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1
Onuchowska, Agnieszka, et Gert-Jan de Vreede. « Disruption and Deception in Crowdsourcing ». International Journal of e-Collaboration 13, no 4 (octobre 2017) : 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2017100102.
Texte intégralRésumé :
While crowdsourcing has become increasingly popular among organizations, it also has become increasingly susceptible to unethical and malicious activities. This article discusses recent examples of disruptive and deceptive efforts on crowdsourcing sites, which impacted the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the crowdsourcing efforts' service, stakeholders, and data. From these examples, the authors derive an organizing framework of risk types associated with disruption and deception in crowdsourcing based on commonalities among incidents. The framework includes prank activities, the intentional placement of false information, hacking attempts, DDoS attacks, botnet attacks, privacy violation attempts, and data breaches. Finally, the authors discuss example controls that can assist in identifying and mitigating disruption and deception risks in crowdsourcing.
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Hawton, Keith, et Joan Fagg. « Suicide, and Other Causes of Death, Following Attempted Suicide ». British Journal of Psychiatry 152, no 3 (mars 1988) : 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.152.3.359.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The number of deaths in a large series of suicide attempters followed up after their attempts was 3.3 times greater than expected. Suicide or probable suicide occurred in 2.8% by the end of the eighth year of follow-up, the rate of suicidal deaths being 26.9 times the expected rate. The highest risk of suicide was during the first 3 years, especially in the first 6 months, following an attempt. Factors identified at the time of the attempts which were associated with suicide risk included: being male, advancing age (females only), psychiatric disorder (especially schizophrenia), long-term use of hypnotics, poor physical health, and repeat attempts. Recent disruption of a relationship with a partner and major rows rarely preceded the attempts of those who later killed themselves. Factors predicting long-term risk of suicide also predicted short-term risk. There were more than double the expected number of deaths from natural causes, the excess being greatest in females. Markedly high death rates were found for endocrine, circulatory and respiratory diseases, and accidents.
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Yang, Seojeong, Yoonji Kim et Seungho Choi. « How to Respond to Disruptive Innovation in Online Retail Platforms ». Journal of Open Innovation : Technology, Market, and Complexity 8, no 3 (28 juillet 2022) : 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8030130.
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This paper explores how the traditional incumbents coped with the rapid transition provoked by disruptive innovation in the South Korean retail industry. More specifically, the study concentrates on the challenges incumbents faced and their step-by-step attempts to deal with disruption. Shinsegae affiliates and SSG.COM were chosen as the target companies for our descriptive study. Shinsegae is one of the top three retail conglomerates in South Korea, owning various subsidiary brands. SSG.COM is also one of its subsidiaries, first established as the online distribution channel for Shinsegae affiliates. However, its role has later become expanded and critical, turning into an online marketplace aimed at overcoming disruption in the retail industry. By reviewing SSG.COM’s dynamic responses to disruptive innovation, we found that what makes its incumbents vulnerable to sudden disruption lies in their static business model. Furthermore, the platform economy allowed offline retailers to be easily disrupted by the key characteristic of platform business—the “network effect”. To counteract online market domination, this study implies that SSG.COM should innovate its business model to integrate its online and offline ecosystems successfully.
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Dehghan, Milad, Seyed Reza Hejazi, Maryam Karimi-Mamaghan, Mehrdad Mohammadi et Amir Pirayesh. « Capacitated location routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery under the risk of disruption ». RAIRO - Operations Research 55, no 3 (mai 2021) : 1371–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2021050.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper develops a new mathematical model to study a location-routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery under the risk of disruption. A remarkable number of previous studies have assumed that network components (e.g., routes, production factories, depots, etc.) are always available and can permanently serve the customers. This assumption is no longer valid when the network faces disruptions such as flood, earthquake, tsunami, terrorist attacks and workers strike. In case of any disruption in the network, tremendous cost is imposed on the stockholders. Incorporating disruption in the design phase of the network will alleviate the impact of these disasters and let the network resist disruption. In this study, a mixed integer programming (MIP) model is proposed that formulates a reliable capacitated location-routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery (RCLRP-SPD) services in supply chain distribution network. The objective function attempts to minimize the sum of location cost of depots, routing cost of vehicles and cost of unfulfilled demand of customers. Since the model is NP-Hard, three meta-heuristics are tailored for large-sized instances and the results show the outperformance of hybrid algorithms comparing to classic genetic algorithm. Finally, the obtained results are discussed and the paper is concluded.
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Müller, Julian Marius, et Raphael Kunderer. « Ex-Ante Prediction of Disruptive Innovation : The Case of Battery Technologies ». Sustainability 11, no 19 (24 septembre 2019) : 5229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195229.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Battery technologies represent a highly relevant field that is undergoing conversions in the context of, for instance, battery electric vehicles or stationary power storage for renewable energies. Currently, lithium-ion batteries represent the predominant technology that has, however, a considerable environmental impact that could hinder the emergence of sustainable energy systems. Driven by these conversions, several authors claim that potentially disruptive technologies could occur. The concept of disruptive innovation has been highly regarded in research and practice, but has only been successfully regarded from an ex-post perspective. However, without the possibility to establish ex-ante predictions of disruptive innovation, several authors disregard the concept of having significant relevance for practice. In response to this research gap, the present paper attempts to establish an ex-ante prediction of potential disruptive innovation. The method is based on the disruption hazard model by Sood and Tellis, testing seven hypotheses regarding a potential disruption hazard of redox-flow batteries towards lithium-ion batteries. The paper finds that redox-flow batteries could represent a disruptive technology, but this evaluation is limited to an expert evaluation. The authors discuss this finding, as the technical characteristics of redox-flow batteries support its role as a potential disruptive innovation, concluding with implications, limitations as well as suggestions for future research.
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Rao, Konteti V. N. V. N., et Ginka Ranga Janardhana. « The Effect of Rescheduling on Operating Performance of the Supply Chain under Disruption - A Literature Review ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (juillet 2014) : 2704–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.2704.
Texte intégralRésumé :
For many years,companies have focussed on quality and productivity of their products. Globalization, competition and information technology development have forced the industries to manufacture the products with low cost, good quality, availability in the market. Integration of all business entities will promote the value of above said criteria. Supply chain management is an integrated activity, which can meet this critical challenge. Supplier, customer and manufacturer are the entities of the supply chain, which are associated with more uncertainty. Therefore, the supply chain requires an effective rescheduling strategy to manage the disruption and uncertainty by updating and revising the existing schedule. However, the literature survey on rescheduling activity is very limited. The present literature review attempts to analyze the rescheduling activity due to the disruption from the supplier, manufacturer and customer. Literatures on the rescheduling environment, rescheduling factors, and rescheduling algorithm are reviewed to get over all focus. Finally, the review suggests that, to meet the delivery schedule with least makespan and without any disruptions the following factors viz (i) delivery capability (ii) machine utilization rate and (iii) stock level are to be considered. Keywords: Rescheduling, supply chain, disruption, uncertainty, performance measure
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Asmoro, Priandhita Sukowidyanti, Ferina Nurlaily et Edlyn Khurotul Aini. « DISRUPTIVE TREND AND TAX POTENTIAL : THE CASE OF FOOD TRUCKS ». MEDIA BINA ILMIAH 14, no 3 (10 octobre 2019) : 2187. http://dx.doi.org/10.33758/mbi.v14i3.322.
