nuanced understanding of reform decisions. This is a viable and useful approach for research in this area of interest, particularly when comparing multiple cases.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Govt & Int Relations
Griffith Business School
Full Text
10
Pigman, Geoffrey Allen. « Hegemony and free trade policy : Britain 1846-1944 and U.S.A. 1944-1990 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335695.
Texte intégral
11
Van, der Heyden Ulrich Klaus Helmut. « GDR development policy with special reference to Africa, c. 1960-1990 ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001860.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis explores the political, economic and theoretical underpinnings of the German Democratic Republic’s (GDR’s) development policies towards the Third World between c.1960 and 1990. Particular attention is paid to Africa. Case studies of assistance to SWAPO and the ANC further focus the attention of the reader on southern Africa in particular. Aspects of both military and civilian aid are considered, including both development initiatives overseas in Africa, and development training for Africans within the GDR itself. Since German “reunification”, the GDR’s history has been explored largely from a West German perspective. The present work attempts to provide a more balanced view of successes and shortcomings of the GDR’s policies towards, and interaction with, African countries and liberation movements. It also aims to bring to the attention of English-speaking readers German archival sources, other primary sources and published works which they would otherwise have been unlikely to encounter. From its formation, the GDR made strenuous efforts to develop relations with countries which were either free from colonial dependency or were struggling for freedom. Over the course of thirty years, it followed a number of different approaches, and developed diverse objectives. These were shaped in the wider context of the cold war, the Hallstein doctrine (which established that the FRG – and, in effect, its allies - would not establish or maintain diplomatic relations with any state that recognised the GDR), the relationships between the GDR and partner socialist states, and the economic difficulties faced by the GDR. Arising from this complex situation, from time to time, both internally in the GDR and in terms of its foreign affairs, tensions and discrepancies arose between theoretical objectives and political and economic reality. Despite these severe constraints, during the period under review, the volume and range of the GDR’s relationships with developing countries increased dramatically. For example, between 1970 and 1987, the number of developing countries with which the GDR had foreign economic relations on the basis of international agreements grew from 23 to 64. Viewed within its economic context, the state was arguably far more committed to development aid than the Federal Republic of Germany. In addition, there is a great deal of evidence that “solidarity” with developing nations and the oppressed enjoyed a considerable degree of popular support.
12
McCoy, Elaine. « Economic crisis and state autonomy : a comparative study of the policy responses of the United States, Britain and Australia, 1967-1982 / ». Title page, contents and introduction only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm1311.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Politics, 1987.18 col. transparencies with accompanying notes in v. 2 endpocket, 1 - in leaf 170 (v. 1) pocket. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 538-579).
13
Minami, Masaki. « The role and policy of the South Australian Government in the development of economic ties with Asian nations / ». Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09armm663.pdf.
Texte intégral
14
Thompson, Helen Elizabeth. « Joining the ERM : core executive decision-making in the UK, 1979-1990 ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1994. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1335/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Core executive decision-making in economic policy in the UK is dominated by a Prime Minister-Chancellor axis and a set of constraints defined by vast flows of capital around foreign exchange markets. This thesis examines policy-making during the Thatcher governments in relation to the debate about ERM membership from 1979 to 1990. The analysis reconstructs the choices which faced the Thatcher governments given their economic and European policy interests and capital accumulation priorities, and investigates core executive actors' activity against this background. From the first Thatcher administration onwards, the core executive was seriously divided on ERM membership and the government was unable to pursue a coherent policy on the issue. As a result of both a power struggle between the Prime Minister and successive Chancellors and the retention of empirically untenable policy positions by core executive actors, economic policy-making failed as a judgement about effective means to ends. In this sense, decision-making became non-rational. Having renounced the potential benefits of ERM membership for most of the 1980s, the Prime Minister and Chancellor decided to enter ERM in autumn 1990 at a central rate of DM2.95 which served neither their own interests nor those of UK producers. The failure of the Conservative government to pursue an effective policy on ERM membership represented a failure to cope with or understand the implications for successful economic management of vast capital flows around foreign exchange markets.
15
Friedman, Renee Nadine. « A comparative study of regional economic strategy and industrial policy in Russia 1990-1999 ». Thesis, London Business School (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248238.
Texte intégral
16
Visessuvanapoom, Vinit. « State and economy in Thailand : the possibility of establishing a developmental state ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28173.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This dissertation addresses the question of whether the Thai state is already a
developmental state or could readily become one early in the 21St century. To begin with it identifies the two principal conditions that have to be satisfied, namely commitment to develop and state capacity to influence development. The latter of ‘which in turn depends on the state’s general authority (legitimacy) and its general regulatory capacity. The focus of the dissertation is on the particular capacities that can be said to characterise a developmental state in the present era. These particular capacities are, first, the particular capacities providing the basis of industry policy as identified in the analyses of the earlier formation of developmental states by Chalmers Johnson and his successors and, second, certain complementary capacities which are required to meet the challenges of the twenty—first century. The body of the dissertation is an examination of whether, and to what extent, the particular capacities exist within Thailand or could readily be brought into existence. The dissertation further examines the commitment to development in Thailand through an examination of contemporary Thai polity and specifically the state’s ability, under a Thaksin administration in particular, to govern conflicts within the Thai polity in a manner consistent with broad development. It is recognised that insofar as the state’s capacity to influence development also depends on its general authority (the legitimacy of the state), that authority also is sensitive to its ability to govern conflict resolution. The dissertation ends by speculating about how different the commitment to development might be under another Democrat-led administration. The overall conclusion of the dissertation is that, while the Thai state does indeed possess critical capacities for the pursuit of industry policy, other essential capacities - fundamental and complementary
— as well as legitimacy and commitment to development are weak and not obviously being strengthened. That being the case, it would only be wishful thinking to say that Thailand is already a developmental state.