Texte intégralRésumé :
At present, we are facing a new era, namely, era disruption. In the business world, there are still many people who misinterpret disruption as extensive use of information technology in business processes or what is known as a digital business. Disruption is an innovation. Disruption is destructive and creative. For some businesses, the emergence of a disruptive trend is considered an opportunity rather than an obstacle. In the culinary business, the disruptive trend has been responded to by the growth of the food truck business in recent years. Although food trucks are considered as a new business model that offers many benefits, the existence of a food truck business turns out to also cause problems for tax revenues. Until now, food trucks are still an informal business sector in almost all regions in Indonesia because they have not been legalized, including in Sidoarjo Regency. Therefore, a food truck is also a group of Hard to Tax, is a group of taxpayers, whether individuals or entities involved in a cash transaction and not registered as a taxpayer. From the regulator's side, the food truck business is considered as a party born without following the applicable legal rules. They create innovations that violate the law, even, do not pay taxes that cause a loss of potential tax revenue, including local taxes. However, this is contrary to the disruption theory, which states that disruption in the business world is positive, and the government should respond by creating disruptive regulation. The government must be able to create tax policies that can maximize the potential for tax revenues without having to hamper business growth and innovation. This study attempts to analyze the potential expansion of the restaurant tax object on the food truck business using qualitative methods. Data collection is done by interviewing local tax policymakers and food truck business people. The results of this study indicate that the food truck business can be used as the object of restaurant tax because it fulfills the Laffer Theory concept and the criteria of Sidoarjo Regency Regional Regulation Number 8/2010 about Restaurant Taxes.
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McFadden, Brian. « The social context of narrative disruption in The Letter of Alexander to Aristotle ». Anglo-Saxon England 30 (décembre 2001) : 91–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675101000047.
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David Williams has recently argued that medieval representations of the monster give humans an image of divinity, but one which can never be totally understood or described. Positive theology, the via positiva, attempts to take what is known of divinity and then to derive more precise statements about the nature of God; it attempts to contain God in human thought and language. The via negativa, by contrast, forces humans to discard the idea of any positive knowledge about God, since reason and language are inadequate to the task of containing or describing a being so totally other to humans. Alexander the Great, the narrator of the Old English Letter of Alexander to Aristotle, experiences such a negation in his campaign in India; he attempts to describe the wondrous beings and races which he encounters with his army, and his narrative of conquest functions as a metaphor for containing the encountered world in thought, description and mental order. However, he is resisted at every turn by natives, monsters and classical divinities; he is forced to realize that his reason and his force are incapable of containing divine power as manifested in the natural world of India.
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Öberg, Christina, et Tawfiq Shams. « On the verge of disruption : rethinking position and role – the case of additive manufacturing ». Journal of Business & ; Industrial Marketing 34, no 5 (3 juin 2019) : 1093–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-10-2018-0293.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Purpose With the overarching idea of disruptive technology and its effects on business, this paper focuses on how companies strategically consider meeting the challenge of a disruptive technology such as additive manufacturing. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss changes in positions and roles related to the implementation of a disruptive technology. Design/methodology/approach Additive manufacturing could be expected to have different consequences for parties based on their current supply chain positions. The paper therefore investigates companies’ strategies related to various supply chain positions and does so by departing from a position and role point of view. Three business cases related to metal 3D printing - illustrating sub-suppliers, manufacturers and logistics firms - describe as many strategies. Data for the cases were collected through meetings, interviews, seminars and secondary data focusing on both current business activities related to additive manufacturing and scenarios for the future. Findings The companies attempted to defend their current positions, leading to new roles for them. This disconnects the change of roles from that of positions. The changed roles indicate that all parties, regardless of supply chain positions, would move into competing producing roles, thereby indicating how a disruptive technology may disrupt network structures based on companies’ attempts to defend their positions. Originality/value The paper contributes to previous research by reporting a disconnect between positions and roles among firms when disruption takes place. The paper further denotes how the investigated firms largely disregarded network consequences at the disruptive stage, caused by the introduction of additive manufacturing. The paper also contributes to research on additive manufacturing by including a business dimension and linking this to positions and roles.
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POROCK, DAVINA, PHILIP CLISSETT, ROWAN H. HARWOOD et JOHN R. F. GLADMAN. « Disruption, control and coping : responses of and to the person with dementia in hospital ». Ageing and Society 35, no 1 (19 septembre 2013) : 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x13000561.
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ABSTRACTThis qualitative study aimed to gain insight into the experience of hospitalisation from the perspectives of the older person with dementia, their family care-giver and other patients sharing the ward (co-patients). Non-participant observation of care on 11 acute hospital wards was supplemented by 39 semi-structured interviews with 35 family care-givers and four co-patients following discharge. Constant comparative analysis produced the core problem facing all those involved: disruption from normal routine meaning that the experience of hospitalisation was disrupted by the presence and behaviour of the person with dementia. Disruption adversely affected the person with dementia, triggering constructive, disengaged, distressed and neutral behaviours. Using Kitwood's model of person-centred care, these behaviours were interpreted as attempts by the person with dementia at gaining a sense of control over the unfamiliar environment and experience. Family care-givers' lives and experiences both inside and outside the hospital were disrupted by the hospitalisation. They too attempted to gain a sense of control over the experience and to give a sense of control to the patient, co-patients and staff. Co-patients experienced disruption from sharing space with the person with dementia and were left feeling vulnerable and sometimes afraid. They too attempted to gain a sense of control over their situation and give some control by helping the person with dementia, the family care-giver and the staff.
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Goldsmith, Ben, Stuart Cunningham et Michael Dezuanni. « Screen production for education : digital disruption in an ‘ancillary’ market ». Media International Australia 162, no 1 (16 novembre 2016) : 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x16678082.
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The thoroughgoing digital disruption of the entertainment-based screen industries has now been well documented. But the factors that drive such disruption are in no way unique to mainstream media industries. The distribution and use of screen content in education in many ways parallel the experience of the broader screen industries. Just as traditional entertainment and information are being challenged by new online services, so too traditional modes of distributing and accessing screen content in education are being disrupted by online services. This article analyses these dynamics in Australia, placing them in historical perspective and using three contrasting case studies to exemplify key aspects of the digital disruption of education: ABC Splash exemplifies the public service broadcasting (PSB) ‘tutelage’ model; YouTube exemplifies digital disruption— immensely popular despite numerous education authorities’ attempts to restrict access to it; and ClickView exemplifies the ‘born digital’ company employing advanced technology, business strategy, and professional pedagogics.
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Olea-Serrano, Nicolás, Mariana F. Fernández-Cabrera, Rosa Pulgar-Encinas et Fátima Olea-Serrano. « Endocrine disrupting chemicals : harmful substances and how to test them ». Cadernos de Saúde Pública 18, no 2 (avril 2002) : 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2002000200013.
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This paper presents an analysis of the opinions of different groups from: scientists, international regulatory bodies, non-governmental organizations and industry; with an interest in the problem of identifying chemical substances with endocrine disrupting activity. There is also discussion of the consequences that exposure to endocrine disruptors may have for human health, considering concrete issues related to: the estimation of risk; the tests that must be used to detect endocrine disruption; the difficulties to establish an association between dose, time of exposure, individual susceptibility, and effect; and the attempts to create a census of endocrine disruptors. Finally, it is proposed that not all hormonal mimics should be included under the single generic denomination of endocrine disruptors.
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Irma Puspita Devi. « Examining Time Disruption on Woody Allen’s Midnight in Paris Movie : Magical Realism Study ». Surakarta English and Literature Journal 5, no 2 (2 septembre 2022) : 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52429/selju.v5i2.23.
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A good movie directed by Woody Allen, Midnight in Paris (2011), reached marvellous achievement by obtaining 93% on Rotten Tomatoes and massive audiences. This paper focuses on the time disruption shown by Gil Pender's magical journey in Midnight in Paris. It was based on the magical realism elements from the book Ordinary Enchantments Magical Realism and Remystification of Narrative by Wendy B. The aim is to analyze the time disruption caused by Gil Pender's actions and feelings in this movie. This study uses literary textual analysis and attempts to understand the plot and the content to gain the data. The data was collected by identifying the scene and examining the unseen condition of this movie. Time disruption happens between two eras and makes the disruption on time-stamps in this movie. Magical realism sees this as a usual matter. This study shows that the journey of Gil Pender causes and fixes the time stamps itself on Midnight in Paris (2011) movie directed by Woody Allen.
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Flouri, Eirini, et Ann Buchanan. « The Protective Role of Parental Involvement in Adolescent Suicide ». Crisis 23, no 1 (janvier 2002) : 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0227-5910.23.1.17.
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Summary: This study of 2722 adolescents aged 14-18 years explored whether parental involvement can protect against adolescent suicide attempts. Compared to their counterparts suicide attempters were more likely to have been in trouble with the police, to report lower levels of parental interest and academic motivation, and to report suicidal ideation and using alcohol or an illegal drug when they feel stressed. They were also less likely to reside with both parents. The association between parental involvement and suicidal behaviour was not stronger for sons than for daughters or for adolescents who had experienced family disruption than for those who grew up in two-parent families.
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Chihiro Watanabe, Nasir Naveed, Kashif Naveed et Pekka Neittaanmäki. « Transformation of the Forest-based Bioeconomy by Embracing Digital Solutions ». Journal of Technology Management for Growing Economies 8, no 2 (23 octobre 2017) : 191–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jtmge.2017.82005.
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This paper attempts to explore a new insight to both industrialized and growing economies by demonstrating a digital-driven creative disruption in the forest-based bioeconomy which is beginning to replace its conventional and narrow concept of a forest-blinded economy. Notwithstanding the potential broad cross-sectoral benefits to both industrialized and growing economies, natural environments and locality constraints and the incessant challenge of distance have impeded balanced development of this economy. However, driven by digital solutions the economy has taken big steps forward in recent years. Digitalization has enabled real-time end-to-end supply chain visibility, improved delivery accuracy, stock level optimization and alignment with demand planning. These have led to digital ecosystem collaboration and a transparency crossover industrialized and growing economies worldwide. Thus, creative disruptive platform has emerged by embracing digital solutions. By means of an empirical analysis focusing on the noteworthy business activities at the forefront of both upstream and downstream of the chain, this paper demonstrates a transforming stream observed in the forefront of a forest-based bioeconomy chain. This research thus explores a new insight common to both industrialized and growing economies in constructing a creative disruption platform by embracing digital solutions.
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Piersol, Laura, Linda Russell et Jenny Groves. « Nature Education for Sustainable Todays and Tomorrows (NEST) : Hatching a New Culture in Schooling ». Australian Journal of Environmental Education 34, no 2 (juillet 2018) : 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aee.2018.31.
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AbstractWithin the North American public education system, institutionalised structures of schooling often prevent teachers from aligning their values with their practice when it comes to environmental education (Bowers, 1997; Weston, 2004). In response to this, this article will outline our lived experiences, as teachers and researcher, in disrupting the traditional school system as we work toward building a new culture in schooling through nature-based education. Acts of disruption that we will speak to include: going outside for learning on a regular basis, teaching for empowerment, involving families in the education, attempts to play with structural confines of schooling, and finding ways to stay empowered ourselves. Through this work, we have found that there is a rippling effect to the disruption that requires courage, grit, and resilience such that we do not slide back into conventional approaches. We have also become empowered in our practices through implementing these changes, watching our students become active stewards within their communities and beyond. We are learning deeply about the work of structural change within a public school district and offer words here as inspiration and support for others wishing to make changes within their own context.
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Latham, Gloria. « The art of the early childhood researcher : Rediscovering music and movement in language ». Journal of Early Childhood Research 17, no 1 (16 novembre 2018) : 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476718x18812232.
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The initial research undertaken was an attempt to understand what it is like for young children to be in the world. The study was a search to reclaim a sense of place for the teacher/researcher and the children, and to capture young children’s profound wondering. This article is a reflective look back at that study and attempts through methods of reflection and disruption to gain further clarity, to extend yet complicate what was known. The reflection also explores three of the central challenges that were encountered when evoking and ultimately re-visioning the lived experiences. Taking the time to look back on the research with testimonial readings, provided greater perspective and clarity to the role of emKeybodied teacher.
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Ficara, Annamaria, Francesco Curreri, Giacomo Fiumara, Pasquale De Meo et Antonio Liotta. « Covert Network Construction, Disruption, and Resilience : A Survey ». Mathematics 10, no 16 (14 août 2022) : 2929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10162929.
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Covert networks refer to criminal organizations that operate outside the boundaries of the law; they can be mainly classified as terrorist networks and criminal networks. We consider how Social Network Analysis (SNA) is used to analyze such networks in order to attain a greater knowledge of criminal behavior. In fact, SNA allows examining the network structure and functioning by computing relevant metrics and parameters to identify roles, positions, features, and other network functioning that are not otherwise easily discovered at first glance. This is why Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) are showing growing interest in SNA, which is also used to identify weak spots and disrupt criminal groups. This paper provides a literature review and a classification of methods and real-case applications of disruption techniques. It considers covert network adaptability to such dismantling attempts, herein referred to as resilience. Critical problems of SNA in criminal studies are discussed, including data collection techniques and the inevitable incompleteness and biases of real-world datasets, with the aim of promoting a new research stream for both dismantling techniques and data collection issues.