17
Campos, Filho Leonardo. « Brazilian trade policy in the 1980's and 1990's : an applied general equilibrium analysis ». Thesis, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300292.
Texte intégral
18
Campbell, Carolyn. « The impact of association with the EU on domestic industrial policy making : the case of Poland 1990-1995 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:51fa56c3-5e4c-4cfc-ad8e-f0073dd8063d.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis is a case study of the effects of association with the EU on domestic industrial policy making in Poland during 1990-1995 from a liberal intergovernmentalist perspective, showing how association affected the industrial policy-making autonomy of the Government in relation to other domestic actors in two ways. First, because domestic interests were weak and divided in transition-era Poland, the EU provided political leaders with a sharper focus and allowed them to consolidate domestic support for government industrial policy initiatives. Second, where domestic opposition arose, association helped political leaders to overcome it by giving industrial policy initiatives greater legitimacy and allowing them to be portrayed as "mandatory" for EU membership. The manner in which the Government handled domestic pressure for intervention from state enterprises seeking to avoid painful adjustments and restructuring during the transition offers a prime test of the effects of EU association on industrial policy-making autonomy. In most areas, the pro-market, pro-competition policies mandated by EU association were incompatible with the nature and level of governmental involvement in industry under socialism, requiring an end to state subsidies and other forms of discretionary support enjoyed by state enterprises for nearly four decades. Incorporating case studies of the steel and textiles sectors, this thesis illustrates how in the context of transition, the Government's commitment to EU association was stronger than for other recent EU members and ensured that the Government would deviate from the course charted in the Association Agreement only in cases of intense domestic pressure, and even then only temporarily. Accordingly, in a new twist to liberal intergovernmentalism, Poland's transitional domestic situation coupled with the country's enduring commitment to eventual EU membership ensured that the effects of association on policy-making autonomy were more pronounced in Poland than in existing member states.
19
Whelan, Stephen P. « Land freight transport in Australia : an economic analysis of regulatory and competition reform ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1996. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27642.
Texte intégralRésumé :
An examination of land freight transport in Australia shows that a diverse range of influences
have shaped its development and structure over time. Parochial political interests have
constituted a potent input into the development of policy, made possible by the federal structure
of the Australian governmental structure. Australia is in no way unique in this sense, but the
structure and its constituent elements have, over time, resulted in the development of land
freight transport policy which has proven, in some respects, to be inefficient and ineffective.
Despite a perception that land freight transport policy has been inadequate in the past, attempts
to comprehensively reform the regulatory framework in which the land freight transport task is
undertaken have not proved successful. This has been partly due to constraints imposed by
institutional forces beyond the reach of policy makers. More recently, however, changes in
institutional constraints provided an opportunity for reform to be initiated. Coupled with a
commitment on the part of constituent governments to seek economically efficient national
solutions, changes have occurred in the regulatory environment for land freight transport in
Australia.
The nature of the economic relationships underlying the freight transport task are examined,
and a modelling framework developed for analysing the freight transport task within a spatial
equilibrium framework. Although not applied directly to the issue of concern in the present
study, the technique represents a useful tool to analyse freight transport relationships in the
future. In lieu of the direct application of the spatial transport equilibrium model developed,
previous Australian studies are reviewed and inter-state land freight transport demand
relationships estimated.
The economic implication of regulatory and competition reforms are assessed in the context of
a federal structure of government, and a scenario in which the freight transport task represents
a diverse set of activities. The study concludes that although the reforms offer opportunities to
enhance the regulatory environment for land freight transport, the results to date do not show
unambiguous gains from the changes which have occurred, or which are envisaged.
Moreover, considerations other than cost-benefit considerations may undermine the persuasive
arguments on which much of proposed reforms have been premised. This is likely to lead to
misguided policy which, in the long run, does not prove to be welfare enhancing, and which
may not correspond with the institutional framework underlying the Australian federal
structure.
20
Wood, Robert Jameson. « Business, state and society in the Western Cape from 1960 to 1990 ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018502.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This research examines the relationship between business, the state and society in South Africa -- particularly the Western Cape -- over the period from 1960 to 1990, viewed against the background of economic conditions in this region, South Africa and the world. Utilising a development history approach, it is based on an extensive study of primary and secondary documentation, supplemented by a panel of in-depth interviews and observation. This study finds that the relationship between business and apartheid incorporated both functional and dysfunctional elements, although over time the benefits diminished and the costs multiplied. The latter, Regulation Theory suggests, is true for any institutional order, but it could be argued that, under apartheid, the particularly fragile and contradictory nature of the institutional arrangement made inevitable crises more rapid and more pronounced. On the one hand, apartheid restricted the economic development of the country, as a result of a range of factors from skills shortages to the visible waste of resources on grand ideological projects and security; as suggested by Resource Curse Theory, minerals windfalls tend to encourage irresponsible behaviour by governments. On the other hand, certain businesses prospered, notably the Afrikaner business sector. All business benefited from the overall growth of the 1950s and 1960s, whilst niche players often did quite well even during the 1980s. Further, the South African businessmen, both English- and Afrikaans-speaking, were skilful in adapting to the difficult conditions brought about by apartheid, and in many cases they prospered. As highlighted by Business Systems Theory, embedded social ties and informal relations may help either support or compensate for formal regulatory pressures. Many of these general trends were particularly accentuated in the Western Cape. The fact that business protests against government policies were often more motivated by concerns as to future property rights and of social disorder, rather than human rights, does indeed raise serious moral issues. However, in helping encourage political reform, they may have made a positive contribution. This study is founded on three related strands of thinking within the political economy tradition, Resource Curse Theory, Regulation Theory and Business Systems Theory, with the emerging common ground between these three bodies of thought being highlighted. As suggested by Resource Curse Theory, non-mineral producing regions tend to be particularly adversely affected in mineral rich countries, and there is little doubt that the region bore all the costs of the collapse of the gold price in the 1980s, and lacked the deeper capital base of the now Gauteng region to cushion the shock. Whilst apartheid may, as we have seen, have served conservative sectors of agriculture and mining quite well for many years, it also involved large costs incurred through social engineering experiments and the increasing demands of the security establishment. Resource Curse Theory suggests that national economies become dangerously dependent on the vagaries of commodities markets, and that the process of institutional design and evolution is hampered by assumptions of easy money which may temporary resolve the negative consequences of any institutional shortcomings. The poor price of gold in much of the 1980s brought about a crisis in the system, and, there is little doubt that this contributed to the demise of the order. As suggested by Resource Curse Theory, the experience of the Western Cape, a region of the country poor in minerals, was often one of inefficient and wasteful state intervention, coupled with increasingly poor performance of non-mineral related industries. Indeed, the effects of the recession of the 1980s were most pronounced in non-mineral producing areas of the country, particularly in the Western Cape. Regulation Theory highlights that no set of institutions and practices is ever totally coherent and functional, but at specific times may work to promote both certain types of economic activity and overall growth. It is wrong to suggest that because an order only works for some players at specific times it is simply dysfunctional or does not work properly at all. However, over time, internal contradictions mount and the benefits diminish. A particular feature of the apartheid order was that some of its core benefits at its height were particularly concentrated on some players (segments of Afrikaner commerce and industry, mining and agriculture), whilst the costs were shared across a wider range of players, with a disproportionate burden being borne by the black majority. A further feature was that the costs were often indirect and spread over many years if the benefits were sometimes immediate: this would include the persistent dysfunctionality of much of the South African education system and the criminal ecosystem that was nurtured through sanctions busting. Internal contradictions and spreading dysfunctionality rarely leads to a conscious and coherent period of institutional redesign, but rather an incoherent, experimental and contested process, such as characterized late apartheid reforms, and, indeed, the post February-1990 negotiation process. Finally, again at a theoretical level, as Business Systems Theory highlights, it is important to take account of the formal and informal ties interlinking firms in different sectors in the region, and firms and government, and the extent to which regions within a particular country may follow very distinct developmental trajectories. The benefits and the costs of the system diffused unevenly in the region, giving many players both a stake in the existing order, and an interest in some or other type of reform.
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Vonyó, Tamás. « Post-war reconstruction and the economic miracle : the dynamics of West German economic growth during the 1950s and 1960s ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669982.
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Manning, Elizabeth Sophie Mary. « Local content and related trade policy : Australian applications / ». Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm2832.pdf.
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Ampiah, Kweku. « Japanese foreign policy towards sub-Saharan Africa, 1974-1990 : the dynamics of an immobilist economic diplomacy ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386488.
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Cleland, Jonelle. « Western Australia's salinity investment framework : a study of priority setting in policy and practice ». University of Western Australia. School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0120.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In March 2002 the Western Australian Minister for Environment and Heritage adopted a policy framework to guide investment decisions on salinity management. Promoted as Western Australia's Salinity Investment Framework (or the SIF), it offered a set of principles for prioritising investment decisions that were generally grounded in economic theory. This represented a significant landmark in terms of the government's appreciation of the scale of salinity problem and its acknowledgement that a full turnaround in the situation was beyond the reach of both volunteers and the public purse. The evolution of the SIF policy, including an initial trial in the Avon Basin, provided an opportunity to evaluate pre-policy processes; observe policy on the run; and test stakeholder reactions to the investment principles embodied in the the SIF, as well as their reaction to its implied outcomes. The intention of the study was to highlight any barriers standing in the way of effectively implementing a policy to prioritise investments in salinity management and identify any novel approaches developed in an attempt to overcome them. The evaluation was multifaceted to incorporate retrospective and prospective modes of inquiry. The retrospective investigation involved the construction of a series of policy narratives using evidence from notes and minutes taken at SIF meetings, as well as other formal and informal documents. It systematically captured the influence of key people, events and decisions on the SIF up until June 2008. This evaluation highlighted the impact of (1) policy entrepreneurs; (2) time lags; (3) vertical silos, and (4) priority setting hierarchies. The prospective investigation involved the execution of a community survey featuring attitudinal questions, paired comparisons and a choice modelling experiment. The survey involved 269 personal interviews with rural landholders, townspeople and landcare officers across the Avon Catchment. It captured perceptions towards past funding strategies and proposals for future allocations and explored the nature of priority setting decisions in relation to trade-offs between: (1) the mix of assets protected; (2) the degree of risk; (3) the level of community involvement in the decision, and (4) the distribution of benefits. This evaluation highlighted the importance of (1) incentives and disincentives for change; (2) awareness of priority setting concepts; (3) the capacity of regional bodies; and (4) elements perceived to be crucial in priority setting.