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Fitzgerald, Paul B. « The Bowerbird Symptom' : A Case of Severe Hoarding of Possessions ». Australian & ; New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 31, no 4 (août 1997) : 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679709065083.
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Objective: To describe a severe case of hoarding of possessions in a patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical picture: A 22-year-old male presented with a history from early childhood of persistent collecting of valueless objects and the inability to give up possessions. He had significant insight but ambivalent feelings about changing his behaviour, despite the degree of disruption it produced in his environment. Treatment and outcome: Attempts to engage the patient in treatment were unsuccessful because of the patient's ambivalence towards change. Conclusions: The symptom of hoarding behaviour may be a severe and disruptive expression of psychiatric distress, and in obsessive-compulsive disorder it is likely to indicate a poor prognosis due to the difficulties of engaging the patient in treatment.
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Delfabbro, Paul, et Jim Barber. « Before it's too late : Enhancing the early detection and prevention of long-term placement disruption ». Children Australia 28, no 2 (2003) : 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200005538.
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In this paper, we examine some of the principal findings of a recent 3-year longitudinal study into foster care in South Australia and their implications for addressing the needs of children who experience high rates of placement disruption while in care. A critical finding of this study was that many of the most serious problems in foster care, such as repeated placement disruption, can be anticipated and predicted with considerable accuracy. Children who experience a disproportionately higher rate of placement disruption appear to be readily identifiable at intake. In addition, there appears to be an approximate threshold or point beyond which children subject to placement disruption begin to experience significant deterioration in their psychosocial functioning. This predictability of outcomes suggests the possibility of the early detection of children most at risk in foster care, and a means of identifying children failing to adapt to care. We believe that the extension of this form of analysis to other Australian states, for example, through the development of nationally agreed-upon definitions of ‘at risk’ and ‘harm due to disruption’ in foster care, may significantly enhance current attempts to evaluate and target treatment programs designed for children with challenging behaviours.
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Mandal, Santanu. « Towards a New Framework for Sustainable Supply Chain Management ». International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 3, no 3 (juillet 2013) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2013070101.
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Recent disruptions in global supply chains have led to increased interest in supply chain risk management investigation. On the other hand, increased environmental regulation has urged firms to compulsorily have their routine operations environmental friendly. Last few years, researchers have investigated these two streams as distinct but have mentioned them to be related in the long run. The current study attempts to bridge this gap of allied literature by conceptually arguing that it to arrive at sustainability in supply chain operations, firms must co-integrate their supply chain risk management and green practices in supply chain. While risk management broadly aims to reduce the exposure to a risky situation coupled with minimizing the negative impact of disruption of firm performance; green practices aims to make operational, tactical and strategic operations of the firm environment friendly. Based on sufficient theoretical tenets from related literature, the study attempts to develop a theoretical model linking supply chain risk management, green supply chain practices and sustainable supply chain. In doing so, the study provides an indicative list of various risk classifications and proposed risk mitigating strategies till date. Finally, the study indicates managerial implications and suggests further research opportunities.
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Hoskins, JoAnn, Patti Matsushima, Deborah L. Mullen, Joseph Tang, Genshi Zhao, Timothy I. Meier, Thalia I. Nicas et S. Richard Jaskunas. « Gene Disruption Studies of Penicillin-Binding Proteins 1a, 1b, and 2a in Streptococcus pneumoniae ». Journal of Bacteriology 181, no 20 (15 octobre 1999) : 6552–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.20.6552-6555.1999.
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ABSTRACT The effects of inactivation of the genes encoding penicillin-binding protein 1a (PBP1a), PBP1b, and PBP2a inStreptococcus pneumoniae were examined. Insertional mutants did not exhibit detectable changes in growth rate or morphology, although a pbp1a pbp1b double-disruption mutant grew more slowly than its parent did. Attempts to generate a pbp1a pbp2a double-disruption mutant failed. The pbp2amutants, but not the other mutants, were more sensitive to moenomycin, a transglycosylase inhibitor. These observations suggest that individually the pbp1a, pbp1b, andpbp2a genes are dispensable but that eitherpbp1a or pbp2a is required for growth in vitro. These results also suggest that PBP2a is a functional transglycosylase in S. pneumoniae.
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Maley, William. « Institutional Design, Neopatrimonialism, and the Politics of Aid in Afghanistan ». Asian Survey 58, no 6 (novembre 2018) : 995–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2018.58.6.995.
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State disruption confronted Afghanistan’s rulers and their international supporters with a challenging legacy after 2001. The emergence of a neopatrimonial political order, with formal bureaucratic and administrative structures entwined with informal networks and patronage, has significantly affected attempts at aid delivery. Such dangers need to be recognized and addressed at the outset in internationally supported transitions
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Isaev, Nickolay K., Elena V. Stelmashook et Elisaveta E. Genrikhs. « Role of zinc and copper ions in the pathogenetic mechanisms of traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer’s disease ». Reviews in the Neurosciences 31, no 3 (28 avril 2020) : 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2019-0052.
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AbstractThe disruption of homeostasis of zinc (Zn2+) and copper (Cu2+) ions in the central nervous system is involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Wilson’s, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s diseases (AD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The last two pathological conditions of the brain are the most common; moreover, it is possible that TBI is a risk factor for the development of AD. Disruptions of Zn2+ and Cu2+ homeostasis play an important role in the mechanisms of pathogenesis of both TBI and AD. This review attempts to summarize and systematize the currently available research data on this issue. The neurocytotoxicity of Cu2+ and Zn2+, the synergism of the toxic effect of calcium and Zn2+ ions on the mitochondria of neurons, and the interaction of Zn2+ and Cu2+ with β-amyloid (Abeta) and tau protein are considered.
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Stachurski, Tomasz. « Digital Transformation of HR Function in Capital Groups from German-Speaking Countries Based on the Current Research ». Kwartalnik Ekonomistów i Menedżerów 52, no 2 (24 avril 2019) : 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2379.
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The contemporary macro-environment is characterized by volatility and uncertainty. We may observe many phenomena that affect corporate strategies, business models and organizational structures. Technological disruption and digital transformation impact contemporary organizations. The article attempts to assess the impact of digitization on the HR function, especially on its architecture and HR processes in capital groups operating in German-speaking countries.
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Ting, Chih-Chung, Stefano Palminteri, Jan B. Engelmann et Maël Lebreton. « Robust valence-induced biases on motor response and confidence in human reinforcement learning ». Cognitive, Affective, & ; Behavioral Neuroscience 20, no 6 (1 septembre 2020) : 1184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-020-00826-0.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractIn simple instrumental-learning tasks, humans learn to seek gains and to avoid losses equally well. Yet, two effects of valence are observed. First, decisions in loss-contexts are slower. Second, loss contexts decrease individuals’ confidence in their choices. Whether these two effects are two manifestations of a single mechanism or whether they can be partially dissociated is unknown. Across six experiments, we attempted to disrupt the valence-induced motor bias effects by manipulating the mapping between decisions and actions and imposing constraints on response times (RTs). Our goal was to assess the presence of the valence-induced confidence bias in the absence of the RT bias. We observed both motor and confidence biases despite our disruption attempts, establishing that the effects of valence on motor and metacognitive responses are very robust and replicable. Nonetheless, within- and between-individual inferences reveal that the confidence bias resists the disruption of the RT bias. Therefore, although concomitant in most cases, valence-induced motor and confidence biases seem to be partly dissociable. These results highlight new important mechanistic constraints that should be incorporated in learning models to jointly explain choice, reaction times and confidence.
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Galloway, Kate. « Big Data : A case study of disruption and government power ». Alternative Law Journal 42, no 2 (juin 2017) : 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x17710612.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Although it is part of core government business to collect information about its citizens, ‘big data’ has increased the scale, speed and complexity of data collection and use to such an extent that it is arguably qualitatively different from the record-keeping that has gone before it. Big data represents a radical shift in the balance of power between State and citizen. This article argues that embedding big data in government operations masks its deployment as enhancing government power, rather than simply facilitating execution of government activities. In other words, big data is ‘disruptive’ technology that calls for the examination of the limits of government power. To illustrate this argument, this article examines a selection of recent case studies of attempts by the Australian government to deploy big data as a tool of governance. It identifies the risk to the citizen inherent in the use of big data, to justify review of the bounds of government power in the face of rapid technological change.
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Leinert, Ch. « Dynamics and Spatial Distribution of Interplanetary Dust ». International Astronomical Union Colloquium 85 (1985) : 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100084931.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThree attempts to explain the radial power law distribution n(r)~r−1.3 of interplanetary dust are reviewed, which include the influence of Poynting-Robertson effect, collisions and interplanetary magnetic fields. Electromagnetic forces are unlikely to affect appreciably the spatial distribution. The replenishment of the cloud of interplanetary dust by the disruption of larger meteoritic particles in catastrophic collisions appears to give the most natural explanation for the observed spatial distribution.
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Mary, Alison, Jacques Dayan, Giovanni Leone, Charlotte Postel, Florence Fraisse, Carine Malle, Thomas Vallée et al. « Resilience after trauma : The role of memory suppression ». Science 367, no 6479 (13 février 2020) : eaay8477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay8477.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the aftermath of trauma, little is known about why the unwanted and unbidden recollection of traumatic memories persists in some individuals but not others. We implemented neutral and inoffensive intrusive memories in the laboratory in a group of 102 individuals exposed to the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks and 73 nonexposed individuals, who were not in Paris during the attacks. While reexperiencing these intrusive memories, nonexposed individuals and exposed individuals without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could adaptively suppress memory activity, but exposed individuals with PTSD could not. These findings suggest that the capacity to suppress memory is central to positive posttraumatic adaptation. A generalized disruption of the memory control system could explain the maladaptive and unsuccessful suppression attempts often seen in PTSD, and this disruption should be targeted by specific treatments.
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Kohno, Yoshihiro, Yukihiro Masuda, Hironori Nagahashi, Kazuaki Tanaka et Kuniyuki Tashiro. « Form Development for Self-Rating an Organization’s Vulnerability and Resilience to Disruption ». Journal of Disaster Research 7, no 4 (1 juin 2012) : 392–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0392.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Recently organizations such as enterprises, governments and nonprofit organizations have been increasingly demanded to develop a Business Continuity Management System (BCMS). For developing a BCMS, it is indispensable to grasp the current state of the organization concerned quantitatively, but no effective method for such quantitative evaluation has been established. This paper presents one example of the evaluation indexes, focusing on organization’s vulnerability and resilience to disruptions. And by introducing the prototype of self-rating form adopting the evaluation indexes, this paper attempts to make the current state of the organization concerned on them more graspable. The objective of this study lies in promotion of evaluation of the current state of organizations and continuous improvement of preparedness for the possible disruptions in order to realize the more resilient organization.
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Aguirre, Arjan. « The Philippines in 2018 : a Year of Disruption and Consolidation ». Philippine Political Science Journal 40, no 1-2 (19 septembre 2019) : 100–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2165025x-12340004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract 2018 is a year of so much uneasiness and tension in Philippine politics. It saw one of the greatest crises in the Supreme Court, the bloodiest period in local politics of late, and successive attempts to silence critics of the president and the government. This year also witnessed major political alignments in the Duterte administration: a change in the leadership of the Senate, the election of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as Speaker of the House, the rivalry between Hugpong ng Pagbabago and Partido Demokratiko ng Pilipinas-Lakas ng Bayan, and the eventual termination of the alliance with the radical left. This review aims to understand these developments in Philippine politics. It seeks to know why are there so many rifts and shifts in the political rule of Duterte. These changes can be interpreted as part of an ongoing transition toward democratic regression under the Duterte regime. The disruptive events that ensued throughout the year should be understood as the offshoot of the extant efforts to alter the political status quo since the election of Duterte in 2016. The administration uses these events to consolidate its power by rallying its supporters for the 2019 midterm elections and reconfiguring the alignments within the Duterte bloc.
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Oliver, John J. « Strategic transformations in a disruptive digital environment ». Strategic Direction 34, no 5 (14 mai 2018) : 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sd-01-2018-0003.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how two media firms, Sky Plc and Pearson Plc, adapted, reconfigured, and transformed their businesses to meet the demands of an operating environment characterized by inexorable changes in digital technologies. Design/methodology/approach The over-arching vision, corporate strategies, and financial performance for both firms are examined over two business cycles. Findings These findings illustrate why firms need to create a portfolio business that takes advantage of the market opportunities created by innovative digital technologies, while off-setting the risks associated with digital disruption. Practical implications Business leaders should not dispense with the basic principles of good strategic business unit portfolio management in their attempts to take advantage of the market opportunities provided by a disruptive digital environment. Originality/value This paper provides a highly original insight into how two firms placed ambitious levels of growth at the heart of their corporate strategies to seize the market opportunities provided by an increasingly digital operating environment.