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Johnson, Kevin. « Subnational economic development in federal systems : the case of Western Australia ». University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0014.
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[Truncated abstract] The objectives of this study are threefold: Firstly, to consider the relevance (to subnational state development) and adaptability (to globalisation) of federalism from a Western Australian perspective. Secondly, to consider the way in which various State Governments in Western Australia have implemented economic development policies to benefit from the global political economy. Finally, it proposes alternative mechanisms for guiding long-term economic development policy decision-making in Western Australia. This final objective is addressed in light of the findings of the first two. It is recognised that incremental changes are possible in full knowledge of the embedded nature of the policy-making process in Western Australia . . . In the case of Western Australia, subnational autonomy does not herald the end of the nationstate so much as a new stage in globalisation. In terms of how the Western Australian State Government attracts capital and labour investment, its history as an independent colony and its physical isolation from the other colonies have created the initial conditions that frame the policy-making process, which includes a set of drivers influencing the decisions that are made by State agents. Overall, the State Government continues to reinforce the State’s role as a peripheral resource supplier to the national and global political economy. Within this context, however, alternative strategies can be proposed that may contribute to the long-term sustainable development of the State’s economy.
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Enzinger, Sharn Emma 1973. « The economic impact of greenhouse policy upon the Australian electricity industry : an applied general equilibrium analysis ». Monash University, Centre of Policy Studies, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8383.
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Al-Hejry, Mohammed Nasser. « Omani general budget deficit during the third five-year plan period 1986-1990 : causes, macroeconomic effects and policy evaluation ». Thesis, Durham University, 1997. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1631/.
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Wallace, Gary E., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University et Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture. « Governance for sustainable rural development : a critique of the ARMCANZ-DPIE structures and policy cycles ». THESIS_FEMA_XXX_Wallace_G.xml, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/263.
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The focus of the thesis is a critique of the form and function of the federal institutions governing the development of Rural Australia. In undertaking this study two cycles of a systemic action research were followed, the first to explore the policy development environment and the second to validate and expand on findings of the first cycle of enquiry. The thesis follows the historical development of policy institutions and the deliberations of poicy actors that have lead to normative, strategic and program change within these institutions. These institutional changes have then been critiqued from theoretical perspective of governance for sustainable development. Conclusions from this critique indicate that that the pace of policy change is very slow and after 20 years from the Rural Policy green paper of 1974 the federal institutions have taken on board a rhetoric of sustainable rural development that encapsulates much of the principles espoused in the Green Paper.This includes principles that aim to empower rural communities to find local solutions to their natural resource management and local economic development problems. The downside is found in institutional conflict over resource dependencies and spheres of responsibility and an apparent lack of community economic development facilitation skills within the service organisations of rural institutions.Master of Science (Hons)
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De, Souza Bueno Matheus. « Essays on Economic Development, International Trade and Public Policy ». Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOU10008.
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Le développement économique implique un équilibre entre des objectifs d'efficacité et d'équité, et les politiques publiques sont les principaux instruments pour achever cet équilibre. Cependant, même si des nombreuses politiques publiques ont été démontrées effectives pour contribuer au développement économique de façon individuelle, on n’en sait pas suffisamment sur la manière dont elles peuvent être combinées pour augmenter leurs avantages et réduire leurs coûts distributifs. Cette thèse, en sa majeure partie, présente des évidences sur le rôle de la complémentarité des politiques publiques sur le développement économique dans le contexte des réformes d'intégration au commerce international. Au premier chapitre de cette thèse, je présente des évidences causales que l'accès aux infrastructures de transport a modulé les effets d'un épisode de libéralisation commerciale dans des économies locales au Brésil. Je montre que, même si des réductions tarifaires plus élevées ont emmené une perturbation du marché du travail dans les économies locales, ceux qui bénéficient également d'un accès plus élevé aux corridors routiers ont expérimenté une réallocation des ressources plus forte et une dynamique d'établissements orientée vers une croissance de la productivité plus élevée. Dans le deuxième chapitre, avec mes coauteurs, nous montrons que, dans le même contexte du premier chapitre, l’implémentation de programmes de formation professionnelle qui ont ciblé la demande locale de compétences a été efficace pour reverser les impacts négatifs de l'ouverture commerciale sur la croissance de l'emploi, en particulier pour les travailleurs moins qualifiés. Dans le dernier chapitre, je m'écarte des réformes de commerce international et de la complémentarité des politiques publiques pour analyser un autre aspect du développement économique : les externalités environnementales. Dans ce chapitre, avec ma coauteure, nous analysons l'efficacité d'un système de tarification unitaire (UPS), une forme largement adoptée de la tarification Pigouvienne, sur la réduction de la production de déchets en Italie. En utilisant la méthode de contrôle synthétique, nous montrons que la politique a été efficace, avec une diminution significative du flux de déchets tarifé. Cet effet s'explique par des changements de comportement vers une diminution de la production de déchet et, dans une moindre mesure, d’une augmentation du taux de recyclageEconomic development often involves balancing efficiency and equity objectives, and public policies are the main tools to strike this balance. Yet, even though many policies have been evidenced to individually affect economic development, less is known about how they can be combined to increase their benefits and decrease their distributional costs. This thesis, in most part, provides evidence on the role of policy complementarity on economic development in the context of market integration reforms. In the first chapter of this thesis, I provide causal evidence that access to transport infrastructure modulated the effects of a trade liberalization episode across local economies within Brazil. I show that, while higher tariff cuts similarly led to labor market disruption across local economies, those also benefiting from increased access to road corridors experienced stronger reallocation of resources and establishment dynamics geared towards higher productivity growth. In the second and co-authored chapter, we show that, in the same context of the first chapter, the provision of job training programs that were well-targeted at local skills demand were effective in reverting the negative impacts of trade opening on employment growth, particularly among low-skilled workers. Lastly, I deviate from market integration reforms and policy complementarity to analyze another aspect of economic development: environmental externalities. In the third and co-authored chapter, we analyze the effectiveness of a Unit Pricing System (UPS), a widely adopted form of Pigouvian fee, in reducing waste generation in Italy. Using the synthetic control method, we show that the policy was effective, with a significant decrease of the priced waste stream. This effect was driven by behavioral changes towards waste avoidance and, to a smaller extent, recycling
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Shafiullah, Muhammad. « Export-Led Growth and Dutch Disease : A Case Study of Australia and its Regions ». Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366021.
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The Australian economy has enjoyed several mining booms over the past few decades. As an export-orientated economy, Australia has experienced several mining booms since the 1960s, including one in the early 1980s and, most notably, the unprecedented boom of the 2000s. This latest mining boom began in the early 2000 when the demand for natural resources such as coal and iron ore soared in response to increasing demand in Asia, particularly China. This unprecedented demand has contributed to Australia’s robust economic performance over the past decade, especially during the Global Financial Crisis. However, the 2000s boom may have also had some detrimental effects on other tradable sectors of the Australian economy, such as agriculture and manufacturing. Moreover, from a regional (intra-country) perspective, the economic benefits and costs of the mining boom are not identically distributed across the country. While only certain regions benefited from the growth in minerals and resources exports, the cost of the mining boom appear to be much more widespread.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Idhenga, Salome Ngwedha. « Exchange rate and foreign direct investment inflows : a case of Namibia 1990-2014 ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6762.
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Purpose - this study is aimed at to investigating the effects exchange rate and other variables on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows have on the Namibian economy. Methodology -The model comprises of the unit root test, the co-integration test, the long run equation co-efficient, an error correction model, the normality test and the stability test, were employed to estimate and interpret the results. Finding and recommendations - The results of the study have revealed that a relationship exists between exchange rate and FDI. However, this relationship is said to be statistically insignificant. It cannot therefore be used as a tool to influence FDI in Namibia. The results further indicated that GDP and trade openness were the most significant determinants of FDI in Namibia. The recommendations of this study thus suggest that the government should implement policies to diversify its production across all sectors and increase the manufacturing of finished goods, so as to enhance the GDP growth. Namibia should further advance its trade open through in-creased and fast-tracked trade agreements at both bilateral and multilateral levels.
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Naanda, Sara Ndapewa Mutaleni. « The magnitude and determinants of capital flight burden : a case study of Namibia, 1990 - 2005 ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21981.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.Capital flight is a serious problem for Namibia as well as other countries. If not addressed, it will continue to impede national investment, macro-economic management and economic growth. These issues are particularly pertinent to Africa in view of it is high incidence of capital flight in the presence of foreign exchange constraints, limited foreign capital flows, external indebtedness and high dependence on overseas development assistance. The purpose of the study is to determine the magnitude and determinants of the capital flight burden in Namibia for the period 1990-2005. The study consists of a literature review, identifying an appropriate model for the capital flight burden in Namibia, data collection, and estimating and testing of the model using secondary data from Namibia. The study adopts two approaches to measure the extent of capital flight from Namibia: the residual approach and the Morgan Guaranty Trust method which is modified from the residual method of calculating capital flight. The residual method is an indirect approach based on a comparison between sources of capital inflows with the uses of these inflows. This approach was changed by Morgan Guaranty to include an additional item, the change in short-term foreign assets of the domestic banking system. The estimates from the study indicate capital reversal from Namibia over the IS-year period, averaging U$88.2 million using the residual method and U$200.4 million using the Morgan Guaranty method. The findings, although different from the picture on the ground, create a very good base for future research on capital flight in Namibia, which tends to be more uniformly related to portfolio diversification. The results from the three main model variants are unequivocal and indicate that an increase in aid and concessional grants tends to reduce the capital flight burden, while on the other hand the burden is seriously increased by depreciation of the Namibian dollar and an increase in inflation. These results have important implications for the Central Bank and the Treasury in tenns of strategic economic policy reforms.
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Liu, Yuelun. « China's policy-making in the context of the reform (1976-1990) : with a focus on the establishment of economic development zones ». Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.331948.
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Jones, Sharon L. « The economic trend in immigration policy : a comparative analysis of the entrepreneur/investor program in Canada, United States and Australia ». Related Electronic Resource : Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Fisher, Karen Raewyn Social Policy Research Centre Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. « Whose values shape social policy ? : policy process limits to economic rationalism : Australian coordinated care policy 1994 to 2001 ». 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40783.