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Sanderson, Theo, et Julian C. Rayner. « PhenoPlasm : a database of disruption phenotypes for malaria parasite genes ». Wellcome Open Research 2 (21 juin 2017) : 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11896.1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Two decades after the first Plasmodium transfection, attempts have been made to disrupt more than 3,151 genes in malaria parasites, across five Plasmodium species. While results from rodent malaria transfections have been curated and systematised, empowering large-scale analysis, phenotypic data from human malaria parasite transfections currently exists as individual reports scattered across a the literature. To facilitate systematic analysis of published experimental genetic data across Plasmodium species, we have built PhenoPlasm (http://www.phenoplasm.org), a database of phenotypes generated by transfection experiments in all Plasmodium parasites. The site provides a simple interface linking citation-backed Plasmodium reverse-genetic phenotypes to gene IDs. The database has been populated with phenotypic data on 367 P. falciparum genes, curated from 176 individual publications, as well as existing data on rodent Plasmodium species from RMgmDB and PlasmoGEM. This is the first time that all available data on P. falciparum transfection experiments has been brought together in a single place. These data are presented using ortholog mapping to allow a researcher interested in a gene in one species to see results across other Plasmodium species. The collaborative nature of the database enables any researcher to add new phenotypes as they are discovered. As an example of database utility, we use the currently available datasets to identify RAP (RNA-binding domain abundant in Apicomplexa)-domain containing proteins as crucial to parasite survival.
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Sanderson, Theo, et Julian C. Rayner. « PhenoPlasm : a database of disruption phenotypes for malaria parasite genes ». Wellcome Open Research 2 (24 juillet 2017) : 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11896.2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Two decades after the first Plasmodium transfection, attempts have been made to disrupt more than 3,151 genes in malaria parasites, across five Plasmodium species. While results from rodent malaria transfections have been curated and systematised, empowering large-scale analysis, phenotypic data from human malaria parasite transfections currently exists as individual reports scattered across a the literature. To facilitate systematic analysis of published experimental genetic data across Plasmodium species, we have built PhenoPlasm (http://www.phenoplasm.org), a database of phenotypes generated by transfection experiments in all Plasmodium parasites. The site provides a simple interface linking citation-backed Plasmodium reverse-genetic phenotypes to gene IDs. The database has been populated with phenotypic data on 367 P. falciparum genes, curated from 176 individual publications, as well as existing data on rodent Plasmodium species from RMgmDB and PlasmoGEM. This is the first time that all available data on P. falciparum transfection experiments has been brought together in a single place. These data are presented using ortholog mapping to allow a researcher interested in a gene in one species to see results across other Plasmodium species. The collaborative nature of the database enables any researcher to add new phenotypes as they are discovered. As an example of database utility, we use the currently available datasets to identify RAP (RNA-binding domain abundant in Apicomplexa)-domain containing proteins as crucial to parasite survival.
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Curley, Nick. « Blockchain Disruption : Digital Assets Are Changing How We Do Business ». SMU Science and Technology Law Review 25, no 2 (2022) : 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/smustlr.25.2.6.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Digital assets are changing the way businesses think about equity, labor, business models, and business organization. Digital assets, like Bitcoin or Ethereum, provide incredible opportunities to further align shareholders with the objectives of the entity. Each time humanity advances its technology for ledgers, markets explode, and we witness immense wealth creation. Digital assets like Bitcoin and Ethereum are the next great step forward for ledger technology. While there are incredible opportunities to leverage this new technology, there are also incredible risks. There are many public examples of “hacks” of prominent blockchains like Ethereum and Solana. Blockchain technology has captured the imagination of the public. Blockchain, therefore, must develop a robust security system and intelligently distribute and limit liability for institutional and retail investors to reap the rewards of public attention. Part of the risk that comes from digital assets is its newness. Blockchains that run smart contracts have many incredible uses that could eliminate middlemen in many industries. But courts are yet to develop case law surrounding smart contracts. The way that smart contracts self-execute presents a new question which courts must address: how should a court allocate risk between two smart-contracting parties? No matter how the courts decide, the market needs an answer. This article attempts to explore some of the opportunities in digital assets and how these opportunities are fundamentally different from their traditional equivalents.
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Fuller-Bicer, Geraldine A., Gyula Varadi, Sheryl E. Koch, Masakazu Ishii, Ilona Bodi, Nijiat Kadeer, James N. Muth et al. « Targeted disruption of the voltage-dependent calcium channel α2/δ-1-subunit ». American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 297, no 1 (juillet 2009) : H117—H124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00122.2009.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cardiac L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels are heteromultimeric polypeptide complexes of α1-, α2/δ-, and β-subunits. The α2/δ-1-subunit possesses a stereoselective, high-affinity binding site for gabapentin, widely used to treat epilepsy and postherpetic neuralgic pain as well as sleep disorders. Mutations in α2/δ-subunits of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels have been associated with different diseases, including epilepsy. Multiple heterologous coexpression systems have been used to study the effects of the deletion of the α2/δ-1-subunit, but attempts at a conventional knockout animal model have been ineffective. We report the development of a viable conventional knockout mouse using a construct targeting exon 2 of α2/δ-1. While the deletion of the subunit is not lethal, these animals lack high-affinity gabapentin binding sites and demonstrate a significantly decreased basal myocardial contractility and relaxation and a decreased L-type Ca2+ current peak current amplitude. This is a novel model for studying the function of the α2/δ-1-subunit and will be of importance in the development of new pharmacological therapies.
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Kondratenko, Sergei Yu. « THE DEFENSE OF TULA AS A FACTOR OF THE VICTORY IN THE BATTLE OF MOSCOW ». History and Archives, no 1 (2022) : 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2022-1-12-25.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article considers the hostilities in the Tula direction in October – November 1941 in the general context of the Moscow battle. Planning an operation to seize Moscow, the German command assigned the main role in the offensive to tank armies, which were supposed to break through the defenses of the Soviet troops on the strategic flanks, to encircle the Soviet capital. In the southern Tula direction the 2nd Panzer Army advanced, striving to occupy an important industrial center – Tula at a go. Having broken through the defenses of the Soviet 50th Army, the enemy reached Tula at the end of October. All attempts to take the city by storm have failed, and the enemy decided to change the plan of action, which was finally thwarted by a counterattack by the troops of the Bryansk Front. In the second half of November 1941, the German command made a last attempt to take Moscow. The general concept of the operation remained the same – the encirclement of the city by tank armies. The 2nd Panzer Army was used to some tactical success in the Tula direction, but all attempts to develop it into an operational one were stopped by the Soviet troops.Thus, the successful defense of Tula became one of the factors in the disruption of the German plan to capture Moscow and prepared the conditions for the Red Army to launch a counteroffensive.
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Fisher, Sebern F. « Arousal and Identity : Thoughts on Neurofeedback in Treatment of Developmental Trauma ». Biofeedback 38, no 1 (1 mars 2010) : 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-38.1.6.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This article addresses the issue of arousal in developmental trauma. The article suggests that emotional disturbance can be seen as a disruption in rhythmic regulation. The author presents a treatment approach that emphasizes training the regulation of emotional arousal and discusses the impact of this approach on identity in this population. The major affect of concern is fear, and the primary goal of neurofeedback is seen as the reduction of fear and reactivity. The article attempts to elucidate the clinical challenges confronted when this is accomplished.