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This thesis addresses a significant gap in Australian social policy literature about the relationship between the impact of economic rationalism on social policy and interest representation during policy implementation. Michael Pusey, for instance, argues that economic rationalism displaces social values in social policy. However, other theorists, such as Robert Alford and Rod Rhodes, caution that policy often changes when it is implemented. With a foundation in Weberian social theory about participant values, the analytical framework incorporates three institutional policy implementation concepts to capture the dynamic characteristics of the policy process. These are: policy stages to describe policy change over time; structural interests of policy organisations; and policy networks within which participants act. The thesis tests this framework to explain the impact of values of economic rationality in the Australian coordinated care policy. The policy attempted to coordinate the care of people with chronic care needs, using a funds pool, case managers and care plans. The research methods are interviews with policy participants; analysis of public documents; and participant observation as an evaluator in one trial. Data about the policy process from 1994 to 2001 are analysed with a critical interpretive approach. The study reveals that central agency officials acted primarily on values of economic rationality. In contrast, health agency officials acted primarily on organisational values. The transfer of responsibility for the policy process from a central agency to the health agency after the policy statements reinforced health provider organisational interests, rather than either the rationalist interests of central agencies or the social interests of consumer groups. The policy consequently changed away from economic rationality. The policy process in the planning, implementation and revision stages was in no sense an instrumental application of the values of economic rationality apparent in the policy statements stage. Neither, however, did social values predominate in any policy stage. The study argues that insights from policy implementation research can refine the literature on economic rationalism. This research further advances policy network theory. It recognises that understanding which organisation is responsible for the policy, at various policy stages, advances our understanding of whose values shape social policy.
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Camilleri, Joseph. « Understanding the implications for Australia of Hong Kong's reversion to China : an analysis of Australian trade, investment and immigration with China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, 1960-1995 ». Thesis, 1997. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/30271/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Over the 1960-1995 period, patterns of Australian global trade, investment and
immigration shifted considerably, especially in relation to Asia and most notably in
relation to China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Changes within the North East Asian Region
propelled Australia to respond in order to maintain its economic standards and its
international obligations. Greater emphasis was placed by successive Australian
governments on establishing closer ties with Asia, most notably China. However,
Australia's attention (and the world) on Hong Kong emerged with the commencement of
the Sino-British talks in 1983. This thesis is intended to contribute to an understanding of
the past and future impacts of the reversion of Hong Kong on trade, investment and
migration flows involving Australia, by a detailed study of those flows between Australia
and Hong Kong, China and Taiwan over the period 1960-1995.
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Cook, Ian Charles. « An analysis of the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector in Australia between 1983 and 1996 : implications for manufacturing and industry policy ». 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/44234.
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This thesis seeks to establish whether Australia’s manufacturing competitiveness improved during the Hawke-Keating period of government (1983-1996), based on its performance prior to 1983. To achieve this aim it was necessary to identify what are the key characteristics impacting on competitiveness, and indeed, how do these factors interact? Importantly, the review was conducted from a broad-based strategic management perspective and not from an econometric standpoint. As a means of determining the above a detailed examination of the development of competitiveness was undertaken. It was found there was no single determinant insofar as, competitiveness cannot be attributed to one specific aspect, but is in fact influenced by a number of factors acting simultaneously. This involved a review of the informed contributions reflecting the development of competitiveness. Findings suggested the roots of competitiveness could largely be traced back to the doctrine of comparative advantage. However, much of this thinking was inevitably surpassed, when the correlation between competitiveness and strategy was better understood. Thus, in terms of manufacturing, this demanded the analysis of factors which appeared to independently and jointly influence competitiveness. It also showed within the manufacturing sector there was an inextricable link between productivity, increased competitiveness and growth. The contribution to the assessment of competitiveness by Professor Michael Porter was also studied in detail. The application of his work was examined with a view to the appropriateness of using his Determinants of National Advantage model in an Australian manufacturing context. Notably, this model provided a process which consistently explained the unique differences between participants within industrial environments. It also facilitated the identification of specific reasons for failure within an industry, which if left unchecked impacted on a nation’s competitiveness. Relative to competitiveness and, to the significance of Porter’s theories, an amended version of the ‘Diamond Model’ was considered more appropriate for this thesis. Historically, Australia’s manufacturing sector has been traditionally underpinned by tariff protection to sustain its existence. Political efforts to counter the impact of competition appeared to remain a central part of industry policy. For instance, politicians such as McEwen shaped Australia’s post-war interventionist role by the use of politically imaginative industry policies to help shelter manufacturing from the threat of growing international competition. In 1965, the manufacturing sector underwent its first major restructure, driven by the objective to make it less reliant on government subsidies and support. This was followed by similar reform initiatives such as the Jackson Report (1977) and Crawford Committee Report (1979). The Hawke-Keating Government came to office in 1983 amidst a shattered economy. Mid-way through its administration period, however, the Hawke-Keating Government had to contend with the internationalisation of world economies. This led to a deliberate change in industry policy, particularly at a microeconomic level to a free market persuasion. An accelerated tariff reduction program was also introduced. Whilst there was genuine support for the manufacturing sector to improve its competitiveness, many thought a more measured and strategic change was warranted. Research suggested Australian manufacturing was highly dependent on multinationals for technology and employment but by the same token, lacked specialization, and economies of scale and scope in terms of utilising its capabilities. Australia’s manufacturers similarly failed to capitalize on aspects of research and development and innovation, languishing in a climate devoid of competition. Moreover, the manufacturing sector was not considered a prime investment target for international finance. In order to test these assertions a number of key hypotheses were developed. Following analyses, with the exception of the impact of manufactured imports on the economy, it was determined that manufacturing had improved in each of the categories assessed. However, largely, the sector’s performance was well below that of its international counterparts. Overall, these results add to the body of knowledge of competition literature, and also contribute to a better understanding of the factors which influence growth, sustainability, and the competitiveness of Australia’s manufacturing in general.http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1268524
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- Adelaide Graduate School of Business, 2007
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Woodhill, Anthony James. « Sustaining rural Australia : a political economic critique of natural resources management ». Phd thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147700.