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Karabulut, M. N., M. Hakan Akay, Ismael A. Salas de Armas et Igor D. Gregoric. « Emergent valve replacement after circular mapping catheter entrapment in mitral valve apparatus ». Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery 33, no 1 (12 juin 2021) : 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivab042.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract We present the case of a 47-year-old male patient with a history of symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation who failed guideline-directed medical treatment and cardioversion. Electrical mapping was attempted and complicated with catheter entrapping in the mitral valve (MV) apparatus, and multiple attempts for retrieval were unsuccessful and caused severe valvular dysfunction. Emergent valve replacement was required secondary to the extensive disruption of the valvular apparatus and posterior annulus. Mapping catheter entrapment in the valvular apparatus is an uncommon complication, but when it occurs, there is a high risk of injury to the MV apparatus during retrieval. To avoid extensive MV damage, operators should use minimal force during standard manoeuvres to extract the catheter. If gentle retrieval manoeuvres fail, surgical exploration and open retrieval may prevent MV damage. Early surgical consultation and exploration could result in open catheter retrieval or MV repair versus MV replacement.
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Satyanarayanan, Senthil Kumaran, Huanxing Su, Yi-Wen Lin et Kuan-Pin Su. « Circadian Rhythm and Melatonin in the Treatment of Depression ». Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no 22 (19 octobre 2018) : 2549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180803112304.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background: Circadian rhythm disruption underlies the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, especially depression. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies affecting endogenous circadian rhythms have been developed with specificity to alter the circadian dysfunction. The current management strategy with antidepressants is far from being satisfactory in addressing this issue. In recent years, attempts at discovering new antidepressants focused on a melatonergic system which is known to be altered in depression have led to a potential option for treatment of depression. Methods: We reviewed all recently published relevant articles on melatonin and its analogues to look for their implication in the treatment of circadian rhythm disruption and depression. Results: Melatonin, a pleiotropic regulator molecule and its analogues (ramelteon, agomelatine, TIK-301, Neu- P11 and tasimelteon) have been observed to resynchronize the circadian rhythm and some were said to alleviate depressive symptoms in depressed subjects. Conclusion: This review focuses on substantial advances in the melatonin-based chronobiologic intervention and its responses in the treatment of depression.
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Cox, Carole. « Empowering Caregivers in the Midst of Climate Change ». Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1 décembre 2021) : 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2262.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract More than 2.7 million children in the United States are raised in kinship families, with the majority of these caregivers, grandparents. Nationally, 1 in 11 children is raised in a kinship family, among Black children, the ratio is 1 in 5. Many of these families struggle economically, welcoming their young relatives into small, often substandard public housing where nonexistent or inadequate heating and cooling exacerbate attempts to moderate extreme temperatures in crowded apartments. For others, responsibility for the children follows the loss of life or permanent disruption of family composition due to weather events such as hurricanes or tornadoes. Grandparent resilience is reflected in their commitment to the well-being of these children, especially observed throughout COVID-19. This presentation will demonstrate that a Grandparent Empowerment Program is an effective strategy to tap into their strength as advocates for adequate health care, educational opportunity, resources, and a world free from climate disruption.
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Hunter, Claudia M., et Mariana G. Figueiro. « Measuring Light at Night and Melatonin Levels in Shift Workers : A Review of the Literature ». Biological Research For Nursing 19, no 4 (19 juin 2017) : 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800417714069.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Shift work, especially that involving rotating and night shifts, is associated with an increased risk of diseases, including cancer. Attempts to explain the association between shift work and cancer in particular have focused on the processes of melatonin production and suppression. One hypothesis postulates that exposure to light at night (LAN) suppresses melatonin, whose production is known to slow the development of cancerous cells, while another proposes that circadian disruption associated with shift work, and not just LAN, increases health risks. This review focuses on six studies that employed quantitative measurement of LAN and melatonin levels to assess cancer risks in shift workers. These studies were identified via searching the PubMed database for peer-reviewed, English-language articles examining the links between shift work, LAN, and disease using the terms light at night, circadian disruption, health, risk, cancer, shift work, or rotating shift. While the results indicate a growing consensus on the relationship between disease risks (particularly cancer) and circadian disruption associated with shift work, the establishment of a direct link between LAN and disease has been impeded by contradictory studies and a lack of consistent, quantitative methods for measuring LAN in the research to date. Better protocols for assessing personal LAN exposure are required, particularly those employing calibrated devices that measure and sample exposure to workplace light conditions, to accurately assess LAN’s effects on the circadian system and disease. Other methodologies, such as measuring circadian disruption and melatonin levels in the field, may also help to resolve discrepancies in the findings.
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Ghosh, Dr Krishnendu. « Regtech : Bits and Bytes of Financial Regulation ». Journal of Business Strategy Finance and Management 3, no 1-2 (28 décembre 2021) : 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/jbsfm.03.01-02.10.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Global Financial Crisis of 2008 has caused dramatic structural changes in the financial sector and financial services worldwide. Technological disruption has changed the dimension of finance around the world. Increasing threats of cyber-attacks has raised a serious concern for the banking and financial sector across the entire world. Supervisory mechanisms, compliances and regulations have become the key factors of consideration. The paper stresses out an importance of stringent financial regulations and regulatory compliance in the recent era of technological changes and innovations towards financial stability. This paper attempts to establish a strong theoretical overview of the promise and potential of the Regulatory Technologies (RegTech) for the wider financial ecosystem based on existing academic research and also publicly available practice-oriented insights from industry sources. The purpose of this paper is to develop an insight about the implications of RegTech for financial institutions and regulation. This study will help regulatory standard setters, bankers, investors, national & international financial institutions and other academicians to envisage the future of disruptive potential in financial technology.
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SQUINA, F. M., A. L. PEDROSA, V. S. NUNES, A. K. CRUZ et L. R. O. TOSI. « Shuttle mutagenesis and targeted disruption of a telomere-located essential gene of Leishmania ». Parasitology 134, no 4 (15 décembre 2006) : 511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006001892.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Leishmania mutants have contributed greatly to extend our knowledge of this parasite's biology. Here we report the use of the mariner in vitro transposition system as a source of reagents for shuttle mutagenesis and targeted disruption of Leishmania genes. The locus-specific integration was achieved by the disruption of the subtelomeric gene encoding a DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit (RPC2). Further inactivation of RPC2 alleles required the complementation of the intact gene, which was transfected in an episomal context. However, attempts to generate a RPC2 chromosomal null mutant resulted in genomic rearrangements that maintained copies of the intact locus in the genome. The maintenance of the RPC2 chromosomal locus in complemented mutants was not mediated by an increase in the number of copies and did not involve chromosomal translocations, which are the typical characteristics of the genomic plasticity of this parasite. Unlike the endogenous locus, the selectable marker used to disrupt RPC2 did not display a tendency to remain in its chromosomal location but was targeted into supernumerary episomal molecules.
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Luboshitzky, Rafael, Ziva Zabari, Zilla Shen-Orr, Paula Herer et Peretz Lavie. « Disruption of the Nocturnal Testosterone Rhythm by Sleep Fragmentation in Normal Men ». Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & ; Metabolism 86, no 3 (1 mars 2001) : 1134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.3.7296.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Recently, we have demonstrated that in normal men the nocturnal testosterone rise antedated the first rapid eye movement (REM) sleep episode by about 90 min and was correlated with REM latency. To further elucidate whether the diurnal testosterone rhythm is a sleep-related phenomenon or controlled by the circadian clock, we determined serum testosterone levels in 10 men during the ultrashort 7/13 sleep-wake cycle paradigm. Using this schedule, subjects experienced partial sleep deprivation and fragmented sleep for a 24-h period. Serum testosterone levels were determined every 20 min between 1900–0700 h with simultaneous sleep recordings during the 7-min sleep attempts. The results were compared with those obtained in men during continuous sleep. Although mean levels and area under the curve of testosterone were similar in both groups, fragmented sleep resulted in a significant delay in testosterone rise (03:24 h ± 1:13 vs. 22:35 h ± 0:22). During fragmented sleep, nocturnal testosterone rise was observed only in subjects who showed REM episodes (4/10). Our findings indicate that the sleep-related rise in serum testosterone levels is linked with the appearance of first REM sleep. Fragmented sleep disrupted the testosterone rhythm with a considerable attenuation of the nocturnal rise only in subjects who did not show REM sleep.
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Janowska, Aleksandra, Brianna Balugas, Matthew Pardillo, Victoria Mistretta, Katherine Chavarria, Janet Brenya, Taylor Shelansky et al. « The Neurological Asymmetry of Self-Face Recognition ». Symmetry 13, no 7 (25 juin 2021) : 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13071135.
Texte intégralRésumé :
While the desire to uncover the neural correlates of consciousness has taken numerous directions, self-face recognition has been a constant in attempts to isolate aspects of self-awareness. The neuroimaging revolution of the 1990s brought about systematic attempts to isolate the underlying neural basis of self-face recognition. These studies, including some of the first fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) examinations, revealed a right-hemisphere bias for self-face recognition in a diverse set of regions including the insula, the dorsal frontal lobe, the temporal parietal junction, and the medial temporal cortex. In this systematic review, we provide confirmation of these data (which are correlational) which were provided by TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) and patients in which direct inhibition or ablation of right-hemisphere regions leads to a disruption or absence of self-face recognition. These data are consistent with a number of theories including a right-hemisphere dominance for self-awareness and/or a right-hemisphere specialization for identifying significant social relationships, including to oneself.
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Irwin, Mike. « Proper Motions of Local Group Satellites ». Symposium - International Astronomical Union 192 (1999) : 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900204439.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Many direct attempts to measure the proper motions of Galactic satellite galaxies are either in progress or have recently been completed. In this review I will summarise and examine the current state of knowledge in this field and will also highlight several indirect methods that can be used as alternative estimators or constraints on the proper motions of satellite galaxies throughout the Local Group. A good example of this latter approach is provided by the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, where ongoing tidal disruption of the system has left a giant arc of debris tracing out its orbital path.
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Babczyńska, Alicja, Beata Kawala et Michał Sarul. « Genetic Factors That Affect Asymmetric Mandibular Growth—A Systematic Review ». Symmetry 14, no 3 (28 février 2022) : 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14030490.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Facial asymmetry is a feature that occurs to a greater or lesser extent in the general population. As its severity is usually slight, facial asymmetry may not be noticeable to the patient. However, there are cases when severe facial asymmetry not only affects the facial aesthetics by distorting facial proportions, but also contributes to problems related to the function of the stomatognathic system. The nodal signalling pathway appears to be of particular importance in the process of mandibular asymmetry, as it affects not only structures formed from the first pharyngeal arch, but also other organs, such as the heart and lungs. Following the evaluation of the available literature, the inheritance of mandibular asymmetry is a very complex and multifactorial process, and the genes whose altered expression appears to be a more important potential aetiological factor for asymmetry include PITX2, ACTN3, ENPP1 and ESR1. This systematic review attempts to systematise the available literature concerning the impact of signalling pathway disruption, including the disruption of the nodal signalling pathway, on the development of mandibular asymmetry.
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Bélyácz, Iván, et Katalin Daubner. « Uncertainity of risk and increasing risk of uncertainty in business decisions ». Economy & ; finance 8, no 3 (2021) : 264–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.33908/ef.2021.3.2.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Our paper follows the development of theory regarding the position of risk and uncertainty in economics from the publication of works by Knight (1921) and Keynes (1921) until the recent past. The starting point is presented by the relevant remarks of the thinkers of classical economics. Next, we describe the turning point related to Knight and Keynes and reveal the theoretical roots of risk taking. In the core chapter of the paper the authors make an attempt to re-interpret “animal spirits” as the intention for risk taking. A separate chapter is devoted to the relationship of rational choice and risk, and another one about the canonisation of risk in economics. In further parts of the paper, we examine the intentions to relativize the difference between risk and uncertainty, the negligence of uncertainty in the neo-classical system, the attempts to merge risk and uncertainty and the disruption of the unity of risk taking and risk bearing. Finally, the authors come to the conclusion that Knight’s and Keynes’ doctrines of risk and uncertainty have stood the test of time.
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Pantelides, Nicholas M., Sachin Agrawal, Chris Poullis, Andrew Chetwood et Mathias H. Winkler. « Erectile Dysfunction following Radical Prostatectomy : A Review ». British Journal of Medical and Surgical Urology 4, no 6 (novembre 2011) : 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjmsu.2011.06.002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Radical prostatectomy remains the gold-standard treatment for localised prostate cancer. Despite the widespread introduction of nerve-sparing techniques, post-operative erectile dysfunction (ED) is still a significant source of morbidity. There are multiple approaches to prevent and treat ED. Recent refinements to surgical technique attempt to minimise disruption to the prostatic neural and arterial supply. A greater understanding of the factors affecting ED has also enabled the first multi-variate risk stratification model, thereby potentially improving awareness of pre-operative risk. Numerous on-demand treatments are available, including phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, intracavernous/transurethral alprostadil, vacuum erection devices and combination therapy with multiple agents. As our understanding of the aetiology improves, attempts to manipulate the molecular mechanisms underpinning ED are also being investigated. In addition, early pharmacological rehabilitation is used to preserve cavernosal smooth muscle function until intra-operative neurapraxia resolves, although the optimum regimen is yet to be defined. Currently, much work is ongoing to improve our understanding and treatment of post-prostatectomy ED. We review the current status and recent advances in this field.