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Jha, Himanshu. « Liberalization in the federal context : institutional arrangements for policy making in Australia and India (1990s) ». Master's thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150247.
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Doughney, James R. « Profit and accumulation : Marxist theories and the Australian evidence, 1949-1994 ». Thesis, 1997. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15336/.
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This thesis aims to assess the ability of contemporary Marxist economic theories to explain the Australian macroeconomic data. A realist method is used, which distinguishes the approach from alternatives that would either insulate theories from the rigours of empirical accountability or deny them access to the deeper social realities governing economic events and relationships. It is insisted that a Marxist social economics must be especially demanding of itself, logically and empirically.
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Sargent, Mark. « An examination of the New South Wales electronic gaming machine industry 1995 to 2005 and its historical, regulatory, political and economic contexts ». Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/936130.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)This thesis examines historical, political, regulatory and economic aspects of gambling policy in New South Wales (NSW), with specific emphasis on the evolution of electronic gaming machine (EGM) gambling as a key element of the State’s fiscal policy. This includes analysis of major regulatory initiatives, including a review of contemporary parliamentary and press material surpassing any identified comparable research on gambling and EGM policy in NSW. It was established that although policy has generally been made on isolated, ad hoc bases, precedents and contexts for subsequent legislation have resulted. It is demonstrated that although these events are prima facie unrelated, they collectively form part of an expansionary progression, largely impelled by governments’ pursuits of taxation revenue. In order to investigate outcomes of this progression, empirical research on EGM gambling over the three terms of the Carr Labor Governments (1995 to 2005) was also undertaken. Access to the restricted, comprehensive NSW EGM gambling database for this period permitted a comparatively more detailed and definitive analysis of EGM gambling than has previously been possible. The empirical research adopts two alternative measures of EGM distribution. These are a conventional ‘EGM density’ measure (the ratio of population to EGMs) and the introduction of a concentration measure, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (Herfindahl Index). This results in a novel comparative approach to assessing EGM distribution. In addition, regulatory practice and previous studies in the field have customarily relied on the use of one measure of socioeconomic status (SES), ordinarily being the Australian Bureau of Statistics’ Socioeconomic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), to assess impacts. This study extends its comparative approach by also adopting a second SEIFA index. The application of Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RM ANOVA) testing to the data resulted in identification of statistically significant distributional differences among groups of LGAs on the basis of SES.The findings have implications for policy development, regulatory practice and further research on how these differences affect tax impacts. The thesis establishes that assessment of EGM policy and impacts is to some extent contingent on the measures used in the assessment process. This is particularly relevant to the measure of SES adopted, in which distinct differences were detected, based on the SES characteristics employed. Regarding the distributional findings, EGM gambling measures based on the Herfindahl Index approach were also found to behave differently to orthodox metrics. The importance of these methodologies lies in their applicability to the practical regulation of gambling. The thesis is a contribution to the further understanding of how public policy formulation and implementation in a policy field that is central to government fiscal planning has evolved. The findings indicate that alternative policy determinations may have resulted had different, and perhaps more comprehensive, approaches been employed. These are methodological initiatives that may be prospectively applied in the future development of gambling research and policy.
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Morrison, W. Alan. « Electricity policy and its achievements in Australia (1990 to 2000) ». Phd thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151137.
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Boldeman, Lee Edward. « Economics, ethics and public policy : the case of fair trading ». Phd thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147275.
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Okamoto, Jiro. « Australia's foreign economic policy and ASEAN ». Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149958.
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Conley, Tom (Thomas James). « Economic discipline and global punishment : globalisation and Australian economic policy during the Hawke and Keating years / Tom Conley ». Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19486.
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Conley, Tom (Thomas James). « Economic discipline and global punishment : globalisation and Australian economic policy during the Hawke and Keating years / Tom Conley ». 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19486.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Bibliography: leaves 256-319.v, 319 leaves ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Politics, 1999
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Kazi, Mazharul H. « Economic development in regional perspective : policy implications for Australia ». Thesis, 1997. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/693.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis aims to ascertain the pivotal issues that are of most significance for economic development in regional Australia. To understand these issues, it is necessary to understand prevailing economic development theories which have been traditionally considered in a nation’s policymaking. A review of a wide range of theories revealed that no single theory or set of theories provides desired outcomes from the perspective of long-term economic development of a nation given its existing structure. Researchers and policymakers throughout the world are engaged in searching for suitable options, and the ‘regional economic development with local planning’ approach for regional policymaking has been identified as a suitable option for a developed nation. The tested hypothesis of this thesis indicates that to help accelerate a smooth long-term development process of regional Australia, a suitably designed local planning approach is necessary. Simultaneously, providing an improved coordination mechanism is vital. Establishing an independent regional institutional setup throughout regional Australia should be given greater consideration as a priority issue
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Lam, David Taiwan, University of Western Sydney, College of Business et School of Economics and Finance. « The economic impact of Asian migrants under Australian migration policy ». 2006. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/14469.
Texte intégralRésumé :
For many years, migration has been intensively politicised in Australia. Political parties have different stands about migration and the government has raised its transparency to such a high level that the public is aware of developments and policy directions in migration for the present and future years. It was realized that well-educated migrants with skills and experience are able to accomplish better employment prospects and settlement outcomes. Skilled migration has therefore been emphasized. This thesis consists of a literature review on some of the motivations that support the objectives of migration over past years, outcomes brought by migration and overview of the migration program and main categories under skilled migration. As skilled migration has been placed with more emphasis since the 1990s and a larger quota has been allocated to facilitate younger migrants with the skills and expertise that are of use to Australia, it has become necessary to assess the economic impact brought by some of these skilled migrants. Coinciding with the emphasis of skilled migration, the trend of settler arrivals has changed so that Asians have increased their presence in Australia and the focus of this thesis is narrowed down to assess the economic impact of Asian groups. A description of general Asian culture and characteristics is also included in the literature review. Although Asians in Australia maintain their own cultures and some common characteristics, I have chosen the two biggest groups, namely Chinese and Vietnamese, to explore and identify their differences and economic contributions. Apart from ethnicity factor, other elements specifically educational attainment, occupational achievements, labour force status in which they have participated, age, English language proficiency, years of arrival and hours worked are tested for significance in enabling Chinese and Vietnamese migrants to earn income. This study also examines whether higher qualifications would increase the prospects of employability.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Townsend, Philip Vernon. « An integrated analytical economic framework to inform future Australian plantation policy ». Phd thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156307.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Australia's plantation forest estate expanded rapidly between 1995 and 2008, consistent with the intentions of the National Forest Policy Statement and Plantations for Australia: the 2020 Vision. The near-doubling of the plantation estate, to almost 2 million hectares, was financed largely by small-scale investors under favourable tax and investment arrangements. Almost all the plantations were short-rotation eucalypts grown for woodchips. Expansion of these 'simple' plantation forests coincided with the emergence of new domestic policy initiatives in many arenas of relevance to Australia's forestry sector, which also sought to drive the internalisation of production externalities across much of the Australian economy. Thus, the plantation sector was exposed to emerging and often contentious policies governing water use, the sequestration of greenhouse gases and the delivery of other environmental services, as well as changes in the tax policy settings. This thesis explores the policy settings which might favour the establishment of plantations to deliver multiple goods and services, rather than just the production of wood, and the analytical framework for assessing the economic implications of those settings. A typical economic approach for testing policy impacts is cost-benefit analysis. Such an approach is insufficient to capture the interactions between multiple policy arenas. A more sophisticated integrated analytical framework was required to address this challenge and investigate the tension and synergies in tax, water, climate change and environmental services policies. The analytical framework made it possible to assess their likely net effects influencing private sector decision makers, measuring the effects in terms of the financial returns, volumes and types of wood grown, and the flow of environmental service such as the amelioration of salinity or dis-benefits such as the impacts on catchment water yields. The bias in recent investment towards short-rotation plantations was demonstrated to be a consequence of the tax and investment rules, and the lack of policy enabling factors: there was no requirement for growers to internalise their water use as a factor input, no national market for trading carbon credits, and no means for realising the value of environmental services provided by plantations. By integrating multiple policy elements into a single analytical framework, it was possible to estimate the net effects of proposed and alternative policy settings, and to suggest particular changes for reducing the policy bias towards short-rotation and single-purpose forestry. Changes to the tax rules would provide equal treatment for all plantations, encourage more efficient water use and carbon sequestration within the forestry sector, and indicate where incentives might be best used to encourage targeted investment in plantations that also deliver environmental services. The structure of the integrated analytical model makes it possible to incorporate other policy dimensions relevant to forestry into the assessment framework, such as investing in roads or other public infrastructure. While an advantage of using this approach is a greater capacity for quantifying the net effects of multiple policy settings, a major challenge is accessing the information necessary to build and maintain such a framework.
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Lam, David Taiwan. « The economic impact of Asian migrants under Australian migration policy ». Thesis, 2006. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/14469.
Texte intégralRésumé :
For many years, migration has been intensively politicised in Australia. Political parties have different stands about migration and the government has raised its transparency to such a high level that the public is aware of developments and policy directions in migration for the present and future years. It was realized that well-educated migrants with skills and experience are able to accomplish better employment prospects and settlement outcomes. Skilled migration has therefore been emphasized. This thesis consists of a literature review on some of the motivations that support the objectives of migration over past years, outcomes brought by migration and overview of the migration program and main categories under skilled migration. As skilled migration has been placed with more emphasis since the 1990s and a larger quota has been allocated to facilitate younger migrants with the skills and expertise that are of use to Australia, it has become necessary to assess the economic impact brought by some of these skilled migrants. Coinciding with the emphasis of skilled migration, the trend of settler arrivals has changed so that Asians have increased their presence in Australia and the focus of this thesis is narrowed down to assess the economic impact of Asian groups. A description of general Asian culture and characteristics is also included in the literature review. Although Asians in Australia maintain their own cultures and some common characteristics, I have chosen the two biggest groups, namely Chinese and Vietnamese, to explore and identify their differences and economic contributions. Apart from ethnicity factor, other elements specifically educational attainment, occupational achievements, labour force status in which they have participated, age, English language proficiency, years of arrival and hours worked are tested for significance in enabling Chinese and Vietnamese migrants to earn income. This study also examines whether higher qualifications would increase the prospects of employability.